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Perez L, Dioun S, Primiano M, Blank SV, Lipkin S, Ahsan MD, Brewer J, Fowlkes RK, Abdul-Rahman O, Hou J, Wright JD, Kang HJ, Sharaf R, Prabhu M, Frey MK. Considering screening for hereditary cancer syndromes at the time of obstetrical prenatal carrier screening. Cancer 2024. [PMID: 39037959 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.35480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Preconception and pregnancy represent a unique window of opportunity for women to engage with the health care system. This article explores the possibility of offering testing for cancer‐associated pathogenic variants on obstetrical carrier screening panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Perez
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shayan Dioun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michelle Primiano
- Genetics and Personalized Cancer Prevention Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stephanie V Blank
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA
- The Blavatnik Family Women's Health Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Steven Lipkin
- Department of Medicine and Program in Mendelian Genetics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Muhammad Danyal Ahsan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Genetics and Personalized Cancer Prevention Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jesse Brewer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rana Khan Fowlkes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Omar Abdul-Rahman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - June Hou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jason D Wright
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hey Joo Kang
- Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ravi Sharaf
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Malavika Prabhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melissa K Frey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Genetics and Personalized Cancer Prevention Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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2
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Li Z, Wang Z, Zhong C, Zhang H, Liu R, An P, Ma Z, Lu J, Pan C, Zhang Z, Cao Z, Hu J, Xing D, Fei Y, Ding Y, Lu B. P53 upregulation by USP7-engaging molecular glues. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:1936-1953. [PMID: 38734583 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Molecular glues are typically small chemical molecules that act at the interface between a target protein and degradation machinery to trigger ternary complex formation. Identifying molecular glues is challenging. There is a scarcity of target-specific upregulating molecular glues, which are highly anticipated for numerous targets, including P53. P53 is degraded in proteasomes through polyubiquitination by specific E3 ligases, whereas deubiquitinases (DUBs) remove polyubiquitination conjugates to counteract these E3 ligases. Thus, small-molecular glues that enhance P53 anchoring to DUBs may stabilize P53 through deubiquitination. Here, using small-molecule microarray-based technology and unbiased screening, we identified three potential molecular glues that may tether P53 to the DUB, USP7, and elevate the P53 level. Among the molecular glues, bromocriptine (BC) is an FDA-approved drug with the most robust effects. BC was further verified to increase P53 stability via the predicted molecular glue mechanism engaging USP7. Consistent with P53 upregulation in cancer cells, BC was shown to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells in vitro and suppress tumor growth in a xenograft model. In summary, we established a potential screening platform and identified potential molecular glues upregulating P53. Similar strategies could be applied to the identification of other types of molecular glues that may benefit drug discovery and chemical biology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, the Institutes of Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Ziying Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, the Institutes of Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chao Zhong
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, the Institutes of Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Rui Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, the Institutes of Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ping An
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, the Institutes of Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, the Institutes of Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Junmei Lu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, the Institutes of Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chengfang Pan
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, the Institutes of Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhaolin Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, the Institutes of Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhiyuan Cao
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, the Institutes of Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jianyi Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, the Institutes of Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Dong Xing
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yiyan Fei
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Yu Ding
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, the Institutes of Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Boxun Lu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, the Institutes of Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
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3
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Soleimani T, Bourdon C, Davis J, Fortes T. A case report of biallelic CHEK2 heterozygous variant presenting with breast cancer. Clin Case Rep 2023; 11:e6820. [PMID: 36644613 PMCID: PMC9834134 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.6820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic germline variants in the CHEK2 gene have been shown to cause a moderate increased risk of breast cancer. Here, we present a striking CHEK2 family with a biallelic carrier of two frameshift pathogenic variants, to draw attention and to encourage a comprehensive genetic and cancer risk education for biallelic carriers of CHEK2 pathogenic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jacquelyn Davis
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologySparrow HospitalLansingMichiganUSA
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4
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Rashid MU, Muhammad N, Shehzad U, Khan FA, Loya A, Hamann U. Prevalence of FANCM germline variants in BRCA1/2 negative breast and/or ovarian cancer patients from Pakistan. Fam Cancer 2023; 22:31-41. [PMID: 35802266 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-022-00304-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The Fanconi anemia complementation group M (FANCM) gene is a potential candidate for breast/ovarian cancer susceptibility in European populations. Here, we examined the contribution of FANCM germline variants to hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer in Pakistan. Comprehensive FANCM variant screening was performed in 201 BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) negative Pakistani patients with and without triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and/or ovarian cancer, using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography analysis (DHPLC) followed by DNA sequencing. Novel variants were tested for their potential effect on protein function using in silico tools. Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR analysis of RNA extracted from one deletion/insertion (delins) variant (p.K1780delinsNGIT) carrier and three non-carriers was performed to evaluate the impact of this variant on splicing. Furthermore, potentially functional variants were evaluated in 200 healthy female controls. A missense variant (p.V1857M) was identified in a 50-year-old TNBC patient with a family history of breast cancer. It was also identified in the index patient´s daughter, who was diagnosed with osteosarcoma at 15 years of age. Further, one delins variant (p.K1780delinsNGIT) was identified in a 45-year-old non-TNBC patient, but not detected in her brother, who was diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma at 38 years of age. Based on in silico and RNA analyses, p.V1857M and p.K1780delinsNGIT were predicted as variants of uncertain significance (VUS), respectively. Both variants were absent in 200 healthy controls. Our findings suggest a marginal contribution of FANCM variants to hereditary breast/ovarian cancer in Pakistan, which need to be confirmed in larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman Rashid
- Basic Sciences Research, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre (SKMCH&RC), 7A, Block R3, Johar Town, Lahore, 54000, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Noor Muhammad
- Basic Sciences Research, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre (SKMCH&RC), 7A, Block R3, Johar Town, Lahore, 54000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Umara Shehzad
- Basic Sciences Research, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre (SKMCH&RC), 7A, Block R3, Johar Town, Lahore, 54000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Faiz Ali Khan
- Basic Sciences Research, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre (SKMCH&RC), 7A, Block R3, Johar Town, Lahore, 54000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Asif Loya
- Department of Pathology, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre (SKMCH&RC), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ute Hamann
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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5
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Aguiar T, Teixeira A, Scliar MO, Sobral de Barros J, Lemes RB, Souza S, Tolezano G, Santos F, Tojal I, Cypriano M, Caminada de Toledo SR, Valadares E, Borges Pinto R, Pinto Artigalas OA, Caetano de Aguirre Neto J, Novak E, Cristofani LM, Miura Sugayama SM, Odone V, Cunha IW, Lima da Costa CM, Rosenberg C, Krepischi A. Unraveling the Genetic Architecture of Hepatoblastoma Risk: Birth Defects and Increased Burden of Germline Damaging Variants in Gastrointestinal/Renal Cancer Predisposition and DNA Repair Genes. Front Genet 2022; 13:858396. [PMID: 35495172 PMCID: PMC9039399 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.858396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ultrarare hepatoblastoma (HB) is the most common pediatric liver cancer. HB risk is related to a few rare syndromes, and the molecular bases remain elusive for most cases. We investigated the burden of rare damaging germline variants in 30 Brazilian patients with HB and the presence of additional clinical signs. A high frequency of prematurity (20%) and birth defects (37%), especially craniofacial (17%, including craniosynostosis) and kidney (7%) anomalies, was observed. Putative pathogenic or likely pathogenic monoallelic germline variants mapped to 10 cancer predisposition genes (CPGs: APC, CHEK2, DROSHA, ERCC5, FAH, MSH2, MUTYH, RPS19, TGFBR2 and VHL) were detected in 33% of the patients, only 40% of them with a family history of cancer. These findings showed a predominance of CPGs with a known link to gastrointestinal/colorectal and renal cancer risk. A remarkable feature was an enrichment of rare damaging variants affecting different classes of DNA repair genes, particularly those known as Fanconi anemia genes. Moreover, several potentially deleterious variants mapped to genes impacting liver functions were disclosed. To our knowledge, this is the largest assessment of rare germline variants in HB patients to date, contributing to elucidate the genetic architecture of HB risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Aguiar
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anne Teixeira
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marília O. Scliar
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Sobral de Barros
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renan B. Lemes
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Souza
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Tolezano
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Santos
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Israel Tojal
- International Center for Research, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monica Cypriano
- GRAACC—Grupo de Apoio Ao Adolescente e Criança Com Câncer, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Eugênia Valadares
- Benjamim Guimarães Foundation - Department of Pediatrics Hospital da Baleia, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Raquel Borges Pinto
- Department of Genetics, Hospital da Criança Conceição, Hospitalar Conceição Group, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | - Estela Novak
- Pediatric Cancer Institute (ITACI) at the Pediatric Department, São Paulo University Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Molecular Genetics—Foundation Pro Sangue Blood Center of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lilian Maria Cristofani
- Pediatric Cancer Institute (ITACI) at the Pediatric Department, São Paulo University Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sofia M. Miura Sugayama
- Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vicente Odone
- Pediatric Cancer Institute (ITACI) at the Pediatric Department, São Paulo University Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carla Rosenberg
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Krepischi
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Ana Krepischi,
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6
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Parsa FG, Nobili S, Karimpour M, Aghdaei HA, Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad E, Mini E. Fanconi Anemia Pathway in Colorectal Cancer: A Novel Opportunity for Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapy. J Pers Med 2022; 12:396. [PMID: 35330396 PMCID: PMC8950345 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12030396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed malignancy and has the second highest mortality rate globally. Thanks to the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, several novel candidate genes have been proposed for CRC susceptibility. Germline biallelic mutations in one or more of the 22 currently recognized Fanconi anemia (FA) genes have been associated with Fanconi anemia disease, while germline monoallelic mutations, somatic mutations, or the promoter hypermethylation of some FANC genes increases the risk of cancer development, including CRC. The FA pathway is a substantial part of the DNA damage response system that participates in the repair of DNA inter-strand crosslinks through homologous recombination (HR) and protects genome stability via replication fork stabilization, respectively. Recent studies revealed associations between FA gene/protein tumor expression levels (i.e., FANC genes) and CRC progression and drug resistance. Moreover, the FA pathway represents a potential target in the CRC treatment. In fact, FANC gene characteristics may contribute to chemosensitize tumor cells to DNA crosslinking agents such as oxaliplatin and cisplatin besides exploiting the synthetic lethal approach for selective targeting of tumor cells. Hence, this review summarizes the current knowledge on the function of the FA pathway in DNA repair and genomic integrity with a focus on the FANC genes as potential predisposition factors to CRC. We then introduce recent literature that highlights the importance of FANC genes in CRC as promising prognostic and predictive biomarkers for disease management and treatment. Finally, we represent a brief overview of the current knowledge around the FANC genes as synthetic lethal therapeutic targets for precision cancer medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ghorbani Parsa
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19857-17413, Iran; (F.G.P.); (H.A.A.)
