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Hsiao YJ, Chiang SC, Wang CH, Chi NH, Yu HY, Hong TH, Chen HY, Lin CY, Kuo SW, Su KY, Ko WJ, Hsu LM, Lin CA, Cheng CL, Chen YM, Chen YS, Yu SL. Epigenomic biomarkers insights in PBMCs for prognostic assessment of ECMO-treated cardiogenic shock patients. Clin Epigenetics 2024; 16:137. [PMID: 39363385 PMCID: PMC11451087 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-024-01751-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As the global use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) treatment increases, survival rates have not correspondingly improved, emphasizing the need for refined patient selection to optimize resource allocation. Currently, prognostic markers at the molecular level are limited. METHODS Thirty-four cardiogenic shock (CS) patients were prospectively enrolled, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected at the initiation of ECMO (t0), two-hour post-installation (t2), and upon removal of ECMO (tr). The PBMCs were analyzed by comprehensive epigenomic assays. Using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression, 485,577 DNA methylation features were analyzed and selected from the t0 and tr datasets. A random forest classifier was developed using the t0 dataset and evaluated on the t2 dataset. Two models based on DNA methylation features were constructed and assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and Kaplan-Meier survival analyses. RESULTS The ten-feature and four-feature models for predicting in-hospital mortality attained area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.78 and 0.72, respectively, with LASSO alpha values of 0.2 and 0.25. In contrast, clinical evaluation systems, including ICU scoring systems and the survival after venoarterial ECMO (SAVE) score, did not achieve statistical significance. Moreover, our models showed significant associations with in-hospital survival (p < 0.05, log-rank test). CONCLUSIONS This study identifies DNA methylation features in PBMCs as potent prognostic markers for ECMO-treated CS patients. Demonstrating significant predictive accuracy for in-hospital mortality, these markers offer a substantial advancement in patient stratification and might improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jing Hsiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Su-Chien Chiang
- Center for Institutional Research and Data Analytics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsien Wang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Hsin Chi
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Yu Yu
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Hsia Hong
- Centers of Genomic and Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Yu Chen
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Lin
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuenn-Wen Kuo
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Yi Su
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Je Ko
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ming Hsu
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-An Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Ling Cheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Ming Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Sharng Chen
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Liang Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Pathology and Graduate Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine,, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Graduate School of Advanced Technology, , National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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2
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Murakami M, Sato H, Taketomi Y. Modulation of immunity by the secreted phospholipase A 2 family. Immunol Rev 2023; 317:42-70. [PMID: 37035998 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Among the phospholipase A2 (PLA2 ) superfamily, which typically catalyzes the sn-2 hydrolysis of phospholipids to yield fatty acids and lysophospholipids, the secreted PLA2 (sPLA2 ) family contains 11 isoforms in mammals. Individual sPLA2 s have unique enzymatic specificity toward fatty acids and polar heads of phospholipid substrates and display distinct tissue/cellular distributions, suggesting their distinct physiological functions. Recent studies using knockout and/or transgenic mice for a full set of sPLA2 s have revealed their roles in modulation of immunity and related disorders. Application of mass spectrometric lipidomics to these mice has enabled to identify target substrates and products of individual sPLA2 s in given tissue microenvironments. sPLA2 s hydrolyze not only phospholipids in the plasma membrane of activated, damaged or dying mammalian cells, but also extracellular phospholipids such as those in extracellular vesicles, microbe membranes, lipoproteins, surfactants, and dietary phospholipids, thereby exacerbating or ameliorating various diseases. The actions of sPLA2 s are dependent on, or independent of, the generation of fatty acid- or lysophospholipid-derived lipid mediators according to the pathophysiological contexts. In this review, we make an overview of our current understanding of the roles of individual sPLA2 s in various immune responses and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Sato
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Taketomi
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Volodko O, Volinsky N, Yarkoni M, Margalit N, Kusniec F, Sudarsky D, Elbaz-Greener G, Carasso S, Amir O. Characterization of Systemic and Culprit-Coronary Artery miR-483-5p Expression in Chronic CAD and Acute Myocardial Infarction Male Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108551. [PMID: 37239897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. In chronic and myocardial infarction (MI) states, aberrant levels of circulating microRNAs compromise gene expression and pathophysiology. We aimed to compare microRNA expression in chronic-CAD and acute-MI male patients in peripheral blood vasculature versus coronary arteries proximal to a culprit area. Blood from chronic-CAD, acute-MI with/out ST segment elevation (STEMI/NSTEMI, respectively), and control patients lacking previous CAD or having patent coronary arteries was collected during coronary catheterization from peripheral arteries and from proximal culprit coronary arteries aimed for the interventions. Random coronary arterial blood was collected from controls; RNA extraction, miRNA library preparation and Next Generation Sequencing followed. High concentrations of microRNA-483-5p (miR-483-5p) were noted as 'coronary arterial gradient' in culprit acute-MI versus chronic-CAD (p = 0.035) which were similar to controls versus chronic-CAD (p < 0.001). Meanwhile, peripheral miR-483-5p was downregulated in acute-MI and chronic-CAD, compared with controls (1.1 ± 2.2 vs. 2.6 ± 3.3, respectively, p < 0.005). A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for miR483-5p association with chronic CAD demonstrated an area under the curve of 0.722 (p < 0.001) with 79% sensitivity and 70% specificity. Using in silico gene analysis, we detected miR-483-5p cardiac gene targets, responsible for inflammation (PLA2G5), oxidative stress (NUDT8, GRK2), apoptosis (DNAAF10), fibrosis (IQSEC2, ZMYM6, MYOM2), angiogenesis (HGSNAT, TIMP2) and wound healing (ADAMTS2). High miR-483-5p 'coronary arterial gradient' in acute-MI, unnoticed in chronic-CAD, suggests important local mechanisms for miR483-5p in CAD in response to local myocardial ischemia. MiR-483-5p may have an important role as a gene modulator for pathologic and tissue repair states, is a suggestive biomarker, and is a potential therapeutic target for acute and chronic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Volodko
- The Lydia and Carol Kittner, Lea and Benjamin Davidai Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Surgery and Research Institute, Tzafon Medical Center, Affiliated with Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Tiberias 1528001, Israel
