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Cook M, Stevenson B, Jacobs LA, Leocadio Victoria D, Cisneros B, Hobbs JK, Stewart CL, Winder SJ. The Role of β-Dystroglycan in Nuclear Dynamics. Cells 2024; 13:431. [PMID: 38474395 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Dystroglycan is a ubiquitously expressed heterodimeric cell-surface laminin receptor with roles in cell adhesion, signalling, and membrane stabilisation. More recently, the transmembrane β-subunit of dystroglycan has been shown to localise to both the nuclear envelope and the nucleoplasm. This has led to the hypothesis that dystroglycan may have a structural role at the nuclear envelope analogous to its role at the plasma membrane. The biochemical fraction of myoblast cells clearly supports the presence of dystroglycan in the nucleus. Deletion of the dystroglycan protein by disruption of the DAG1 locus using CRISPR/Cas9 leads to changes in nuclear size but not overall morphology; moreover, the Young's modulus of dystroglycan-deleted nuclei, as determined by atomic force microscopy, is unaltered. Dystroglycan-disrupted myoblasts are also no more susceptible to nuclear stresses including chemical and mechanical, than normal myoblasts. Re-expression of dystroglycan in DAG1-disrupted myoblasts restores nuclear size without affecting other nuclear parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Cook
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- A*STAR Skin Research Laboratories, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Ben Stevenson
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Laura A Jacobs
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | | | - Bulmaro Cisneros
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Jamie K Hobbs
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK
| | - Colin L Stewart
- A*STAR Skin Research Laboratories, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Steve J Winder
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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2
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Szwec S, Kapłucha Z, Chamberlain JS, Konieczny P. Dystrophin- and Utrophin-Based Therapeutic Approaches for Treatment of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: A Comparative Review. BioDrugs 2024; 38:95-119. [PMID: 37917377 PMCID: PMC10789850 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-023-00632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a devastating disease that leads to progressive muscle loss and premature death. While medical management focuses mostly on symptomatic treatment, decades of research have resulted in first therapeutics able to restore the affected reading frame of dystrophin transcripts or induce synthesis of a truncated dystrophin protein from a vector, with other strategies based on gene therapy and cell signaling in preclinical or clinical development. Nevertheless, recent reports show that potentially therapeutic dystrophins can be immunogenic in patients. This raises the question of whether a dystrophin paralog, utrophin, could be a more suitable therapeutic protein. Here, we compare dystrophin and utrophin amino acid sequences and structures, combining published data with our extended in silico analyses. We then discuss these results in the context of therapeutic approaches for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Specifically, we focus on strategies based on delivery of micro-dystrophin and micro-utrophin genes with recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors, exon skipping of the mutated dystrophin pre-mRNAs, reading through termination codons with small molecules that mask premature stop codons, dystrophin gene repair by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9)-mediated genetic engineering, and increasing utrophin levels. Our analyses highlight the importance of various dystrophin and utrophin domains in Duchenne muscular dystrophy treatment, providing insights into designing novel therapeutic compounds with improved efficacy and decreased immunoreactivity. While the necessary actin and β-dystroglycan binding sites are present in both proteins, important functional distinctions can be identified in these domains and some other parts of truncated dystrophins might need redesigning due to their potentially immunogenic qualities. Alternatively, therapies based on utrophins might provide a safer and more effective approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Szwec
- Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Kapłucha
- Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jeffrey S Chamberlain
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98109-8055, USA
- Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Specialized Research Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98109-8055, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98109-8055, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98109-8055, USA
| | - Patryk Konieczny
- Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
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3
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Sciandra F, Bozzi M, Bigotti MG. From adhesion complex to signaling hub: the dual role of dystroglycan. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1325284. [PMID: 38155958 PMCID: PMC10752950 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1325284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Dystroglycan (DG) is a transmembrane protein widely expressed in multiple cells and tissues. It is formed by two subunits, α- and β-DG, and represents a molecular bridge between the outside and the inside of the cell, which is essential for the mechanical and structural stability of the plasma membrane. The α-subunit is a cell-surface protein that binds to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and is tightly associated with the plasma membrane via a non-covalent interaction with the β-subunit, which, in turn, is a transmembrane protein that binds to the cytoskeletal actin. DG is a versatile molecule acting not only as a mechanical building block but also as a modulator of outside-inside signaling events. The cytoplasmic domain of β-DG interacts with different adaptor and cytoskeletal proteins that function as molecular switches for the transmission of ECM signals inside the cells. These interactions can modulate the involvement of DG in different biological processes, ranging from cell growth and survival to differentiation and proliferation/regeneration. Although the molecular events that characterize signaling through the ECM-DG-cytoskeleton axis are still largely unknown, in recent years, a growing list of evidence has started to fill the gaps in our understanding of the role of DG in signal transduction. This mini-review represents an update of recent developments, uncovering the dual role of DG as an adhesion and signaling molecule that might inspire new ideas for the design of novel therapeutic strategies for pathologies such as muscular dystrophy, cardiomyopathy, and cancer, where the DG signaling hub plays important roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Sciandra
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”-SCITEC (CNR), Roma, Italy
| | - Manuela Bozzi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”-SCITEC (CNR), Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Sezione di Biochimica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Giulia Bigotti
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Bristol Heart Institute, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, United Kingdom
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4
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Singh J, Patten SA. Modeling neuromuscular diseases in zebrafish. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1054573. [PMID: 36583079 PMCID: PMC9794147 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1054573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular diseases are a diverse group of conditions that affect the motor system and present some overlapping as well as distinct clinical manifestations. Although individually rare, the combined prevalence of NMDs is similar to Parkinson's. Over the past decade, new genetic mutations have been discovered through whole exome/genome sequencing, but the pathogenesis of most NMDs remains largely unexplored. Little information on the molecular mechanism governing the progression and development of NMDs accounts for the continual failure of therapies in clinical trials. Different aspects of the diseases are typically investigated using different models from cells to animals. Zebrafish emerges as an excellent model for studying genetics and pathogenesis and for developing therapeutic interventions for most NMDs. In this review, we describe the generation of different zebrafish genetic models mimicking NMDs and how they are used for drug discovery and therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaskaran Singh