| | - Stefania Nobili
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. D’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. D’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Mina Karimpour
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-154, Iran;
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19857-17413, Iran; (F.G.P.); (H.A.A.)
| | - Ehsan Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19857-17413, Iran
| | - Enrico Mini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
- DENOTHE Excellence Center, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
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7
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Rosenblum A, Springer M, Eppolito A, Axell L, Mohler L. Homozygous Germline APC p.I1307K Variants: A Case Series. Case Rep Oncol 2021; 14:1295-1303. [PMID: 34720931 PMCID: PMC8460922 DOI: 10.1159/000518683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 10% of all colorectal cancer is estimated to be due to an inherited predisposition. Identification of a germline pathogenic variant can aid in treatment, screening, and surveillance and help stratify familial cancer risks based on gene-specific cancer associations. The APC gene contributes to a small percentage of hereditary colon cancer, with most pathogenic APC variants causing familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome. However, one specific variant in APC called p.I1307K, found in approximately 10% of Ashkenazi Jewish individuals, is associated with a moderate risk for colon cancer, but not polyposis. Heterozygous carriers of one p.I1307K variant are well documented in the literature, and guidelines recommend earlier and more frequent colonoscopies. Conversely, reports of homozygous carriers of 2 p.I1307K variants are limited, and guidelines for medical management are lacking. This case series describes 4 homozygous p.I1307K patients of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry identified in cancer genetics clinics. Case 1 is a 73-year-old pancreatic cancer patient with a family history of melanoma and colon cancer. Case 2 is a 62-year-old patient with a personal history of 4 adenomatous colorectal polyps and a family history of breast, pancreatic, colon, and prostate cancers. Case 3 is a 52-year-old patient with a personal history of early-onset breast cancer and uveal melanoma and a family history of breast, prostate, and stomach cancers. Case 4 is a 70-year-old patient with a personal history of gallbladder adenocarcinoma and a family history of breast cancer. These cases exhibit wide phenotypic variability and contribute to the limited reports of homozygous p.I1307K variant carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Rosenblum
- Banner Health University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Michelle Springer
- University of Colorado Hereditary Cancer Clinic, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Amanda Eppolito
- Piedmont Healthcare Cancer Genetics Program, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lisen Axell
- University of Colorado Hereditary Cancer Clinic, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Lisa Mohler
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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8
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Hamdi Y, Boujemaa M, Mighri N, Mejri N, Jaidane O, Ben Nasr S, Bouaziz H, Hassouna JB, Zribi A, Berrazaga Y, Rachdi H, Daoud N, El Benna H, Labidi S, Haddaoui A, Rahal K, Benna F, Boussen H, Abdelhak S, Boubaker S. Identification of BRCA2 Cis Double Heterozygous Breast Cancer Cases Using Whole Exome Sequencing: Phenotypic Expression and Impact on Personalized Oncology. Front Genet 2021; 12:674990. [PMID: 34456966 PMCID: PMC8397457 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.674990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA1 and BRCA2 are the most commonly mutated breast cancer susceptibility genes that convey a high risk of breast and ovarian cancer. Most BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers have inherited a single heterozygous mutation. In recent years, very rare cases with biallelic or trans double heterozygous mutations on BRCA1 and or BRCA2 have been identified and seem to be associated with distinctive phenotypes. Given that this genotype-phenotype correlation in cancer predisposing hereditary conditions is of relevance for oncological prevention and genetic testing, it is important to investigate these rare BRCA genotypes for better clinical management of BRCA mutation carriers. Here we present the first report on Cis double heterozygosity (Cis DH) on BRCA2 gene identified using Whole exome sequencing (WES) in a Tunisian family with two BRCA2 mutations namely: c.632-1G>A and c.1310_1313DelAAGA that are both reported as pathogenic in ClinVar database. Subsequent analysis in 300 high-risk Tunisian breast cancer families detected this Cis double heterozygous genotype in 8 additional individuals belonging to 5 families from the same geographic origin suggesting a founder effect. Moreover, the observed Cis DH seems to be associated with an early age of onset (mean age = 35.33 years) and severe phenotype of the disease with high breast cancer grade and multiple cancer cases in the family. The identification of unusual BRCA genotypes in this Tunisian cohort highlights the importance of performing genetic studies in under-investigated populations. This will also potentially help avoiding erroneous classifications of genetic variants in African population and therefore avoiding clinical misdiagnosis of BRCA related cancers. Our findings will also have an impact on the genetic testing and the clinical management of North African breast cancer patients as well as patients from different other ethnic groups in regard to several emerging target therapies such as PARP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosr Hamdi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, LR20IPT05, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Human and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Maroua Boujemaa
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, LR20IPT05, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Najah Mighri
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, LR20IPT05, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nesrine Mejri
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, LR20IPT05, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Medical Oncology Department, Abderrahmen Mami Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Jaidane
- Surgical Oncology Department, Salah Azaiez Institute of Cancer, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sonia Ben Nasr
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, LR20IPT05, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Military Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hanen Bouaziz
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, LR20IPT05, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Surgical Oncology Department, Salah Azaiez Institute of Cancer, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jamel Ben Hassouna
- Surgical Oncology Department, Salah Azaiez Institute of Cancer, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Aref Zribi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Military Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Yossra Berrazaga
- Medical Oncology Department, Abderrahmen Mami Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Haifa Rachdi
- Medical Oncology Department, Abderrahmen Mami Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Nouha Daoud
- Medical Oncology Department, Abderrahmen Mami Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Houda El Benna
- Medical Oncology Department, Abderrahmen Mami Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Soumaya Labidi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, LR20IPT05, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Medical Oncology Department, Abderrahmen Mami Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia
| | | | - Khaled Rahal
- Surgical Oncology Department, Salah Azaiez Institute of Cancer, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Farouk Benna
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hamouda Boussen
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, LR20IPT05, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Medical Oncology Department, Abderrahmen Mami Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Sonia Abdelhak
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, LR20IPT05, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Samir Boubaker
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, LR20IPT05, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Human and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
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9
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Su YL, Ng CT, Jan YH, Hsieh YL, Wu CL, Tan KT. Remarkable Response to Olaparib in a Patient with Combined Hepatocellular-Cholangiocarcinoma Harboring a Biallelic BRCA2 Mutation. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:3895-3901. [PMID: 34234458 PMCID: PMC8254587 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s317514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CC) is a rare subtype of primary liver malignancy characterized by aggressive behavior and poor prognosis. Radial surgical resection is the standard curative treatment. However, effective therapeutic options for recurrent or metastatic cHCC-CC are still lacking, mainly because of an insufficient understanding of the molecular and genomic alterations of cHCC-CC, preventing the discovery of specialized targeting therapy. Here, we present the case of a patient with metastatic cHCC-CC on first-line treatment of gemcitabine, cisplatin, and nab-paclitaxel. A comprehensive genomic profile revealed four clinically relevant single nucleotide variants (BRCA2, PIK3C2G, RET, and TP53), two amplified genomic regions (CRKL and MAPK1), and 11 heterozygous genomic deletions (BAP1, CDKN2A, PTCH1, TSC1, BRCA2, RB1, RAD51, PALB2, TSC2, SMAD4, and STK11). The patient underwent olaparib treatment and achieved a remarkable and sustained tumor response. Our experience indicates that BRCA2 mutations could be a potential therapeutic target for patients with cHCC-CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Li Su
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Clinical Trial Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ca Tung Ng
- ACT Genomics Co., Ltd, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hua Jan
- ACT Genomics Co., Ltd, Taipei City, Taiwan
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10
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Gao L, Wu ZX, Assaraf YG, Chen ZS, Wang L. Overcoming anti-cancer drug resistance via restoration of tumor suppressor gene function. Drug Resist Updat 2021; 57:100770. [PMID: 34175687 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2021.100770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxic anti-cancer drugs cisplatin, paclitaxel, doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), as well as targeted drugs including imatinib, erlotinib, and nivolumab, play key roles in clinical cancer treatment. However, the frequent emergence of drug resistance severely comprosises their anti-cancer efficacy. A number of studies indicated that loss of function of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) is involved in the development of cancer drug resistance, apart from decreased drug influx, increased drug efflux, induction of anti-apoptosis mechanisms, alterations in tumor microenvironment, drug compartmentalization, enhanced DNA repair and drug inactivation. TSGs are involved in the pathogenesis of tumor formation through regulation of DNA damage repair, cell apoptosis, autophagy, proliferation, cell cycle progression, and signal transduction. Our increased understanding of TSGs in the past decades demonstrates that gene mutation is not the only reason that leads to the inactivation of TSGs. Loss of function of TSGs may be based on the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, epigenetic and transcriptional regualtion, post-translation modifications like phosphorylation as well as cellular translocation of TSGs. As the above processes can constitute"druggable targets", these mechanisms provide novel therapeutic approaches in targeting TSGs. Some small molecule compounds targeting these approaches re-activated TSGs and reversed cancer drug resistance. Along this vein, functional restoration of TSGs is a novel and promising approach to surmount cancer drug resistance. In the current review, we draw a scenario based on the role of loss of function of TSGs in drug resistance, on mechanisms leading to inactivation of TSGs and on pharmacological agents acting on these mechanisms to overcome cancer drug resistance. This review discusses novel therapeutic strategies targeting TSGs and offers possible modalities to conquer cancer drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyue Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China; Benxi Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Zhuo-Xun Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, NY, 11439, USA.
| | - Lihui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China; Benxi Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China.
