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Gulen B, Kinch LN, Servage KA, Blevins A, Stewart NM, Gray HF, Casey AK, Orth K. FicD Sensitizes Cellular Response to Glucose Fluctuations in Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.22.576705. [PMID: 38328056 PMCID: PMC10849547 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.22.576705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
During homeostasis, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) maintains productive transmembrane and secretory protein folding that is vital for proper cellular function. The ER-resident HSP70 chaperone, BiP, plays a pivotal role in sensing ER stress to activate the unfolded protein response (UPR). BiP function is regulated by the bifunctional enzyme FicD that mediates AMPylation and deAMPylation of BiP in response to changes in ER stress. AMPylated BiP acts as a molecular rheostat to regulate UPR signaling, yet little is known about the molecular consequences of FicD loss. In this study, we investigate the role of FicD in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) response to pharmacologically and metabolically induced ER stress. We find differential BiP AMPylation signatures when comparing robust chemical ER stress inducers to physiological glucose starvation stress and recovery. Wildtype MEFs respond to pharmacological ER stress by downregulating BiP AMPylation. Conversely, BiP AMPylation in wildtype MEFs increases upon metabolic stress induced by glucose starvation. Deletion of FicD results in widespread gene expression changes under baseline growth conditions. In addition, FicD null MEFs exhibit dampened UPR signaling, altered cell stress recovery response, and unconstrained protein secretion. Taken together, our findings indicate that FicD is important for tampering UPR signaling, stress recovery, and the maintenance of secretory protein homeostasis. Significance Statement The chaperone BiP plays a key quality control role in the endoplasmic reticulum, the cellular location for the production, folding, and transport of secreted proteins. The enzyme FicD regulates BiP's activity through AMPylation and deAMPylation. Our study unveils the importance of FicD in regulating BiP and the unfolded protein response (UPR) during stress. We identify distinct BiP AMPylation signatures for different stressors, highlighting FicD's nuanced control. Deletion of FicD causes widespread gene expression changes, disrupts UPR signaling, alters stress recovery, and perturbs protein secretion in cells. These observations underscore the pivotal contribution of FicD for preserving secretory protein homeostasis. Our findings deepen the understanding of FicD's role in maintaining cellular resilience and open avenues for therapeutic strategies targeting UPR-associated diseases.
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Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein, Diseases, and Therapeutic Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169253. [PMID: 36012514 PMCID: PMC9408827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is an extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein that is critical for collagen assembly and ECM stability. Mutations of COMP cause endoplasmic reticulum stress and chondrocyte apoptosis, resulting in rare skeleton diseases. The bouquet-like structure of COMP allows it to act as a bridging molecule that regulates cellular phenotype and function. COMP is able to interact with many other ECM components and binds directly to a variety of cellular receptors and growth factors. The roles of COMP in other skeleton diseases, such as osteoarthritis, have been implied. As a well-established biochemical marker, COMP indicates cartilage turnover associated with destruction. Recent exciting achievements indicate its involvement in other diseases, such as malignancy, cardiovascular diseases, and tissue fibrosis. Here, we review the basic concepts of COMP and summarize its novel functions in the regulation of signaling events. These findings renew our understanding that COMP has a notable function in cell behavior and disease progression as a signaling regulator. Interestingly, COMP shows distinct functions in different diseases. Targeting COMP in malignancy may withdraw its beneficial effects on the vascular system and induce or aggravate cardiovascular diseases. COMP supplementation is a promising treatment for OA and aortic aneurysms while it may induce tissue fibrosis or cancer metastasis.
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Liang H, Hou Y, Pang Q, Jiang Y, Wang O, Li M, Xing X, Zhu H, Xia W. Clinical, Biochemical, Radiological, Genetic and Therapeutic Analysis of Patients with COMP Gene Variants. Calcif Tissue Int 2022; 110:313-323. [PMID: 34709441 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-021-00920-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH) and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia type 1 (MED1) are two rare skeletal disorders caused by cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) variants. This study aims to analyze the genotype and phenotype of patients with COMP variants. Clinical information for 14 probands was collected; DNA was extracted from blood for COMP variant detection. Clinical manifestations and radiology scoring systems were established to evaluate the severity of each patient's condition. Serum COMP levels in PSACH patients and healthy subjects were measured. Thirty-nine patients were included, along with 12 PSACH probands and two MED1 probands. Disproportionate short stature, waddling gait, early-onset osteoarthritis and skeletal deformities were the most common features. The height Z-score of PSACH patients correlated negatively with age at evaluation (r = - 0.603, p = 0.01) and the clinical manifestation score (r = - 0.556, p = 0.039). Over 50% of the PSACH patients were overweight/obese. The median serum COMP level in PSACH patients was 16.75 ng/ml, which was significantly lower than that in healthy controls (98.53 ng/ml; p < 0.001). The condition of MED1 patients was better than that of PSACH patients. Four novel variants of COMP were detected: c.874T>C, c.1123_1134del, c.1531G>A, and c.1576G>T. Height Z-scores and serum COMP levels were significantly lower in patients carrying mutations located in calmodulin-like domains 6, 7, and 8. As the two phenotypes overlap to different degrees, PSACH and MED1 are suggested to combine to produce "spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, COMP type". Clinical manifestations and radiology scoring systems, serum COMP levels and genotype are important for evaluating patient condition severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanting Liang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yanfang Hou
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Qianqian Pang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Ou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Mei Li
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xiaoping Xing
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Huijuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Weibo Xia
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
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4
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Forte-Gomez HF, Gioia R, Tonelli F, Kobbe B, Koch P, Bloch W, Paulsson M, Zaucke F, Forlino A, Wagener R. Structure, evolution and expression of zebrafish cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP, TSP5). CRISPR-Cas mutants show a dominant phenotype in myosepta. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1000662. [PMID: 36452329 PMCID: PMC9702538 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1000662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
COMP (Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein), also named thrombospondin-5, is a member of the thrombospondin family of extracellular matrix proteins. It is of clinical relevance, as in humans mutations in COMP lead to chondrodysplasias. The gene encoding zebrafish Comp is located on chromosome 11 in synteny with its mammalian orthologs. Zebrafish Comp has a domain structure identical to that of tetrapod COMP and shares 74% sequence similarity with murine COMP. Zebrafish comp is expressed from 5 hours post fertilization (hpf) on, while the protein is first detectable in somites of 11 hpf embryos. During development and in adults comp is strongly expressed in myosepta, craniofacial tendon and ligaments, around ribs and vertebra, but not in its name-giving tissue cartilage. As in mammals, zebrafish Comp forms pentamers. It is easily extracted from 5 days post fertilization (dpf) whole zebrafish. The lack of Comp expression in zebrafish cartilage implies that its cartilage function evolved recently in tetrapods. The expression in tendon and myosepta may indicate a more fundamental function, as in evolutionary distant Drosophila muscle-specific adhesion to tendon cells requires thrombospondin. A sequence encoding a calcium binding motif within the first TSP type-3 repeat of zebrafish Comp was targeted by CRISPR-Cas. The heterozygous and homozygous mutant Comp zebrafish displayed a patchy irregular Comp staining in 3 dpf myosepta, indicating a dominant phenotype. Electron microscopy revealed that the endoplasmic reticulum of myosepta fibroblasts is not affected in homozygous fish. The disorganized extracellular matrix may indicate that this mutation rather interferes with extracellular matrix assembly, similar to what is seen in a subgroup of chondrodysplasia patients. The early expression and easy detection of mutant Comp in zebrafish points to the potential of using the zebrafish model for large scale screening of small molecules that can improve secretion or function of disease-associated COMP mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberta Gioia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Tonelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Birgit Kobbe
- Center for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Koch
- Department of Pharmacology, University Clinic Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mats Paulsson
- Center for Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Frank Zaucke
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Research Unit for Osteoarthritis, Department of Orthopedics (Friedrichsheim), University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Antonella Forlino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Raimund Wagener
- Center for Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- *Correspondence: Raimund Wagener,
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5
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Garibaldi N, Contento BM, Babini G, Morini J, Siciliani S, Biggiogera M, Raspanti M, Marini JC, Rossi A, Forlino A, Besio R. Targeting cellular stress in vitro improves osteoblast homeostasis, matrix collagen content and mineralization in two murine models of osteogenesis imperfecta. Matrix Biol 2021; 98:1-20. [PMID: 33798677 PMCID: PMC11162743 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Most cases of dominantly inherited osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) are caused by glycine substitutions in the triple helical domain of type I collagen α chains, which delay collagen folding, and cause the synthesis of collagen triple helical molecules with abnormal structure and post-translational modification. A variable extent of mutant collagen ER retention and other secondary mutation effects perturb osteoblast homeostasis and impair bone matrix quality. Amelioration of OI osteoblast homeostasis could be beneficial both to osteoblast anabolic activity and to the content of the extracellular matrix they deposit. Therefore, the effect of the chemical chaperone 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA) on cell homeostasis, collagen trafficking, matrix production and mineralization was investigated in primary osteoblasts from two murine models of moderate OI, Col1a1+/G349C and Col1a2+/G610C. At the cellular level, 4-PBA prevented intracellular accumulation of collagen and increased protein secretion, reducing aggregates within the mutant cells and normalizing ER morphology. At the extracellular level, increased collagen incorporation into matrix, associated with more mature collagen fibrils, was observed in osteoblasts from both models. 4-PBA also promoted OI osteoblast mineral deposition by increasing alkaline phosphatase expression and activity. Targeting osteoblast stress with 4-PBA improved both cellular and matrix abnormalities in culture, supporting further in vivo studies of its effect on bone tissue composition, strength and mineralization as a potential treatment for classical OI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Garibaldi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori - IUSS, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Barbara M Contento
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | | | - Jacopo Morini
- Department of Physics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Stella Siciliani
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Marco Biggiogera
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Mario Raspanti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
| | - Joan C Marini
- Bone and Extracellular Matrix Branch, NICHD, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Antonella Forlino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Roberta Besio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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Dennis EP, Edwards SM, Jackson RM, Hartley CL, Tsompani D, Capulli M, Teti A, Boot-Handford RP, Young DA, Piróg KA, Briggs MD. CRELD2 Is a Novel LRP1 Chaperone That Regulates Noncanonical WNT Signaling in Skeletal Development. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:1452-1469. [PMID: 32181934 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine-rich with epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains 2 (CRELD2) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident chaperone highly activated under ER stress in conditions such as chondrodysplasias; however, its role in healthy skeletal development is unknown. We show for the first time that cartilage-specific deletion of Creld2 results in disrupted endochondral ossification and short limbed dwarfism, whereas deletion of Creld2 in bone results in osteopenia, with a low bone density and altered trabecular architecture. Our study provides the first evidence that CRELD2 promotes the differentiation and maturation of skeletal cells by modulating noncanonical WNT4 signaling regulated by p38 MAPK. Furthermore, we show that CRELD2 is a novel chaperone for the receptor low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), promoting its transport to the cell surface, and that LRP1 directly regulates WNT4 expression in chondrocytes through TGF-β1 signaling. Therefore, our data provide a novel link between an ER-resident chaperone and the essential WNT signaling pathways active during skeletal differentiation that could be applicable in other WNT-responsive tissues. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by American Society for Bone and Mineral Research..