- INRS – Centre Armand Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Shunmoogum A. Patten
- INRS – Centre Armand Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, QC, Canada,Departement de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada,Centre d'Excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines – Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada,*Correspondence: Shunmoogum A. Patten,
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5
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Swiderski K, Brock CJ, Trieu J, Chee A, Thakur SS, Baum DM, Gregorevic P, Murphy KT, Lynch GS. Phosphorylation of ERK and dystrophin S3059 protects against inflammation-associated C2C12 myotube atrophy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 320:C956-C965. [PMID: 33729835 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00513.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC) is a multiprotein structure required to maintain muscle fiber membrane integrity, transmit force by linking the actin cytoskeleton with the extracellular matrix, and maintain muscle homeostasis. Membrane localization of dystrophin is perturbed in muscles wasting as a consequence of cancer cachexia, tenotomy, and advanced aging, which are all associated with low level, chronic inflammation. Strategies to preserve dystrophin expression at the sarcolemma might therefore combat muscle wasting. Phosphorylation of dystrophin serine 3059 (S3059) enhances the interaction between dystrophin and β-dystroglycan. To test the contribution of amino acid phosphorylation to muscle fiber size changes, dystrophin constructs with phospho-null and phosphomimetic mutations were transfected into C2C12 muscle cells or AAV-293 cells in the presence or absence of kinase inhibitors/activators to assess effects on myotube diameter and protein function. Overexpression of a dystrophin construct with a phospho-null mutation at S3059 in vitro reduced myotube size in healthy C2C12 cells. Conversely overexpression of a phosphomimetic mutation at S3059 attenuated inflammation-induced myotube atrophy. Increased ERK activation by addition of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) also reduced inflammation-associated myotube atrophy and increased the interaction between dystrophin and β-dystroglycan. These findings demonstrate a link between increased ERK activation, dystrophin S3059 phosphorylation, stabilization of the DGC, and the regulation of muscle fiber size. Interventions that increase dystrophin S3059 phosphorylation to promote stronger binding of dystrophin to β-dystroglycan may have therapeutic potential for attenuation of inflammation-associated muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy Swiderski
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher J Brock
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer Trieu
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Annabel Chee
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Savant S Thakur
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dale M Baum
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Gregorevic
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate T Murphy
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gordon S Lynch
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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6
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Yatsenko AS, Kucherenko MM, Xie Y, Urlaub H, Shcherbata HR. Exocyst-mediated membrane trafficking of the lissencephaly-associated ECM receptor dystroglycan is required for proper brain compartmentalization. eLife 2021; 10:63868. [PMID: 33620318 PMCID: PMC7929561 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To assemble a brain, differentiating neurons must make proper connections and establish specialized brain compartments. Abnormal levels of cell adhesion molecules disrupt these processes. Dystroglycan (Dg) is a major non-integrin cell adhesion receptor, deregulation of which is associated with dramatic neuroanatomical defects such as lissencephaly type II or cobblestone brain. The previously established Drosophila model for cobblestone lissencephaly was used to understand how Dg is regulated in the brain. During development, Dg has a spatiotemporally dynamic expression pattern, fine-tuning of which is crucial for accurate brain assembly. In addition, mass spectrometry analyses identified numerous components associated with Dg in neurons, including several proteins of the exocyst complex. Data show that exocyst-based membrane trafficking of Dg allows its distinct expression pattern, essential for proper brain morphogenesis. Further studies of the Dg neuronal interactome will allow identification of new factors involved in the development of dystroglycanopathies and advance disease diagnostics in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriy S Yatsenko
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mariya M Kucherenko
- Max Planck Research Group of Gene Expression and Signaling, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yuanbin Xie
- Max Planck Research Group of Gene Expression and Signaling, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany.,University Medical Center Göttingen, Bioanalytics, Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Halyna R Shcherbata
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Max Planck Research Group of Gene Expression and Signaling, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
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7
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Dowling P, Gargan S, Murphy S, Zweyer M, Sabir H, Swandulla D, Ohlendieck K. The Dystrophin Node as Integrator of Cytoskeletal Organization, Lateral Force Transmission, Fiber Stability and Cellular Signaling in Skeletal Muscle. Proteomes 2021; 9:9. [PMID: 33540575 PMCID: PMC7931087 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes9010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The systematic bioanalytical characterization of the protein product of the DMD gene, which is defective in the pediatric disorder Duchenne muscular dystrophy, led to the discovery of the membrane cytoskeletal protein dystrophin. Its full-length muscle isoform Dp427-M is tightly linked to a sarcolemma-associated complex consisting of dystroglycans, sarcoglyans, sarcospan, dystrobrevins and syntrophins. Besides these core members of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex, the wider dystrophin-associated network includes key proteins belonging to the intracellular cytoskeleton and microtubular assembly, the basal lamina and extracellular matrix, various plasma membrane proteins and cytosolic components. Here, we review the central role of the dystrophin complex as a master node in muscle fibers that integrates cytoskeletal organization and cellular signaling at the muscle periphery, as well as providing sarcolemmal stabilization and contractile force transmission to the extracellular region. The combination of optimized tissue extraction, subcellular fractionation, advanced protein co-purification strategies, immunoprecipitation, liquid chromatography and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with modern mass spectrometry-based proteomics has confirmed the composition of the core dystrophin complex at the sarcolemma membrane. Importantly, these biochemical and mass spectrometric surveys have identified additional members of the wider dystrophin network including biglycan, cavin, synemin, desmoglein, tubulin, plakoglobin, cytokeratin and a variety of signaling proteins and ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Dowling
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, W23F2H6 Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland; (P.D.); (S.G.)