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11
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Masood S. The role of pathologists in recognition of morphologic and biologic features of genetically mutated breast cancer. Breast J 2021; 26:1583-1588. [PMID: 32845077 DOI: 10.1111/tbj.14012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The recent introduction of genomic medicine and emphasis on optimizing breast cancer risk reduction mortalities has provided opportunities for pathologists to partner with clinicians in advancing the diagnosis and management of breast cancer patients. The discovery of breast cancer genes BRCA1, BRCA2, and other breast cancer genes is considered a major breakthrough in the understanding of hereditary breast cancer. These discoveries have contributed to investigate the nature of tumorigenesis and the genetic and molecular pathology in multistep tumor development, as well as their relationship to endocrine and environmental factors. The recognition of unique morphologic and biological features associated with genetically mutated breast cancer by pathologists may have an impact on appropriate follow-up management of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahla Masood
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine - Jax, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
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12
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Min BJ, Kang YK, Chung YG, Seo ME, Chang KB, Joo MW. Germline Mutations for Novel Candidate Predisposition Genes in Sporadic Schwannomatosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2020; 478:2442-2450. [PMID: 32281771 PMCID: PMC7571934 DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000001239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schwannomatosis is a late-onset tumor predisposition syndrome associated with the development of many different types of malignancies. A relevant genetic mechanism can be explained by three mutational events. The first-hit mutation is a germline mutation, and the SMARCB1 mutation on chromosome 22 is the most well-known genetic abnormality in patients with schwannomatosis. LZTR1 is another major predisposing gene in 22q-related schwannomatosis that lacks SMARCB1 variants. Although these two variants account for the occurrence of most familiar schwannomatoses, the genetic causes of sporadic schwannomatosis for the most part remain unknown. Therefore, current molecular diagnostic criteria cannot completely explain the basis of this disease. The common genetic background between schwannomatosis and other related malignant tumors is also unclear. Moreover, it is not easy to explain various clinical manifestations by only two known mutations. QUESTION/PURPOSES: (1) Are there important sequences outside the SMARCB1 or LZTR1 region on chromosome 22 that might carry a first-hit mutational predisposition to sporadic schwannomatosis? Or are there alternative evolutionarily conserved loci that might carry a first-hit mutational predisposition? (2) Is the age of disease onset associated to such genetic variants? METHODS This study was a retrospective chart review and prospective genetic study on patients with schwannomatosis who were treated surgically. The clinical criteria to diagnose schwannomatosis were as follows: (1) histologically proven nonvestibular schwannomas; (2) no evidence of vestibular schwannomas on 3-mm brain MRI. A total of 21 patients were treated between March 2006 and June 2015. Since nine patients did not visit the outpatient clinic during the recruitment period, we obtained blood samples from 12 patients with schwannomatosis for a genetic analysis. After two patients were excluded because of their family history of schwannomatosis, genetic analyses were finally performed on 10 patients. Then, those with NF2, SMARCB1 or LZTR1 variants were screened by whole exome sequencing. All 10 patients passed our screening strategy. There were eight men and two women, with a median (range) age of 43 years (24 to 66) at the time of diagnosis. To select candidate genes, common ethnic variants and frequent mutations in in-house exome sequencing data were removed to exclude the population-specific polymorphisms not found in other population and to generalize the findings. Frameshift, nonsense, and splice-site variants were deemed pathogenic. Missense variants were classified as potentially pathogenic, variants of uncertain significance, or benign using in silico (via computer simulation) prediction algorithms, Sorting Intolerant From Tolerant (SIFT), Polymorphism Phenotyping v2 (PolyPhen-2), and Combined Annotation Dependent Depletion (CADD). A variant was considered potentially pathogenic if two or more algorithms predicted the variant to be damaging and benign if none considered it damaging. Then, potentially pathogenic variants only in the genes associated with cancer-predisposition or DNA damage repair were classified as the pathogenic candidate variants of sporadic schwannomatosis. The predictions for pathogenic candidate variants were checked again on Clinical Interpretation of Genetic Variants (InterVar) based on the American College of Medical Genetics guidelines and validated against Mendelian clinically applicable pathogenicity scores (M-CAP scores). RESULTS We detected 26 variants; 13 variants across 10 genes were predicted to be pathogenic and found in seven patients, two each in ARID1A, PTCH2, and NOTCH2 and one each in MSH6, ALPK2, MGMT, NOTCH1, CIC, TSC2, and CDKN2A. One frameshift deletion in PTCH2 met the criteria for pathogenic or likely pathogenic classification, as recommended by the American College of Medical Genetics guidelines. Six missense mutations were classified as possibly pathogenic variants based on M-CAP scores. Four predicted pathogenic missense variants were detected in DNA damage repair (DDR) genes. Three DDR genes were affected: ARID1A, MGMT, and MSH6. Among the nine predicted pathogenic mutations detected in known cancer-predisposing genes, one was a frameshift deletion and the others were missense mutations. Seven tumor suppressor genes were involved: PTCH2, ALPK2, CIC, NOTCH1, NOTCH2, TSC2, and CDKN2A. One patient with multiple pathogenic variants in two DDR genes, ARID1A and MSH6, received a schwannomatosis diagnosis at 33 years old. Each of the other patients who had single variants in the DDR gene received their diagnoses at 41 years of age. The age at diagnosis was 40 years or older in patients with variants in cancer-predisposing genes, except for one patient who had multiple variants in TSC2 and CDKN2A. The carrier of those variants received the diagnosis at 24 years old. CONCLUSIONS This study identified first-hit candidate mutations predisposing patients to schwannomatosis that were not related to SMARCB1 or LZTR1 variations in a cohort of patients with sporadic schwannomatosis. Patients with sporadic schwannomatosis without SMARCB1 or LZTR1 genetic variation may have developed the disease because of genomic variants related to cancer initiation in areas other than chromosome 22. Seven of 10 patients had predicted pathogenic germline mutations in DDR and cancer predisposition genes. We detected multiple cancer-related mutations in each patient. The age at the time schwannomatosis was diagnosed might be associated with a combination of variants and characteristics of the genes containing the variants; however, we did not have enough patients to confirm this association. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The germline mutations identified in this study and the ideas related to the age of disease onset may provide potential candidate variants for future research on sporadic schwannomatosis and help to revise the current clinical and molecular diagnostic criteria. Further in vivo and in vitro studies are needed for these variants.
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13
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Dhar S, Datta A, Brosh RM. DNA helicases and their roles in cancer. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 96:102994. [PMID: 33137625 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DNA helicases, known for their fundamentally important roles in genomic stability, are high profile players in cancer. Not only are there monogenic helicase disorders with a strong disposition to cancer, it is well appreciated that helicase variants are associated with specific cancers (e.g., breast cancer). Flipping the coin, DNA helicases are frequently overexpressed in cancerous tissues and reduction in helicase gene expression results in reduced proliferation and growth capacity, as well as DNA damage induction and apoptosis of cancer cells. The seminal roles of helicases in the DNA damage and replication stress responses, as well as DNA repair pathways, validate their vital importance in cancer biology and suggest their potential values as targets in anti-cancer therapy. In recent years, many laboratories have characterized the specialized roles of helicase to resolve transcription-replication conflicts, maintain telomeres, mediate cell cycle checkpoints, remodel stalled replication forks, and regulate transcription. In vivo models, particularly mice, have been used to interrogate helicase function and serve as a bridge for preclinical studies that may lead to novel therapeutic approaches. In this review, we will summarize our current knowledge of DNA helicases and their roles in cancer, emphasizing the latest developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijita Dhar
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Arindam Datta
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Robert M Brosh
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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14
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Chen L, Liu S, Tao Y. Regulating tumor suppressor genes: post-translational modifications. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:90. [PMID: 32532965 PMCID: PMC7293209 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0196-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor genes cooperate with each other in tumors. Three important tumor suppressor proteins, retinoblastoma (Rb), p53, phosphatase, and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) are functionally associated and they regulated by post-translational modification (PTMs) as well. PTMs include phosphorylation, SUMOylation, acetylation, and other novel modifications becoming growing appreciated. Because most of PTMs are reversible, normal cells use them as a switch to control the state of cells being the resting or proliferating, and PTMs also involve in cell survival and cell cycle, which may lead to abnormal proliferation and tumorigenesis. Although a lot of studies focus on the importance of each kind of PTM, further discoveries shows that tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) form a complex "network" by the interaction of modification. Recently, there are several promising strategies for TSGs for they change more frequently than carcinogenic genes in cancers. We here review the necessity, characteristics, and mechanisms of each kind of post-translational modification on Rb, p53, PTEN, and its influence on the precise and selective function. We also discuss the current antitumoral therapies of Rb, p53 and PTEN as predictive, prognostic, and therapeutic target in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yongguang Tao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precision Therapy, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410011, Changsha, China.
