1
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Thapaliya I, Yadav J. Hypocalcaemic tetany linked to vitamin D deficiency and hypomagnesemia in primary intestinal lymphangiectasia: a literature review. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:2049-2057. [PMID: 38576918 PMCID: PMC10990415 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary intestinal lymphangiectasia (PIL) is a rare disorder in children causing protein-losing enteropathy. Vitamin D deficiency and hypomagnesemia contributed to the tetany. The literature review reflects the importance of screening for these deficiencies and regular serum magnesium monitoring in PIL cases with neuromuscular or ionic abnormalities.
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2
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Moleri S, Mercurio S, Pezzotta A, D’Angelo D, Brix A, Plebani A, Lini G, Di Fuorti M, Beltrame M. Lymphatic Defects in Zebrafish sox18 Mutants Are Exacerbated by Perturbed VEGFC Signaling, While Masked by Elevated sox7 Expression. Cells 2023; 12:2309. [PMID: 37759531 PMCID: PMC10527217 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the transcription factor-coding gene SOX18, the growth factor-coding gene VEGFC and its receptor-coding gene VEGFR3/FLT4 cause primary lymphedema in humans. In mammals, SOX18, together with COUP-TFII/NR2F2, activates the expression of Prox1, a master regulator in lymphatic identity and development. Knockdown studies have also suggested an involvement of Sox18, Coup-tfII/Nr2f2, and Prox1 in zebrafish lymphatic development. Mutants in the corresponding genes initially failed to recapitulate the lymphatic defects observed in morphants. In this paper, we describe a novel zebrafish sox18 mutant allele, sa12315, which behaves as a null. The formation of the lymphatic thoracic duct is affected in sox18 homozygous mutants, but defects are milder in both zygotic and maternal-zygotic sox18 mutants than in sox18 morphants. Remarkably, in sox18 mutants, the expression of the closely related sox7 gene is elevated where lymphatic precursors arise. Sox7 could thus mask the absence of a functional Sox18 protein and account for the mild lymphatic phenotype in sox18 mutants, as shown in mice. Partial knockdown of vegfc exacerbates lymphatic defects in sox18 mutants, making them visible in heterozygotes. Our data thus reinforce the genetic interaction between Sox18 and Vegfc in lymphatic development, previously suggested by knockdown studies, and highlight the ability of Sox7 to compensate for Sox18 lymphatic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Moleri
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Mercurio
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Alex Pezzotta
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella D’Angelo
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Brix
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Plebani
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Lini
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marialaura Di Fuorti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Beltrame
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
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3
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Underwood A, Rasicci DT, Hinds D, Mitchell JT, Zieba JK, Mills J, Arnold NE, Cook TW, Moustaqil M, Gambin Y, Sierecki E, Fontaine F, Vanderweele S, Das AS, Cvammen W, Sirpilla O, Soehnlen X, Bricker K, Alokaili M, Green M, Heeringa S, Wilstermann AM, Freeland TM, Qutob D, Milsted A, Jauch R, Triche TJ, Krawczyk CM, Bupp CP, Rajasekaran S, Francois M, Prokop JW. Evolutionary Landscape of SOX Genes to Inform Genotype-to-Phenotype Relationships. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:222. [PMID: 36672963 PMCID: PMC9859272 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The SOX transcription factor family is pivotal in controlling aspects of development. To identify genotype-phenotype relationships of SOX proteins, we performed a non-biased study of SOX using 1890 open-reading frame and 6667 amino acid sequences in combination with structural dynamics to interpret 3999 gnomAD, 485 ClinVar, 1174 Geno2MP, and 4313 COSMIC human variants. We identified, within the HMG (High Mobility Group)- box, twenty-seven amino acids with changes in multiple SOX proteins annotated to clinical pathologies. These sites were screened through Geno2MP medical phenotypes, revealing novel SOX15 R104G associated with musculature abnormality and SOX8 R159G with intellectual disability. Within gnomAD, SOX18 E137K (rs201931544), found within the HMG box of ~0.8% of Latinx individuals, is associated with seizures and neurological complications, potentially through blood-brain barrier alterations. A total of 56 highly conserved variants were found at sites outside the HMG-box, including several within the SOX2 HMG-box-flanking region with neurological associations, several in the SOX9 dimerization region associated with Campomelic Dysplasia, SOX14 K88R (rs199932938) flanking the HMG box associated with cardiovascular complications within European populations, and SOX7 A379V (rs143587868) within an SOXF conserved far C-terminal domain heterozygous in 0.716% of African individuals with associated eye phenotypes. This SOX data compilation builds a robust genotype-to-phenotype association for a gene family through more robust ortholog data integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Underwood
- Division of Mathematics and Science, Walsh University, North Canton, OH 44720, USA
| | - Daniel T Rasicci
- Division of Mathematics and Science, Walsh University, North Canton, OH 44720, USA
| | - David Hinds
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Jackson T Mitchell
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Jacob K Zieba
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Joshua Mills
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Nicholas E Arnold
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Taylor W Cook
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Mehdi Moustaqil
- Single Molecule Science, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Yann Gambin
- Single Molecule Science, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Emma Sierecki
- Single Molecule Science, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Frank Fontaine
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Sophie Vanderweele
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Akansha S Das
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - William Cvammen
- Division of Mathematics and Science, Walsh University, North Canton, OH 44720, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Olivia Sirpilla
- Division of Mathematics and Science, Walsh University, North Canton, OH 44720, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Xavier Soehnlen
- Division of Mathematics and Science, Walsh University, North Canton, OH 44720, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Kristen Bricker
- Division of Mathematics and Science, Walsh University, North Canton, OH 44720, USA
| | - Maram Alokaili
- Division of Mathematics and Science, Walsh University, North Canton, OH 44720, USA
| | - Morgan Green
- Department of Chemistry, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA
| | - Sadie Heeringa
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA
| | - Amy M Wilstermann
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA
| | - Thomas M. Freeland
- Division of Mathematics and Science, Walsh University, North Canton, OH 44720, USA
| | - Dinah Qutob
- Division of Mathematics and Science, Walsh University, North Canton, OH 44720, USA
| | - Amy Milsted
- Division of Mathematics and Science, Walsh University, North Canton, OH 44720, USA
| | - Ralf Jauch
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 518057, China