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel
| | - Natalia Volinsky
- The Lydia and Carol Kittner, Lea and Benjamin Davidai Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Surgery and Research Institute, Tzafon Medical Center, Affiliated with Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Tiberias 1528001, Israel
| | - Merav Yarkoni
- Heart Institute, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Department of Cardiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9574409, Israel
| | - Nufar Margalit
- The Lydia and Carol Kittner, Lea and Benjamin Davidai Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Surgery and Research Institute, Tzafon Medical Center, Affiliated with Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Tiberias 1528001, Israel
| | - Fabio Kusniec
- The Lydia and Carol Kittner, Lea and Benjamin Davidai Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Surgery and Research Institute, Tzafon Medical Center, Affiliated with Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Tiberias 1528001, Israel
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel
| | - Doron Sudarsky
- The Lydia and Carol Kittner, Lea and Benjamin Davidai Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Surgery and Research Institute, Tzafon Medical Center, Affiliated with Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Tiberias 1528001, Israel
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel
| | - Gabby Elbaz-Greener
- Heart Institute, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Department of Cardiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9574409, Israel
| | - Shemy Carasso
- The Lydia and Carol Kittner, Lea and Benjamin Davidai Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Surgery and Research Institute, Tzafon Medical Center, Affiliated with Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Tiberias 1528001, Israel
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel
| | - Offer Amir
- The Lydia and Carol Kittner, Lea and Benjamin Davidai Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Surgery and Research Institute, Tzafon Medical Center, Affiliated with Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Tiberias 1528001, Israel
- Heart Institute, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Department of Cardiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9574409, Israel
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4
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Zhang H, Zhang Y, Mu T, Cao J, Liu X, Yang X, Ren D, Zhao K. Response of gut microbiota and ileal transcriptome to inulin intervention in HFD induced obese mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 225:861-872. [PMID: 36402387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Inulin, as a dietary fiber, exerted prominent anti-obesity effects by modulating gut microbiota. However, the possible relationship and interplay of gut microbiome and function of distal intestine is still unclear now. This study aimed to investigate the possible targets of microbes and the related intestinal genes mediated by inulin. C57 BL/6 male mice were randomly allocated to chow diet (Chow) group, high-fat diet (HFD) group, and HFD supplemented with 3 % inulin (Inulin) group. Compared with HFD treatment, inulin supplementation significantly decreased the body weight, fat deposition, and fasting blood glucose level. In addition, mice treated with inulin had a remarkable alteration in the structure of cecal microbiota and transcriptomic profiling of ileum. In particular, inulin supplementation significantly reversed the HFD induced expression of Bacteroides, Allobaculum and nonrank_f_Bacteroidates_S24-7_group, and reversed the expression of genes belonging to phospholipase A2 (PLA2) family and cytochrome P450 (CYP450) family. In summary, inulin might alleviate HFD-induced fat deposition and metabolic disorders via regulating lipid metabolism of ileum, while the interaction between the sPLA2s and gut microbes might play important roles in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, P. R. China; Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Normal University, Xi'an 710062, P. R. China
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Normal University, Xi'an 710062, P. R. China
| | - Tong Mu
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Normal University, Xi'an 710062, P. R. China
| | - Jianxin Cao
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Normal University, Xi'an 710062, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Normal University, Xi'an 710062, P. R. China
| | - Xingbin Yang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Normal University, Xi'an 710062, P. R. China
| | - Daoyuan Ren
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Normal University, Xi'an 710062, P. R. China
| | - Ke Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, P. R. China; Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Normal University, Xi'an 710062, P. R. China.
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5
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Murakami M, Sato H, Taketomi Y. Updating Phospholipase A 2 Biology. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1457. [PMID: 33086624 PMCID: PMC7603386 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The phospholipase A2 (PLA2) superfamily contains more than 50 enzymes in mammals that are subdivided into several distinct families on a structural and biochemical basis. In principle, PLA2 has the capacity to hydrolyze the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids to release fatty acids and lysophospholipids, yet several enzymes in this superfamily catalyze other reactions rather than or in addition to the PLA2 reaction. PLA2 enzymes play crucial roles in not only the production of lipid mediators, but also membrane remodeling, bioenergetics, and body surface barrier, thereby participating in a number of biological events. Accordingly, disturbance of PLA2-regulated lipid metabolism is often associated with various diseases. This review updates the current state of understanding of the classification, enzymatic properties, and biological functions of various enzymes belonging to the PLA2 superfamily, focusing particularly on the novel roles of PLA2s in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (H.S.); (Y.T.)
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6
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Bhanushali AA, Pradhan G, Contractor A, Das BR. Frequency and association of disabled homolog 2-interacting protein (DAB2IP) variant rs7025486 G>A with coronary artery disease risk in Indian population. Indian Heart J 2018; 70 Suppl 3:S480-S482. [PMID: 30595311 PMCID: PMC6309282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome wide association study has identified rs7025486 G>A polymorphism within DAB2IP (Disabled homolog 2-interacting protein) gene with increased risk of coronary heart disease (CAD). In this study we have determined the frequency and association of rs7025486 with CAD in Indians. The study was performed on 214 patients with CAD and 125 controls. The 'AA' genotype was associated with an increased risk in the CAD age group <50 yrs as compared to CAD age group>50 yrs (OR 3.149; P 0.034) and controls >50 yrs (OR 3.430; P 0.080). The risk allele (A) was significantly associated with premature CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna A Bhanushali
- Research and Development, SRL Ltd Prime Square Building, Plot No 1, S. V. Road, Goregaon (W), Mumbai, 400 062, India.
| | - Gayatri Pradhan
- Research and Development, SRL Ltd Prime Square Building, Plot No 1, S. V. Road, Goregaon (W), Mumbai, 400 062, India.
| | - A Contractor
- Sir H. N Reliance Foundation Hospital & Research Centre Raja Rammohan Roy Road, Prarthana Samaj, Khetwadi, Girgaon, Maharashtra, Mumbai, 400004, India.
| | - Bibhu R Das
- Research and Development, SRL Ltd Prime Square Building, Plot No 1, S. V. Road, Goregaon (W), Mumbai, 400 062, India.