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella P Dennis
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sarah M Edwards
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Robert M Jackson
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Claire L Hartley
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Dimitra Tsompani
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mattia Capulli
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Anna Teti
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - David A Young
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Katarzyna A Piróg
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Michael D Briggs
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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7
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Dennis EP, Greenhalgh-Maychell PL, Briggs MD. Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia and related disorders: Molecular genetics, disease mechanisms, and therapeutic avenues. Dev Dyn 2020; 250:345-359. [PMID: 32633442 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
For the vast majority of the 6000 known rare disease the pathogenic mechanisms are poorly defined and there is little treatment, leading to poor quality of life and high healthcare costs. Genetic skeletal diseases (skeletal dysplasias) are archetypal examples of rare diseases that are chronically debilitating, often life-threatening and for which no treatments are currently available. There are more than 450 unique phenotypes that, although individually rare, have an overall prevalence of at least 1 per 4000 children. Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by disproportionate short stature, joint pain, and early-onset osteoarthritis. MED is caused by mutations in the genes encoding important cartilage extracellular matrix proteins, enzymes, and transporter proteins. Recently, through the use of various cell and mouse models, disease mechanisms underlying this diverse phenotypic spectrum are starting to be elucidated. For example, ER stress induced as a consequence of retained misfolded mutant proteins has emerged as a unifying disease mechanisms for several forms of MED in particular and skeletal dysplasia in general. Moreover, targeting ER stress through drug repurposing has become an attractive therapeutic avenue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella P Dennis
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Michael D Briggs
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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8
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Jensen VFH, Mølck AM, Bøgh IB, Nowak J, Viuff BM, Rasmussen CLM, Pedersen L, Fels JJ, Madsen SH, McGuigan FE, Tveden-Nyborg P, Lykkesfeldt J, Akesson KE. Inner histopathologic changes and disproportionate zone volumes in foetal growth plates following gestational hypoglycaemia in rats. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5609. [PMID: 32221393 PMCID: PMC7101337 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62554-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal hypoglycaemia throughout gestation until gestation day (GD)20 delays foetal growth and skeletal development. While partially prevented by return to normoglycaemia after completed organogenesis (GD17), underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we investigated the pathogenesis of these changes and significance of maternal hypoglycaemia extending beyond organogenesis in non-diabetic rats. Pregnant rats received insulin-infusion until GD20 or GD17, with sacrifice on GD20. Hypoglycaemia throughout gestation increased maternal corticosterone levels, which correlated with foetal levels. Growth plates displayed central histopathologic changes comprising disrupted cellular organisation, hypertrophic chondrocytes, and decreased cellular density; expression of pro-angiogenic factors, HIF-1α and VEGF-A increased in surrounding areas. Disproportionately decreased growth plate zone volumes and lower expression of the structural protein MATN-3 were seen, while bone ossification parameters were normal. Ending maternal/foetal hypoglycaemia on GD17 reduced incidence and severity of histopathologic changes and with normal growth plate volume. Compromised foetal skeletal development following maternal hypoglycaemia throughout gestation is hypothesised to result from corticosterone-induced hypoxia in growth plates, where hypoxia disrupts chondrocyte maturation and growth plate structure and volume, decreasing long bone growth. Maternal/foetal hypoglycaemia lasting only until GD17 attenuated these changes, suggesting a pivotal role of glucose in growth plate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivi F H Jensen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Department of Toxicology, Safety Pharmacology and Pathology, Maaloev, Denmark. .,University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Experimental Animal Models, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö and Skåne University Hospital, Department of Orthopedics, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Anne-Marie Mølck
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Department of Toxicology, Safety Pharmacology and Pathology, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Ingrid B Bøgh
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Department of Toxicology, Safety Pharmacology and Pathology, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Jette Nowak
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Department of Toxicology, Safety Pharmacology and Pathology, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Birgitte M Viuff
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Department of Toxicology, Safety Pharmacology and Pathology, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Charlotte L M Rasmussen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Experimental Animal Models, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise Pedersen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Experimental Animal Models, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johannes J Fels
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Department of Research Bioanalysis, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Suzi H Madsen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Department of Research Bioanalysis, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Fiona E McGuigan
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö and Skåne University Hospital, Department of Orthopedics, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Pernille Tveden-Nyborg
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Experimental Animal Models, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Experimental Animal Models, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristina E Akesson
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö and Skåne University Hospital, Department of Orthopedics, Malmö, Sweden
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9
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Lin H, Hao Y, Wan X, He J, Tong Y. Baicalein inhibits cell development, metastasis and EMT and induces apoptosis by regulating ERK signaling pathway in osteosarcoma. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2020; 40:49-57. [PMID: 31948366 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2020.1713807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: Osteosarcoma is a highly malignant primary tumor. Baicalein has broad-spectrum anti-tumor effects. This study aimed to study the specific molecular regulatory mechanism of baicalein in anti-osteosarcoma and the possible regulatory signaling network involved.Methods: In vitro experiment, MG-63 cells treated with 0, 50, 75, and 100 μM of baicalein. Cell viability, proliferation, migration, invasion, cycle, apoptosis, and morphology were detected using 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazoliumbromide (MTT), clone formation, wound healing, Transwell, flow cytometry, Hoechst staining, wound healing and microscopic observation. In addition, cycle, apoptosis and EMT-related proteins and p-ERK/ERK expression level were analyzed using western blotting. In vivo experiments were performed by BALB/c-nude mice model establishment to detect mice and tumor weight, tumor volume, positive rate and p-ERK/ERK expression when mice treated with 100 μM of baicalein.Results: Firstly, the IC50 of baicalein was 67.57 μM. Then, baicalein decreased cell viability, proliferation, migration, invasion, and the expression of CDK2, Cyclin D1, Cyclin E1, Bcl-2, N-cad, Vimentin, MMP-2, MMP-9, p-ERK/ERK, while increased G1 phase numbers, apoptosis and the expression level of p21, p27, cleaved caspase 3/9, Bax, E-cad, ZO-1 in a dose-dependent manner in MG-63 cells. Also, baicalein reduced the body weight, tumor weight and volume and relative expression level of p-ERK/ERK in vivo.Conclusion: Baicalein inhibits cell development, metastasis, and EMT progress and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by regulating ERK signaling pathway in osteosarcoma, and has a visible anti-osteosarcoma effect in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Yi Hao
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wan
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Yongjun Tong
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou City, China
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10
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Piróg KA, Dennis EP, Hartley CL, Jackson RM, Soul J, Schwartz JM, Bateman JF, Boot-Handford RP, Briggs MD. XBP1 signalling is essential for alleviating mutant protein aggregation in ER-stress related skeletal disease. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008215. [PMID: 31260448 PMCID: PMC6625722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a conserved cellular response to the accumulation of proteinaceous material in endoplasmic reticulum (ER), active both in health and disease to alleviate cellular stress and improve protein folding. Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (EDM5) is a genetic skeletal condition and a classic example of an intracellular protein aggregation disease, whereby mutant matrilin-3 forms large insoluble aggregates in the ER lumen, resulting in a specific 'disease signature' of increased expression of chaperones and foldases, and alternative splicing of the UPR effector XBP1. Matrilin-3 is expressed exclusively by chondrocytes thereby making EDM5 a perfect model system to study the role of protein aggregation in disease. In order to dissect the role of XBP1 signalling in aggregation-related conditions we crossed a p.V194D Matn3 knock-in mouse model of EDM5 with a mouse line carrying a cartilage specific deletion of XBP1 and analysed the resulting phenotype. Interestingly, the growth of mice carrying the Matn3 p.V194D mutation compounded with the cartilage specific deletion of XBP1 was severely retarded. Further phenotyping revealed increased intracellular retention of amyloid-like aggregates of mutant matrilin-3 coupled with dramatically decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptosis, suggesting a role of XBP1 signalling in protein accumulation and/or degradation. Transcriptomic analysis of chondrocytes extracted from wild type, EDM5, Xbp1-null and compound mutant lines revealed that the alternative splicing of Xbp1 is crucial in modulating levels of protein aggregation. Moreover, through detailed transcriptomic comparison with a model of metaphyseal chondrodysplasia type Schmid (MCDS), an UPR-related skeletal condition in which XBP1 was removed without overt consequences, we show for the first time that the differentiation-state of cells within the cartilage growth plate influences the UPR resulting from retention of a misfolded mutant protein and postulate that modulation of XBP1 signalling pathway presents a therapeutic target for aggregation related conditions in cells undergoing proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna A. Piróg
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Ella P. Dennis
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Claire L. Hartley
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Robert M. Jackson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Soul
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Marc Schwartz
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - John F. Bateman
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Raymond P. Boot-Handford
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D. Briggs
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
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11
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Boot-Handford RP. Gene cloning to clinical trials-the trials and tribulations of a life with collagen. Int J Exp Pathol 2019; 100:4-11. [PMID: 30912609 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review, based on the BSMB Fell-Muir Lecture I presented in July 2018 at the Matrix Biology Europe Conference in Manchester, gives a personal perspective of my own laboratory's contributions to research into type X collagen, metaphyseal chondrodysplasia type Schmid and potential treatments for this disorder that are currently entering clinical trial. I have tried to set the advances made in the context of the scientific technologies available at the time and how these have changed over the more than three decades of this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond P Boot-Handford
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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12
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Yip RK, Chan D, Cheah KS. Mechanistic insights into skeletal development gained from genetic disorders. Curr Top Dev Biol 2019; 133:343-385. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Bell PA, Dennis EP, Hartley CL, Jackson RM, Porter A, Boot-Handford RP, Pirog KA, Briggs MD. Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotropic factor is an important factor in chondrocyte ER homeostasis. Cell Stress Chaperones 2019; 24:159-173. [PMID: 30543055 PMCID: PMC6363614 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-018-0953-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident protein that can be secreted due to an imperfect KDEL motif. MANF plays a cytoprotective role in several soft tissues and is upregulated in conditions resulting from intracellular retention of mutant protein, including two skeletal diseases, metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, Schmid type (MCDS) and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED). The role of MANF in skeletal tissue homeostasis is currently unknown. Interestingly, cartilage-specific deletion of Manf in a mouse model of MED resulted in increased disease severity, suggesting its upregulation may be chondroprotective. Treatment of MED chondrocytes with exogenous MANF led to a decrease in the cellular levels of BiP (GRP78), confirming MANF's potential to modulate ER stress responses. However, it did not alleviate the intracellular retention of mutant matrilin-3, suggesting that it is the intracellular MANF that is of importance in the pathobiology of skeletal dysplasias. The Col2Cre-driven deletion of Manf from mouse cartilage resulted in a chondrodysplasia-like phenotype. Interestingly, ablation of MANF in cartilage did not have extracellular consequences but led to an upregulation of several ER-resident chaperones including BiP. This apparent induction of ER stress in turn led to dysregulated chondrocyte apoptosis and decreased proliferation, resulting in reduced long bone growth. We have previously shown that ER stress is an underlying disease mechanism for several skeletal dysplasias. The cartilage-specific deletion of Manf described in this study phenocopies our previously published chondrodysplasia models, further confirming that ER stress itself is sufficient to disrupt skeletal growth and thus represents a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Bell
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - E P Dennis
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - C L Hartley
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- Genomic Diagnostics Laboratory, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - R M Jackson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - A Porter
- Newcastle University Protein and Proteome Analysis Facility, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - R P Boot-Handford
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - K A Pirog
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK.