| | - Timothy J Triche
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Connie M Krawczyk
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Caleb P Bupp
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
- Division of Medical Genetics, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Surender Rajasekaran
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
- Office of Research, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Mathias Francois
- The Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jeremy W. Prokop
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
- Office of Research, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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4
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McCann AJ, Lou J, Moustaqil M, Graus MS, Blum A, Fontaine F, Liu H, Luu W, Rudolffi-Soto P, Koopman P, Sierecki E, Gambin Y, Meunier FA, Liu Z, Hinde E, Francois M. A dominant-negative SOX18 mutant disrupts multiple regulatory layers essential to transcription factor activity. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:10931-10955. [PMID: 34570228 PMCID: PMC8565327 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Few genetically dominant mutations involved in human disease have been fully explained at the molecular level. In cases where the mutant gene encodes a transcription factor, the dominant-negative mode of action of the mutant protein is particularly poorly understood. Here, we studied the genome-wide mechanism underlying a dominant-negative form of the SOX18 transcription factor (SOX18RaOp) responsible for both the classical mouse mutant Ragged Opossum and the human genetic disorder Hypotrichosis-lymphedema-telangiectasia-renal defect syndrome. Combining three single-molecule imaging assays in living cells together with genomics and proteomics analysis, we found that SOX18RaOp disrupts the system through an accumulation of molecular interferences which impair several functional properties of the wild-type SOX18 protein, including its target gene selection process. The dominant-negative effect is further amplified by poisoning the interactome of its wild-type counterpart, which perturbs regulatory nodes such as SOX7 and MEF2C. Our findings explain in unprecedented detail the multi-layered process that underpins the molecular aetiology of dominant-negative transcription factor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J McCann
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jieqiong Lou
- School of Physics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Mehdi Moustaqil
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science and School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 1466, Australia
| | - Matthew S Graus
- The David Richmond Laboratory for Cardio-Vascular Development: gene regulation and editing, The Centenary Institute, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ailisa Blum
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Frank Fontaine
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Hui Liu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, United States
| | - Winnie Luu
- The David Richmond Laboratory for Cardio-Vascular Development: gene regulation and editing, The Centenary Institute, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Paulina Rudolffi-Soto
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science and School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 1466, Australia
| | - Peter Koopman
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Emma Sierecki
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science and School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 1466, Australia
| | - Yann Gambin
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science and School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 1466, Australia
| | - Frédéric A Meunier
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Zhe Liu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, United States
| | - Elizabeth Hinde
- School of Physics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Mathias Francois
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.,The David Richmond Laboratory for Cardio-Vascular Development: gene regulation and editing, The Centenary Institute, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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5
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Martin-Almedina S, Mortimer PS, Ostergaard P. Development and physiological functions of the lymphatic system: insights from human genetic studies of primary lymphedema. Physiol Rev 2021; 101:1809-1871. [PMID: 33507128 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00006.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary lymphedema is a long-term (chronic) condition characterized by tissue lymph retention and swelling that can affect any part of the body, although it usually develops in the arms or legs. Due to the relevant contribution of the lymphatic system to human physiology, while this review mainly focuses on the clinical and physiological aspects related to the regulation of fluid homeostasis and edema, clinicians need to know that the impact of lymphatic dysfunction with a genetic origin can be wide ranging. Lymphatic dysfunction can affect immune function so leading to infection; it can influence cancer development and spread, and it can determine fat transport so impacting on nutrition and obesity. Genetic studies and the development of imaging techniques for the assessment of lymphatic function have enabled the recognition of primary lymphedema as a heterogenic condition in terms of genetic causes and disease mechanisms. In this review, the known biological functions of several genes crucial to the development and function of the lymphatic system are used as a basis for understanding normal lymphatic biology. The disease conditions originating from mutations in these genes are discussed together with a detailed clinical description of the phenotype and the up-to-date knowledge in terms of disease mechanisms acquired from in vitro and in vivo research models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Martin-Almedina
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter S Mortimer
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Dermatology and Lymphovascular Medicine, St. George's Universities NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pia Ostergaard
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
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6
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Coulie R, Niyazov DM, Gambello MJ, Fastré E, Brouillard P, Vikkula M. Hypotrichosis-lymphedema-telangiectasia syndrome: Report of ileal atresia associated with a SOX18 de novo pathogenic variant and review of the phenotypic spectrum. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:2153-2159. [PMID: 33851505 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypotrichosis-lymphedema-telangiectasia syndrome (HLTS) is a rare condition caused by pathogenic variants in the SOX18 gene. SOX18 plays a key role in angio- and lymphangiogenesis due to its expression in venous endothelial cells from which the lymphatic system develops. It is also expressed in embryonic hair follicles, heart, and vascular smooth muscle cells. The main clinical symptoms of HLTS include sparse hair, alopecia totalis, lymphedema, most often affecting lower limbs, and telangiectatic lesions. Only 10 patients with a SOX18 pathogenic variant have been described that presented with additional features such as hydrocele, renal failure, arterial or pulmonary hypertension, aortic dilatation, and facial dysmorphism. Here, we summarize these phenotypic variations and report an additional HLTS patient, with a 14-nucleotide de novo duplication in SOX18 and congenital ileal atresia, a feature not previously associated with HLTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Coulie