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7
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Murakami M, Yamamoto K, Miki Y, Murase R, Sato H, Taketomi Y. The Roles of the Secreted Phospholipase A 2 Gene Family in Immunology. Adv Immunol 2016; 132:91-134. [PMID: 27769509 PMCID: PMC7112020 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Within the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) family that hydrolyzes phospholipids to yield fatty acids and lysophospholipids, secreted PLA2 (sPLA2) enzymes comprise the largest group containing 11 isoforms in mammals. Individual sPLA2s exhibit unique tissue or cellular distributions and enzymatic properties, suggesting their distinct biological roles. Although PLA2 enzymes, particularly cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2α), have long been implicated in inflammation by driving arachidonic acid metabolism, the precise biological roles of sPLA2s have remained a mystery over the last few decades. Recent studies employing mice gene-manipulated for individual sPLA2s, in combination with mass spectrometric lipidomics to identify their target substrates and products in vivo, have revealed their roles in diverse biological events, including immunity and associated disorders, through lipid mediator-dependent or -independent processes in given microenvironments. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the roles of sPLA2s in various immune responses and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - K Yamamoto
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Y Miki
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - R Murase
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Sato
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Taketomi
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Sato H, Taketomi Y, Murakami M. Metabolic regulation by secreted phospholipase A 2. Inflamm Regen 2016; 36:7. [PMID: 29259680 PMCID: PMC5725825 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-016-0012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) superfamily that hydrolyzes phospholipids to yield fatty acids and lysophospholipids, the secreted PLA2 (sPLA2) enzymes comprise the largest family that contains 11 isoforms in mammals. Individual sPLA2s exhibit unique distributions and specific enzymatic properties, suggesting their distinct biological roles. While sPLA2s have long been implicated in inflammation and atherosclerosis, it has become evident that they are involved in diverse biological events through lipid mediator-dependent or mediator-independent processes in a given microenvironment. In recent years, new biological aspects of sPLA2s have been revealed using their transgenic and knockout mouse models in combination with mass spectrometric lipidomics to unveil their target substrates and products in vivo. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the roles of sPLA2s in metabolic disorders including obesity, hepatic steatosis, diabetes, insulin resistance, and adipose tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Sato
- Lipid Metabolism Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506 Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Taketomi
- Lipid Metabolism Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506 Japan
| | - Makoto Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506 Japan.,AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, 100-0004 Japan
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9
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Guardiola M, Exeter HJ, Perret C, Folkersen L, van’t Hooft F, Eriksson P, Franco-Cereceda A, Paulsson-Berne G, Palmen J, Li K, Cooper JA, Khaw KT, Mallat Z, Ninio E, Karabina SA, Humphries SE, Boekholdt SM, Holmes MV, Talmud PJ. PLA2G10
Gene Variants, sPLA2 Activity, and Coronary Heart Disease Risk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 8:356-62. [DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.114.000633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Observational studies report that secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) activity is a marker for coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, and activity measures are thought to represent the composite activity of sPLA2-IIA, -V, and -X. The aim of this study was to use genetic variants of
PLA2G10
, encoding sPLA2-X, to investigate the contribution of sPLA2-X to the measure of sPLA2 activity and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk traits and outcome.
Methods and Results—
Three
PLA2G10
tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (rs72546339, rs72546340, and rs4003232) and a previously studied
PLA2G10
coding single-nucleotide polymorphism rs4003228, R38C, were genotyped in a nested case: control cohort drawn from the prospective EPIC-Norfolk Study (2175 cases and 2175 controls). Meta-analysis of rs4003228 (R38C) and CHD was performed using data from the Northwick Park Heart Study II and 2 published cohorts AtheroGene and SIPLAC, providing in total an additional 1884 cases and 3119 controls. EPIC-Norfolk subjects in the highest tertile of sPLA2 activity were older and had higher inflammatory markers compared with those in the lowest tertile for sPLA2 activity. None of the
PLA2G10
tagging single-nucleotide polymorphism nor R38C, a functional variant, were significantly associated with sPLA2 activity, intermediate CHD risk traits, or CHD risk. In meta-analysis, the summary odds ratio for R38C was odds ratio=0.97 (95% confidence interval, 0.77–1.22).