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, W23F2H6 Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Stephen Gargan
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, W23F2H6 Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland; (P.D.); (S.G.)
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, W23F2H6 Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Sandra Murphy
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE24HH, UK;
| | - Margit Zweyer
- Department of Neonatology and Paediatric Intensive Care, Children’s Hospital, University of Bonn, D53113 Bonn, Germany; (M.Z.); (H.S.)
| | - Hemmen Sabir
- Department of Neonatology and Paediatric Intensive Care, Children’s Hospital, University of Bonn, D53113 Bonn, Germany; (M.Z.); (H.S.)
| | - Dieter Swandulla
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Bonn, D53115 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Kay Ohlendieck
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, W23F2H6 Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland; (P.D.); (S.G.)
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, W23F2H6 Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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8
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Swiderski K, Bindon R, Trieu J, Naim T, Schokman S, Swaminathan M, Leembruggen AJL, Hill-Yardin EL, Koopman R, Bornstein JC, Lynch GS. Spatiotemporal Mapping Reveals Regional Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in mdx Dystrophic Mice Ameliorated by Oral L-arginine Supplementation. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 26:133-146. [PMID: 31715094 PMCID: PMC6955187 DOI: 10.5056/jnm19029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy exhibit significant, ongoing impairments in gastrointestinal (GI) function likely resulting from dysregulated nitric oxide production. Compounds increasing neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression and/or activity could improve GI dysfunction and enhance quality of life for dystrophic patients. We used video imaging and spatiotemporal mapping to identify GI dysfunction in mdx dystrophic mice and determine whether dietary intervention to enhance nitric oxide could alleviate aberrant colonic activity in muscular dystrophy. Methods Four-week-old male C57BL/10 and mdx mice received a specialized diet either with no supplementation (control) or supplemented (1 g/kg/day) with L-alanine, L-arginine, or L-citrulline for 8 weeks. At the conclusion of treatment, mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and colon motility examined by spatiotemporal (ST) mapping ex vivo. Results ST mapping identified increased contraction number in the mid and distal colon of mdx mice on control and L-alanine supplemented diets relative to C57BL/10 mice (P < 0.05). Administration of either L-arginine or L-citrulline attenuated contraction number in distal colons of mdx mice relative to C57BL/10 mice. Conclusions GI dysfunction in Duchenne muscular dystrophy has been sadly neglected as an issue affecting quality of life. ST mapping identified regional GI dysfunction in the mdx dystrophic mouse. Dietary interventions to increase nitric oxide signaling in the GI tract reduced the number of colonic contractions and alleviated colonic constriction at rest. These findings in mdx mice reveal that L-arginine can improve colonic motility and has potential therapeutic relevance for alleviating GI discomfort, improving clinical care, and enhancing quality of life in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy Swiderski
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rebecka Bindon
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jennifer Trieu
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Timur Naim
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shana Schokman
- Enteric Nervous System Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mathusi Swaminathan
- Enteric Nervous System Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anita J L Leembruggen
- Enteric Nervous System Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elisa L Hill-Yardin
- Enteric Nervous System Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Australia.,Gut-Brain Axis Laboratory, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia (Current address)
| | - René Koopman
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joel C Bornstein
- Enteric Nervous System Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gordon S Lynch
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia
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9
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Sanarica F, Mantuano P, Conte E, Cozzoli A, Capogrosso RF, Giustino A, Cutrignelli A, Cappellari O, Rolland JF, De Bellis M, Denora N, Camerino GM, De Luca A. Proof-of-concept validation of the mechanism of action of Src tyrosine kinase inhibitors in dystrophic mdx mouse muscle: in vivo and in vitro studies. Pharmacol Res 2019; 145:104260. [PMID: 31059789 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Src tyrosine kinase (TK), a redox-sensitive protein overexpressed in dystrophin-deficient muscles, can contribute to damaging signaling by phosphorylation and degradation of β-dystroglycan (β-DG). We performed a proof-of-concept preclinical study to validate this hypothesis and the benefit-safety ratio of a pharmacological inhibition of Src-TK in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Src-TK inhibitors PP2 and dasatinib were administered for 5 weeks to treadmill-exercised mdx mice. The outcome was evaluated in vivo and ex vivo on functional, histological and biochemical disease-related parameters. Considering the importance to maintain a proper myogenic program, the potential cytotoxic effects of both compounds, as well as their cytoprotection against oxidative stress-induced damage, was also assessed in C2C12 cells. In line with the hypothesis, both compounds restored the level of β-DG and reduced its phosphorylated form without changing basal expression of genes of interest, corroborating a mechanism at post-translational level. The histological profile of gastrocnemius muscle was slightly improved as well as the level of plasma biomarkers. However, amelioration of in vivo and ex vivo functional parameters was modest, with PP2 being more effective than dasatinib. Both compounds reached appreciable levels in skeletal muscle and liver, supporting proper animal exposure. Dasatinib exerted a greater concentration-dependent cytotoxic effect on C2C12 cells than the more selective PP2, while being less protective against H2O2 cytotoxicity, even though at concentrations higher than those experienced during in vivo treatments. Our results support the interest of Src-TK as drug target in dystrophinopathies, although further studies are necessary to assess the therapeutic potential of inhibitors in DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sanarica
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - P Mantuano
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - E Conte
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - A Cozzoli
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - R F Capogrosso
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy; Department of Chemical, Toxicological and Pharmacological Drug Studies, Catholic University "Our Lady of Good Counsel", Tirana, Albania
| | - A Giustino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121, Bari, Italy
| | - A Cutrignelli
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - O Cappellari
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK
| | - J F Rolland
- AXXAM S.p.A., Openzone, 20091, Bresso, Milan, Italy
| | - M De Bellis
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - N Denora
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - G M Camerino
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - A De Luca
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy.