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dmitriy M Niyazov
- Section of Medical Genetics, Ochsner Health System and University of Queensland, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Michael J Gambello
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Elodie Fastré
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pascal Brouillard
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Miikka Vikkula
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Walloon Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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7
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González-Hernández S, Gómez MJ, Sánchez-Cabo F, Méndez-Ferrer S, Muñoz-Cánoves P, Isern J. Sox17 Controls Emergence and Remodeling of Nestin-Expressing Coronary Vessels. Circ Res 2020; 127:e252-e270. [PMID: 32921258 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.317121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of coronary arteries during development and during cardiac neovascularization after injury are poorly understood. However, a detailed description of the relevant signaling pathways and functional TFs (transcription factors) regulating these processes is still incomplete. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study is to identify novel cardiac transcriptional mechanisms of coronary angiogenesis and vessel remodeling by defining the molecular signatures of coronary vascular endothelial cells during these complex processes. METHODS AND RESULTS We demonstrate that Nes-gfp and Nes-CreERT2 transgenic mouse lines are novel tools for studying the emergence of coronary endothelium and targeting sprouting coronary vessels (but not ventricular endocardium) during development. Furthermore, we identify Sox17 as a critical TF upregulated during the sprouting and remodeling of coronary vessels, visualized by a specific neural enhancer from the Nestin gene that is strongly induced in developing arterioles. Functionally, genetic-inducible endothelial deletion of Sox17 causes deficient cardiac remodeling of coronary vessels, resulting in improper coronary artery formation. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that Sox17 TF regulates the transcriptional activation of Nestin's enhancer in developing coronary vessels while its genetic deletion leads to inadequate coronary artery formation. These findings identify Sox17 as a critical regulator for the remodeling of coronary vessels in the developing heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara González-Hernández
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (S.G.-H., M.J.G., F.S.-C., P.M.-C., J.I.)
| | - Manuel J Gómez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (S.G.-H., M.J.G., F.S.-C., P.M.-C., J.I.)
- Bioinformatics Unit, CNIC, Madrid, Spain (M.J.G., F.S.-C.)
| | - Fátima Sánchez-Cabo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (S.G.-H., M.J.G., F.S.-C., P.M.-C., J.I.)
- Bioinformatics Unit, CNIC, Madrid, Spain (M.J.G., F.S.-C.)
| | - Simón Méndez-Ferrer
- WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and NHS-Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.M.-F.)
| | - Pura Muñoz-Cánoves
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (S.G.-H., M.J.G., F.S.-C., P.M.-C., J.I.)
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain (P.M.-C., J.I.)
| | - Joan Isern
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (S.G.-H., M.J.G., F.S.-C., P.M.-C., J.I.)
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain (P.M.-C., J.I.)
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8
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Ashrafizadeh M, Taeb S, Hushmandi K, Orouei S, Shahinozzaman M, Zabolian A, Moghadam ER, Raei M, Zarrabi A, Khan H, Najafi M. Cancer and SOX proteins: New insight into their role in ovarian cancer progression/inhibition. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105159. [PMID: 32818654 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors are potential targets in disease therapy, particularly in cancer. This is due to the fact that transcription factors regulate a variety of cellular events, and their modulation has opened a new window in cancer therapy. Sex-determining region Y (SRY)-related high-mobility group (HMG) box (SOX) proteins are potential transcription factors that are involved in developmental processes such as embryogenesis. It has been reported that abnormal expression of SOX proteins is associated with development of different cancers, particularly ovarian cancer (OC). In the present review, our aim is to provide a mechanistic review of involvement of SOX members in OC. SOX members may suppress and/or promote aggressiveness and proliferation of OC cells. Clinical studies have also confirmed the potential of transcription factors as diagnostic and prognostic factors in OC. Notably, studies have demonstrated the relationship between SOX members and other molecular pathways such as ST6Ga1-I, PI3K, ERK and so on, leading to more complexity. Furthermore, SOX members can be affected by upstream mediators such as microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and so on. It is worth mentioning that the expression of each member of SOX proteins is corelated with different stages of OC. Furthermore, their expression determines the response of OC cells to chemotherapy. These topics are discussed in this review to shed some light on role of SOX transcription factors in OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shahram Taeb
- Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Research Center (INIRPRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology & Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Orouei
- MSc. Student, Department of Genetics, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Md Shahinozzaman
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Amirhossein Zabolian
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Rahmani Moghadam
- Department of Anatomical sciences, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Raei
- Health Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey; Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces (EFSUN), Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey.
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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9
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Ectopic expression of SOX18 in Basal cell carcinoma negatively regulates tumour progression. J Dermatol Sci 2020; 98:179-185. [PMID: 32444239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Basal Cell Carcinoma is the most common tumour and yet much remains to be determined regarding the molecular mechanisms that leads to its development. Hedgehog signal activation is sufficient for BCC induction, but the molecular mediators of BCC growth are not well understood. SoxF transcription factor Sox18 has been identified in human BCC, but its role in growth of the tumour is as yet unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine if Sox18 is involved in the regulation of Basal Cell Carcinoma growth. METHODS We analysed the function of Sox18 by combining a dominant negative Sox18 mouse model, Sox18+/OP with murine BCC RESULTS: We determine that Sox18 is ectopically expressed in the epidermal cells of a murine model of Basal Cell Carcinoma. We then show that dominant negative mutation of Sox18 increases the severity of murine Basal Cell Carcinoma. Finally, decreased Hey1 in Sox18+/OP BCC suggests Sox18 may negatively regulate BCC progression via Notch signaling. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that Sox18 is a hedgehog regulated mediator of tumour suppression within Basal Cell Carcinoma epidermis.