Conclusions—
PLA2G10
variants are not significantly associated with plasma sPLA2 activity or with CHD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montse Guardiola
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Holly J. Exeter
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Claire Perret
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Lasse Folkersen
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Ferdinand van’t Hooft
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Per Eriksson
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Anders Franco-Cereceda
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Gabrielle Paulsson-Berne
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Jutta Palmen
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - KaWah Li
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Jackie A. Cooper
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Ziad Mallat
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Ewa Ninio
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Sonia-Athina Karabina
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Steve E. Humphries
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - S. Matthijs Boekholdt
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Michael V. Holmes
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Philippa J. Talmud
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
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Tietge UJ. Extracellular Phospholipases. Atherosclerosis 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118828533.ch23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Murakami M, Sato H, Miki Y, Yamamoto K, Taketomi Y. A new era of secreted phospholipase A₂. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1248-61. [PMID: 25805806 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r058123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Among more than 30 members of the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) superfamily, secreted PLA2 (sPLA2) enzymes represent the largest family, being Ca(2+)-dependent low-molecular-weight enzymes with a His-Asp catalytic dyad. Individual sPLA2s exhibit unique tissue and cellular distributions and enzymatic properties, suggesting their distinct biological roles. Recent studies using transgenic and knockout mice for nearly a full set of sPLA2 subtypes, in combination with sophisticated lipidomics as well as biochemical and cell biological studies, have revealed distinct contributions of individual sPLA2s to various pathophysiological events, including production of pro- and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators, regulation of membrane remodeling, degradation of foreign phospholipids in microbes or food, or modification of extracellular noncellular lipid components. In this review, we highlight the current understanding of the in vivo functions of sPLA2s and the underlying lipid pathways as revealed by a series of studies over the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Sato
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Miki
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Kei Yamamoto
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Taketomi
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
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Murakami M, Taketomi Y, Miki Y, Sato H, Yamamoto K, Lambeau G. Emerging roles of secreted phospholipase A2 enzymes: the 3rd edition. Biochimie 2014; 107 Pt A:105-13. [PMID: 25230085 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Within the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) superfamily, secreted PLA2 (sPLA2) enzymes comprise the largest family that contains 11 to 12 mammalian isoforms with a conserved His-Asp catalytic dyad. Individual sPLA2s exhibit unique tissue and cellular localizations and specific enzymatic properties, suggesting distinct biological roles. Individual sPLA2s are involved in diverse biological events through lipid mediator-dependent or -independent processes and act redundantly or non-redundantly in a given microenvironment. In the past few years, new biological aspects of sPLA2s have been clarified using their transgenic and knockout mouse lines in combination with mass spectrometric lipidomics to unveil their target substrates and products in vivo. In the 3rd edition of this review series, we highlight the newest understanding of the in vivo functions of sPLA2s in pathophysiological conditions in the context of immunity and metabolism. We will also describe the latest knowledge on PLA2R1, the best known sPLA2 receptor, which may serve either as a clearance or signaling receptor for sPLA2 or may even act independently of sPLA2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Yoshitaka Taketomi
- Lipid Metabolism Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Miki
- Lipid Metabolism Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Sato
- Lipid Metabolism Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Kei Yamamoto
- Lipid Metabolism Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Gérard Lambeau
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7275, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne 06560, France
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The adipocyte-inducible secreted phospholipases PLA2G5 and PLA2G2E play distinct roles in obesity. Cell Metab 2014; 20:119-32. [PMID: 24910243 PMCID: PMC4079757 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic disorders, including obesity and insulin resistance, have their basis in dysregulated lipid metabolism and low-grade inflammation. In a microarray search of unique lipase-related genes whose expressions are associated with obesity, we found that two secreted phospholipase A2s (sPLA2s), PLA2G5 and PLA2G2E, were robustly induced in adipocytes of obese mice. Analyses of Pla2g5(-/-) and Pla2g2e(-/-) mice revealed distinct roles of these sPLA2s in diet-induced obesity. PLA2G5 hydrolyzed phosphatidylcholine in fat-overladen low-density lipoprotein to release unsaturated fatty acids, which prevented palmitate-induced M1 macrophage polarization. As such, PLA2G5 tipped the immune balance toward an M2 state, thereby counteracting adipose tissue inflammation, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, and obesity. PLA2G2E altered minor lipoprotein phospholipids, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine, and moderately facilitated lipid accumulation in adipose tissue and liver. Collectively, the identification of "metabolic sPLA2s" adds this gene family to a growing list of lipolytic enzymes that act as metabolic coordinators.
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The (G>A) rs11573191 polymorphism of PLA2G5 gene is associated with premature coronary artery disease in the Mexican Mestizo population: the genetics of atherosclerotic disease Mexican study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:931361. [PMID: 24959594 PMCID: PMC4052156 DOI: 10.1155/2014/931361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a multifactorial disorder that results from an excessive inflammatory response. Secretory phospholipase A2-V (sPLA2-V) encoded by PLA2G5 gene promotes diverse proinflammatory processes. The aim of the present study was to analyze if PLA2G5 gene polymorphisms are associated with premature CAD. Three PLA2G5 polymorphisms (rs11573187, rs2148911, and rs11573191) were analyzed in 707 patients with premature CAD and 749 healthy controls. Haplotypes were constructed after linkage disequilibrium analysis. Under dominant, recessive, and additive models, the rs11573191 polymorphism was associated with increased risk of premature CAD (OR = 1.51, Pdom = 3.5 × 10−3; OR = 2.95, Prec = 0.023; OR = 1.51, Padd = 1.2 × 10−3). According to the informatics software, this polymorphism had a functional effect modifying the affinity of the sequence by the MZF1 transcription factor. PLA2G5 polymorphisms were in linkage disequilibrium and the CGA haplotype was associated with increased risk of premature CAD (OR = 1.49, P = 0.0023) and with hypertension in these patients (OR = 1.75, P = 0.0072). Our results demonstrate the association of the PLA2G5 rs11573191 polymorphism with premature CAD. In our study, it was possible to distinguish one haplotype associated with increased risk of premature CAD and hypertension.
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Holmes MV, Exeter HJ, Folkersen L, Nelson CP, Guardiola M, Cooper JA, Sofat R, Boekholdt SM, Khaw KT, Li KW, Smith AJP, Van't Hooft F, Eriksson P, Franco-Cereceda A, Asselbergs FW, Boer JMA, Onland-Moret NC, Hofker M, Erdmann J, Kivimaki M, Kumari M, Reiner AP, Keating BJ, Humphries SE, Hingorani AD, Mallat Z, Samani NJ, Talmud PJ. Novel genetic approach to investigate the role of plasma secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2)-V isoenzyme in coronary heart disease: modified Mendelian randomization analysis using PLA2G5 expression levels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 7:144-50. [PMID: 24563418 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.113.000271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) enzymes are considered to play a role in atherosclerosis. sPLA2 activity encompasses several sPLA2 isoenzymes, including sPLA2-V. Although observational studies show a strong association between elevated sPLA2 activity and CHD, no assay to measure sPLA2-V levels exists, and the only evidence linking the sPLA2-V isoform to atherosclerosis progression comes from animal studies. In the absence of an assay that directly quantifies sPLA2-V levels, we used PLA2G5 mRNA levels in a novel, modified Mendelian randomization approach to investigate the hypothesized causal role of sPLA2-V in coronary heart disease (CHD) pathogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Using data from the Advanced Study of Aortic Pathology, we identified the single-nucleotide polymorphism in PLA2G5 showing the strongest association with PLA2G5 mRNA expression levels as a proxy for sPLA2-V levels. We tested the association of this SNP with sPLA2 activity and CHD events in 4 prospective and 14 case-control studies with 27 230 events and 70 500 controls. rs525380C>A showed the strongest association with PLA2G5 mRNA expression (P=5.1×10(-6)). There was no association of rs525380C>A with plasma sPLA2 activity (difference in geometric mean of sPLA2 activity per rs525380 A-allele 0.4% (95% confidence intervals [-0.9%, 1.6%]; P=0.56). In meta-analyses, the odds ratio for CHD per A-allele was 1.02 (95% confidence intervals [0.99, 1.04]; P=0.20). CONCLUSIONS This novel approach for single-nucleotide polymorphism selection for this modified Mendelian randomization analysis showed no association between rs525380 (the lead single-nucleotide polymorphism for PLA2G5 expression, a surrogate for sPLA2-V levels) and CHD events. The evidence does not support a causal role for sPLA2-V in CHD.