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10
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Cho EB, Yoo W, Yoon SK, Yoon JB. β-dystroglycan is regulated by a balance between WWP1-mediated degradation and protection from WWP1 by dystrophin and utrophin. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:2199-2213. [PMID: 29635000 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Dystroglycan is a ubiquitous membrane protein that functions as a mechanical connection between the extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton. In skeletal muscle, dystroglycan plays an indispensable role in regulating muscle regeneration; a malfunction in dystroglycan is associated with muscular dystrophy. The regulation of dystroglycan stability is poorly understood. Here, we report that WWP1, a member of NEDD4 E3 ubiquitin ligase family, promotes ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of β-dystroglycan. Our results indicate that dystrophin and utrophin protect β-dystroglycan from WWP1-mediated degradation by competing with WWP1 for the shared binding site at the cytosolic tail of β-dystroglycan. In addition, we show that a missense mutation (arginine 440 to glutamine) in WWP1-which is known to cause muscular dystrophy in chickens-increases the ubiquitin ligase-mediated ubiquitination of both β-dystroglycan and WWP1. The R440Q missense mutation in WWP1 decreases HECT domain-mediated intramolecular interactions to relieve autoinhibition of the enzyme. Our results provide new insight into the regulation of β-dystroglycan degradation by WWP1 and other Nedd4 family members and improves our understanding of dystroglycan-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Bee Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjin Yoo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjoo Kim Yoon
- Department of Medical Lifesciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Bok Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Kalra S, Montanaro F, Denning C. Can Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes Advance Understanding of Muscular Dystrophies? J Neuromuscul Dis 2018; 3:309-332. [PMID: 27854224 PMCID: PMC5123622 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-150133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies (MDs) are clinically and molecularly a highly heterogeneous group of single-gene disorders that primarily affect striated muscles. Cardiac disease is present in several MDs where it is an important contributor to morbidity and mortality. Careful monitoring of cardiac issues is necessary but current management of cardiac involvement does not effectively protect from disease progression and cardiac failure. There is a critical need to gain new knowledge on the diverse molecular underpinnings of cardiac disease in MDs in order to guide cardiac treatment development and assist in reaching a clearer consensus on cardiac disease management in the clinic. Animal models are available for the majority of MDs and have been invaluable tools in probing disease mechanisms and in pre-clinical screens. However, there are recognized genetic, physiological, and structural differences between human and animal hearts that impact disease progression, manifestation, and response to pharmacological interventions. Therefore, there is a need to develop parallel human systems to model cardiac disease in MDs. This review discusses the current status of cardiomyocytes (CMs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) to model cardiac disease, with a focus on Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and myotonic dystrophy (DM1). We seek to provide a balanced view of opportunities and limitations offered by this system in elucidating disease mechanisms pertinent to human cardiac physiology and as a platform for treatment development or refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spandan Kalra
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Federica Montanaro
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Department of Molecular Neurosciences, University College London - Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Chris Denning
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK
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12
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Vélez-Aguilera G, de Dios Gómez-López J, Jiménez-Gutiérrez GE, Vásquez-Limeta A, Laredo-Cisneros MS, Gómez P, Winder SJ, Cisneros B. Control of nuclear β-dystroglycan content is crucial for the maintenance of nuclear envelope integrity and function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:406-420. [PMID: 29175376 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
β-Dystroglycan (β-DG) is a plasma membrane protein that has ability to target to the nuclear envelope (NE) to maintain nuclear architecture. Nevertheless, mechanisms controlling β-DG nuclear localization and the physiological consequences of a failure of trafficking are largely unknown. We show that β-DG has a nuclear export pathway in myoblasts that depends on the recognition of a nuclear export signal located in its transmembrane domain, by CRM1. Remarkably, NES mutations forced β-DG nuclear accumulation resulting in mislocalization and decreased levels of emerin and lamin B1 and disruption of various nuclear processes in which emerin (centrosome-nucleus linkage and β-catenin transcriptional activity) and lamin B1 (cell cycle progression and nucleoli structure) are critically involved. In addition to nuclear export, the lifespan of nuclear β-DG is restricted by its nuclear proteasomal degradation. Collectively our data show that control of nuclear β-DG content by the combination of CRM1 nuclear export and nuclear proteasome pathways is physiologically relevant to preserve proper NE structure and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griselda Vélez-Aguilera
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan de Dios Gómez-López
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe E Jiménez-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Vásquez-Limeta
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico; Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Marco S Laredo-Cisneros
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pablo Gómez
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Steve J Winder
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Bulmaro Cisneros
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico.