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10
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Overman J, Fontaine F, Wylie-Sears J, Moustaqil M, Huang L, Meurer M, Chiang IK, Lesieur E, Patel J, Zuegg J, Pasquier E, Sierecki E, Gambin Y, Hamdan M, Khosrotehrani K, Andelfinger G, Bischoff J, Francois M. R-propranolol is a small molecule inhibitor of the SOX18 transcription factor in a rare vascular syndrome and hemangioma. eLife 2019; 8:43026. [PMID: 31358114 PMCID: PMC6667216 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Propranolol is an approved non-selective β-adrenergic blocker that is first line therapy for infantile hemangioma. Despite the clinical benefit of propranolol therapy in hemangioma, the mechanistic understanding of what drives this outcome is limited. Here, we report successful treatment of pericardial edema with propranolol in a patient with Hypotrichosis-Lymphedema-Telangiectasia and Renal (HLTRS) syndrome, caused by a mutation in SOX18. Using a mouse pre-clinical model of HLTRS, we show that propranolol treatment rescues its corneal neo-vascularisation phenotype. Dissection of the molecular mechanism identified the R(+)-propranolol enantiomer as a small molecule inhibitor of the SOX18 transcription factor, independent of any anti-adrenergic effect. Lastly, in a patient-derived in vitro model of infantile hemangioma and pre-clinical model of HLTRS we demonstrate the therapeutic potential of the R(+) enantiomer. Our work emphasizes the importance of SOX18 etiological role in vascular neoplasms, and suggests R(+)-propranolol repurposing to numerous indications ranging from vascular diseases to metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Overman
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Frank Fontaine
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jill Wylie-Sears
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Mehdi Moustaqil
- Single Molecule Science, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lan Huang
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Marie Meurer
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM Marseille Cancer Research Centre), Inserm UMR1068, CNRS UMR7258, Aix-Marseille University UM105, Marseille, France
| | - Ivy Kim Chiang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Emmanuelle Lesieur
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jatin Patel
- Translational Research Institute, Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Johannes Zuegg
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Eddy Pasquier
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM Marseille Cancer Research Centre), Inserm UMR1068, CNRS UMR7258, Aix-Marseille University UM105, Marseille, France
| | - Emma Sierecki
- Single Molecule Science, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yann Gambin
- Single Molecule Science, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Kiarash Khosrotehrani
- Translational Research Institute, Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gregor Andelfinger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Ste-Justine University Hospital Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Joyce Bischoff
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Mathias Francois
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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11
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Wangberg H, Wigby K, Jones MC. A novel autosomal dominant mutation in
SOX18
resulting in a fatal case of hypotrichosis–lymphedema–telangiectasia syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:2824-2828. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.40532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Wangberg
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California, San Diego and Rady Children's Hospital San Diego California
| | - Kristen Wigby
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California, San Diego and Rady Children's Hospital San Diego California
| | - Marilyn C. Jones
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California, San Diego and Rady Children's Hospital San Diego California
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12
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Valenzuela I, Fernández-Alvarez P, Plaja A, Ariceta G, Sabaté-Rotés A, García-Arumí E, Vendrell T, Tizzano E. Further delineation of the SOX18 -related Hypotrichosis, Lymphedema, Telangiectasia syndrome (HTLS). Eur J Med Genet 2018; 61:269-272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Wang Y, Guo H, Zhang D, Yu X, Leng X, Li S, Zhu W. Overexpression of SOX18 correlates with accelerated cell growth and poor prognosis in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 479:510-516. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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Olbromski M, Grzegrzolka J, Jankowska-Konsur A, Witkiewicz W, Podhorska-Okolow M, Dziegiel P. MicroRNAs modulate the expression of the SOX18 transcript in lung squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:2884-2892. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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15
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Suppression of SOX18 by siRNA inhibits cell growth and invasion of breast cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:3721-7. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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16
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Yoshimatsu Y, Miyazaki H, Watabe T. Roles of signaling and transcriptional networks in pathological lymphangiogenesis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 99:161-171. [PMID: 26850127 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis, the generation of new lymphatic vessels, plays important roles in cancer metastasis. Outstanding progress during the past decade has dramatically increased the novel knowledge and insights of the mechanisms underlying the generation of new lymphatic vessels, the roles of transcription factors and lymphangiogenic growth factors during physiological development and pathological processes such as cancer and inflammation. Furthermore, an understanding of the molecular consequences during tumor lymphangiogenesis has provided chances to develop better diagnostic and therapeutic approaches that aim to limit the progression of cancer. In this article, we will explain the current knowledge of how lymphatic function is altered in various pathological conditions including cancer progression.