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Emerging roles of secreted phospholipase A2 enzymes: An update. Biochimie 2013; 95:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Telmisartan and N-acetylcysteine Suppress Group V Secretory Phospholipase A2 Expression in TNFα-stimulated Human Endothelial Cells and Reduce Associated Atherogenicity. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2012; 60:367-74. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3182646ccc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sergouniotis P, Davidson A, Mackay D, Lenassi E, Li Z, Robson A, Yang X, Kam J, Isaacs T, Holder G, Jeffery G, Beck J, Moore A, Plagnol V, Webster A. Biallelic mutations in PLA2G5, encoding group V phospholipase A2, cause benign fleck retina. Am J Hum Genet 2011; 89:782-91. [PMID: 22137173 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Flecked-retina syndromes, including fundus flavimaculatus, fundus albipunctatus, and benign fleck retina, comprise a group of disorders with widespread or limited distribution of yellow-white retinal lesions of various sizes and configurations. Three siblings who have benign fleck retina and were born to consanguineous parents are the basis of this report. A combination of homozygosity mapping and exome sequencing helped to identify a homozygous missense mutation, c.133G>T (p.Gly45Cys), in PLA2G5, a gene encoding a secreted phospholipase (group V phospholipase A(2)). A screen of a further four unrelated individuals with benign fleck retina detected biallelic variants in the same gene in three patients. In contrast, no loss of function or common (minor-allele frequency>0.05%) nonsynonymous PLA2G5 variants have been previously reported (EVS, dbSNP, 1000 Genomes Project) or were detected in an internal database of 224 exomes (from subjects with adult onset neurodegenerative disease and without a diagnosis of ophthalmic disease). All seven affected individuals had fundoscopic features compatible with those previously described in benign fleck retina and no visual or electrophysiological deficits. No medical history of major illness was reported. Levels of low-density lipoprotein were mildly elevated in two patients. Optical coherence tomography and fundus autofluorescence findings suggest that group V phospholipase A(2) plays a role in the phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer-segment discs by the retinal pigment epithelium. Surprisingly, immunohistochemical staining of human retinal tissue revealed localization of the protein predominantly in the inner and outer plexiform layers.
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Murakami M, Taketomi Y, Sato H, Yamamoto K. Secreted phospholipase A2 revisited. J Biochem 2011; 150:233-55. [PMID: 21746768 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvr088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) catalyses the hydrolysis of the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids to yield fatty acids and lysophospholipids. So far, more than 30 enzymes that possess PLA(2) or related activity have been identified in mammals. About one third of these enzymes belong to the secreted PLA(2) (sPLA(2)) family, which comprises low molecular weight, Ca(2+) requiring, secreted enzymes with a His/Asp catalytic dyad. Individual sPLA(2)s display distinct localizations and enzymatic properties, suggesting their specialized biological roles. However, in contrast to intracellular PLA(2)s, whose roles in signal transduction and membrane homoeostasis have been well documented, the biological roles of sPLA(2)s in vivo have remained obscure until recently. Over the past decade, information fuelled by studies employing knockout and transgenic mice as well as specific inhibitors, in combination with lipidomics, has clarified when and where the different sPLA(2) isoforms are expressed, which isoforms are involved in what types of pathophysiology, and how they exhibit their specific functions. In this review, we highlight recent advances in PLA(2) research, focusing mainly on the physiological functions of sPLA(2)s and their modes of action on 'extracellular' phospholipid targets versus lipid mediator production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
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Yamamoto K, Isogai Y, Sato H, Taketomi Y, Murakami M. Secreted phospholipase A2, lipoprotein hydrolysis, and atherosclerosis: integration with lipidomics. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:1829-42. [PMID: 21445663 PMCID: PMC3098357 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4864-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a group of enzymes that hydrolyze the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids to yield fatty acids and lysophospholipids. Of many PLA2s or related enzymes identified to date, secreted PLA2s (sPLA2s) comprise the largest family that contains 10 catalytically active isozymes. Besides arachidonic acid released from cellular membranes for eicosanoid synthesis, several if not all sPLA2s have recently been implicated in hydrolysis of phospholipids in lipoprotein particles. The sPLA2-processed low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles contain a large amount of lysophospholipids and exhibit the property of “small-dense” or “modified” LDL, which facilitates foam cell formation from macrophages. Transgenic overexpression of these sPLA2s leads to development of atherosclerosis in mice. More importantly, genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of particular sPLA2s significantly attenuates atherosclerosis and aneurysm. In this article, we will give an overview of current understanding of the role of sPLA2s in atherosclerosis, with recent lipidomics data showing the action of a subset of sPLA2s on lipoprotein phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Yamamoto
- Lipid Metabolism Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
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Harrison SC, Cooper JA, Li K, Talmud PJ, Sofat R, Stephens JW, Hamsten A, Sanders J, Montgomery H, Neil A, Humphries SE. Association of a sequence variant in DAB2IP with coronary heart disease. Eur Heart J 2011; 33:881-8. [PMID: 21444365 PMCID: PMC3345557 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims A sequence variant, rs7025486[A], in DAB2IP on chromosome 9q33 has recently been associated with coronary heart disease (CHD). We sought to replicate this finding and to investigate associations with a panel of inflammatory and haemostatic biomarkers. We also sought to examine whether this variant, in combination with a chromosome 9p21 CHD variant (rs10757278) and the Framingham risk score (FRS), could improve the prediction of events compared with the FRS alone. Methods and results rs7025486 was genotyped in 1386 CHD cases and 3532 controls and was associated with CHD [odds ratio (OR) of 1.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05–1.29, P= 0.003]. Meta-analysis, using data from the original report and from genome-wide association studies in both the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium and the Cardiovascular Health Study, comprising 9968 cases and 20 048 controls, confirmed the association (OR of 1.10, 95% CI 1.06–1.14, P= 3.2 × 10−6). There was no association with a panel of CHD biomarkers, including any lipid, inflammation, or coagulation trait, nor with telomere length. Addition to the FRS of this variant plus rs10757278 on chromosome 9p21 improved the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AROC) from 0.61 to 0.64 (P= 0.03) as well as improving the reclassification (net reclassification index = 11.1%, P= 0.007). Conclusion This study replicates a previous association of a variant in DAB2IP with CHD. Addition of multiple variants improves the performance of predictive models based upon classical cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seamus C Harrison
- BHF Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, University College London (UCL), The Rayne Building, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK.