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13
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Sciandra F, Scicchitano BM, Signorino G, Bigotti MG, Tavazzi B, Lombardi F, Bozzi M, Sica G, Giardina B, Blaess S, Brancaccio A. Evaluation of the effect of a floxed Neo cassette within the dystroglycan (Dag1) gene. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:601. [PMID: 29157305 PMCID: PMC5696793 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2926-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Dystroglycan (DG) is an adhesion complex formed by two subunits, α-DG and β-DG. In skeletal muscle, DG is part of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex that is crucial for sarcolemma stability and it is involved in a plethora of muscular dystrophy phenotypes. Due to the important role played by DG in skeletal muscle stability as well as in a wide variety of other tissues including brain and the peripheral nervous system, it is essential to investigate its genetic assembly and transcriptional regulation. Results Herein, we analyze the effect of the insertion of a floxed neomycin (Neo) cassette within the 3′ portion of the universally conserved IG1-intron of the DG gene (Dag1). We analyzed the transcription level of Dag1 and the expression of the DG protein in skeletal muscle of targeted mice compared to wild-type and we did not find any alterations that might be attributed to the gene targeting. However, we found an increase of the cross-sectional areas of tibialis anterior that might have some physiological significance that needs to be assessed in the future. Moreover, in targeted mice the skeletal muscle morphology and its regeneration capacity after injury did not show any evident alterations. We confirmed that the targeting of Dag1 with a floxed Neo-cassette did not produce any gross undesired effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Sciandra
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare (CNR), c/o Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Giulia Signorino
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Tavazzi
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Lombardi
- Istituto di Clinica delle Malattie Infettive, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Bozzi
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Gigliola Sica
- Istituto di Istologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Giardina
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandra Blaess
- Neurodevelopmental Genetics, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrea Brancaccio
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare (CNR), c/o Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy. .,School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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14
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Gawor M, Prószyński TJ. The molecular cross talk of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1412:62-72. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gawor
- Laboratory of Synaptogenesis; Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology; Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw Poland
| | - Tomasz J. Prószyński
- Laboratory of Synaptogenesis; Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology; Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw Poland
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15
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Gracida-Jiménez V, Mondragón-González R, Vélez-Aguilera G, Vásquez-Limeta A, Laredo-Cisneros MS, Gómez-López JDD, Vaca L, Gourlay SC, Jacobs LA, Winder SJ, Cisneros B. Retrograde trafficking of β-dystroglycan from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9906. [PMID: 28852008 PMCID: PMC5575308 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09972-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Dystroglycan (β-DG) is a transmembrane protein with critical roles in cell adhesion, cytoskeleton remodeling and nuclear architecture. This functional diversity is attributed to the ability of β-DG to target to, and conform specific protein assemblies at the plasma membrane (PM) and nuclear envelope (NE). Although a classical NLS and importin α/β mediated nuclear import pathway has already been described for β-DG, the intracellular trafficking route by which β-DG reaches the nucleus is unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that β-DG undergoes retrograde intracellular trafficking from the PM to the nucleus via the endosome-ER network. Furthermore, we provided evidence indicating that the translocon complex Sec61 mediates the release of β-DG from the ER membrane, making it accessible for importins and nuclear import. Finally, we show that phosphorylation of β-DG at Tyr890 is a key stimulus for β-DG nuclear translocation. Collectively our data describe the retrograde intracellular trafficking route that β-DG follows from PM to the nucleus. This dual role for a cell adhesion receptor permits the cell to functionally connect the PM with the nucleus and represents to our knowledge the first example of a cell adhesion receptor exhibiting retrograde nuclear trafficking and having dual roles in PM and NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viridiana Gracida-Jiménez
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Ciudad de México, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Mondragón-González
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Ciudad de México, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Griselda Vélez-Aguilera
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Ciudad de México, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Vásquez-Limeta
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Ciudad de México, Mexico, Mexico.,Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Marco S Laredo-Cisneros
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Ciudad de México, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Juan de Dios Gómez-López
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Ciudad de México, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Luis Vaca
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Sarah C Gourlay
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Laura A Jacobs
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Steve J Winder
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Bulmaro Cisneros
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Ciudad de México, Mexico, Mexico.
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16
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Aranmolate A, Tse N, Colognato H. Myelination is delayed during postnatal brain development in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. BMC Neurosci 2017; 18:63. [PMID: 28806929 PMCID: PMC5556620 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-017-0381-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the loss of the dystrophin component of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC) compromises plasma membrane integrity in skeletal muscle, resulting in extensive muscle degeneration. In addition, many DMD patients exhibit brain deficits in which the cellular etiology remains poorly understood. We recently found that dystroglycan, a receptor component of the DGC that binds intracellularly to dystrophin, regulates the development of oligodendrocytes, the myelinating glial cells of the brain. RESULTS We investigated whether dystrophin contributes to oligodendroglial function and brain myelination. We found that oligodendrocytes express up to three dystrophin isoforms, in conjunction with classic DGC components, which are developmentally regulated during differentiation and in response to extracellular matrix engagement. We found that mdx mice, a model of DMD lacking expression of the largest dystrophin isoform, have delayed myelination and inappropriate oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation in the cerebral cortex. When we prevented the expression of all oligodendroglial dystrophin isoforms in cultured oligodendrocytes using RNA interference, we found that later stages of oligodendrocyte maturation were significantly delayed, similar to mdx phenotypes in the developing brain. CONCLUSIONS We find that dystrophin is expressed in oligodendrocytes and influences developmental myelination, which provides new insight into potential cellular contributors to brain dysfunction associated with DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azeez Aranmolate
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8651, USA
| | - Nathaniel Tse
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8651, USA
| | - Holly Colognato
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8651, USA.