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15
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Rainville I, Hatcher S, Rosenthal E, Larson K, Bernhisel R, Meek S, Gorringe H, Mundt E, Manley S. High risk of breast cancer in women with biallelic pathogenic variants in CHEK2. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2020; 180:503-509. [PMID: 31993860 PMCID: PMC7066089 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-020-05543-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Compared to breast cancer risk genes such as BRCA2, ATM, PALB2, and NBN, no defined phenotype is currently associated with biallelic pathogenic variants (PVs) in CHEK2. This study compared the prevalence of breast and other cancers in women with monoallelic and biallelic CHEK2 PVs. METHODS CHEK2 PV carriers were identified through commercial hereditary cancer panel testing (09/2013-07/2019). We compared cancer histories of 6473 monoallelic carriers to 31 biallelic carriers. Breast cancer risks were estimated using multivariate logistic regression and are reported as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS Breast cancer frequency was higher among biallelic CHEK2 PV carriers (80.6%, 25/31) than monoallelic carriers (41.2%, 2668/6473; p < 0.0001). Biallelic carriers were more likely to be diagnosed at or before age 50 (61.3%, 19/31) and to have a second breast cancer diagnosis (22.6%, 7/31) compared to monoallelic carriers (23.9%, 1548/6473; p < 0.0001 and 8.1%, 523/6473; p = 0.0107, respectively). Proportionally more biallelic carriers also had any cancer diagnosis and > 1 primary diagnosis. Compared to women with no PVs, biallelic PV carriers had a higher risk of developing ductal invasive breast cancer (OR 8.69, 95% CI 3.69-20.47) and ductal carcinoma in situ (OR 4.98, 95% CI 2.00-12.35) than monoallelic carriers (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.90-2.15 and OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.66-2.00, respectively). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that biallelic CHEK2 PV carriers have a higher risk for breast cancer, are more likely to be diagnosed younger, and to have multiple primary breast cancers compared to monoallelic carriers. Biallelic carriers also appear to have a higher risk of cancer overall. Therefore, more aggressive management may be appropriate for women with biallelic PVs in CHEK2 compared with current recommendations for monoallelic carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Rainville
- Myriad Genetics, Inc., 320 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA.
| | - Shanell Hatcher
- Myriad Genetics, Inc., 320 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
| | - Eric Rosenthal
- Myriad Genetics, Inc., 320 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
| | - Katie Larson
- Myriad Genetics, Inc., 320 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
| | - Ryan Bernhisel
- Myriad Genetics, Inc., 320 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
| | - Stephanie Meek
- Myriad Genetics, Inc., 320 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
| | - Heidi Gorringe
- Myriad Genetics, Inc., 320 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
| | - Erin Mundt
- Myriad Genetics, Inc., 320 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
| | - Susan Manley
- Myriad Genetics, Inc., 320 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
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16
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Takai E, Yachida S, Shimizu K, Furuse J, Kubo E, Ohmoto A, Suzuki M, Hruban RH, Okusaka T, Morizane C, Furukawa T. Germline mutations in Japanese familial pancreatic cancer patients. Oncotarget 2018; 7:74227-74235. [PMID: 27732944 PMCID: PMC5342048 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinicopathologic and genetic features of familial pancreatic cancer (FPC) in Asian countries remain largely unknown. The main purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of FPC and to define causative FPC-predisposition genes in a Japanese cohort with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).We reviewed 1,197 patients with a pathologically proven PDAC and found that 88 (7.3%) were FPC patients who had at least one first-degree relative with PDAC. There were no significant differences between the FPC cases and sporadic cases in terms of gender, age, tumor location, stage, family history of any cancer except PDAC, and personal history of smoking, other cancers, diabetes mellitus and chronic pancreatitis. In the FPC patients, we then investigated the prevalence of germline mutations in 21 genes associated with hereditary predispositions for pancreatic, breast and ovarian cancers by means of the next-generation sequencing using a custom multiple-gene panel. We found that eight (14.5%) of the 54 FPC patients with available germline DNA carried deleterious mutations in BRCA2, PALB2, ATM, or MLH1. These results indicate that a significant fraction of patients with PDAC in Japan have a family history of pancreatic cancer, and some of them harbor deleterious causative mutations in known FPC predisposition genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erina Takai
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Yachida
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junji Furuse
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Emi Kubo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ohmoto
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masami Suzuki
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ralph H Hruban
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Takuji Okusaka
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chigusa Morizane
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Furukawa
- Institute for Integrated Medical Sciences, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Melloni GEM, Mazzarella L, Bernard L, Bodini M, Russo A, Luzi L, Pelicci PG, Riva L. A knowledge-based framework for the discovery of cancer-predisposing variants using large-scale sequencing breast cancer data. Breast Cancer Res 2017; 19:63. [PMID: 28569218 PMCID: PMC5452392 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-017-0854-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The landscape of cancer-predisposing genes has been extensively investigated in the last 30 years with various methodologies ranging from candidate gene to genome-wide association studies. However, sequencing data are still poorly exploited in cancer predisposition studies due to the lack of statistical power when comparing millions of variants at once. METHOD To overcome these power limitations, we propose a knowledge-based framework founded on the characteristics of known cancer-predisposing variants and genes. Under our framework, we took advantage of a combination of previously generated datasets of sequencing experiments to identify novel breast cancer-predisposing variants, comparing the normal genomes of 673 breast cancer patients of European origin against 27,173 controls matched by ethnicity. RESULTS We detected several expected variants on known breast cancer-predisposing genes, like BRCA1 and BRCA2, and 11 variants on genes associated with other cancer types, like RET and AKT1. Furthermore, we detected 183 variants that overlap with somatic mutations in cancer and 41 variants associated with 38 possible loss-of-function genes, including PIK3CB and KMT2C. Finally, we found a set of 19 variants that are potentially pathogenic, negatively correlate with age at onset, and have never been associated with breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we demonstrate the usefulness of a genomic-driven approach nested in a classic case-control study to prioritize cancer-predisposing variants. In addition, we provide a resource containing variants that may affect susceptibility to breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio E M Melloni
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Adamello 16, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Mazzarella
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, Milan, Italy.,Division of New Drug Development, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, Milan, Italy
| | - Loris Bernard
- Clinical Genomics Lab, European Institute of Oncology, via Ripamonti 435, Milano, Italy
| | - Margherita Bodini
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Adamello 16, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Russo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucilla Luzi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, Milan, Italy
| | - Pier Giuseppe Pelicci
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, via Festa del Perdono 7, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Riva
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Adamello 16, Milan, Italy.
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18
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Chen W, Perritt AF, Morissette R, Dreiling JL, Bohn MF, Mallappa A, Xu Z, Quezado M, Merke DP. Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Caused by Biallelic TNXB Variants in Patients with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. Hum Mutat 2016; 37:893-7. [PMID: 27297501 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Some variants that cause autosomal-recessive congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) also cause hypermobility type Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) due to the monoallelic presence of a chimera disrupting two flanking genes: CYP21A2, encoding 21-hydroxylase, necessary for cortisol and aldosterone biosynthesis, and TNXB, encoding tenascin-X, an extracellular matrix protein. Two types of CAH tenascin-X (CAH-X) chimeras have been described with a total deletion of CYP21A2 and characteristic TNXB variants. CAH-X CH-1 has a TNXB exon 35 120-bp deletion resulting in haploinsufficiency, and CAH-X CH-2 has a TNXB exon 40 c.12174C>G (p.Cys4058Trp) variant resulting in a dominant-negative effect. We present here three patients with biallelic CAH-X and identify a novel dominant-negative chimera termed CAH-X CH-3. Compared with monoallelic CAH-X, biallelic CAH-X results in a more severe phenotype with skin features characteristic of classical EDS. We present evidence for disrupted tenascin-X function and computational data linking the type of TNXB variant to disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuyan Chen
- PreventionGenetics, Marshfield, Wisconsin
| | - Ashley F Perritt
- National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Markus-Frederik Bohn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Ashwini Mallappa
- National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Zhi Xu
- National Institutes of Health, , National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Martha Quezado
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Deborah P Merke
- National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland.,The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
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19
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Rao S, Cai KQ, Stadanlick JE, Greenberg-Kushnir N, Solanki-Patel N, Lee SY, Fahl SP, Testa JR, Wiest DL. Ribosomal Protein Rpl22 Controls the Dissemination of T-cell Lymphoma. Cancer Res 2016; 76:3387-96. [PMID: 27197189 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in ribosomal proteins cause bone marrow failure syndromes associated with increased cancer risk, but the basis by which they do so remains unclear. We reported previously that the ribosomal protein Rpl22 is a tumor suppressor in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (T-ALL), and that loss of just one Rpl22 allele accelerates T-cell lymphomagenesis by activating NF-κB and inducing the stem cell factor Lin28B. Here, we show that, paradoxically, loss of both alleles of Rpl22 restricts lymphoma progression through a distinct effect on migration of malignant cells out of the thymus. Lymphoma-prone AKT2-transgenic or PTEN-deficient mice on an Rpl22(-/-) background developed significantly larger and markedly more vascularized thymic tumors than those observed in Rpl22(+/+) control mice. But, unlike Rpl22(+/+) or Rpl22(+/-) tumors, Rpl22(-/-) lymphomas did not disseminate to the periphery and were retained in the thymus. We traced the defect in the Rpl22(-/-) lymphoma migratory capacity to downregulation of the KLF2 transcription factor and its targets, including the key migratory factor sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1). Indeed, reexpression of S1PR1 in Rpl22-deficient tumor cells restores their migratory capacity in vitro The regulation of KLF2 and S1PR1 by Rpl22 appears to be proximal as Rpl22 reexpression in Rpl22-deficient lymphoma cells restores expression of KLF2 and S1P1R, while Rpl22 knockdown in Rpl22-sufficient lymphomas attenuates their expression. Collectively, these data reveal that, while loss of one copy of Rpl22 promotes lymphomagenesis and disseminated disease, loss of both copies impairs responsiveness to migratory cues and restricts malignant cells to the thymus. Cancer Res; 76(11); 3387-96. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyun Rao
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathy Q Cai
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jason E Stadanlick
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Noa Greenberg-Kushnir
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nehal Solanki-Patel
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sang-Yun Lee
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shawn P Fahl
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph R Testa
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David L Wiest
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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20
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Torres-Mejía G, Royer R, Llacuachaqui M, Akbari MR, Giuliano AR, Martínez-Matsushita L, Angeles-Llerenas A, Ortega-Olvera C, Ziv E, Lazcano-Ponce E, Phelan CM, Narod SA. Recurrent BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in Mexican women with breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24:498-505. [PMID: 25371446 PMCID: PMC4495576 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Germline mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes confer an estimated 58% to 80% lifetime risk of breast cancer. In general, screening is done for cancer patients if a relative has been diagnosed with breast or ovarian cancer. There are few data on the prevalence of mutations in these genes in Mexican women with breast cancer and this hampers efforts to develop screening policies in Mexico. METHODS We screened 810 unselected women with breast cancer from three cities in Mexico (Mexico City, Veracruz, and Monterrey) for mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2, including a panel of 26 previously reported mutations. RESULTS Thirty-five mutations were identified in 34 women (4.3% of total) including 20 BRCA1 mutations and 15 BRCA2 mutations. Twenty-two of the 35 mutations were recurrent mutations (62.8%). Only five of the 34 mutation carriers had a first-degree relative with breast cancer (three with BRCA1 and two with BRCA2 mutations). CONCLUSION These results support the rationale for a strategy of screening for recurrent mutations in all women with breast cancer in Mexico, as opposed to restricting screening to those with a sister or mother with breast or ovarian cancer. IMPACT These results will impact cancer genetic testing in Mexico and the identification of at-risk individuals who will benefit from increased surveillance. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(3); 498-505. ©2014 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Torres-Mejía
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Robert Royer
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcia Llacuachaqui
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohammad R Akbari
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna R Giuliano
- Center for Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida. Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Population Sciences Division, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Louis Martínez-Matsushita
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Angélica Angeles-Llerenas
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Carolina Ortega-Olvera
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Elad Ziv
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Institute for Human Genetics; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Eduardo Lazcano-Ponce
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Catherine M Phelan
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Population Sciences Division, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida.