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Murakami M, Sato H, Taketomi Y, Yamamoto K. Integrated lipidomics in the secreted phospholipase A(2) biology. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:1474-95. [PMID: 21673902 PMCID: PMC3111613 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12031474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian genomes encode genes for more than 30 phospholipase A(2)s (PLA(2)s) or related enzymes, which are subdivided into several subgroups based on their structures, catalytic mechanisms, localizations and evolutionary relationships. More than one third of the PLA(2) enzymes belong to the secreted PLA(2) (sPLA(2)) family, which consists of low-molecular-weight, Ca(2+)-requiring extracellular enzymes, with a His-Asp catalytic dyad. Individual sPLA(2) isoforms exhibit unique tissue and cellular localizations and enzymatic properties, suggesting their distinct pathophysiological roles. Recent studies using transgenic and knockout mice for several sPLA(2) isoforms, in combination with lipidomics approaches, have revealed their distinct contributions to various biological events. Herein, we will describe several examples of sPLA(2)-mediated phospholipid metabolism in vivo, as revealed by integrated analysis of sPLA(2) transgenic/knockout mice and lipid mass spectrometry. Knowledge obtained from this approach greatly contributes to expanding our understanding of the sPLA(2) biology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; E-Mails: (H.S.); (Y.T.); and (K.Y.)
| | - Hiroyasu Sato
- Lipid Metabolism Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; E-Mails: (H.S.); (Y.T.); and (K.Y.)
| | - Yoshitaka Taketomi
- Lipid Metabolism Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; E-Mails: (H.S.); (Y.T.); and (K.Y.)
| | - Kei Yamamoto
- Lipid Metabolism Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; E-Mails: (H.S.); (Y.T.); and (K.Y.)
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Mallat Z, Lambeau G, Tedgui A. Lipoprotein-associated and secreted phospholipases A₂ in cardiovascular disease: roles as biological effectors and biomarkers. Circulation 2010; 122:2183-200. [PMID: 21098459 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.936393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Mallat
- INSERM, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris Descartes, UMR, Paris, France
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Murakami M, Taketomi Y, Miki Y, Sato H, Hirabayashi T, Yamamoto K. Recent progress in phospholipase A₂ research: from cells to animals to humans. Prog Lipid Res 2010; 50:152-92. [PMID: 21185866 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian genomes encode genes for more than 30 phospholipase A₂s (PLA₂s) or related enzymes, which are subdivided into several classes including low-molecular-weight secreted PLA₂s (sPLA₂s), Ca²+-dependent cytosolic PLA₂s (cPLA₂s), Ca²+-independent PLA₂s (iPLA₂s), platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolases (PAF-AHs), lysosomal PLA₂s, and a recently identified adipose-specific PLA. Of these, the intracellular cPLA₂ and iPLA₂ families and the extracellular sPLA₂ family are recognized as the "big three". From a general viewpoint, cPLA₂α (the prototypic cPLA₂ plays a major role in the initiation of arachidonic acid metabolism, the iPLA₂ family contributes to membrane homeostasis and energy metabolism, and the sPLA₂ family affects various biological events by modulating the extracellular phospholipid milieus. The cPLA₂ family evolved along with eicosanoid receptors when vertebrates first appeared, whereas the diverse branching of the iPLA₂ and sPLA₂ families during earlier eukaryote development suggests that they play fundamental roles in life-related processes. During the past decade, data concerning the unexplored roles of various PLA₂ enzymes in pathophysiology have emerged on the basis of studies using knockout and transgenic mice, the use of specific inhibitors, and information obtained from analysis of human diseases caused by mutations in PLA₂ genes. This review focuses on current understanding of the emerging biological functions of PLA₂s and related enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.