| | - M D Briggs
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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14
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Different Forms of ER Stress in Chondrocytes Result in Short Stature Disorders and Degenerative Cartilage Diseases: New Insights by Cartilage-Specific ERp57 Knockout Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:8421394. [PMID: 30647818 PMCID: PMC6311764 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8421394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage is essential for skeletal development by endochondral ossification. The only cell type within the tissue, the chondrocyte, is responsible for the production of macromolecules for the extracellular matrix (ECM). Before proteins and proteoglycans are secreted, they undergo posttranslational modification and folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, the ER folding capacity in the chondrocytes has to be balanced with physiological parameters like energy and oxygen levels. Specific cellular conditions, e.g., a high protein demand, or pathologic situations disrupt ER homeostasis and lead to the accumulation of poorly folded or misfolded proteins. This state is called ER stress and induces a cellular quality control system, the unfolded protein response (UPR), to restore homeostasis. Different mouse models with ER stress in chondrocytes display comparable skeletal phenotypes representing chondrodysplasias. Therefore, ER stress itself seems to be involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases. It is remarkable that chondrodysplasias with a comparable phenotype arise independent from the sources of ER stress, which are as follows: (1) mutations in ECM proteins leading to aggregation, (2) deficiencies in ER chaperones, (3) mutations in UPR signaling factors, or (4) deficiencies in the degradation of aggregated proteins. In any case, the resulting UPR substantially impairs ECM protein synthesis, chondrocyte proliferation, and/or differentiation or regulation of autophagy and apoptosis. Notably, chondrodysplasias arise no matter if single or multiple events are affected. We analyzed cartilage-specific ERp57 knockout mice and demonstrated that the deficiency of this single protein disulfide isomerase, which is responsible for formation of disulfide bridges in ECM glycoproteins, is sufficient to induce ER stress and to cause an ER stress-related bone phenotype. These mice therefore qualify as a novel model for the analysis of ER stress in chondrocytes. They give new insights in ER stress-related short stature disorders and enable the analysis of ER stress in other cartilage diseases, such as osteoarthritis.
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15
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Delhon L, Mahaut C, Goudin N, Gaudas E, Piquand K, Le Goff W, Cormier-Daire V, Le Goff C. Impairment of chondrogenesis and microfibrillar network in Adamtsl2 deficiency. FASEB J 2018; 33:2707-2718. [PMID: 30303737 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800753rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif-like 2 ( ADAMTSL2) gene are responsible for the autosomal recessive form of geleophysic dysplasia, which is characterized by short stature, short extremities, and skeletal abnormalities. However, the exact function of ADAMTSL2 is unknown. To elucidate the role of this protein in skeletal development, we generated complementary knockout (KO) mouse models with either total or chondrocyte Adamtsl2 deficiency. We observed that the Adamtsl2 KO mice displayed skeletal abnormalities reminiscent of the human phenotype. Adamtsl2 deletion affected the growth plate formation with abnormal differentiation and proliferation of chondrocytes. In addition, a TGF-β signaling impairment in limbs lacking Adamtsl2 was demonstrated. Further investigations revealed that Adamtsl2 KO chondrocytes failed to establish a microfibrillar network composed by fibrillin1 and latent TGF-β binding protein 1 fibrils. Chondrocyte Adamtsl2 KO mice also exhibited dwarfism. These studies uncover the function of Adamtsl2 in the maintenance of the growth plate ECM by modulating the microfibrillar network.-Delhon, L., Mahaut, C., Goudin, N., Gaudas, E., Piquand, K., Le Goff, W., Cormier-Daire, V., Le Goff, C. Impairment of chondrogenesis and microfibrillar network in Adamtsl2 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Delhon
- INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1163, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Clémentine Mahaut
- INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1163, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Goudin
- La Structure Fédérative de Recherche (SFR) Necker, Imaging Platform, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris France
| | - Emilie Gaudas
- INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1163, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Kevin Piquand
- INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1163, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Wilfried Le Goff
- INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S1166, Hôpital de la Pitié, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Cormier-Daire
- INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1163, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Department of Medical Genetics, Reference Center for Skeletal Dysplasia, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France; and
| | - Carine Le Goff
- INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1163, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1148, Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, Bichat Hospital, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
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16
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Posey KL, Coustry F, Hecht JT. Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein: COMPopathies and beyond. Matrix Biol 2018; 71-72:161-173. [PMID: 29530484 PMCID: PMC6129439 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is a large pentameric glycoprotein that interacts with multiple extracellular matrix proteins in cartilage and other tissues. While, COMP is known to play a role in collagen secretion and fibrillogenesis, chondrocyte proliferation and mechanical strength of tendons, the complete range of COMP functions remains to be defined. COMPopathies describe pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH) and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED), two skeletal dysplasias caused by autosomal dominant COMP mutations. The majority of the mutations are in the calcium binding domains and compromise protein folding. COMPopathies are ER storage disorders in which the retention of COMP in the chondrocyte ER stimulates overwhelming cellular stress. The retention causes oxidative and inflammation processes leading to chondrocyte death and loss of long bone growth. In contrast, dysregulation of wild-type COMP expression is found in numerous diseases including: fibrosis, cardiomyopathy and breast and prostate cancers. The most exciting clinical application is the use of COMP as a biomarker for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and cartilage degeneration associated osteoarthritis and rheumatoid and, as a prognostic marker for joint injury. The ever expanding roles of COMP in single gene disorders and multifactorial diseases will lead to a better understanding of its functions in ECM and tissue homeostasis towards the goal of developing new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Posey
- McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Department of Pediatrics, United States.
| | - Francoise Coustry
- McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Department of Pediatrics, United States
| | - Jacqueline T Hecht
- McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Department of Pediatrics, United States; UTHealth, School of Dentistry, United States
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17
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Wang C, Tan Z, Niu B, Tsang KY, Tai A, Chan WCW, Lo RLK, Leung KKH, Dung NWF, Itoh N, Zhang MQ, Chan D, Cheah KSE. Inhibiting the integrated stress response pathway prevents aberrant chondrocyte differentiation thereby alleviating chondrodysplasia. eLife 2018; 7:37673. [PMID: 30024379 PMCID: PMC6053305 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrated stress response (ISR) is activated by diverse forms of cellular stress, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and is associated with diseases. However, the molecular mechanism(s) whereby the ISR impacts on differentiation is incompletely understood. Here, we exploited a mouse model of Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia type Schmid (MCDS) to provide insight into the impact of the ISR on cell fate. We show the protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK) pathway that mediates preferential synthesis of ATF4 and CHOP, dominates in causing dysplasia by reverting chondrocyte differentiation via ATF4-directed transactivation of Sox9. Chondrocyte survival is enabled, cell autonomously, by CHOP and dual CHOP-ATF4 transactivation of Fgf21. Treatment of mutant mice with a chemical inhibitor of PERK signaling prevents the differentiation defects and ameliorates chondrodysplasia. By preventing aberrant differentiation, titrated inhibition of the ISR emerges as a rationale therapeutic strategy for stress-induced skeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhijia Tan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ben Niu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok Yeung Tsang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andrew Tai
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wilson C W Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rebecca L K Lo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Keith K H Leung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nelson W F Dung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michael Q Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Systems Biology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, United States.,MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Danny Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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18
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Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein is a prognostic factor and biomarker of colon cancer and promotes cell proliferation by activating the Akt pathway. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 144:1049-1063. [PMID: 29560517 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2626-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies have determined that cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) plays a vital role in carcinogenesis. We sought to clarify the role of COMP in colon cancer. METHODS We investigated gene expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset. Tissue microarrays (TMA) containing paired samples from 253 patients with colon cancer were subjected to immunostaining. COMP levels in serum of colon cancer patients and healthy donors were measured with ELISA. We established COMP-knockout cells using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and COMP-overexpressing cells using lentiviral vectors to detect the effects of COMP on colon cancer cells using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8), colony formation, apoptosis detection kit, and tumorigenesis assays in nude mice. RESULTS The analysis of TCGA dataset and the results of the TMA suggested that COMP expression levels were significantly higher in cancer tissues than in adjacent normal tissues. Moreover, high COMP expression was correlated with the poor outcome of colon cancer patients. COMP levels in the sera of preoperative patients with colon cancer were much higher than those in healthy donors and were significantly reduced after colectomy. Colon cancer cells without COMP were defective with respect to the ability to proliferate, colony formation, the ability to resist 5-Fluorouracil-induced apoptosis and the growth of xenograft tumors in mice. Contrasting results were observed in COMP overexpressed cells. COMP promoted colon cancer cell proliferation partially through the activation of PI3K/ Akt/ mTOR/ p70S6K pathway. CONCLUSIONS COMP may be a novel prognostic indicator and biomarker and also a potential therapeutic target for colon cancer.