| | - Steven A Narod
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Hiraki S, Rinella ES, Schnabel F, Oratz R, Ostrer H. Cancer risk assessment using genetic panel testing: considerations for clinical application. J Genet Couns 2014; 23:604-17. [PMID: 24599651 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-014-9695-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With the completion of the Human Genome Project and the development of high throughput technologies, such as next-generation sequencing, the use of multiplex genetic testing, in which multiple genes are sequenced simultaneously to test for one or more conditions, is growing rapidly. Reflecting underlying heterogeneity where a broad range of genes confer risks for one or more cancers, the development of genetic cancer panels to assess these risks represents just one example of how multiplex testing is being applied clinically. There are a number of issues and challenges to consider when conducting genetic testing for cancer risk assessment, and these issues become exceedingly more complex when moving from the traditional single-gene approach to panel testing. Here, we address the practical considerations for clinical use of panel testing for breast, ovarian, and colon cancers, including the benefits, limitations and challenges, genetic counseling issues, and management guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Hiraki
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Ullmann 819, Bronx, NY, 10046, USA,
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22
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Realizing the promise of cancer predisposition genes. Nature 2014; 505:302-8. [PMID: 24429628 DOI: 10.1038/nature12981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genes in which germline mutations confer highly or moderately increased risks of cancer are called cancer predisposition genes. More than 100 of these genes have been identified, providing important scientific insights in many areas, particularly the mechanisms of cancer causation. Moreover, clinical utilization of cancer predisposition genes has had a substantial impact on diagnosis, optimized management and prevention of cancer. The recent transformative advances in DNA sequencing hold the promise of many more cancer predisposition gene discoveries, and greater and broader clinical applications. However, there is also considerable potential for incorrect inferences and inappropriate clinical applications. Realizing the promise of cancer predisposition genes for science and medicine will thus require careful navigation.
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23
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Fernandes PH, Saam J, Peterson J, Hughes E, Kaldate R, Cummings S, Theisen A, Chen S, Trost J, Roa BB. Comprehensive sequencing of PALB2 in patients with breast cancer suggests PALB2 mutations explain a subset of hereditary breast cancer. Cancer 2014; 120:963-7. [PMID: 24415441 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study sought to determine the prevalence of PALB2 mutations in a cohort referred for diagnostic testing for hereditary breast cancer. METHODS Sanger sequencing was used to analyze the entire coding region and flanking introns of PALB2 in anonymized DNA samples from 1479 patients. Samples were stratified into a "high-risk" group, 955 samples from individuals predicted to have a high probability of carrying a mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 based on their personal and family history, and a "lower-risk" group consisting of 524 samples from patients with breast cancer, but fewer risk factors for being a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carrier. All patients were known to be negative for deleterious sequence mutations and large rearrangements in BRCA1 and BRCA2. RESULTS We identified 12 disease-associated PALB2 mutations among the 1479 patients (0.8%). The PALB2 mutations included 8 nonsense, 3 frameshift mutations and a splice-site mutation. The mutation prevalence for the high-risk population was 1.05% (95% CI = 0.5-1.92), whereas that for the lower-risk population was 0.38% (95% CI = 0.05-1.37). We identified 59 PALB2 variants of uncertain significance (VUS) among 57 of the 1479 patients (3.9%). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that PALB2 mutations occur at a frequency of ~1% in patients with hereditary breast cancer.
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24
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Piotrowski A, Xie J, Liu YF, Poplawski AB, Gomes AR, Madanecki P, Fu C, Crowley MR, Crossman DK, Armstrong L, Babovic-Vuksanovic D, Bergner A, Blakeley JO, Blumenthal AL, Daniels MS, Feit H, Gardner K, Hurst S, Kobelka C, Lee C, Nagy R, Rauen KA, Slopis JM, Suwannarat P, Westman JA, Zanko A, Korf BR, Messiaen LM. Germline loss-of-function mutations in LZTR1 predispose to an inherited disorder of multiple schwannomas. Nat Genet 2013; 46:182-7. [PMID: 24362817 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Constitutional SMARCB1 mutations at 22q11.23 have been found in ∼50% of familial and <10% of sporadic schwannomatosis cases. We sequenced highly conserved regions along 22q from eight individuals with schwannomatosis whose schwannomas involved somatic loss of one copy of 22q, encompassing SMARCB1 and NF2, with a different somatic mutation of the other NF2 allele in every schwannoma but no mutation of the remaining SMARCB1 allele in blood and tumor samples. LZTR1 germline mutations were identified in seven of the eight cases. LZTR1 sequencing in 12 further cases with the same molecular signature identified 9 additional germline mutations. Loss of heterozygosity with retention of an LZTR1 mutation was present in all 25 schwannomas studied. Mutations segregated with disease in all available affected first-degree relatives, although four asymptomatic parents also carried an LZTR1 mutation. Our findings identify LZTR1 as a gene predisposing to an autosomal dominant inherited disorder of multiple schwannomas in ∼80% of 22q-related schwannomatosis cases lacking mutation in SMARCB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Piotrowski
- 1] Medical Genomics Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA. [2] Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland. [3]
| | - Jing Xie
- 1] Medical Genomics Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA. [2]
| | - Ying F Liu
- Medical Genomics Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Andrzej B Poplawski
- Medical Genomics Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Alicia R Gomes
- Medical Genomics Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Piotr Madanecki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Chuanhua Fu
- Medical Genomics Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Michael R Crowley
- Heflin Center for Genomic Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - David K Crossman
- Heflin Center for Genomic Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Linlea Armstrong
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Amanda Bergner
- Johns Hopkins Comprehensive Neurofibromatosis Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jaishri O Blakeley
- Johns Hopkins Comprehensive Neurofibromatosis Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Molly S Daniels
- Clinical Cancer Genetics Program, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Howard Feit
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Kathy Gardner
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Administration Hospital of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Christine Kobelka
- Kaiser Permanente Genetics Northern California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chung Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rebecca Nagy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Human Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Katherine A Rauen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - John M Slopis
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pim Suwannarat
- Kaiser Permanente Genetics Northern California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Judith A Westman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Human Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrea Zanko
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Bruce R Korf
- 1] Medical Genomics Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA. [2] Heflin Center for Genomic Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ludwine M Messiaen
- Medical Genomics Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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25
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Degrolard-Courcet E, Sokolowska J, Padeano MM, Guiu S, Bronner M, Chery C, Coron F, Lepage C, Chapusot C, Loustalot C, Jouve JL, Hatem C, Ferrant E, Martin L, Coutant C, Baurand A, Couillault G, Delignette A, El Chehadeh S, Lizard S, Arnould L, Fumoleau P, Callier P, Mugneret F, Philippe C, Frebourg T, Jonveaux P, Faivre L. Development of primary early-onset colorectal cancers due to biallelic mutations of the FANCD1/BRCA2 gene. Eur J Hum Genet 2013; 22:979-87. [PMID: 24301060 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2013.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anaemia (FA) is characterized by progressive bone marrow failure, congenital anomalies, and predisposition to malignancy. In a minority of cases, FA results from biallelic FANCD1/BRCA2 mutations that are associated with early-onset leukaemia and solid tumours. Here, we describe the clinical and molecular features of a remarkable family presenting with multiple primary colorectal cancers (CRCs) without detectable mutations in genes involved in the Mendelian predisposition to CRCs. We unexpectedly identified, despite the absence of clinical cardinal features of FA, a biallelic mutation of the FANCD1/BRCA2 corresponding to a frameshift alteration (c.1845_1846delCT, p.Asn615Lysfs*6) and a missense mutation (c.7802A>G, p.Tyr2601Cys). The diagnosis of FA was confirmed by the chromosomal analysis of lymphocytes. Reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR analysis revealed that the c.7802A>G BRCA2 variation was in fact a splicing mutation that creates an aberrant splicing donor site and results partly into an aberrant transcript encoding a truncated protein (p.Tyr2601Trpfs*46). The atypical FA phenotype observed within this family was probably explained by the residual amount of BRCA2 with the point mutation c.7802A>G in the patients harbouring the biallelic FANCD1/BRCA2 mutations. Although this report is based in a single family, it suggests that CRCs may be part of the tumour spectrum associated with FANCD1/BRCA2 biallelic mutations and that the presence of such mutations should be considered in families with CRCs, even in the absence of cardinal features of FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Degrolard-Courcet
- Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Pole Technique et biologie CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Joanna Sokolowska
- Laboratoire de Génétique et INSERM U-954, CHU Nancy, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Marie-Martine Padeano
- Département de Chirurgie, Centre de lutte anti-cancereux Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Séverine Guiu
- Département d'oncologie médicale, Centre de lutte anti-cancereux Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Myriam Bronner
- Laboratoire de Génétique et INSERM U-954, CHU Nancy, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Carole Chery
- Laboratoire de Génétique et INSERM U-954, CHU Nancy, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Fanny Coron
- Centre de Génétique, Hôpital d'Enfants, CHU Dijon et Université de bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Côme Lepage
- Service d' Hepato-gastro-enterologie, CHU "Bocage Central", Dijon, France
| | - Caroline Chapusot
- Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Pole Technique et biologie CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Catherine Loustalot
- Département de Chirurgie, Centre de lutte anti-cancereux Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Louis Jouve
- Service d' Hepato-gastro-enterologie, CHU "Bocage Central", Dijon, France
| | - Cyril Hatem
- Hepato-gastro-entérologie, Clinique Drevon, Dijon, France
| | - Emmanuelle Ferrant
- Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Hôpital d'Enfants, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Martin
- Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Pole Technique et biologie CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Charles Coutant
- Département de Chirurgie, Centre de lutte anti-cancereux Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Amandine Baurand
- Centre de Génétique, Hôpital d'Enfants, CHU Dijon et Université de bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | | | - Alexandra Delignette
- Service de Radiologie, Centre de lutte anti-cancereux Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Salima El Chehadeh
- Centre de Génétique, Hôpital d'Enfants, CHU Dijon et Université de bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Sarab Lizard
- Biologie Moléculaire, Centre de lutte anti-cancereux Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Arnould
- Anatomopathologie, Centre de lutte anti-cancereux Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Pierre Fumoleau
- Département d'oncologie médicale, Centre de lutte anti-cancereux Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Patrick Callier
- Service de Cytogénétique, Pole Technique et biologie, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Francine Mugneret
- Service de Cytogénétique, Pole Technique et biologie, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Christophe Philippe
- Laboratoire de Génétique et INSERM U-954, CHU Nancy, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | | | - Philippe Jonveaux
- Laboratoire de Génétique et INSERM U-954, CHU Nancy, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Laurence Faivre
- Centre de Génétique, Hôpital d'Enfants, CHU Dijon et Université de bourgogne, Dijon, France
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Yiannakopoulou E. Etiology of familial breast cancer with undetected BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations: clinical implications. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2013; 37:1-8. [PMID: 24306927 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-013-0158-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial breast cancer accounts for 20-30 % of all breast cancer cases. Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes account for the majority of high risk families with both early onset breast cancer and ovarian cancer. Most of the families with less than six breast cancer cases and no ovarian cancer do not carry BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations that can be detected using routine sequencing protocols. Here, we aimed to review the etiology of familial breast cancer in cases without BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. RESULTS After excluding BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, factors proposed to contribute to familial breast cancer include: chance clustering of apparently sporadic cases, shared lifestyle, monogenic inheritance, i.e., dominant gene mutations associated with a high risk (TP53, PTEN, STK11), dominant gene mutations associated with a relatively low risk (ATM, BRIP1, RLB2), recessive gene mutations associated with horizontal inheritance patterns (sister-sister), and polygenic inheritance where susceptibility to familial breast cancer is thought to be conferred by a large number of low risk alleles. CONCLUSIONS Current evidence suggests that in the majority of cases with BRCA1 and BRCA2 negative familial breast cancer the etiology is due to interactions of intermediate or low risk alleles with environmental and lifestyle factors. Thus, a careful selection of patients submitted to genetic testing is needed. Clearly, further research is required to fully elucidate the etiology of non-BRCA familial breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Yiannakopoulou
- Department of Basic Medical Lessons Faculty of Health and Caring Professions, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Eleutheriou Benizelou 106 Kallithea, 17676, Athens, Greece,
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27
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Analysis of PALB2 gene in BRCA1/BRCA2 negative Spanish hereditary breast/ovarian cancer families with pancreatic cancer cases. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67538. [PMID: 23935836 PMCID: PMC3720732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The PALB2 gene, also known as FANCN, forms a bond and co-localizes with BRCA2 in DNA repair. Germline mutations in PALB2 have been identified in approximately 1% of familial breast cancer and 3–4% of familial pancreatic cancer. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of PALB2 mutations in a population of BRCA1/BRCA2 negative breast cancer patients selected from either a personal or family history of pancreatic cancer. Methods 132 non-BRCA1/BRCA2 breast/ovarian cancer families with at least one pancreatic cancer case were included in the study. PALB2 mutational analysis was performed by direct sequencing of all coding exons and intron/exon boundaries, as well as multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Results Two PALB2 truncating mutations, the c.1653T>A (p.Tyr551Stop) previously reported, and c.3362del (p.Gly1121ValfsX3) which is a novel frameshift mutation, were identified. Moreover, several PALB2 variants were detected; some of them were predicted as pathological by bioinformatic analysis. Considering truncating mutations, the prevalence rate of our population of BRCA1/2-negative breast cancer patients with pancreatic cancer is 1.5%. Conclusions The prevalence rate of PALB2 mutations in non-BRCA1/BRCA2 breast/ovarian cancer families, selected from either a personal or family pancreatic cancer history, is similar to that previously described for unselected breast/ovarian cancer families. Future research directed towards identifying other gene(s) involved in the development of breast/pancreatic cancer families is required.
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28
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Murphy MFG, Bithell JF, Stiller CA, Kendall GM, O'Neill KA. Childhood and adult cancers: contrasts and commonalities. Maturitas 2013; 76:95-8. [PMID: 23830077 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumours occurring in children differ considerably from those occurring at older ages but exhibit common features. Those occurring in the teenage/young adult (TYA) years represent a transitional mixture of child and adult tumours and pose a considerable challenge for optimal clinical management and service provision. Nevertheless the fundamental processes of malignant change, arising from genetic/epigenetic interaction with environmental exposures, seem to operate across all ages and the entire tumour spectrum. We focus here on the ways in which genotype (and epigenetic modification), growth processes (particularly in utero), and exposure to ionising radiation (in conjunction with genetic susceptibility) affect cancer risk from childhood to adulthood, whether as a primary occurrence, or a second primary tumour following earlier primary occurrence and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F G Murphy
- Childhood Cancer Research Group, New Richards Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LG, United Kingdom.
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29
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A protein prioritization approach tailored for the FA/BRCA pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62017. [PMID: 23620800 PMCID: PMC3631253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a heterogeneous recessive disorder associated with a markedly elevated risk to develop cancer. To date sixteen FA genes have been identified, three of which predispose heterozygous mutation carriers to breast cancer. The FA proteins work together in a genome maintenance pathway, the so-called FA/BRCA pathway which is important during the S phase of the cell cycle. Since not all FA patients can be linked to (one of) the sixteen known complementation groups, new FA genes remain to be identified. In addition the complex FA network remains to be further unravelled. One of the FA genes, FANCI, has been identified via a combination of bioinformatic techniques exploiting FA protein properties and genetic linkage. The aim of this study was to develop a prioritization approach for proteins of the entire human proteome that potentially interact with the FA/BRCA pathway or are novel candidate FA genes. To this end, we combined the original bioinformatics approach based on the properties of the first thirteen FA proteins identified with publicly available tools for protein-protein interactions, literature mining (Nermal) and a protein function prediction tool (FuncNet). Importantly, the three newest FA proteins FANCO/RAD51C, FANCP/SLX4, and XRCC2 displayed scores in the range of the already known FA proteins. Likewise, a prime candidate FA gene based on next generation sequencing and having a very low score was subsequently disproven by functional studies for the FA phenotype. Furthermore, the approach strongly enriches for GO terms such as DNA repair, response to DNA damage stimulus, and cell cycle-regulated genes. Additionally, overlaying the top 150 with a haploinsufficiency probability score, renders the approach more tailored for identifying breast cancer related genes. This approach may be useful for prioritization of putative novel FA or breast cancer genes from next generation sequencing efforts.
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Victor A, Weis E, Messow CM, Marron M, Haaf T, Spix C, Galetzka D. Searching for gene expression differences in primary fibroblasts between patients with one and two neoplasms in childhood. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2013; 30:33-45. [PMID: 23140311 DOI: 10.3109/08880018.2012.735747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors are important for developing primary and subsequent malignancies in children. This study investigated the role of genetic factors involved in DNA-repair. Designed as a feasibility study, it addressed the possibility of obtaining samples for genetic analyses from former patients through the German Childhood Cancer Registry. Testing feasibility was as important as the biological question itself. We analyzed the expression of DNA-repair genes in untreated primary fibroblasts of 20 individuals with a second neoplasm compared to 20 matched single neoplasm cases using customized cDNA microarrays (1344 gene sequences, about 800 genes). Matching was by first neoplasm, age, and year of first diagnosis. Forty-six percent of the 52 contacted second neoplasm cases and 18% of the 132 single neoplasm patients participated in the study. The DNA-repair gene results show small differences in the basal gene expression of FTH1 and CDKN1A. To our knowledge, this is the first study using gene expression arrays in untreated primary fibroblasts regarding second neoplasms after a childhood neoplasm. We were able to recruit childhood cancer patients for genetic analyses long after diagnosis. The biological importance of the differences in the DNA-repair gene expression has to be elucidated yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Victor
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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Liu HT, Wang LL, Liu LX. Advances in understanding mechanisms underlying the antitumor activity of curcumin analogue EF24. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:1853-1857. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i20.1853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin, a natural polyphenol which was first extracted by Vogel and Pelletier from rhizomes of the plant Curcuma longa L, has potent anticarcinogenic activity and low toxic side effects in a wide variety of tumor cells. It has been listed as a third-generation chemoprophylactic drug by the US National Cancer Institute. However, the therapeutic benefit is hampered by its low absorption after transdermal or oral application. Ames et al. have developed a series of novel synthetic curcumin analogs that are more potent and have better water solubility than curcumin. One of these leading compounds, EF24, exhibits about 10-fold greater cytotoxic activity against various cancer cell lines in relation to curcumin. This article will review the recent advances in understanding mechanisms underlying the antitumor activity of EF24.