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17
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220th ENMC workshop: Dystroglycan and the dystroglycanopathies Naarden, The Netherlands, 27-29 May 2016. Neuromuscul Disord 2016; 27:387-395. [PMID: 28089719 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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18
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Leocadio D, Mitchell A, Winder SJ. γ-Secretase Dependent Nuclear Targeting of Dystroglycan. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:2149-57. [PMID: 26990187 PMCID: PMC4982099 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Dystroglycan is frequently lost in adenocarcinoma. α‐dystroglycan is known to become hypoglycosylated due to transcriptional silencing of LARGE, whereas β‐dystroglycan is proteolytically cleaved and degraded. The mechanism and proteases involved in the cleavage events affecting β‐dystroglycan are poorly understood. Using LNCaP prostate cancer cells as a model system, we have investigated proteases and tyrosine phosphorylation affecting β‐dystroglycan proteolysis and nuclear targeting. Cell density or phorbol ester treatment increases dystroglycan proteolysis, whereas furin or γ‐secretase inhibitors decreased dystroglycan proteolysis. Using resveratrol treatment of LNCaP cells cultured at low cell density in order to up‐regulate notch and activate proteolysis, we identified significant increases in the levels of a 26 kDa β‐dystroglycan fragment. These data, therefore, support a cell density‐dependent γ‐secretase and furin mediated proteolysis of β‐dystroglycan, which could be notch stimulated, leading to nuclear targeting and subsequent degradation. 117: 2149–2157, 2016. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Leocadio
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Mitchell
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Steve J Winder
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
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19
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Allen DG, Whitehead NP, Froehner SC. Absence of Dystrophin Disrupts Skeletal Muscle Signaling: Roles of Ca2+, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Nitric Oxide in the Development of Muscular Dystrophy. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:253-305. [PMID: 26676145 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00007.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystrophin is a long rod-shaped protein that connects the subsarcolemmal cytoskeleton to a complex of proteins in the surface membrane (dystrophin protein complex, DPC), with further connections via laminin to other extracellular matrix proteins. Initially considered a structural complex that protected the sarcolemma from mechanical damage, the DPC is now known to serve as a scaffold for numerous signaling proteins. Absence or reduced expression of dystrophin or many of the DPC components cause the muscular dystrophies, a group of inherited diseases in which repeated bouts of muscle damage lead to atrophy and fibrosis, and eventually muscle degeneration. The normal function of dystrophin is poorly defined. In its absence a complex series of changes occur with multiple muscle proteins showing reduced or increased expression or being modified in various ways. In this review, we will consider the various proteins whose expression and function is changed in muscular dystrophies, focusing on Ca(2+)-permeable channels, nitric oxide synthase, NADPH oxidase, and caveolins. Excessive Ca(2+) entry, increased membrane permeability, disordered caveolar function, and increased levels of reactive oxygen species are early changes in the disease, and the hypotheses for these phenomena will be critically considered. The aim of the review is to define the early damage pathways in muscular dystrophy which might be appropriate targets for therapy designed to minimize the muscle degeneration and slow the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Allen
- Sydney Medical School & Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; and Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nicholas P Whitehead
- Sydney Medical School & Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; and Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stanley C Froehner
- Sydney Medical School & Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; and Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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20
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Lipscomb L, Piggott RW, Emmerson T, Winder SJ. Dasatinib as a treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 25:266-74. [PMID: 26604135 PMCID: PMC4706114 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of a systemically acting and universal small molecule therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy would be an enormous advance for this condition. Based on evidence gained from studies on mouse genetic models, we have identified tyrosine phosphorylation and degradation of β-dystroglycan as a key event in the aetiology of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Thus, preventing tyrosine phosphorylation and degradation of β-dystroglycan presents itself as a potential therapeutic strategy. Using the dystrophic sapje zebrafish, we have investigated the use of tyrosine kinase and other inhibitors to treat the dystrophic symptoms in this model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Dasatinib, a potent and specific Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor, was found to decrease the levels of β-dystroglycan phosphorylation on tyrosine and to increase the relative levels of non-phosphorylated β-dystroglycan in sapje zebrafish. Furthermore, dasatinib treatment resulted in the improved physical appearance of the sapje zebrafish musculature and increased swimming ability as measured by both duration and distance of swimming of dasatinib-treated fish compared with control animals. These data suggest great promise for pharmacological agents that prevent the phosphorylation of β-dystroglycan on tyrosine and subsequent steps in the degradation pathway as therapeutic targets for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Lipscomb
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Robert W Piggott
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Tracy Emmerson
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Steve J Winder
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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21
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Adams JC, Brancaccio A. The evolution of the dystroglycan complex, a major mediator of muscle integrity. Biol Open 2015; 4:1163-79. [PMID: 26319583 PMCID: PMC4582122 DOI: 10.1242/bio.012468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Basement membrane (BM) extracellular matrices are crucial for the coordination of different tissue layers. A matrix adhesion receptor that is important for BM function and stability in many mammalian tissues is the dystroglycan (DG) complex. This comprises the non-covalently-associated extracellular α-DG, that interacts with laminin in the BM, and the transmembrane β-DG, that interacts principally with dystrophin to connect to the actin cytoskeleton. Mutations in dystrophin, DG, or several enzymes that glycosylate α-DG underlie severe forms of human muscular dystrophy. Nonwithstanding the pathophysiological importance of the DG complex and its fundamental interest as a non-integrin system of cell-ECM adhesion, the evolution of DG and its interacting proteins is not understood. We analysed the phylogenetic distribution of DG, its proximal binding partners and key processing enzymes in extant metazoan and relevant outgroups. We identify that DG originated after the divergence of ctenophores from porifera and eumetazoa. The C-terminal half of the DG core protein is highly-conserved, yet the N-terminal region, that includes the laminin-binding region, has undergone major lineage-specific divergences. Phylogenetic analysis based on the C-terminal IG2_MAT_NU region identified three distinct clades corresponding to deuterostomes, arthropods, and mollusks/early-diverging metazoans. Whereas the glycosyltransferases that modify α-DG are also present in choanoflagellates, the DG-binding proteins dystrophin and laminin originated at the base of the metazoa, and DG-associated sarcoglycan is restricted to cnidarians and bilaterians. These findings implicate extensive functional diversification of DG within invertebrate lineages and identify the laminin-DG-dystrophin axis as a conserved adhesion system that evolved subsequent to integrin-ECM adhesion, likely to enhance the functional complexity of cell-BM interactions in early metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine C Adams
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Andrea Brancaccio
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR, Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, Roma 00168, Italy
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22
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Genetic Engineering of Dystroglycan in Animal Models of Muscular Dystrophy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:635792. [PMID: 26380289 PMCID: PMC4561298 DOI: 10.1155/2015/635792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In skeletal muscle, dystroglycan (DG) is the central component of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC), a multimeric protein complex that ensures a strong mechanical link between the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton. Several muscular dystrophies arise from mutations hitting most of the components of the DGC. Mutations within the DG gene (DAG1) have been recently associated with two forms of muscular dystrophy, one displaying a milder and one a more severe phenotype. This review focuses specifically on the animal (murine and others) model systems that have been developed with the aim of directly engineering DAG1 in order to study the DG function in skeletal muscle as well as in other tissues. In the last years, conditional animal models overcoming the embryonic lethality of the DG knock-out in mouse have been generated and helped clarifying the crucial role of DG in skeletal muscle, while an increasing number of studies on knock-in mice are aimed at understanding the contribution of single amino acids to the stability of DG and to the possible development of muscular dystrophy.