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Genes uniquely expressed in human growth plate chondrocytes uncover a distinct regulatory network. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:983. [PMID: 29262782 PMCID: PMC5738906 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4378-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chondrogenesis is the earliest stage of skeletal development and is a highly dynamic process, integrating the activities and functions of transcription factors, cell signaling molecules and extracellular matrix proteins. The molecular mechanisms underlying chondrogenesis have been extensively studied and multiple key regulators of this process have been identified. However, a genome-wide overview of the gene regulatory network in chondrogenesis has not been achieved. Results In this study, employing RNA sequencing, we identified 332 protein coding genes and 34 long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) genes that are highly selectively expressed in human fetal growth plate chondrocytes. Among the protein coding genes, 32 genes were associated with 62 distinct human skeletal disorders and 153 genes were associated with skeletal defects in knockout mice, confirming their essential roles in skeletal formation. These gene products formed a comprehensive physical interaction network and participated in multiple cellular processes regulating skeletal development. The data also revealed 34 transcription factors and 11,334 distal enhancers that were uniquely active in chondrocytes, functioning as transcriptional regulators for the cartilage-selective genes. Conclusions Our findings revealed a complex gene regulatory network controlling skeletal development whereby transcription factors, enhancers and lncRNAs participate in chondrogenesis by transcriptional regulation of key genes. Additionally, the cartilage-selective genes represent candidate genes for unsolved human skeletal disorders. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4378-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Balasubramanian K, Li B, Krakow D, Nevarez L, Ho PJ, Ainsworth JA, Nickerson DA, Bamshad MJ, Immken L, Lachman RS, Cohn DH. MED resulting from recessively inherited mutations in the gene encoding calcium-activated nucleotidase CANT1. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:2415-2421. [PMID: 28742282 PMCID: PMC5564418 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia (MED) is a relatively mild skeletal dysplasia characterized by mild short stature, joint pain, and early-onset osteoarthropathy. Dominantly inherited mutations in COMP, MATN3, COL9A1, COL9A2, and COL9A3, and recessively inherited mutations in SLC26A2, account for the molecular basis of disease in about 80-85% of the cases. In two families with recurrent MED of an unknown molecular basis, we used exome sequencing and candidate gene analysis to identify homozygosity for recessively inherited missense mutations in CANT1, which encodes calcium-activated nucleotidase 1. The MED phenotype is thus allelic to the more severe Desbuquois dysplasia phenotype and the results identify CANT1 as a second locus for recessively inherited MED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthika Balasubramanian
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Deborah Krakow
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- International Skeletal Dysplasia Registry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lisette Nevarez
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Patric J. Ho
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Julia A. Ainsworth
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Deborah A. Nickerson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael J. Bamshad
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - Ralph S. Lachman
- International Skeletal Dysplasia Registry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Daniel H. Cohn
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- International Skeletal Dysplasia Registry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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21
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Posey KL, Coustry F, Veerisetty AC, Hossain M, Gattis D, Booten S, Alcorn JL, Seth PP, Hecht JT. Antisense Reduction of Mutant COMP Reduces Growth Plate Chondrocyte Pathology. Mol Ther 2017; 25:705-714. [PMID: 28162960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2016.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in cartilage oligomeric matrix protein cause pseudoachondroplasia, a severe disproportionate short stature disorder. Mutant cartilage oligomeric matrix protein produces massive intracellular retention of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, stimulating ER and oxidative stresses and inflammation, culminating in post-natal loss of growth plate chondrocytes, which compromises linear bone growth. Treatments for pseudoachondroplasia are limited because cartilage is relatively avascular and considered inaccessible. Here we report successful delivery and treatment using antisense oligonucleotide technology in our transgenic pseudoachondroplasia mouse model. We demonstrate delivery of human cartilage oligomeric matrix protein-specific antisense oligonucleotides to cartilage and reduction of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein expression, which largely alleviates pseudoachondroplasia growth plate chondrocyte pathology. One antisense oligonucleotide reduced steady-state levels of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein mRNA and dampened intracellular retention of mutant cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, leading to a reduction of inflammatory markers and cell death and partial restoration of proliferation. This novel and exciting work demonstrates that antisense-based therapy is a viable approach for treating pseudoachondroplasia and other human cartilage disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Posey
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Francoise Coustry
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alka C Veerisetty
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mohammad Hossain
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Danielle Gattis
- Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Sheri Booten
- Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Joseph L Alcorn
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Punit P Seth
- Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Jacqueline T Hecht
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA
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22
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Magdaleno F, Arriazu E, Ruiz de Galarreta M, Chen Y, Ge X, Conde de la Rosa L, Nieto N. Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein participates in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. J Hepatol 2016; 65:963-971. [PMID: 27318326 PMCID: PMC5831373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Liver fibrosis is characterized by significant accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, mainly fibrillar collagen-I, as a result of persistent liver injury. Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is largely found in the ECM of skeletal tissue. Increased COMP expression has been associated with fibrogenesis in systemic sclerosis, lung fibrosis, chronic pancreatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. We hypothesized that COMP could induce fibrillar collagen-I deposition and participate in matrix remodeling thus contributing to the pathophysiology of liver fibrosis. METHODS Thioacetamide (TAA) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) were used to induce liver fibrosis in wild-type (WT) and Comp-/- mice. In vitro experiments were performed with primary hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). RESULTS COMP expression was detected in livers from control WT mice and was upregulated in response to either TAA or CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. TAA-treated or CCl4-injected Comp-/- mice showed less liver injury, inflammation and fibrosis compared to their corresponding control WT mice. Challenge of HSCs with recombinant COMP (rCOMP) induced intra- plus extracellular collagen-I deposition and increased matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 2, 9 and 13, albeit similar expression of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) protein, in addition to Tgfβ, tumour necrosis factor alpha (Tnfα) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (Timp1) mRNAs. We demonstrated that COMP binds collagen-I; yet, it does not prevent collagen-I cleavage by MMP1. Last, rCOMP induced collagen-I expression in HSCs via CD36 receptor signaling and activation of the MEK1/2-pERK1/2 pathway. CONCLUSION These results suggest that COMP contributes to liver fibrosis by regulating collagen-I deposition. LAY SUMMARY Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) induces fibrillar collagen-I deposition via the CD36 receptor signaling and activation of the MEK1/2-pERK1/2 pathway, and participates in extracellular matrix remodeling contributing to the pathophysiology of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Magdaleno
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1123, 1425 Madison Avenue, Room 11-70, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Elena Arriazu
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1123, 1425 Madison Avenue, Room 11-70, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Marina Ruiz de Galarreta
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1123, 1425 Madison Avenue, Room 11-70, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Xiaodong Ge
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1123, 1425 Madison Avenue, Room 11-70, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Laura Conde de la Rosa
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1123, 1425 Madison Avenue, Room 11-70, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Natalia Nieto
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1123, 1425 Madison Avenue, Room 11-70, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Duan L, Liang Y, Ma B, Zhu W, Wang D. Epigenetic regulation in chondrocyte phenotype maintenance for cell-based cartilage repair. Am J Transl Res 2015; 7:2127-2140. [PMID: 26807163 PMCID: PMC4697695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Loss of hyaline chondrocyte phenotype during the monolayer culture in vitro is a major obstacle for cell-based articular cartilage repair. Increasing evidence implicates an important role of the epigenetic regulation in maintaining the chondrocyte phenotype. DNA methylation, histone modifications and microRNAs have all been shown to contribute to chondrocyte dedifferentiation and hypertrophy. Moreover, the interplay among epigenetic regulators forms a complicated epigenetic network in regulating chondrocyte dedifferentiation. This review provides a detailed overview of the epigenetic regulation in maintaining the chondrocyte phenotype for chondrocyte-based cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Duan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shenzhen Second People’s HospitalShenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Second People’s HospitalShenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yujie Liang
- School of Chemical Biology & Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate SchoolShenzhen 518000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bin Ma
- Division of Immunology, University Children’s Hospital ZurichZurich 8032, Switzerland
| | - Weimin Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shenzhen Second People’s HospitalShenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Second People’s HospitalShenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Daping Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shenzhen Second People’s HospitalShenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Second People’s HospitalShenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China
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Abstract
Introduction: Genetic skeletal diseases (GSDs) are a diverse and complex group of rare genetic conditions that affect the development and homeostasis of the skeleton. Although individually rare, as a group of related diseases, GSDs have an overall prevalence of at least 1 per 4,000 children. There are currently very few specific therapeutic interventions to prevent, halt or modify skeletal disease progression and therefore the generation of new and effective treatments requires novel and innovative research that can identify tractable therapeutic targets and biomarkers of these diseases. Areas covered: Remarkable progress has been made in identifying the genetic basis of the majority of GSDs and in developing relevant model systems that have delivered new knowledge on disease mechanisms and are now starting to identify novel therapeutic targets. This review will provide an overview of disease mechanisms that are shared amongst groups of different GSDs and describe potential therapeutic approaches that are under investigation. Expert opinion: The extensive clinical variability and genetic heterogeneity of GSDs renders this broad group of rare diseases a bench to bedside challenge. However, the evolving hypothesis that clinically different diseases might share common disease mechanisms is a powerful concept that will generate critical mass for the identification and validation of novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Briggs
- Newcastle University, Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life , Central Parkway, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Peter A Bell
- Newcastle University, Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life , Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Michael J Wright
- Newcastle University, Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life , Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Katarzyna A Pirog
- Newcastle University, Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life , Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
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BRIGGS MICHAELD, BELL PETERA, PIROG KATARZYNAA. The utility of mouse models to provide information regarding the pathomolecular mechanisms in human genetic skeletal diseases: The emerging role of endoplasmic reticulum stress (Review). Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:1483-92. [PMID: 25824717 PMCID: PMC4432922 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic skeletal diseases (GSDs) are an extremely diverse and complex group of rare genetic diseases that primarily affect the development and homeostasis of the osseous skeleton. There are more than 450 unique and well-characterised phenotypes that range in severity from relatively mild to severe and lethal forms. Although individually rare, as a group of related genetic diseases, GSDs have an overall prevalence of at least 1 per 4,000 children. Qualitative defects in cartilage structural proteins result in a broad spectrum of both recessive and dominant GSDs. This review focused on a disease spectrum resulting from mutations in the non-collagenous glycoproteins, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) and matrilin-3, which together cause a continuum of phenotypes that are amongst the most common autosomal dominant GSDs. Pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH) and autosomal dominant multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) comprise a disease spectrum characterised by varying degrees of disproportionate short stature, joint pain and stiffness and early-onset osteoarthritis. Over the past decade, the generation and deep phenotyping of a range of genetic mouse models of the PSACH and MED disease spectrum has allowed the disease mechanisms to be characterised in detail. Moreover, the generation of novel phenocopies to model specific disease mechanisms has confirmed the importance of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and reduced chondrocyte proliferation as key modulators of growth plate dysplasia and reduced bone growth. Finally, new insight into related musculoskeletal complications (such as myopathy and tendinopathy) has also been gained through the in-depth analysis of targeted mouse models of the PSACH-MED disease spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- MICHAEL D. BRIGGS