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Martín-López JV, Barrios Y, Medina-Arana V, Andújar M, Lee S, Gu L, Li GM, Rüschoff J, Salido E, Fishel R. The hMSH2(M688R) Lynch syndrome mutation may function as a dominant negative. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:1647-54. [PMID: 22739024 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hMSH2(M688R) mismatch repair (MMR) gene mutation has been found in five large families from Tenerife, Spain, suggesting it is a Lynch syndrome or hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (LS/HNPCC) founder mutation. In addition to classical LS/HNPCC tumors, these families present with a high incidence of central nervous system (CNS) tumors normally associated with Turcot or constitutional mismatch repair deficiency (CMMR-D) syndromes. Turcot and CMMR-D mutations may be biallelic, knocking out both copies of the MMR gene. The hMSH2(M688R) mutation is located in the ATP hydrolysis (ATPase) domain. We show that the hMSH2(M688R)-hMSH6 heterodimer binds to mismatched nucleotides but lacks normal ATP functions and inhibits MMR in vitro when mixed with the wild-type (WT) heterodimer. Another alteration that has been associated with LS/HNPCC, hMSH2(M688I)-hMSH6, displays no identifiable differences with the WT heterodimer. Interestingly, some extracolonic tumors from hMSH2(M688R) carriers may express hMSH2-hMSH6, yet display microsatellite instability (MSI). The functional analysis along with variability in tumor expression and the high incidence of CNS tumors suggests that hMSH2(M688R) may act as a dominant negative in some tissues, while the hMSH2(M688I) is most likely a benign polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana V Martín-López
- Unidad de Investigación Mixta HUC-ULL, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 38002, Spain
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Abstract
Cancer initiation and progression is controlled by both genetic and epigenetic events. The complexity of carcinogenesis cannot be accounted for by genetic alterations alone but also involves epigenetic changes. Epigenetics refers to the study of mechanisms that alter gene expression without altering the primary DNA sequence. Epigenetic mechanisms are heritable and reversible, and include changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications and small noncoding microRNAs (miRNA). Disruption of epigenetic processes can lead to altered gene function and malignant cellular transformation. Aberrant epigenetic modifications probably occur at a very early stage in neoplastic development, and they are widely described as essential players in cancer progression. Recent advances in epigenetics offer a better understanding of the underlying mechanism(s) of carcinogenesis and provide insight into the discovery of putative cancer biomarkers for early detection, disease monitoring, prognosis, and risk assessment. In this review, we summarize the current literature on epigenetic changes causing genetic alterations that are thought to contribute to cancer, and discuss the potential impact of epigenetics future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kanwal
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Abstract
Cancer initiation and progression is controlled by both genetic and epigenetic events. The complexity of carcinogenesis cannot be accounted for by genetic alterations alone but also involves epigenetic changes. Epigenetics refers to the study of mechanisms that alter gene expression without altering the primary DNA sequence. Epigenetic mechanisms are heritable and reversible, and include changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications and small noncoding microRNAs (miRNA). Disruption of epigenetic processes can lead to altered gene function and malignant cellular transformation. Aberrant epigenetic modifications probably occur at a very early stage in neoplastic development, and they are widely described as essential players in cancer progression. Recent advances in epigenetics offer a better understanding of the underlying mechanism(s) of carcinogenesis and provide insight into the discovery of putative cancer biomarkers for early detection, disease monitoring, prognosis, and risk assessment. In this review, we summarize the current literature on epigenetic changes causing genetic alterations that are thought to contribute to cancer, and discuss the potential impact of epigenetics future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kanwal
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Williams SA, Wilson JB, Clark AP, Mitson-Salazar A, Tomashevski A, Ananth S, Glazer PM, Semmes OJ, Bale AE, Jones NJ, Kupfer GM. Functional and physical interaction between the mismatch repair and FA-BRCA pathways. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:4395-410. [PMID: 21865299 PMCID: PMC3196888 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by bone marrow failure and an increased risk for leukemia and cancer. Fifteen proteins thought to function in the repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) comprise what is known as the FA-BRCA pathway. Activation of this pathway leads to the monoubiquitylation and chromatin localization of FANCD2 and FANCI. It has previously been shown that FANCJ interacts with the mismatch repair (MMR) complex MutLα. Here we show that FANCD2 interacts with the MMR proteins MSH2 and MLH1. FANCD2 monoubiquitylation, foci formation and chromatin loading are greatly diminished in MSH2-deficient cells. Human or mouse cells lacking MSH2 or MLH1 display increased sensitivity and radial formation in response to treatment with DNA crosslinking agents. Studies in human cell lines and Drosophila mutants suggest an epistatic relationship between FANCD2, MSH2 and MLH1 with regard to ICL repair. Surprisingly, the interaction between MSH2 and MLH1 is compromised in multiple FA cell lines, and FA cell lines exhibit deficient MMR. These results suggest a significant role for MMR proteins in the activation of the FA pathway and repair of ICLs. In addition, we provide the first evidence for a defect in MMR in FA cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James B. Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | | | | | - Andrei Tomashevski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA and
| | - Sahana Ananth
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Peter M. Glazer
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - O. John Semmes
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Biomedical Proteomics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | | | - Nigel J. Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Gary M. Kupfer
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Pathology
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Blanco A, de la Hoya M, Balmaña J, Ramón y Cajal T, Teulé A, Miramar MD, Esteban E, Infante M, Benítez J, Torres A, Tejada MI, Brunet J, Graña B, Balbín M, Pérez-Segura P, Osorio A, Velasco EA, Chirivella I, Calvo MT, Feliubadaló L, Lasa A, Díez O, Carracedo A, Caldés T, Vega A. Detection of a large rearrangement in PALB2 in Spanish breast cancer families with male breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 132:307-15. [PMID: 22052327 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1842-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that monoallelic PALB2 (Partner and Localizer of BRCA2) gene mutations predispose to familial breast cancer. Some of the families reported with germline PALB2 mutations presented male breast cancer as a characteristic clinical feature. Therefore, we wanted to investigate the contribution of germline PALB2 mutations in a set of 131 Spanish BRCA1/BRCA2-negative breast/ovarian cancer families with at least one male breast cancer case. The analysis included direct sequencing of all coding exons and intron/exon boundaries as well as a Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification-based analysis of genomic rearrangements. For the first time we have identified a genomic rearrangement of PALB2 gene involving a large deletion from exon 7 to 11 in a breast cancer family. We have also identified several PALB2 variants, but no other obvious deleterious PALB2 mutation has been found. Thus, our study does not support an enrichment of PALB2 germline mutations in the subset of breast cancer families with male breast cancer cases. The identification of intronic and exonic variants indicates the necessity of assessing the implications of variants that do not lead to PALB2 truncation in the pathoghenicity of the PALB2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Blanco
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica-SERGAS, Grupo de Medicina Xenómica-USC, CIBER-ER, IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Weis E, Schoen H, Victor A, Spix C, Ludwig M, Schneider-Raetzke B, Kohlschmidt N, Bartsch O, Gerhold-Ay A, Boehm N, Grus F, Haaf T, Galetzka D. Reduced mRNA and protein expression of the genomic caretaker RAD9A in primary fibroblasts of individuals with childhood and independent second cancer. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25750. [PMID: 21991345 PMCID: PMC3185005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The etiology of secondary cancer in childhood cancer survivors is largely unclear. Exposure of normal somatic cells to radiation and/or chemotherapy can damage DNA and if not all DNA lesions are properly fixed, the mis-repair may lead to pathological consequences. It is plausible to assume that genetic differences, i.e. in the pathways responsible for cell cycle control and DNA repair, play a critical role in the development of secondary cancer. Methodology/Findings To identify factors that may influence the susceptibility for second cancer formation, we recruited 20 individuals who survived a childhood malignancy and then developed a second cancer as well as 20 carefully matched control individuals with childhood malignancy but without a second cancer. By antibody microarrays, we screened primary fibroblasts of matched patients for differences in the amount of representative DNA repair-associated proteins. We found constitutively decreased levels of RAD9A and several other DNA repair proteins in two-cancer patients, compared to one-cancer patients. The RAD9A protein level increased in response to DNA damage, however to a lesser extent in the two-cancer patients. Quantification of mRNA expression by real-time RT PCR revealed lower RAD9A mRNA levels in both untreated and 1 Gy γ-irradiated cells of two-cancer patients. Conclusions/Significance Collectively, our results support the idea that modulation of RAD9A and other cell cycle arrest and DNA repair proteins contribute to the risk of developing a second malignancy in childhood cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Weis
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Holger Schoen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anja Victor
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claudia Spix
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marco Ludwig
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | - Oliver Bartsch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Aslihan Gerhold-Ay
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nils Boehm
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Ocular Proteomics and Immunology Center, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Franz Grus
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Ocular Proteomics and Immunology Center, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Haaf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Danuta Galetzka
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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Eckardt S, Leu NA, Yanchik A, Hatada S, Kyba M, McLaughlin KJ. Gene therapy by allele selection in a mouse model of beta-thalassemia. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:623-7. [PMID: 21293060 DOI: 10.1172/jci45377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To be of therapeutic use, autologous stem cells derived from patients with inherited genetic disorders require genetic modification via gene repair or insertion. Here, we present proof of principle that, for diseases associated with dominant alleles (gain-of-function or haploinsufficient loss-of-function), disease allele–free ES cells can be derived from afflicted individuals without genome manipulation. This approach capitalizes on the derivation of uniparental cells, such as parthenogenetic (PG) ES cell lines from disease allele–free gametes. Diploid mammalian uniparental embryos with only maternally (oocyte-) or paternally (sperm-)derived genomes fail early in development due to the nonequivalence of parental genomes caused by genomic imprinting. However, these uniparental embryos develop to the blastocyst stage, allowing the derivation of ES cell lines. Using a mouse model for dominant beta-thalassemia, we developed disease allele–free PG ES cell lines from the oocytes of affected animals. Phenotype correction was obtained in donor-genotype recipients after transplantation of in vitro hematopoietic ES cell derivatives. This genetic correction strategy without gene targeting is potentially applicable to any dominant disease. It could also be the sole approach for larger or more complex mutations that cannot be corrected by homologous recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Eckardt
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA
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Shulman LP. Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC): clinical features and counseling for BRCA1 and BRCA2, Lynch syndrome, Cowden syndrome, and Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2010; 37:109-33, Table of Contents. [PMID: 20494261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ogc.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the molecular changes associated with inherited gynecologic malignancies and the incorporation of this information in the counseling of individuals at increased risk for developing malignancies, as well as conventional and emerging approaches to the screening of the general population. Cancer genetic counseling and its role in women's health care is examined. The focus is hereditary breast and ovarian cancer; however, cancer predisposition caused by genes other than BRCA1 and BRCA2 is also considered. The aim is to provide a foundation for counseling based on fundamental knowledge of the genes and their clinical consequences. The reader is then guided through the mechanics of risk assessment for individual patients, concluding with the psychosocial implications of counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee P Shulman
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Abstract
Patients with germline mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes are predisposed to breast cancer. The BRCA1-associated breast cancers have distinct morphology, being more often medullary-like, triple negative and showing a 'basal' phenotype. On the other hand, BRCA2 and BRCAX cancers are a heterogeneous group without a specific phenotype. When incorporated into risk assessment models, pathology data improves prediction of carrier status. The role of BRCA1 and BRCA2 in DNA repair is being exploited to develop novel therapies, for example, using the poly-ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors. A number of low-to-moderate-penetrant genes/loci have also been identified, but their role and contribution in breast cancer development is still under investigation.