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23
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Godfrey C, Muses S, McClorey G, Wells KE, Coursindel T, Terry RL, Betts C, Hammond S, O'Donovan L, Hildyard J, El Andaloussi S, Gait MJ, Wood MJ, Wells DJ. How much dystrophin is enough: the physiological consequences of different levels of dystrophin in the mdx mouse. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:4225-37. [PMID: 25935000 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Splice modulation therapy has shown great clinical promise in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, resulting in the production of dystrophin protein. Despite this, the relationship between restoring dystrophin to established dystrophic muscle and its ability to induce clinically relevant changes in muscle function is poorly understood. In order to robustly evaluate functional improvement, we used in situ protocols in the mdx mouse to measure muscle strength and resistance to eccentric contraction-induced damage. Here, we modelled the treatment of muscle with pre-existing dystrophic pathology using antisense oligonucleotides conjugated to a cell-penetrating peptide. We reveal that 15% homogeneous dystrophin expression is sufficient to protect against eccentric contraction-induced injury. In addition, we demonstrate a >40% increase in specific isometric force following repeated administrations. Strikingly, we show that changes in muscle strength are proportional to dystrophin expression levels. These data define the dystrophin restoration levels required to slow down or prevent disease progression and improve overall muscle function once a dystrophic environment has been established in the mdx mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Godfrey
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Sofia Muses
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Graham McClorey
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Kim E Wells
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Thibault Coursindel
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK, GENEPEP SA, Les Coteaux St Roch, 12 Rue du Fer à Cheval, 34430 St Jean de Védas, France and
| | - Rebecca L Terry
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Corinne Betts
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Suzan Hammond
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Liz O'Donovan
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - John Hildyard
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Samir El Andaloussi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsov. 7, SE-14186 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Michael J Gait
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Matthew J Wood
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Dominic J Wells
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK,
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Swiderski K, Shaffer SA, Gallis B, Odom GL, Arnett AL, Scott Edgar J, Baum DM, Chee A, Naim T, Gregorevic P, Murphy KT, Moody J, Goodlett DR, Lynch GS, Chamberlain JS. Phosphorylation within the cysteine-rich region of dystrophin enhances its association with β-dystroglycan and identifies a potential novel therapeutic target for skeletal muscle wasting. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:6697-711. [PMID: 25082828 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in dystrophin lead to Duchenne muscular dystrophy, which is among the most common human genetic disorders. Dystrophin nucleates assembly of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC), and a defective DGC disrupts an essential link between the intracellular cytoskeleton and the basal lamina, leading to progressive muscle wasting. In vitro studies have suggested that dystrophin phosphorylation may affect interactions with actin or syntrophin, yet whether this occurs in vivo or affects protein function remains unknown. Utilizing nanoflow liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, we identified 18 phosphorylated residues within endogenous dystrophin. Mutagenesis revealed that phosphorylation at S3059 enhances the dystrophin-dystroglycan interaction and 3D modeling utilizing the Rosetta software program provided a structural model for how phosphorylation enhances this interaction. These findings demonstrate that phosphorylation is a key mechanism regulating the interaction between dystrophin and the DGC and reveal that posttranslational modification of a single amino acid directly modulates the function of dystrophin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy Swiderski
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7720, USA
| | - Scott A Shaffer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA
| | - Byron Gallis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA
| | - Guy L Odom
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7720, USA
| | - Andrea L Arnett
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7720, USA
| | - J Scott Edgar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA
| | - Dale M Baum
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Annabel Chee
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Timur Naim
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Paul Gregorevic
- Muscle Biology and Therapeutics Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Kate T Murphy
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - James Moody
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7350, USA and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7275, USA
| | - David R Goodlett
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA
| | - Gordon S Lynch
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jeffrey S Chamberlain
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7720, USA Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7350, USA and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7275, USA
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25
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Nuclear targeting of dystroglycan promotes the expression of androgen regulated transcription factors in prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2792. [PMID: 24077328 PMCID: PMC3786294 DOI: 10.1038/srep02792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystroglycan is frequently lost in adenocarcinoma, but the mechanisms and consequences are poorly understood. We report an analysis of β-dystroglycan in prostate cancer in human tissue samples and in LNCaP cells in vitro. There is progressive loss of β-dystroglycan immunoreactivity from basal and lateral surfaces of prostate epithelia which correlates significantly with increasing Gleason grade. In about half of matched bone metastases there is significant dystroglycan re-expression. In tumour tissue and in LNCaP cells there is also a tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent translocation of β-dystroglycan to the nucleus. Analysis of gene expression data by microarray, reveals that nuclear targeting of β-dystroglycan in LNCaP cells alters the transcription of relatively few genes, the most unregulated being the transcription factor ETV1. These data suggest that proteolysis, tyrosine phosphorylation and translocation of dystroglycan to the nucleus resulting in altered gene transcription could be important mechanisms in the progression of prostate cancer.