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17
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Wünnemann F, Kokta V, Leclerc S, Thibeault M, McCuaig C, Hatami A, Stheneur C, Grenier JC, Awadalla P, Mitchell GA, Andelfinger G, Preuss C. Aortic Dilatation Associated With a De Novo Mutation in the SOX18 Gene: Expanding the Clinical Spectrum of Hypotrichosis-Lymphedema-Telangiectasia Syndrome. Can J Cardiol 2016; 32:135.e1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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18
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Zhou Y, Williams J, Smallwood PM, Nathans J. Sox7, Sox17, and Sox18 Cooperatively Regulate Vascular Development in the Mouse Retina. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143650. [PMID: 26630461 PMCID: PMC4667919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular development and maintenance are controlled by a complex transcriptional program, which integrates both extracellular and intracellular signals in endothelial cells. Here we study the roles of three closely related SoxF family transcription factors–Sox7, Sox17, and Sox18 –in the developing and mature mouse vasculature using targeted gene deletion on a mixed C57/129/CD1 genetic background. In the retinal vasculature, each SoxF gene exhibits a distinctive pattern of expression in different classes of blood vessels. On a mixed genetic background, vascular endothelial-specific deletion of individual SoxF genes has little or no effect on vascular architecture or differentiation, a result that can be explained by overlapping function and by reciprocal regulation of gene expression between Sox7 and Sox17. By contrast, combined deletion of Sox7, Sox17, and Sox18 at the onset of retinal angiogenesis leads to a dense capillary plexus with a nearly complete loss of radial arteries and veins, whereas the presence of a single Sox17 allele largely restores arterial identity, as determined by vascular smooth muscle cell coverage. In the developing retina, expression of all three SoxF genes is reduced in the absence of Norrin/Frizzled4-mediated canonical Wnt signaling, but SoxF gene expression is unaffected by reduced VEGF signaling in response to deletion of Neuropilin1 (Npn1). In adulthood, Sox7, Sox17, and Sox18 act in a largely redundant manner to maintain blood vessel function, as adult onset vascular endothelial-specific deletion of all three SoxF genes leads to massive edema despite nearly normal vascular architecture. These data reveal critical and partially redundant roles for Sox7, Sox17 and Sox18 in vascular growth, differentiation, and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulian Zhou
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, United States of America
| | - John Williams
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, United States of America
| | - Philip M. Smallwood
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Nathans
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Yu M, He P, Liu Y, He Y, Du Y, Wu M, Zhang G, Yang C, Gao F. Hyaluroan-regulated lymphatic permeability through S1P receptors is crucial for cancer metastasis. Med Oncol 2014; 32:381. [PMID: 25428387 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0381-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of cancer lymphatic vessel barrier function occurs has been reported to involve in cancer lymphatic metastasis. Hyaluronan (HA), a major glycosaminoglycan component of the extracellular matrix, is associated with cancer metastasis. We investigated the effect of high/low molecular weight hyaluronan (HMW-HA/LMW-HA) on regulation of barrier function and tight junctions in cancer lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) monolayer. Results showed that LMW-HA increased the permeability of cancer LEC monolayers and induced disruption of Zonula Occludens-1 (ZO-1)-mediated intercellular tight junction and actin stress fiber formation. HMW-HA treatment decreased permeability in cancer LEC monolayers and cortical actin ring formation. As reported, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptors are involved in vascular integrity. After silencing of lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor (LYVE-1), upregulation of S1P receptors (S1P1 and S1P3) induced by HMW-HA/LMW-HA were inhibited, respectively. With S1P3 silenced, the disruption of ZO-1 as well as stress fiber formation and the ROCK1/RhoA signaling pathway induced by LMW-HA was not observed in cancer LEC. These results suggested that S1P receptors may play an important role in HMW-HA-/LMW-HA-mediated regulation of cancer lymphatic vessel integrity, which might be the initial step of cancer lymphatic metastasis and a useful intervention of cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengsi Yu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
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20
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JETHON ALEKSANDRA, PULA BARTOSZ, OLBROMSKI MATEUSZ, WERYNSKA BOZENA, MUSZCZYNSKA-BERNHARD BEATA, WITKIEWICZ WOJCIECH, DZIEGIEL PIOTR, PODHORSKA-OKOLOW MARZENA. Prognostic significance of SOX18 expression in non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Oncol 2014; 46:123-32. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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21
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Fontijn RD, Favre J, Naaijkens BA, Meinster E, Paauw NJ, Ragghoe SL, Nauta TD, van den Broek MA, Weijers EM, Niessen HW, Koolwijk P, Horrevoets AJ. Adipose tissue-derived stromal cells acquire endothelial-like features upon reprogramming with SOX18. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:367-78. [PMID: 25290189 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ASC) form a rich source of autologous cells for use in regenerative medicine. In vitro induction of an endothelial phenotype may improve performance of ASCs in cardiovascular repair. Here, we report on an in vitro strategy using direct reprogramming of ASCs by means of ectopic expression of the endothelial-specific transcription factor SRY (sex determining region Y)-box18 (SOX18). SOX18 induces ASCs to express a set of genes involved in vascular patterning: MMP7, KDR, EFNB2, SEMA3G and CXCR4. Accordingly, SOX18 transduced ASCs reorganize under conditions of shear stress, display VEGF-induced chemotaxis and form tubular structures in 3D matrices in an MMP7-dependent manner. These in vitro findings provide insight into molecular and cellular processes downstream of SOX18 and show that reprogramming using SOX18 is sufficient to induce several endothelial-like features in ASCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Fontijn
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - J Favre
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - B A Naaijkens
- Department of Pathology and Cardiac Surgery, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - E Meinster
- Department of Pathology and Cardiac Surgery, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - N J Paauw
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - S L Ragghoe
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T D Nauta
- Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - M A van den Broek
- Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - E M Weijers
- Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - H W Niessen
- Department of Pathology and Cardiac Surgery, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - P Koolwijk
- Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - A J Horrevoets
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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22
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Starr LJ, Truemper EJ, Pickering DL, Sanger WG, Olney AH. Duplication of 20qter and deletion of 20pter due to paternal pericentric inversion: patient report and review of 20qter duplications. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:2020-4. [PMID: 24954807 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Duplications of the terminal long arm of chromosome 20 are rare chromosomal anomalies. We report a male infant found on array comparative genomic hybridization analysis to have a 19.5 Mb duplication of chromosome 20q13.12-13.33, as well as an 886 kb deletion of 20p13 at 18,580-904,299 bp. This anomaly occurred as the recombinant product of a paternal pericentric inversion. There have been 23 reported clinical cases involving 20qter duplications; however, to our knowledge this is only the second reported patient with a paternal pericentric inversion resulting in 46,XY,rec(20)dup(20q). This patient shares many characteristics with previously described patients with 20qter duplications, including microphthalmia, anteverted nares, long ears, cleft palate, small chin, dimpled chin, cardiac malformations, and normal intrauterine growth. While there is variable morbidity in patients with terminal duplications of 20q, a review of previously reported patients and comparison to our patient's findings shows significant phenotypic similarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois J Starr
- University of Nebraska Medical Center and the Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, Omaha, Nebraska.