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Suckling K. Phospholipase A2s: Developing drug targets for atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2010; 212:357-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Varespladib (A-002), a secretory phospholipase A2 inhibitor, reduces atherosclerosis and aneurysm formation in ApoE-/- mice. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2010; 53:60-5. [PMID: 19129734 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e318195bfbc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The family of secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) enzymes has been associated with inflammatory diseases and tissue injury including atherosclerosis. A-001 is a novel inhibitor of sPLA2 enzymes discovered by structure-based drug design, and A-002 is the orally bioavailable prodrug currently in clinical development. A-001 inhibited human and mouse sPLA2 group IIA, V, and X enzymes with IC50 values in the low nM range. A-002 (1 mg/kg) led to high serum levels of A-001 and inhibited PLA2 activity in transgenic mice overexpressing human sPLA2 group IIA in C57BL/6J background. In addition, the effects of A-002 on atherosclerosis in 2 ApoE mouse models were evaluated using en face analysis. (1) In a high-fat diet model, A-002 (30 and 90 mg/kg twice a day for 16 weeks) reduced aortic atherosclerosis by 50% (P < 0.05). Plasma total cholesterol was decreased (P < 0.05) by 1 month and remained lowered throughout the study. (2) In an accelerated atherosclerosis model, with angiotensin II-induced aortic lesions and aneurysms, A-002 (30 mg/kg twice a day) reduced aortic atherosclerosis by approximately 40% (P < 0.05) and attenuated aneurysm formation (P = 0.0096). Thus, A-002 was effective at significantly decreasing total cholesterol, atherogenesis, and aneurysm formation in these 2 ApoE mouse models.
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Murakami M, Taketomi Y, Girard C, Yamamoto K, Lambeau G. Emerging roles of secreted phospholipase A2 enzymes: Lessons from transgenic and knockout mice. Biochimie 2010; 92:561-82. [PMID: 20347923 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Among the emerging phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) superfamily, the secreted PLA(2) (sPLA(2)) family consists of low-molecular-mass, Ca(2+)-requiring extracellular enzymes with a His-Asp catalytic dyad. To date, more than 10 sPLA(2) enzymes have been identified in mammals. Individual sPLA(2)s exhibit unique tissue and cellular localizations and enzymatic properties, suggesting their distinct pathophysiological roles. Despite numerous enzymatic and cell biological studies on this enzyme family in the past two decades, their precise in vivo functions still remain largely obscure. Recent studies using transgenic and knockout mice for several sPLA(2) enzymes, in combination with lipidomics approaches, have opened new insights into their distinct contributions to various biological events such as food digestion, host defense, inflammation, asthma and atherosclerosis. In this article, we overview the latest understanding of the pathophysiological functions of individual sPLA(2) isoforms fueled by studies employing transgenic and knockout mice for several sPLA(2)s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Biomembrane Signaling Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.
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Molecular and functional characterization of polymorphisms in the secreted phospholipase A2 group X gene: relevance to coronary artery disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2009; 87:723-33. [PMID: 19495570 PMCID: PMC2700867 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-009-0483-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Among secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s), human group X sPLA2 (hGX sPLA2) is emerging as a novel attractive therapeutic target due to its implication in inflammatory diseases. To elucidate whether hGX sPLA2 plays a causative role in coronary artery disease (CAD), we screened the human PLA2G10 gene to identify polymorphisms and possible associations with CAD end-points in a prospective study, AtheroGene. We identified eight polymorphisms, among which, one non-synonymous polymorphism R38C in the propeptide region of the sPLA2. The T-512C polymorphism located in the 5' untranslated region was associated with a decreased risk of recurrent cardiovascular events during follow-up. The functional analysis of the R38C polymorphism showed that it leads to a profound change in expression and activity of hGX sPLA2, although there was no detectable impact on CAD risk. Due to the potential role of hGX sPLA2 in inflammatory processes, these polymorphisms should be investigated in other inflammatory diseases.
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Leite JO, Vaishnav U, Puglisi M, Fraser H, Trias J, Fernandez ML. A-002 (Varespladib), a phospholipase A2 inhibitor, reduces atherosclerosis in guinea pigs. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2009; 9:7. [PMID: 19222850 PMCID: PMC2653470 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-9-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of elevated serum levels of secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) in patients with cardiovascular disease and their presence in atherosclerotic lesions suggest the participation of sPLA2 enzymes in this disease. The presence of more advanced atherosclerotic lesions in mice that overexpress sPLA2 enzymes suggest their involvement in the atherosclerotic process. Therefore, the sPLA2 family of enzymes could provide reasonable targets for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. Thus, A-002 (varespladib), an inhibitor of sPLA2enzymes, is proposed to modulate the development of atherosclerosis. METHODS Twenty-four guinea pigs were fed a high saturated fat, high cholesterol diet (0.25%) for twelve weeks. Animals were treated daily with A-002 (n = 12) or vehicle (10% aqueous acacia; n = 12) by oral gavage. After twelve weeks, animals were sacrificed and plasma, heart and aorta were collected. Plasma lipids were measured by enzymatic methods, lipoprotein particles size by nuclear magnetic resonance, aortic cytokines by a colorimetric method, and aortic sinus by histological analyses. RESULTS Plasma total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides were not different among groups. However, the levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were significantly reduced in the treatment group. This group also had a significant 27% reduction in cholesterol accumulation in aorta compared with placebo group. Morphological analysis of aortic sinus revealed that the group treated with A-002 reduced atherosclerotic lesions by 24%. CONCLUSION The use of A-002 may have a beneficial effect in preventing diet-induced atherosclerosis in guinea pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose O Leite
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