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - PETER A. BELL
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - KATARZYNA A. PIROG
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
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26
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Tsang KY, Tsang SW, Chan D, Cheah KSE. The chondrocytic journey in endochondral bone growth and skeletal dysplasia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 102:52-73. [PMID: 24677723 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The endochondral bones of the skeleton develop from a cartilage template and grow via a process involving a cascade of chondrocyte differentiation steps culminating in formation of a growth plate and the replacement of cartilage by bone. This process of endochondral ossification, driven by the generation of chondrocytes and their subsequent proliferation, differentiation, and production of extracellular matrix constitute a journey, deviation from which inevitably disrupts bone growth and development, and is the basis of human skeletal dysplasias with a wide range of phenotypic severity, from perinatal lethality to progressively deforming. This highly coordinated journey of chondrocyte specification and fate determination is controlled by a myriad of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. SOX9 is the master transcription factor that, in concert with varying partners along the way, directs the different phases of the journey from mesenchymal condensation, chondrogenesis, differentiation, proliferation, and maturation. Extracellular signals, including bone morphogenetic proteins, wingless-related MMTV integration site (WNT), fibroblast growth factor, Indian hedgehog, and parathyroid hormone-related peptide, are all indispensable for growth plate chondrocytes to align and organize into the appropriate columnar architecture and controls their maturation and transition to hypertrophy. Chondrocyte hypertrophy, marked by dramatic volume increase in phases, is controlled by transcription factors SOX9, Runt-related transcription factor, and FOXA2. Hypertrophic chondrocytes mediate the cartilage to bone transition and concomitantly face a live-or-die situation, a subject of much debate. We review recent insights into the coordination of the phases of the chondrocyte journey, and highlight the need for a systems level understanding of the regulatory networks that will facilitate the development of therapeutic approaches for skeletal dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwok Yeung Tsang
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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27
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Xin W, Heilig J, Paulsson M, Zaucke F. Collagen II regulates chondroycte integrin expression profile and differentiation. Connect Tissue Res 2015; 56:307-14. [PMID: 25803621 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2015.1026965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Collagen II is the major fibril-forming collagen in cartilage. Complete absence of collagen II in mice is not compatible with life and in humans mutations in the COL2A1 gene lead to osteochondrodysplasias with diverse phenotypes. However, mechanistic studies on how chondrocytes respond to a lack of collagen II in their extracellular matrix are limited. Primary mouse chondrocytes were isolated from knee joints of newborn mice and transfected with siRNA targeting Col2α1 to suppress collagen II expression. The expression of integrin receptors and matrix proteins was investigated by RT-PCR and immunoblots. The localization of matrix components was evaluated by immunostaining. Signaling pathways and the differentiation state of chondrocytes was monitored by RT-PCR and flow cytometry. We demonstrate that in the absence of collagen II chondrocytes start to produce collagen I. Some binding partners of collagen II are partially lost from the matrix while other proteins, e.g. COMP, were still found associated with the newly formed collagen network. The lack of collagen II induced changes in the expression profile of integrins. Further, we detected alterations in the Indian hedgehog/parathyroid hormone-related protein (Ihh/PTHrP) pathway that were accompanied by changes in the differentiation state of chondrocytes. Collagen II seems not to be essential for chondrocyte survival in culture but it plays an important role in maintaining chondrocyte differentiation. We suggest that a crosstalk between extracellular matrix and cells via integrins and the Ihh/PTHrP pathway is involved in regulating the differentiation state of chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xin
- Central Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University , Jinan , China
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28
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Cameron TL, Gresshoff IL, Bell KM, Piróg KA, Sampurno L, Hartley CL, Sanford EM, Wilson R, Ermann J, Boot-Handford RP, Glimcher LH, Briggs MD, Bateman JF. Cartilage-specific ablation of XBP1 signaling in mouse results in a chondrodysplasia characterized by reduced chondrocyte proliferation and delayed cartilage maturation and mineralization. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:661-70. [PMID: 25600960 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the in vivo role of the IRE1/XBP1 unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathway in cartilage. DESIGN Xbp1(flox/flox).Col2a1-Cre mice (Xbp1(CartΔEx2)), in which XBP1 activity is ablated specifically from cartilage, were analyzed histomorphometrically by Alizarin red/Alcian blue skeletal preparations and X-rays to examine overall bone growth, histological stains to measure growth plate zone length, chondrocyte organization, and mineralization, and immunofluorescence for collagen II, collagen X, and IHH. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) analyses were used to measure chondrocyte proliferation and cell death, respectively. Chondrocyte cultures and microdissected growth plate zones were analyzed for expression profiling of chondrocyte proliferation or endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers by Quantitative PCR (qPCR), and of Xbp1 mRNA splicing by RT-PCR to monitor IRE1 activation. RESULTS Xbp1(CartΔEx2) displayed a chondrodysplasia involving dysregulated chondrocyte proliferation, growth plate hypertrophic zone shortening, and IRE1 hyperactivation in chondrocytes. Deposition of collagens II and X in the Xbp1(CartΔEx2) growth plate cartilage indicated that XBP1 is not required for matrix protein deposition or chondrocyte hypertrophy. Analyses of mid-gestation long bones revealed delayed ossification in Xbp1(CartΔEx2) embryos. The rate of chondrocyte cell death was not significantly altered, and only minimal alterations in the expression of key markers of chondrocyte proliferation were observed in the Xbp1(CartΔEx2) growth plate. IRE1 hyperactivation occurred in Xbp1(CartΔEx2) chondrocytes but was not sufficient to induce regulated IRE1-dependent decay (RIDD) or a classical UPR. CONCLUSION Our work suggests roles for XBP1 in regulating chondrocyte proliferation and the timing of mineralization during endochondral ossification, findings which have implications for both skeletal development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Cameron
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - I L Gresshoff
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - K M Bell
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - K A Piróg
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - L Sampurno
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - C L Hartley
- Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK.
| | - E M Sanford
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - R Wilson
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - J Ermann
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - R P Boot-Handford
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - L H Glimcher
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - M D Briggs
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - J F Bateman
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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29
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Kung LHW, Rajpar MH, Preziosi R, Briggs MD, Boot-Handford RP. Increased classical endoplasmic reticulum stress is sufficient to reduce chondrocyte proliferation rate in the growth plate and decrease bone growth. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117016. [PMID: 25693198 PMCID: PMC4334961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in genes encoding cartilage oligomeric matrix protein and matrilin-3 cause a spectrum of chondrodysplasias called multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) and pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH). The majority of these diseases feature classical endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) as a result of misfolding of the mutant protein. However, the importance and the pathological contribution of ER stress in the disease pathogenesis are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the generic role of ER stress and the UPR in the pathogenesis of these diseases. A transgenic mouse line (ColIITgcog) was generated using the collagen II promoter to drive expression of an ER stress-inducing protein (Tgcog) in chondrocytes. The skeletal and histological phenotypes of these ColIITgcog mice were characterised. The expression and intracellular retention of Tgcog induced ER stress and activated the UPR as characterised by increased BiP expression, phosphorylation of eIF2α and spliced Xbp1. ColIITgcog mice exhibited decreased long bone growth and decreased chondrocyte proliferation rate. However, there was no disruption of chondrocyte morphology or growth plate architecture and perturbations in apoptosis were not apparent. Our data demonstrate that the targeted induction of ER stress in chondrocytes was sufficient to reduce the rate of bone growth, a key clinical feature associated with MED and PSACH, in the absence of any growth plate dysplasia. This study establishes that classical ER stress is a pathogenic factor that contributes to the disease mechanism of MED and PSACH. However, not all the pathological features of MED and PSACH were recapitulated, suggesting that a combination of intra- and extra-cellular factors are likely to be responsible for the disease pathology as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise H. W. Kung
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - M. Helen Rajpar
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Preziosi
- Environment, Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D. Briggs
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond P. Boot-Handford
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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30
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Abstract
Growth plate is a specialized cartilaginous structure that mediates the longitudinal growth of skeletal bones. It consists of ordered zones of chondrocytes that secrete an extracellular matrix (ECM) composed of specific types of collagens and proteoglycans. Several heritable human skeletal dysplasias are caused by mutations in these ECM components and this review focuses on the roles of type II, IX, X, and XI collagens, aggrecan, matrilins, perlecan, and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein in the growth plate as deduced from human disease phenotypes and mouse models. Substantial advances have been achieved in deciphering the interaction networks and individual roles of these components in the construction of the growth plate ECM. Furthermore, ER stress and other cellular responses have been identified as key downstream effects of the ECM mutations contributing to abnormal growth plate development. The next challenge is to utilize the molecular level knowledge for the development of potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Myllyharju
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, FIN-90014, Oulu, Finland,
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31
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Arita M, Fertala J, Hou C, Steplewski A, Fertala A. Mechanisms of aberrant organization of growth plates in conditional transgenic mouse model of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia associated with the R992C substitution in collagen II. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 185:214-29. [PMID: 25451152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in collagen II, a main structural protein of cartilage, are associated with various forms of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia (SED), whose main features include aberrations of linear growth. Here, we analyzed the pathomechanisms responsible for growth alterations in transgenic mice with conditional expression of the R992C collagen II mutation. Specifically, we studied the alterations of the growth plates of mutant mice in which chondrocytes lacked their typical columnar arrangement. Our studies demonstrated that chondrocytes expressing the thermolabile R992C mutant collagen II molecules endured endoplasmic reticulum stress, had atypical polarization, and had reduced proliferation. Moreover, we demonstrated aberrant organization and morphology of primary cilia. Analyses of the extracellular collagenous deposits in mice expressing the R992C mutant collagen II molecules indicated their poor formation and distribution. By contrast, transgenic mice expressing wild-type collagen II and mice in which the expression of the transgene encoding the R992C collagen II was switched off were characterized by normal growth, and the morphology of their growth plates was correct. Our study with the use of a conditional mouse SED model not only indicates a direct relation between the observed aberration of skeletal tissues and the presence of mutant collagen II, but also identifies cellular and matrix elements of the pathomechanism of SED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machiko Arita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jolanta Fertala
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cheryl Hou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrzej Steplewski
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrzej Fertala
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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32
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Posey KL, Alcorn JL, Hecht JT. Pseudoachondroplasia/COMP - translating from the bench to the bedside. Matrix Biol 2014; 37:167-73. [PMID: 24892720 PMCID: PMC4209947 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH) is a skeletal dysplasia characterized by disproportionate short stature, small hands and feet, abnormal joints and early onset osteoarthritis. PSACH is caused by mutations in thrombospondin-5 (TSP-5, also known as cartilage oligomeric matrix protein or COMP), a pentameric extracellular matrix protein primarily expressed in chondrocytes and musculoskeletal tissues. The thrombospondin gene family is composed of matricellular proteins that associate with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and regulate processes in the matrix. Mutations in COMP interfere with calcium-binding, protein conformation and export to the extracellular matrix, resulting in inappropriate intracellular COMP retention. This accumulation of misfolded protein is cytotoxic and triggers premature death of chondrocytes during linear bone growth, leading to shortened long bones. Both in vitro and in vivo models have been employed to study the molecular processes underlying development of the PSACH pathology. Here, we compare the strengths and weaknesses of current mouse models of PSACH and discuss how the resulting phenotypes may be translated to clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen LaShea Posey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Joseph L Alcorn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jacqueline T Hecht