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23
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Moalem S, Brouillard P, Kuypers D, Legius E, Harvey E, Taylor G, Francois M, Vikkula M, Chitayat D. Hypotrichosis-lymphedema-telangiectasia-renal defect associated with a truncating mutation in the SOX18 gene. Clin Genet 2014; 87:378-82. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Moalem
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics; The Hospital for Sick Children
| | | | - D. Kuypers
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation; University Hospital Gasthuisberg; Leuven Belgium
| | - E. Legius
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven; University Hospitals Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - E. Harvey
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology; The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto
| | - G. Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Pathology and laboratory Medicine; The Hospital for Sick Children
| | - M. Francois
- The University of Queensland; St Lucia Campus; Brisbane Australia
| | - M. Vikkula
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO); de Duve Institute Université catholique de Louvain; Brussels Belgium
| | - D. Chitayat
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics; The Hospital for Sick Children
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Prenatal Diagnosis and Medical Genetics Program, Mount Sinai Hospital; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
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24
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Abstract
Key Points
Haploinsufficiency of Sox18 reveals an important role for VEGFD in regulating blood vascular development in vivo in vertebrates. VEGFD acts through mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase–extracellular signal-regulated kinase to modulate the activity and nuclear concentration of endothelial-specific transcription factor SOX18.
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25
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Kamachi Y, Kondoh H. Sox proteins: regulators of cell fate specification and differentiation. Development 2013; 140:4129-44. [PMID: 24086078 DOI: 10.1242/dev.091793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sox transcription factors play widespread roles during development; however, their versatile funtions have a relatively simple basis: the binding of a Sox protein alone to DNA does not elicit transcriptional activation or repression, but requires binding of a partner transcription factor to an adjacent site on the DNA. Thus, the activity of a Sox protein is dependent upon the identity of its partner factor and the context of the DNA sequence to which it binds. In this Primer, we provide an mechanistic overview of how Sox family proteins function, as a paradigm for transcriptional regulation of development involving multi-transcription factor complexes, and we discuss how Sox factors can thus regulate diverse processes during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kamachi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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26
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Kartopawiro J, Bower NI, Karnezis T, Kazenwadel J, Betterman KL, Lesieur E, Koltowska K, Astin J, Crosier P, Vermeren S, Achen MG, Stacker SA, Smith KA, Harvey NL, François M, Hogan BM. Arap3 is dysregulated in a mouse model of hypotrichosis–lymphedema–telangiectasia and regulates lymphatic vascular development. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:1286-97. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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27
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Pula B, Olbromski M, Wojnar A, Gomulkiewicz A, Witkiewicz W, Ugorski M, Dziegiel P, Podhorska-Okolow M. Impact of SOX18 expression in cancer cells and vessels on the outcome of invasive ductal breast carcinoma. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2013; 36:469-83. [PMID: 24065215 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-013-0151-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE SOX18 is a transcription factor known to be involved in hair follicle, blood and lymphatic vessel development, as well as wound healing processes (together with SOX7 and SOX17). In addition, it has been reported that SOX18 may affect the growth of cancer cells in vitro. Until now, the exact role of SOX18 expression in invasive ductal breast carcinoma (IDC) has remained unknown. METHODS In this study, we have investigated SOX18 expression in cancer cells and endothelial cells in 122 IDC samples using immunohistochemistry (IHC). SOX18 expression was also determined using real-time PCR and Western blotting in a series of breast cancer-derived cell lines (i.e., MCF-7, BT-474, SK-BR-3, MDA-MB-231, BO2). RESULTS Using IHC, we observed SOX18 nuclear expression in cancer cells, as well as in blood and lymphatic vessels of the IDC samples tested. SOX18 expression in the IDC samples correlated with a higher malignancy grade (Grade 2 and Grade 3 versus Grade 1; p = 0.02 and p = 0.009, respectively) and VEGF-D expression (r = 0.27, p = 0.007). SOX18 expression was also associated with HER2 positivity (p = 0.02). A significantly higher SOX18 expression was found in the HER2-positive cell line BT-474, and a significantly lower expression in the triple negative cell lines MDA-MB-231 and BO2. Laser capture microdissection of IDC samples revealed significantly higher mRNA SOX7, SOX17 and SOX18 expression levels in the vessels as compared to the cancer cells (p = 0.02 and p = 0.0002, p < 0.0001, respectively). SOX18 positive intratumoral and peritumoral microvessel counts (MVC) were associated with higher malignancy grades (p = 0.04 and p = 0.02, respectively). Moreover, peritumoral SOX18 positive MVC were found to act as an independent marker for a poor prognosis (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION SOX18 expression may serve as a marker for a poor prognosis in IDC.