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Shaposhnik Z, Wang X, Trias J, Fraser H, Lusis AJ. The synergistic inhibition of atherogenesis in apoE-/- mice between pravastatin and the sPLA2 inhibitor varespladib (A-002). J Lipid Res 2008; 50:623-9. [PMID: 19029066 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m800361-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) activity promotes foam cell formation, increases proinflammatory bioactive lipid levels, decreases HDL levels, increases atherosclerosis in transgenic mice, and is an independent marker of cardiovascular disease. The effects of the sPLA2 inhibitor A-002 (varespladib) and pravastatin as monotherapies and in combination on atherosclerosis, lipids, and paraoxonase (PON) activity in apoE(-/-) mice were investigated. Male apoE(-/-) mice were placed on a 12-week high-fat diet supplemented with A-002 alone or combined with pravastatin. Atherosclerotic lesions were examined for size and composition using en face analysis, Movat staining, anti-CD68, and anti-alpha actin antibodies. Plasma lipids and PON activity were measured. A-002 decreased atherosclerotic lesion area by approximately 75% while increasing fibrous cap size by over 200%. HDL levels increased 40% and plasma PON activity increased 80%. Pravastatin monotherapy had no effect on lesion size but when combined with A-002, decreased lesion area 50% and total cholesterol levels 18% more than A-002 alone. A-002, a sPLA2 inhibitor, acts synergistically with pravastatin to decrease atherosclerosis, possibly through decreased levels of systemic inflammation or decreased lipid levels. A-002 treatment also resulted in a profound increase in plasma PON activity and significantly larger fibrous caps, suggesting the formation of more stable plaque architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zory Shaposhnik
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Sato H, Kato R, Isogai Y, Saka GI, Ohtsuki M, Taketomi Y, Yamamoto K, Tsutsumi K, Yamada J, Masuda S, Ishikawa Y, Ishii T, Kobayashi T, Ikeda K, Taguchi R, Hatakeyama S, Hara S, Kudo I, Itabe H, Murakami M. Analyses of group III secreted phospholipase A2 transgenic mice reveal potential participation of this enzyme in plasma lipoprotein modification, macrophage foam cell formation, and atherosclerosis. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:33483-97. [PMID: 18801741 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804628200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the many mammalian secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) enzymes, PLA2G3 (group III secreted phospholipase A2) is unique in that it possesses unusual N- and C-terminal domains and in that its central sPLA2 domain is homologous to bee venom PLA2 rather than to other mammalian sPLA2s. To elucidate the in vivo actions of this atypical sPLA2, we generated transgenic (Tg) mice overexpressing human PLA2G3. Despite marked increases in PLA2 activity and mature 18-kDa PLA2G3 protein in the circulation and tissues, PLA2G3 Tg mice displayed no apparent abnormality up to 9 months of age. However, alterations in plasma lipoproteins were observed in PLA2G3 Tg mice compared with control mice. In vitro incubation of low density (LDL) and high density (HDL) lipoproteins with several sPLA2s showed that phosphatidylcholine was efficiently converted to lysophosphatidylcholine by PLA2G3 as well as by PLA2G5 and PLA2G10, to a lesser extent by PLA2G2F, and only minimally by PLA2G2A and PLA2G2E. PLA2G3-modified LDL, like PLA2G5- or PLA2G10-treated LDL, facilitated the formation of foam cells from macrophages ex vivo. Accumulation of PLA2G3 was detected in the atherosclerotic lesions of humans and apoE-deficient mice. Furthermore, following an atherogenic diet, aortic atherosclerotic lesions were more severe in PLA2G3 Tg mice than in control mice on the apoE-null background, in combination with elevated plasma lysophosphatidylcholine and thromboxane A2 levels. These results collectively suggest a potential functional link between PLA2G3 and atherosclerosis, as has recently been proposed for PLA2G5 and PLA2G10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Sato
- Biomembrane Signaling Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan
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Jönsson-Rylander AC, Lundin S, Rosengren B, Pettersson C, Hurt-Camejo E. Role of secretory phospholipases in atherogenesis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2008; 10:252-9. [PMID: 18489854 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-008-0039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Elevated circulating levels of secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)) are associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. sPLA(2) can contribute to atherogenesis by hydrolyzing phospholipids of circulating lipoproteins and lipoproteins entrapped in the arterial wall and/or in cells that reside in the intima and that participate in the inflammatory response to lipoprotein deposition. This article reviews differences and similarities between sPLA(2)-IIA, sPLA(2)-V, and sPLA(2)-X, all of which are members of this family of enzymes with reported potential proatherogenic features. Published data suggest that each of the enzymes has a distinct profile characterized by differences in tissue expression and localization, capacity to act on phospholipids of cell membranes and lipoproteins, and their interaction with arterial proteoglycans. In addition, the article discusses results from the authors' laboratory showing that diet-induced or gene-induced hyperlipidemia in mice enhances the expression of sPLA(2)-V in different tissues, but not sPLA(2)-IIA. Such differences indicate that these enzymes may have different roles in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease through their distinct profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Cathrine Jönsson-Rylander
- AstraZeneca, R&D, Bioscience, Mölndal S-431 83, Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gotheburg, Sweden
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Mounier CM, Wendum D, Greenspan E, Fléjou JF, Rosenberg DW, Lambeau G. Distinct expression pattern of the full set of secreted phospholipases A2 in human colorectal adenocarcinomas: sPLA2-III as a biomarker candidate. Br J Cancer 2008; 98:587-95. [PMID: 18212756 PMCID: PMC2243149 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s) represent attractive potential tumour biomarkers and therapeutic targets for various cancers. As a first step to address this issue in human colorectal cancer, we examined the expression of the full set of sPLA2s in sporadic adenocarcinomas and normal matched mucosa from 21 patients by quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. In normal colon, PLA2G2A and PLA2G12A were expressed at high levels, PLA2G2D, PLA2G5, PLA2G10 and PLA2G12B at moderate levels, and PLA2G1B, PLA2G2F and PLA2G3 at low levels. In adenocarcinomas from left and right colon, the expression of PLA2G3 was increased by up to 40-fold, while that of PLA2G2D and PLA2G5 was decreased by up to 23- and 14-fold. The variations of expression for sPLA2-IID, sPLA2-III and sPLA2-V were confirmed at the protein level. The expression pattern of these sPLA2s appeared to be linked respectively to the overexpression of interleukin-8, defensin α6, survivin and matrilysin, and downregulation of SFRP-1 and RLPA-1, all these genes being associated to colon cancer. This original sPLA2 profile observed in adenocarcinomas highlights the potential role of certain sPLA2s in colon cancer and suggests that sPLA2-III might be a good candidate as a novel biomarker for both left and right colon cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Mounier
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS-UNSA UMR6097, Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France
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Exploration of associations between phospholipase A2 gene family polymorphisms and AIDS progression using the SNPlex™ method. Biomed Pharmacother 2008; 62:31-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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