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Possible DNA viral factors of human breast cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2:498-512. [PMID: 24281079 PMCID: PMC3835088 DOI: 10.3390/cancers2020498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 04/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are considered to be one of the high-risk factors closely related to human breast cancer. However, different studies of viruses in breast cancer present conflicting results and some of these works remain in dispute. DNA viruses, such as specific types of human papillomaviruses (HPV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and human herpes virus type 8 (HHV-8), have emerged as causal factors of some human cancers. These respective exogenous viruses and the possibility of multiple viral factors are discussed in this review.
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Talavera D, Taylor MS, Thornton JM. The (non)malignancy of cancerous amino acidic substitutions. Proteins 2010; 78:518-29. [PMID: 19787769 DOI: 10.1002/prot.22574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The process of natural selection acts both on individual organisms within a population and on individual cells within an organism as they develop into cancer. In this work, we have taken a first step toward understanding the differences in selection pressures exerted on the human genome under these disparate circumstances. Focusing on single amino acid substitutions, we have found that cancer-related mutations (CRMs) are frequent in evolutionarily conserved sites, whereas single amino acid polymorphisms (SAPs) tend to appear in sites having a more relaxed evolutionary pressure. Those CRMs classed as cancer driver mutations show greater enrichment for conserved sites than passenger mutations. Consistent with this, driver mutations are enriched for sites annotated as key functional residues and their neighbors, and are more likely to be located on the surface of proteins than expected by chance. Overall the pattern of CRM and polymorphism is remarkably similar, but we do see a clear signal indicative of diversifying selection for disruptive amino acid substitutions in the cancer driver mutations. The ultimate consequence of the appearance of those mutations must be advantageous for the tumor cell, leading to cell population-growth and migration events similar to those seen in natural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Talavera
- EMBL-EBI, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, United Kingdom.
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Landais I, Hiddingh S, McCarroll M, Yang C, Sun A, Turker MS, Snyder JP, Hoatlin ME. Monoketone analogs of curcumin, a new class of Fanconi anemia pathway inhibitors. Mol Cancer 2009; 8:133. [PMID: 20043851 PMCID: PMC2807854 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-8-133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway is a multigene DNA damage response network implicated in the repair of DNA lesions that arise during replication or after exogenous DNA damage. The FA pathway displays synthetic lethal relationship with certain DNA repair genes such as ATM (Ataxia Telangectasia Mutated) that are frequently mutated in tumors. Thus, inhibition of FANCD2 monoubiquitylation (FANCD2-Ub), a key step in the FA pathway, might target tumor cells defective in ATM through synthetic lethal interaction. Curcumin was previously identified as a weak inhibitor of FANCD2-Ub. The aim of this study is to identify derivatives of curcumin with better activity and specificity. RESULTS Using a replication-free assay in Xenopus extracts, we screened monoketone analogs of curcumin for inhibition of FANCD2-Ub and identified analog EF24 as a strong inhibitor. Mechanistic studies suggest that EF24 targets the FA pathway through inhibition of the NF-kB pathway kinase IKK. In HeLa cells, nanomolar concentrations of EF24 inhibited hydroxyurea (HU)-induced FANCD2-Ub and foci in a cell-cycle independent manner. Survival assays revealed that EF24 specifically sensitizes FA-competent cells to the DNA crosslinking agent mitomycin C (MMC). In addition, in contrast with curcumin, ATM-deficient cells are twofold more sensitive to EF24 than matched wild-type cells, consistent with a synthetic lethal effect between FA pathway inhibition and ATM deficiency. An independent screen identified 4H-TTD, a compound structurally related to EF24 that displays similar activity in egg extracts and in cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that monoketone analogs of curcumin are potent inhibitors of the FA pathway and constitute a promising new class of targeted anticancer compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Landais
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, USA.
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Mangold KA, Wang V, Weissman SM, Rubinstein WS, Kaul KL. Detection of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Ashkenazi Jewish founder mutations in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues using conventional PCR and heteroduplex/amplicon size differences. J Mol Diagn 2009; 12:20-6. [PMID: 19959799 DOI: 10.2353/jmoldx.2010.090023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In many families with histories suggestive of BRCA1- or BRCA2-related disease, the proband is deceased. Reliable assessment of archived tissue blocks not amenable to full gene sequencing would be helpful. In this study, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay using primers that bracket the BRCA mutation site and microfluidics-based detection of heteroduplex/amplicon size differences was developed to circumvent artifacts associated with low quality DNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue. Genomic DNA was extracted from 100 FFPE specimens from patients that had previously undergone BRCA gene sequence analysis on blood specimens. Conventional PCR amplification products were differentiated using the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer. One FFPE specimen failed to amplify the wild-type alleles for all three sites and was therefore called indeterminate. All 62 FFPE specimens with known Ashkenazi Jewish founder mutations had both the wild-type and the correct mutated allele amplified, including one specimen that failed to amplify the mutant allele in other real-time PCR assays. Appropriately, 21 FFPE specimens known to have other BRCA1/2 mutations and 16 without any mutation had only the wild-type allele correctly amplified for each target. Therefore, by changing the primer location and detecting amplicons via heteroduplexes formed by size differences, we identified mutations from FFPE tissues missed using real-time methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy A Mangold
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 2650 Ridge Avenue, Evanston, IL 60201, USA.
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Tweardy DJ, Belmont JW. "Personalizing" academic medicine: opportunities and challenges in implementing genomic profiling. Transl Res 2009; 154:288-94. [PMID: 19931194 PMCID: PMC2830892 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2009] [Revised: 09/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BCM faculty members spearheaded the development of a first-generation Personal Genome Profile (Baylor PGP) assay to assist physicians in diagnosing and managing patients in this new era of medicine. The principles that guided the design and implementation of the Baylor PGP were high quality, robustness, low expense, flexibility, practical clinical utility, and the ability to facilitate broad areas of clinical research. The most distinctive feature of the approach taken is an emphasis on extensive screening for rare disease-causing mutations rather than common risk-increasing polymorphisms. Because these variants have large direct effects, the ability to screen for them inexpensively could have a major immediate clinical impact in disease diagnosis, carrier detection, presymptomatic detection of late onset disease, and even prenatal diagnosis. In addition to creating a counseling tool for individual "consumers," this system will fit into the established medical record and be used by physicians involved in direct patient care. This article describes an overall framework for clinical diagnostic array genotyping and the available technologies, as well as highlights the opportunities and challenges for implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Tweardy
- Department of Medicine (Section of Infectious Diseases), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex. 77030, USA.
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A novel germline CHEK2 deletion truncating the kinase domain identified in a French family with high-risk of breast/ovarian cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 120:267-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-009-0551-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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48
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Lack of large genomic deletions in BRIP1, PALB2, and FANCD2 genes in BRCA1/2 negative familial breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 118:651-3. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-009-0428-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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49
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Neveling K, Endt D, Hoehn H, Schindler D. Genotype-phenotype correlations in Fanconi anemia. Mutat Res 2009; 668:73-91. [PMID: 19464302 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Revised: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although still incomplete, we now have a remarkably detailed and nuanced picture of both phenotypic and genotypic components of the FA spectrum. Initially described as a combination of pancytopenia with a limited number of physical anomalies, it was later recognized that additional features were compatible with the FA phenotype, including a form without detectable malformations (Estren-Dameshek variant). The discovery of somatic mosaicism extended the boundaries of the FA phenotype to cases even without any overt hematological manifestations. This clinical heterogeneity was augmented by new conceptualizations. There was the realization of a constant risk for the development of myelodysplasia and certain malignancies, including acute myelogenous leukemia and squamous cell carcinoma, and there was the emergence of a distinctive cellular phenotype. A striking degree of genetic heterogeneity became apparent with the delineation of at least 12 complementation groups and the identification of their underlying genes. Although functional genetic insights have fostered the interpretation of many phenotypic features, surprisingly few stringent genotype-phenotype connections have emerged. In addition to myriad genetic alterations, less predictable influences are likely to modulate the FA phenotype, including modifier genes, environmental factors and chance effects. In reviewing the current status of genotype-phenotype correlations, we arrive at a unifying hypothesis to explain the remarkably wide range of FA phenotypes. Given the large body of evidence that genomic instability is a major underlying mechanism of accelerated ageing phenotypes, we propose that the numerous FA variants can be viewed as differential modulations and compression in time of intrinsic biological ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelia Neveling
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, University of Wurzburg, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, Wurzburg D-97074, Germany
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Bacolod MD, Schemmann GS, Giardina SF, Paty P, Notterman DA, Barany F. Emerging paradigms in cancer genetics: some important findings from high-density single nucleotide polymorphism array studies. Cancer Res 2009; 69:723-7. [PMID: 19155292 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
High-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mapping arrays have identified chromosomal features whose importance to cancer predisposition and progression is not yet clearly defined. Of interest is that the genomes of normal somatic cells (reflecting the combined parental germ-line contributions) often contain long homozygous stretches. These chromosomal segments may be explained by the common ancestry of the individual's parents and thus may also be called autozygous. Several studies link consanguinity to higher rates of cancer, suggesting that autozygosity (a genomic consequence of consanguinity) may be a factor in cancer predisposition. SNP array analysis has also identified chromosomal regions of somatic uniparental disomy (UPD) in cancer genomes. These are chromosomal segments characterized by loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and a normal copy number (two) but which are not autozygous in the germ-line or normal somatic cell genome. In this review, we will also discuss a model [cancer gene activity model (CGAM)] that may explain how autozygosity influences cancer predisposition. CGAM can also explain how the occurrence of certain chromosomal aberrations (copy number gain, LOH, and somatic UPDs) during carcinogenesis may be dependent on the germ-line genotypes of important cancer-related genes (oncogenes and tumor suppressors) found in those chromosomal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manny D Bacolod
- Department of Microbiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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