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MESH Headings
- Blotting, Western
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Lymphatic Vessels/metabolism
- MCF-7 Cells
- Microvessels/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Multivariate Analysis
- Neoplasm Grading
- Prognosis
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- SOXF Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- SOXF Transcription Factors/blood
- SOXF Transcription Factors/genetics
- SOXF Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor D/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor D/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Pula
- Regional Specialist Hospital, Research and Development Center, Wroclaw, Poland
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28
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Mendola A, Schlögel MJ, Ghalamkarpour A, Irrthum A, Nguyen HL, Fastré E, Bygum A, van der Vleuten C, Fagerberg C, Baselga E, Quere I, Mulliken JB, Boon LM, Brouillard P, Vikkula M. Mutations in the VEGFR3 signaling pathway explain 36% of familial lymphedema. Mol Syndromol 2013; 4:257-66. [PMID: 24167460 DOI: 10.1159/000354097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphedema is caused by dysfunction of lymphatic vessels, leading to disabling swelling that occurs mostly on the extremities. Lymphedema can be either primary (congenital) or secondary (acquired). Familial primary lymphedema commonly segregates in an autosomal dominant or recessive manner. It can also occur in combination with other clinical features. Nine mutated genes have been identified in different isolated or syndromic forms of lymphedema. However, the prevalence of primary lymphedema that can be explained by these genetic alterations is unknown. In this study, we investigated 7 of these putative genes. We screened 78 index patients from families with inherited lymphedema for mutations in FLT4, GJC2, FOXC2, SOX18, GATA2, CCBE1, and PTPN14. Altogether, we discovered 28 mutations explaining 36% of the cases. Additionally, 149 patients with sporadic primary lymphedema were screened for FLT4, FOXC2, SOX18, CCBE1, and PTPN14. Twelve mutations were found that explain 8% of the cases. Still unidentified is the genetic cause of primary lymphedema in 64% of patients with a family history and 92% of sporadic cases. Identification of those genes is important for understanding of etiopathogenesis, stratification of treatments and generation of disease models. Interestingly, most of the proteins that are encoded by the genes mutated in primary lymphedema seem to act in a single functional pathway involving VEGFR3 signaling. This underscores the important role this pathway plays in lymphatic development and function and suggests that the unknown genes also have a role.
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Watabe T. Roles of transcriptional network during the formation of lymphatic vessels. J Biochem 2012; 152:213-20. [PMID: 22825883 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvs081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic vascular system, also known as the second vascular system in vertebrates, plays crucial roles in various physiological and pathological processes. It participates in the maintenance of normal tissue fluid balance, trafficking of the immune cells and absorption of fatty acids in the gut. Furthermore, lymphatic system is associated with the pathogenesis of a number of diseases, including lymphedema, inflammatory diseases and tumour metastasis. Lymphatic vessels are comprised of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), which are differentiated from blood vascular endothelial cells. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the transcriptional control of LEC fate determination and reflects on efforts to understand the roles of transcriptional networks during this discrete developmental process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Watabe
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Costa G, Mazan A, Gandillet A, Pearson S, Lacaud G, Kouskoff V. SOX7 regulates the expression of VE-cadherin in the haemogenic endothelium at the onset of haematopoietic development. Development 2012; 139:1587-98. [PMID: 22492353 DOI: 10.1242/dev.071282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2024]
Abstract
At early stages of vertebrate ontogeny, blood and endothelial cells develop from a common mesodermal progenitor, the haemangioblast. Upon haematopoietic commitment, the haemangioblast generates blood precursors through populations of endothelial cells with haemogenic properties. Although several transcription factors have been implicated in haemangioblast differentiation, the precise mechanisms governing cell fate decisions towards the generation of haemogenic endothelium precursors remain largely unknown. Under defined conditions, embryonic stem (ES) cells can be differentiated into haemangioblast-like progenitors that faithfully recapitulate early embryonic haematopoiesis. Here, we made use of mouse ES cells as a model system to understand the role of SOX7, a member of a large family of transcription factors involved in a wide range of developmental processes. During haemangioblast differentiation, SOX7 is expressed in haemogenic endothelium cells and is downregulated in nascent blood precursors. Gain-of-function assays revealed that the enforced expression of Sox7 in haemangioblast-derived blast colonies blocks further differentiation and sustains the expression of endothelial markers. Thus, to explore the transcriptional activity of SOX7, we focused on the endothelial-specific adhesion molecule VE-cadherin. Similar to SOX7, VE-cadherin is expressed in haemogenic endothelium and is downregulated during blood cell formation. We show that SOX7 binds and activates the promoter of VE-cadherin, demonstrating that this gene is a novel downstream transcriptional target of SOX7. Altogether, our findings suggest that SOX7 is involved in the transcriptional regulation of genes expressed in the haemogenic endothelium and provide new clues to decipher the molecular pathways that drive early embryonic haematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Costa
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Research Group, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
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Duong T, Proulx ST, Luciani P, Leroux JC, Detmar M, Koopman P, Francois M. Genetic Ablation of SOX18 Function Suppresses Tumor Lymphangiogenesis and Metastasis of Melanoma in Mice. Cancer Res 2012; 72:3105-14. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-4026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Tumor lymphangiogenesis as a potential therapeutic target. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:204946. [PMID: 22481918 PMCID: PMC3307004 DOI: 10.1155/2012/204946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis the spread of cancer cells to distant organs, is the main cause of death for cancer patients. Metastasis is often mediated by lymphatic vessels that invade the primary tumor, and an early sign of metastasis is the presence of cancer cells in the regional lymph node (the first lymph node colonized by metastasizing cancer cells from a primary tumor). Understanding the interplay between tumorigenesis and lymphangiogenesis (the formation of lymphatic vessels associated with tumor growth) will provide us with new insights into mechanisms that modulate metastatic spread. In the long term, these insights will help to define new molecular targets that could be used to block lymphatic vessel-mediated metastasis and increase patient survival. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of embryonic lymphangiogenesis and those that are recapitulated in tumor lymphangiogenesis, with a view to identifying potential targets for therapies designed to suppress tumor lymphangiogenesis and hence metastasis.