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Shriners Hospital for Children, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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33
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Patterson SE, Dealy CN. Mechanisms and models of endoplasmic reticulum stress in chondrodysplasia. Dev Dyn 2014; 243:875-93. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sara E. Patterson
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development; Department of Reconstructive Sciences; University of Connecticut Health Center; Farmington Connecticut
| | - Caroline N. Dealy
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development; Department of Reconstructive Sciences; University of Connecticut Health Center; Farmington Connecticut
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development; Department of Orthopedic Surgery; University of Connecticut Health Center; Farmington Connecticut
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34
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Piróg KA, Irman A, Young S, Halai P, Bell PA, Boot-Handford RP, Briggs MD. Abnormal chondrocyte apoptosis in the cartilage growth plate is influenced by genetic background and deletion of CHOP in a targeted mouse model of pseudoachondroplasia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85145. [PMID: 24558358 PMCID: PMC3928032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH) is an autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasia caused by mutations in cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) and characterised by short limbed dwarfism and early onset osteoarthritis. Mouse models of PSACH show variable retention of mutant COMP in the ER of chondrocytes, however, in each case a different stress pathway is activated and the underlying disease mechanisms remain largely unknown. T585M COMP mutant mice are a model of moderate PSACH and demonstrate a mild ER stress response. Although mutant COMP is not retained in significant quantities within the ER of chondrocytes, both BiP and the pro-apoptotic ER stress-related transcription factor CHOP are mildly elevated, whilst bcl-2 levels are decreased, resulting in increased and spatially dysregulated chondrocyte apoptosis. To determine whether the abnormal chondrocyte apoptosis observed in the growth plate of mutant mice is CHOP-mediated, we bred T585M COMP mutant mice with CHOP-null mice to homozygosity, and analysed the resulting phenotype. Although abnormal apoptosis was alleviated in the resting zone following CHOP deletion, the mutant growth plates were generally more disorganised. Furthermore, the bone lengths of COMP mutant CHOP null mice were significantly shorter at 9 weeks of age when compared to the COMP mutant mice, including a significant difference in the skull length. Overall, these data demonstrate that CHOP-mediated apoptosis is an early event in the pathobiology of PSACH and suggest that the lack of CHOP, in conjunction with a COMP mutation, may lead to aggravation of the skeletal phenotype via a potentially synergistic effect on endochondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna A. Piróg
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (KAP); (MDB)
| | - Andreja Irman
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Siobhan Young
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Poonam Halai
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter A. Bell
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond P. Boot-Handford
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D. Briggs
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (KAP); (MDB)
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35
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Piróg KA, Katakura Y, Mironov A, Briggs MD. Mild myopathy is associated with COMP but not MATN3 mutations in mouse models of genetic skeletal diseases. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82412. [PMID: 24312420 PMCID: PMC3842254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH) and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) are skeletal disorders resulting from mutations in COMP, matrilin-3 or collagen IX and are characterised by short-limbed dwarfism and premature osteoarthritis. Interestingly, recent reports suggest patients can also manifest with muscle weakness. Here we present a detailed analysis of two mouse models of the PSACH/MED disease spectrum; ΔD469 T3-COMP (PSACH) and V194D matrilin-3 (MED). In grip test experiments T3-COMP mice were weaker than wild-type littermates, whereas V194D mice behaved as controls, confirming that short-limbed dwarfism alone does not contribute to PSACH/MED-related muscle weakness. Muscles from T3-COMP mice showed an increase in centronuclear fibers at the myotendinous junction. T3-COMP tendons became more lax in cyclic testing and showed thicker collagen fibers when compared with wild-type tissue; matrilin-3 mutant tissues were indistinguishable from controls. This comprehensive study of the myopathy associated with PSACH/MED mutations enables a better understanding of the disease progression, confirms that it is genotype specific and that the limb weakness originates from muscle and tendon pathology rather than short-limbed dwarfism itself. Since some patients are primarily diagnosed with neuromuscular symptoms, this study will facilitate better awareness of the differential diagnoses that might be associated with the PSACH/MED spectrum and subsequent care of PSACH/MED patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna A. Piróg
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Yoshihisa Katakura
- Division of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksandr Mironov
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Faculty of Life Sciences and University of Manchester, Manchester United Kingdom
| | - Michael D. Briggs
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Gualeni B, Rajpar MH, Kellogg A, Bell PA, Arvan P, Boot-Handford RP, Briggs MD. A novel transgenic mouse model of growth plate dysplasia reveals that decreased chondrocyte proliferation due to chronic ER stress is a key factor in reduced bone growth. Dis Model Mech 2013; 6:1414-25. [PMID: 24046357 PMCID: PMC3820264 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.013342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Disease mechanisms leading to different forms of chondrodysplasia include extracellular matrix (ECM) alterations and intracellular stress resulting in abnormal changes to chondrocyte proliferation and survival. Delineating the relative contribution of these two disease mechanisms is a major challenge in understanding disease pathophysiology in genetic skeletal diseases and a prerequisite for developing effective therapies. To determine the influence of intracellular stress and changes in chondrocyte phenotype to the development of chondrodysplasia, we targeted the expression of the G2320R mutant form of thyroglobulin to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of resting and proliferating chondrocytes. Previous studies on this mutant protein have shown that it induces intracellular aggregates and causes cell stress and death in the thyroid gland. The expression and retention of this exogenous mutant protein in resting and proliferating chondrocytes resulted in a chronic cell stress response, growth plate dysplasia and reduced bone growth, without inducing any alterations to the architecture and organization of the cartilage ECM. More significantly, the decreased bone growth seemed to be the direct result of reduced chondrocyte proliferation in the proliferative zone of growth plates in transgenic mice, without transcriptional activation of a classical unfolded protein response (UPR) or apoptosis. Overall, these data show that mutant protein retention in the ER of resting and proliferative zone chondrocytes is sufficient to cause disrupted bone growth. The specific disease pathways triggered by mutant protein retention do not necessarily involve a prototypic UPR, but all pathways impact upon chondrocyte proliferation in the cartilage growth plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Gualeni
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - M. Helen Rajpar
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Aaron Kellogg
- University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Peter A. Bell
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Peter Arvan
- University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Raymond P. Boot-Handford
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Michael D. Briggs
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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Hartley CL, Edwards S, Mullan L, Bell PA, Fresquet M, Boot-Handford RP, Briggs MD. Armet/Manf and Creld2 are components of a specialized ER stress response provoked by inappropriate formation of disulphide bonds: implications for genetic skeletal diseases. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:5262-75. [PMID: 23956175 PMCID: PMC3842181 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutant matrilin-3 (V194D) forms non-native disulphide bonded aggregates in the rER of chondrocytes from cell and mouse models of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED). Intracellular retention of mutant matrilin-3 causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and induces an unfolded protein response (UPR) including the upregulation of two genes recently implicated in ER stress: Armet and Creld2. Nothing is known about the role of Armet and Creld2 in human genetic diseases. In this study, we used a variety of cell and mouse models of chondrodysplasia to determine the genotype-specific expression profiles of Armet and Creld2. We also studied their interactions with various mutant proteins and investigated their potential roles as protein disulphide isomerases (PDIs). Armet and Creld2 were up-regulated in cell and/or mouse models of chondrodysplasias caused by mutations in Matn3 and Col10a1, but not Comp. Intriguingly, both Armet and Creld2 were also secreted into the ECM of these disease models following ER stress. Armet and Creld2 interacted with mutant matrilin-3, but not with COMP, thereby validating the genotype-specific expression. Substrate-trapping experiments confirmed Creld2 processed PDI-like activity, thus identifying a putative functional role. Finally, alanine substitution of the two terminal cysteine residues from the A-domain of V194D matrilin-3 prevented aggregation, promoted mutant protein secretion and reduced the levels of Armet and Creld2 in a cell culture model. We demonstrate that Armet and Creld2 are genotype-specific ER stress response proteins with substrate specificities, and that aggregation of mutant matrilin-3 is a key disease trigger in MED that could be exploited as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Hartley
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, England
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Bell PA, Wagener R, Zaucke F, Koch M, Selley J, Warwood S, Knight D, Boot-Handford RP, Thornton DJ, Briggs MD. Analysis of the cartilage proteome from three different mouse models of genetic skeletal diseases reveals common and discrete disease signatures. Biol Open 2013; 2:802-11. [PMID: 23951406 PMCID: PMC3744072 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20135280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudoachondroplasia and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia are genetic skeletal diseases resulting from mutations in cartilage structural proteins. Electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry previously showed that the appearance of the cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) in targeted mouse models of these diseases is disrupted; however, the precise changes in ECM organization and the pathological consequences remain unknown. Our aim was to determine the effects of matrilin-3 and COMP mutations on the composition and extractability of ECM components to inform how these detrimental changes might influence cartilage organization and degeneration. Cartilage was sequentially extracted using increasing denaturants and the extraction profiles of specific proteins determined using SDS-PAGE/Western blotting. Furthermore, the relative composition of protein pools was determined using mass spectrometry for a non-biased semi-quantitative analysis. Western blotting revealed changes in the extraction of matrilins, COMP and collagen IX in mutant cartilage. Mass spectrometry confirmed quantitative changes in the extraction of structural and non-structural ECM proteins, including proteins with roles in cellular processes such as protein folding and trafficking. In particular, genotype-specific differences in the extraction of collagens XII and XIV and tenascins C and X were identified; interestingly, increased expression of several of these genes has recently been implicated in susceptibility and/or progression of murine osteoarthritis. We demonstrated that mutation of matrilin-3 and COMP caused changes in the extractability of other cartilage proteins and that proteomic analyses of Matn3 V194D, Comp T585M and Comp DelD469 mouse models revealed both common and discrete disease signatures that provide novel insight into skeletal disease mechanisms and cartilage degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Bell
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PT , UK ; Present address: Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
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Gualeni B, de Vernejoul MC, Marty-Morieux C, De Leonardis F, Franchi M, Monti L, Forlino A, Houillier P, Rossi A, Geoffroy V. Alteration of proteoglycan sulfation affects bone growth and remodeling. Bone 2013; 54:83-91. [PMID: 23369989 PMCID: PMC3607217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Diastrophic dysplasia (DTD) is a chondrodysplasia caused by mutations in the SLC26A2 gene, leading to reduced intracellular sulfate pool in chondrocytes, osteoblasts and fibroblasts. Hence, proteoglycans are undersulfated in the cartilage and bone of DTD patients. To characterize the bone phenotype of this skeletal dysplasia we used the Slc26a2 knock-in mouse (dtd mouse), that was previously validated as an animal model of DTD in humans. X-rays, bone densitometry, static and dynamic histomorphometry, and in vitro studies revealed a primary bone defect in the dtd mouse model. We showed in vivo that this primary bone defect in dtd mice is due to decreased bone accrual associated with a decreased trabecular and periosteal appositional rate at the cell level in one month-old mice. Although the osteoclast number evaluated by histomorphometry was not different in dtd compared to wild-type mice, urine analysis of deoxypyridinoline cross-links and serum levels of type I collagen C-terminal telopeptides showed a higher resorption rate in dtd mice compared to wild-type littermates. Electron microscopy studies showed that collagen fibrils in bone were thinner and less organized in dtd compared to wild-type mice. These data suggest that the low bone mass observed in mutant mice could possibly be linked to the different bone matrix compositions/organizations in dtd mice triggering changes in osteoblast and osteoclast activities. Overall, these results suggest that proteoglycan undersulfation not only affects the properties of hyaline cartilage, but can also lead to unbalanced bone modeling and remodeling activities, demonstrating the importance of proteoglycan sulfation in bone homeostasis.