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Hoeth M, Niederleithner H, Hofer-Warbinek R, Bilban M, Mayer H, Resch U, Lemberger C, Wagner O, Hofer E, Petzelbauer P, de Martin R. The transcription factor SOX18 regulates the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 7 and guidance molecules in human endothelial cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30982. [PMID: 22292085 PMCID: PMC3264645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in the transcription factor SOX18 are responsible for specific cardiovascular defects in humans and mice. In order to gain insight into the molecular basis of its action, we identified target genes of SOX18 and analyzed one, MMP7, in detail. Methodology/Principal Findings SOX18 was expressed in HUVEC using a recombinant adenoviral vector and the altered gene expression profile was analyzed using microarrays. Expression of several regulated candidate SOX18 target genes was verified by real-time PCR. Knock-down of SOX18 using RNA interference was then used to confirm the effect of the transcription factor on selected genes that included the guidance molecules ephrin B2 and semaphorin 3G. One gene, MMP7, was chosen for further analysis, including detailed promoter studies using reporter gene assays, electrophoretic mobility shift analysis and chromatin-immunoprecipitation, revealing that it responds directly to SOX18. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated the co-expression of SOX18 and MMP7 in blood vessels of human skin. Conclusions/Significance The identification of MMP7 as a direct SOX18 target gene as well as other potential candidates including guidance molecules provides a molecular basis for the proposed function of this transcription factor in the regulation of vessel formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Hoeth
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Renate Hofer-Warbinek
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Bilban
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Mayer
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Resch
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christof Lemberger
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oswald Wagner
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erhard Hofer
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Petzelbauer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer de Martin
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Eom BW, Jo MJ, Kook MC, Ryu KW, Choi IJ, Nam BH, Kim YW, Lee JH. The lymphangiogenic factor SOX 18: A key indicator to stage gastric tumor progression. Int J Cancer 2011; 131:41-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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35
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Chung MIS, Ma ACH, Fung TK, Leung AYH. Characterization of Sry-related HMG box group F genes in zebrafish hematopoiesis. Exp Hematol 2011; 39:986-998.e5. [PMID: 21726513 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2010] [Revised: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The roles of Sry-related HMG box (Sox) genes in zebrafish hematopoiesis are not clearly defined. In this study, we have characterized the sequence homology, gene expression, hematopoietic functions, and regulation of sox genes in F group (SoxF) in zebrafish embryos. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression of zebrafish SoxF genes were analyzed by whole-mount in situ hybridization, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction of erythroid cells obtained from Tg(gata1:GFP) embryos by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Roles of SoxF genes were analyzed in zebrafish embryos using morpholino knockdown and analyzed by whole-mount in situ hybridization and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Embryo patterning and vascular development were analyzed. RESULTS All members, except sox17, contained a putative β-catenin binding site. sox7 and 18 expressed primarily in the vasculature. sox17 expressed in the intermediate cell mass and its knockdown significantly reduced primitive erythropoiesis at 18 hours post-fertilization (hpf). Definitive hematopoiesis was unaffected. Concomitant sox7 and sox18 knockdown disrupted vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, but not hematopoiesis. sox32 knockdown delayed medial migration of hematopoietic and endothelial progenitors at 18 hpf and abolished cmyb expression at the caudal hematopoietic tissue at 48 hpf. These defects could be prevented by delaying its knockdown using a caged sox32 morpholino uncaged at 10 hpf. Knockdown of SoxF genes significantly upregulated their own expression and that of sox32 also upregulated sox18 expression. CONCLUSIONS sox17 helped to maintain primitive hematopoiesis, whereas sox7 and sox18 regulated angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. sox32 affected both vascular and hematopoietic development through its effects on medial migration of the hematopoietic and endothelial progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin In Shing Chung
- Division of Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, China
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Francois M, Harvey NL, Hogan BM. The Transcriptional Control of Lymphatic Vascular Development. Physiology (Bethesda) 2011; 26:146-55. [DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00053.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 100 years ago, Florence Sabin suggested that lymphatic vessels develop by sprouting from preexisting blood vessels, but it is only over the past decade that the molecular mechanisms underpinning lymphatic vascular development have begun to be elucidated. Genetic manipulations in mice have identified a transcriptional hub comprised of Prox1, CoupTFII, and Sox18 that is essential for lymphatic endothelial cell fate specification. Recent work has identified a number of additional transcription factors that regulate later stages of lymphatic vessel differentiation and maturation. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the transcriptional control of lymphatic vascular development and reflects on efforts to better understand the activities of transcriptional networks during this discrete developmental process. Finally, we highlight the transcription factors associated with human lymphatic vascular disorders, demonstrating the importance of understanding how the activity of these key molecules is regulated, with a view toward the development of innovative therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Francois
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane
| | - Natasha L. Harvey
- Division of Haematology, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide; and
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Benjamin M. Hogan
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane
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Literature Watch. Lymphat Res Biol 2009. [DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2009.7302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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