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Key Words
- ber, bone elongation rate
- bfr, bone formation rate
- bmc, bone mineral content
- bmd, bone mineral density
- brdu, 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine
- ctx, c-terminal telopeptides of type i collagen
- dexa, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
- dls/bs, double labeled surface per bone surface
- dpd, deoxypyridinoline
- dtd, diastrophic dysplasia
- dtdst, diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter
- fcs, fetal calf serum
- mar, mineral apposition rate
- m-csf, macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- p, postnatal day
- pbs, phosphate buffer saline
- pth, parathyroid hormone
- rank-l, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-b ligand
- slc26a2, solute carrier family 26 member 2
- trap, tartrate resistant acid phosphatase
- diastrophic dysplasia
- proteoglycan
- bone histomorphometry
- animal models
- osteoclasts
- osteoblasts
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Gualeni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | - Fabio De Leonardis
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Franchi
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Monti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonella Forlino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pascal Houillier
- Department of Physiology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Corresponding author at: Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Sezione di Biochimica “Alessandro Castellani”, Via Taramelli, 3/B, I-27100 Pavia, Italy. Fax: + 39 0382 423108.
| | - Valerie Geoffroy
- INSERM U606, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
- University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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Xie X, Liao L, Gao J, Luo X. A novel COMP mutation in a Chinese patient with pseudoachondroplasia. Gene 2013; 522:102-6. [PMID: 23562786 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A 2.75-year-old Chinese boy presented with typical clinical features of pseudoachondroplasia, including disproportionate short-limb short stature, brachydactyly, genu varus and waddling gait. Radiologically, tubular bones were short with widened metaphyses, irregular and small epiphyses; anterior tonguing or beaking of vertebral bodies were characteristic. DNA sequencing analysis of the COMP gene revealed a heterozygous mutation (c.1511G>A, p.Cys504Tyr) in the patient but his parents were unaffected without this genetic change. The missense mutation (c.1511G>A) was not found in 100 healthy controls and has not been reported previously. Our findings expand the spectrum of known mutations in COMP leading to pseudoachondroplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Xie
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
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Brachvogel B, Zaucke F, Dave K, Norris EL, Stermann J, Dayakli M, Koch M, Gorman JJ, Bateman JF, Wilson R. Comparative proteomic analysis of normal and collagen IX null mouse cartilage reveals altered extracellular matrix composition and novel components of the collagen IX interactome. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:13481-92. [PMID: 23530037 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.444810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Collagen IX is an integral cartilage extracellular matrix component important in skeletal development and joint function. RESULTS Proteomic analysis and validation studies revealed novel alterations in collagen IX null cartilage. CONCLUSION Matrilin-4, collagen XII, thrombospondin-4, fibronectin, βig-h3, and epiphycan are components of the in vivo collagen IX interactome. SIGNIFICANCE We applied a proteomics approach to advance our understanding of collagen IX ablation in cartilage. The cartilage extracellular matrix is essential for endochondral bone development and joint function. In addition to the major aggrecan/collagen II framework, the interacting complex of collagen IX, matrilin-3, and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is essential for cartilage matrix stability, as mutations in Col9a1, Col9a2, Col9a3, Comp, and Matn3 genes cause multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, in which patients develop early onset osteoarthritis. In mice, collagen IX ablation results in severely disturbed growth plate organization, hypocellular regions, and abnormal chondrocyte shape. This abnormal differentiation is likely to involve altered cell-matrix interactions but the mechanism is not known. To investigate the molecular basis of the collagen IX null phenotype we analyzed global differences in protein abundance between wild-type and knock-out femoral head cartilage by capillary HPLC tandem mass spectrometry. We identified 297 proteins in 3-day cartilage and 397 proteins in 21-day cartilage. Components that were differentially abundant between wild-type and collagen IX-deficient cartilage included 15 extracellular matrix proteins. Collagen IX ablation was associated with dramatically reduced COMP and matrilin-3, consistent with known interactions. Matrilin-1, matrilin-4, epiphycan, and thrombospondin-4 levels were reduced in collagen IX null cartilage, providing the first in vivo evidence for these proteins belonging to the collagen IX interactome. Thrombospondin-4 expression was reduced at the mRNA level, whereas matrilin-4 was verified as a novel collagen IX-binding protein. Furthermore, changes in TGFβ-induced protein βig-h3 and fibronectin abundance were found in the collagen IX knock-out but not associated with COMP ablation, indicating specific involvement in the abnormal collagen IX null cartilage. In addition, the more widespread expression of collagen XII in the collagen IX-deficient cartilage suggests an attempted compensatory response to the absence of collagen IX. Our differential proteomic analysis of cartilage is a novel approach to identify candidate matrix protein interactions in vivo, underpinning further analysis of mutant cartilage lacking other matrix components or harboring disease-causing mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bent Brachvogel
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
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Byron A, Humphries JD, Humphries MJ. Defining the extracellular matrix using proteomics. Int J Exp Pathol 2013; 94:75-92. [PMID: 23419153 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell microenvironment has a profound influence on the behaviour, growth and survival of cells. The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides not only mechanical and structural support to cells and tissues but also binds soluble ligands and transmembrane receptors to provide spatial coordination of signalling processes. The ability of cells to sense the chemical, mechanical and topographical features of the ECM enables them to integrate complex, multiparametric information into a coherent response to the surrounding microenvironment. Consequently, dysregulation or mutation of ECM components results in a broad range of pathological conditions. Characterization of the composition of ECM derived from various cells has begun to reveal insights into ECM structure and function, and mechanisms of disease. Proteomic methodologies permit the global analysis of subcellular systems, but extracellular and transmembrane proteins present analytical difficulties to proteomic strategies owing to the particular biochemical properties of these molecules. Here, we review advances in proteomic approaches that have been applied to furthering our understanding of the ECM microenvironment. We survey recent studies that have addressed challenges in the analysis of ECM and discuss major outcomes in the context of health and disease. In addition, we summarize efforts to progress towards a systems-level understanding of ECM biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Byron
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Bell PA, Piróg KA, Fresquet M, Thornton DJ, Boot-Handford RP, Briggs MD. Loss of matrilin 1 does not exacerbate the skeletal phenotype in a mouse model of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia caused by a Matn3 V194D mutation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:1529-39. [PMID: 22083516 PMCID: PMC3374853 DOI: 10.1002/art.33486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective Mutations in matrilin 3 can result in multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED), a disease characterized by delayed and irregular bone growth and early-onset osteoarthritis. Although intracellular retention of the majority of mutant matrilin 3 was previously observed in a murine model of MED caused by a Matn3 V194D mutation, some mutant protein was secreted into the extracellular matrix. Thus, it was proposed that secretion of mutant matrilin 3 may be dependent on the formation of hetero-oligomers with matrilin 1. The aim of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that deletion of matrilin 1 would abolish the formation of matrilin 1/matrilin 3 hetero-oligomers, eliminate the secretion of mutant matrilin 3, and influence disease severity. Methods Mice with a Matn3 V194D mutation were crossed with Matn1-null mice, generating mice that were homozygous for V194D and null for matrilin 1. This novel mouse was used for in-depth phenotyping, while cartilage and chondrocytes were studied both histochemically and biochemically. Results Endochondral ossification was not disrupted any further in mice with a double V194D mutation compared with mice with a single mutation. A similar proportion of mutant matrilin 3 was present in the extracellular matrix, and the amount of retained mutant matrilin 3 was not noticeably increased. Retained mutant matrilin 3 formed disulfide-bonded aggregates and caused the co-retention of matrilin 1. Conclusion We showed that secretion of matrilin 3 V194D mutant protein is not dependent on hetero-oligomerization with matrilin 1, and that the total ablation of matrilin 1 expression has no impact on disease severity in mice with MED. Mutant matrilin 3 oligomers form non-native disulfide-bonded aggregates through the misfolded A domain.
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Agarwal P, Zwolanek D, Keene DR, Schulz JN, Blumbach K, Heinegård D, Zaucke F, Paulsson M, Krieg T, Koch M, Eckes B. Collagen XII and XIV, new partners of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein in the skin extracellular matrix suprastructure. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:22549-59. [PMID: 22573329 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.335935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The tensile and scaffolding properties of skin rely on the complex extracellular matrix (ECM) that surrounds cells, vasculature, nerves, and adnexus structures and supports the epidermis. In the skin, collagen I fibrils are the major structural component of the dermal ECM, decorated by proteoglycans and by fibril-associated collagens with interrupted triple helices such as collagens XII and XIV. Here we show that the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), an abundant component of cartilage ECM, is expressed in healthy human skin. COMP expression is detected in the dermal compartment of skin and in cultured fibroblasts, whereas epidermis and HaCaT cells are negative. In addition to binding collagen I, COMP binds to collagens XII and XIV via their C-terminal collagenous domains. All three proteins codistribute in a characteristic narrow zone in the superficial papillary dermis of healthy human skin. Ultrastructural analysis by immunogold labeling confirmed colocalization and further revealed the presence of COMP along with collagens XII and XIV in anchoring plaques. On the basis of these observations, we postulate that COMP functions as an adapter protein in human skin, similar to its function in cartilage ECM, by organizing collagen I fibrils into a suprastructure, mainly in the vicinity of anchoring plaques that stabilize the cohesion between the upper dermis and the basement membrane zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Agarwal
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne 50937, Germany
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Coustry F, Posey KL, Liu P, Alcorn JL, Hecht JT. D469del-COMP retention in chondrocytes stimulates caspase-independent necroptosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:738-48. [PMID: 22154936 PMCID: PMC3349870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein gene (COMP) cause pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH). This dysplasia results from the intracellular retention of mutant COMP protein and premature death of growth-plate chondrocytes. Toward better understanding of these underlying mechanisms, we examined D469del-COMP activation of the unfolded protein response and cell death pathways in rat chondrosarcoma cells. Using an inducible expression system, we examined the effects of D469del-COMP retention after 4 days of mRNA expression and then 5 days without inducing agent. Retention of D469del-COMP stimulated Chop (Ddit3) and Gadd34 (Ppp1r15a) and triggered reactivation of protein translation that exacerbated intracellular retention. High levels of Nox4 and endoplasmic reticulum receptor stress-inducible Ero1β generated reactive oxygen species, causing oxidative stress. Increased expression of Gadd genes and presence of γH2AX indicated that DNA damage was occurring. The presence of cleaved apoptosis inducing factor (tAIF) and the absence of activated caspases indicated that retention of D469del-COMP triggers cell death in chondrocytes by necroptosis, a caspase-independent programmed necrosis. Loss of growth-plate chondrocytes by necroptosis was also found in our pseudoachondroplasia mouse model. These results suggest a model in which D469del-COMP expression induces persistent endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and DNA damage, thus priming chondrocytes for necroptosis. We define for the first time the precise mechanisms underlying D469del-COMP pathology in pseudoachondroplasia and suggest that oxidative stress and AIF may be promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Coustry
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Karen L. Posey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Peiman Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Joseph L. Alcorn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Jacqueline T. Hecht
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Houston, Texas
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Jackson GC, Mittaz-Crettol L, Taylor JA, Mortier GR, Spranger J, Zabel B, Le Merrer M, Cormier-Daire V, Hall CM, Offiah A, Wright MJ, Savarirayan R, Nishimura G, Ramsden SC, Elles R, Bonafe L, Superti-Furga A, Unger S, Zankl A, Briggs MD. Pseudoachondroplasia and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia: a 7-year comprehensive analysis of the known disease genes identify novel and recurrent mutations and provides an accurate assessment of their relative contribution. Hum Mutat 2012; 33:144-57. [PMID: 21922596 PMCID: PMC3272220 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH) and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) are relatively common skeletal dysplasias resulting in short-limbed dwarfism, joint pain, and stiffness. PSACH and the largest proportion of autosomal dominant MED (AD-MED) results from mutations in cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP); however, AD-MED is genetically heterogenous and can also result from mutations in matrilin-3 (MATN3) and type IX collagen (COL9A1, COL9A2, and COL9A3). In contrast, autosomal recessive MED (rMED) appears to result exclusively from mutations in sulphate transporter solute carrier family 26 (SLC26A2). The diagnosis of PSACH and MED can be difficult for the nonexpert due to various complications and similarities with other related diseases and often mutation analysis is requested to either confirm or exclude the diagnosis. Since 2003, the European Skeletal Dysplasia Network (ESDN) has used an on-line review system to efficiently diagnose cases referred to the network prior to mutation analysis. In this study, we present the molecular findings in 130 patients referred to ESDN, which includes the identification of novel and recurrent mutations in over 100 patients. Furthermore, this study provides the first indication of the relative contribution of each gene and confirms that they account for the majority of PSACH and MED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail C Jackson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, University of ManchesterManchester, United Kingdom
- National Genetics Reference LaboratoryManchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jacqueline A Taylor
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, University of ManchesterManchester, United Kingdom
| | - Geert R Mortier
- Department of Medical Genetics, Antwerp University HospitalAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Juergen Spranger
- Institute for Human Genetics and Center for Paediatrics and Adolescent MedicineFreiburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Zabel
- Institute for Human Genetics and Center for Paediatrics and Adolescent MedicineFreiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Amaka Offiah
- Sheffield Children's HospitalSheffield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ravi Savarirayan
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Genetic Health Services Victoria and Department of Paediatrics, University of MelbourneMelbourne, Australia
| | - Gen Nishimura
- Department of Paediatric Imaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical CentreJapan
| | - Simon C Ramsden
- National Genetics Reference LaboratoryManchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Elles
- National Genetics Reference LaboratoryManchester, United Kingdom
| | - Luisa Bonafe
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire VaudoisLausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Sheila Unger
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire VaudoisLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Zankl
- Bone Dysplasia Research Group, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of QueenslandBrisbane, Australia
| | - Michael D Briggs
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, University of ManchesterManchester, United Kingdom
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Plumb DA, Ferrara L, Torbica T, Knowles L, Mironov A, Kadler KE, Briggs MD, Boot-Handford RP. Collagen XXVII organises the pericellular matrix in the growth plate. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29422. [PMID: 22206015 PMCID: PMC3242791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to characterise the function of the novel fibrillar type XXVII collagen, a series of mice expressing mutant forms of the collagen were investigated. Mice harboring a glycine to cysteine substitution in the collagenous domain were phenotypically normal when heterozygote and displayed a mild disruption of growth plate architecture in the homozygous state. Mice expressing an 87 amino acid deletion in the collagenous domain of collagen XXVII were phenotypically normal as heterozygotes whereas homozygotes exhibited a severe chondrodysplasia and died perinatally from a lung defect. Animals expressing the 87 amino acid deletion targeted specifically to cartilage were viable but severely dwarfed. The pericellular matrix of proliferative chondrocytes was disrupted and the proliferative cells exhibited a decreased tendency to flatten and form vertical columns. Collagen XXVII plays an important structural role in the pericellular extracellular matrix of the growth plate and is required for the organisation of the proliferative zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren A. Plumb
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Laila Ferrara
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Tanja Torbica
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lynnette Knowles
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksandr Mironov
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Karl E. Kadler
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D. Briggs
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond P. Boot-Handford
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Chop (Ddit3) is essential for D469del-COMP retention and cell death in chondrocytes in an inducible transgenic mouse model of pseudoachondroplasia. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 180:727-37. [PMID: 22154935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), a secreted glycoprotein synthesized by chondrocytes, regulates proliferation and type II collagen assembly. Mutations in the COMP gene cause pseudoachondroplasia and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia. Previously, we have shown that expression of D469del-COMP in transgenic mice causes intracellular retention of D469del-COMP, thereby recapitulating pseudoachondroplasia chondrocyte pathology. This inducible transgenic D469del-COMP mouse is the only in vivo model to replicate the critical cellular and clinical features of pseudoachondroplasia. Here, we report developmental studies of D469del-COMP-induced chondrocyte pathology from the prenatal period to adolescence. D469del-COMP retention was limited prenatally and did not negatively affect the growth plate until 3 weeks after birth. Results of immunostaining, transcriptome analysis, and qRT-PCR suggest a molecular model in which D469del-COMP triggers apoptosis during the first postnatal week. By 3 weeks (when most chondrocytes are retaining D469del-COMP), inflammation, oxidative stress, and DNA damage contribute to chondrocyte cell death by necroptosis. Importantly, by crossing the D469del-COMP mouse onto a Chop null background (Ddit3 null), thereby eliminating Chop, the unfolded protein response was disrupted, thus alleviating both D469del-COMP intracellular retention and premature chondrocyte cell death. Chop therefore plays a significant role in processes that mediate D469del-COMP retention. Taken together, these results suggest that there may be an optimal window before the induction of significant D469del-COMP retention during which endoplasmic reticulum stress could be targeted.
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Dai L, Xie L, Wang Y, Mao M, Li N, Zhu J, Kim C, Zhang Y. A novel COMPmutation in a pseudoachondroplasia family of Chinese origin. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2011; 12:72. [PMID: 21599986 PMCID: PMC3119180 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-12-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH) is caused exclusively by mutations in the gene for cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP). Only a small number of studies have documented the clinical phenotype and genetic basis in Chinese PSACH patients. Case presentation We investigated a four-generation PSACH pedigree of Chinese Han origin. Two patients and two unaffected individuals were recruited for clinical evaluation and molecular genetic analysis. The genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was adopted to amplify the 8-19 exons of COMP gene. Then the products were sequenced bi-directionally for screening mutation. Clinical evaluation revealed that PSACH patients in this pedigree had a severe disproportionate short stature (-10SD). A heterozygous TGTCCCTGG insertion in exon 13, between nucleotide 1352T and 1353G, were identified in the patients except the unaffected individuals, which resulted in a three-amino-acid insertion (451V_452P ins VPG) in the sixth calmodulin-like repeat of the COMP protein. Conclusion This c. 1352_1353ins TGTCCCTGG is a novel mutation responsible for severe familial PSACH.
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Suleman F, Gualeni B, Gregson HJ, Leighton MP, Piróg KA, Edwards S, Holden P, Boot-Handford RP, Briggs MD. A novel form of chondrocyte stress is triggered by a COMP mutation causing pseudoachondroplasia. Hum Mutat 2011; 33:218-31. [PMID: 22006726 PMCID: PMC3320758 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH) results from mutations in cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) and the p.D469del mutation within the type III repeats of COMP accounts for approximately 30% of PSACH. To determine disease mechanisms of PSACH in vivo, we introduced the Comp D469del mutation into the mouse genome. Mutant animals were normal at birth but grew slower than their wild-type littermates and developed short-limb dwarfism. In the growth plates of mutant mice chondrocyte columns were reduced in number and poorly organized, while mutant COMP was retained within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of cells. Chondrocyte proliferation was reduced and apoptosis was both increased and spatially dysregulated. Previous studies on COMP mutations have shown mutant COMP is co-localized with chaperone proteins, and we have reported an unfolded protein response (UPR) in mouse models of PSACH-MED (multiple epiphyseal dysplasia) harboring mutations in Comp (T585M) and Matn3, Comp etc (V194D). However, we found no evidence of UPR in this mouse model of PSACH. In contrast, microarray analysis identified expression changes in groups of genes implicated in oxidative stress, cell cycle regulation, and apoptosis, which is consistent with the chondrocyte pathology. Overall, these data suggest that a novel form of chondrocyte stress triggered by the expression of mutant COMP is central to the pathogenesis of PSACH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Suleman
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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