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26
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Johnson EK, Li B, Yoon JH, Flanigan KM, Martin PT, Ervasti J, Montanaro F. Identification of new dystroglycan complexes in skeletal muscle. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73224. [PMID: 23951345 PMCID: PMC3738564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The dystroglycan complex contains the transmembrane protein β-dystroglycan and its interacting extracellular mucin-like protein α-dystroglycan. In skeletal muscle fibers, the dystroglycan complex plays an important structural role by linking the cytoskeletal protein dystrophin to laminin in the extracellular matrix. Mutations that affect any of the proteins involved in this structural axis lead to myofiber degeneration and are associated with muscular dystrophies and congenital myopathies. Because loss of dystrophin in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) leads to an almost complete loss of dystroglycan complexes at the myofiber membrane, it is generally assumed that the vast majority of dystroglycan complexes within skeletal muscle fibers interact with dystrophin. The residual dystroglycan present in dystrophin-deficient muscle is thought to be preserved by utrophin, a structural homolog of dystrophin that is up-regulated in dystrophic muscles. However, we found that dystroglycan complexes are still present at the myofiber membrane in the absence of both dystrophin and utrophin. Our data show that only a minority of dystroglycan complexes associate with dystrophin in wild type muscle. Furthermore, we provide evidence for at least three separate pools of dystroglycan complexes within myofibers that differ in composition and are differentially affected by loss of dystrophin. Our findings indicate a more complex role of dystroglycan in muscle than currently recognized and may help explain differences in disease pathology and severity among myopathies linked to mutations in DAPC members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric K. Johnson
- Center for Gene Therapy, the Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, and The Ohio State University Biochemistry Program, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jung Hae Yoon
- Center for Gene Therapy, the Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, and The Ohio State University Biochemistry Program, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kevin M. Flanigan
- Center for Gene Therapy, the Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, and The Ohio State University Biochemistry Program, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, the Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Paul T. Martin
- Center for Gene Therapy, the Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, and The Ohio State University Biochemistry Program, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, the Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - James Ervasti
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Federica Montanaro
- Center for Gene Therapy, the Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, and The Ohio State University Biochemistry Program, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, the Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Hollinger K, Selsby JT. The physiological response of protease inhibition in dystrophic muscle. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2013; 208:234-44. [PMID: 23648220 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by the production of a non-functional dystrophin gene product and a failure to accumulate functional dystrophin protein in muscle cells. This leads to membrane instability, loss of Ca(2+) homoeostasis and widespread cellular injury. Associated with these changes are increased protease activities in a variety of proteolytic systems. As such, there have been numerous investigations directed towards determining the therapeutic potential of protease inhibition. In this review, evidence from genetic and/or pharmacological inhibition of proteases as a treatment strategy for DMD is systematically evaluated. Specifically, we review the potential roles of calpain, proteasome, caspase, matrix metalloproteinase and serine protease inhibition as therapeutic approaches for DMD. We conclude that despite early results to the contrary, inhibition of calpain proteases is unlikely to be successful. Conversely, evidence suggests that inhibition of proteasome, matrix metalloproteinases and serine proteases does appear to decrease disease severity. An important caveat to these conclusions, however, is that the fundamental cause of DMD, dystrophin deficiency, is not corrected by this strategy. Hence, this should not be viewed as a cure, but rather, protease inhibitors should be considered for inclusion in a therapeutic cocktail. Physiological Relevance. Selective modulation of protease activity has the potential to profoundly change intracellular physiology resulting in a possible treatment for DMD. However, alteration of protease activities could also lead to worsening of disease progression by promoting the accumulation of substrates in the cell. The balance of benefit and potential damage caused by protease inhibition in human DMD patients is largely unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Hollinger
- Department of Animal Science; Iowa State University; Ames; IA; USA
| | - J. T. Selsby
- Department of Animal Science; Iowa State University; Ames; IA; USA
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28
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Hollinger K, Gardan-Salmon D, Santana C, Rice D, Snella E, Selsby JT. Rescue of dystrophic skeletal muscle by PGC-1α involves restored expression of dystrophin-associated protein complex components and satellite cell signaling. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R13-23. [PMID: 23594613 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00221.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is typically diagnosed in the preschool years because of locomotor defects, indicative of muscle damage. Thus, effective therapies must be able to rescue muscle from further decline. We have established that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (Pgc-1α) gene transfer will prevent many aspects of dystrophic pathology, likely through upregulation of utrophin and increased oxidative capacity; however, the extent to which it will rescue muscle with disease manifestations has not been determined. Our hypothesis is that gene transfer of Pgc-1α into declining muscle will reduce muscle injury compared with control muscle. To test our hypothesis, adeno-associated virus 6 (AAV6) driving expression of Pgc-1α was injected into single hind limbs of 3-wk-old mdx mice, while the contralateral limb was given a sham injection. At 6 wk of age, treated solei had 37% less muscle injury compared with sham-treated muscles (P < 0.05). Resistance to contraction-induced injury was improved 10% (P < 0.05), likely driven by the five-fold (P < 0.05) increase in utrophin protein expression and increase in dystrophin-associated complex members. Treated muscles were more resistant to fatigue, which was likely caused by the corresponding increase in oxidative markers. Pgc-1α overexpressing limbs also exhibited increased expression of genes related to muscle repair and autophagy. These data indicate that the Pgc-1α pathway remains a good therapeutic target, as it reduced muscle injury and improved function using a rescue paradigm. Further, these data also indicate that the beneficial effects of Pgc-1α gene transfer are more complex than increased utrophin expression and oxidative gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hollinger
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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29
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Martínez-Vieyra IA, Vásquez-Limeta A, González-Ramírez R, Morales-Lázaro SL, Mondragón M, Mondragón R, Ortega A, Winder SJ, Cisneros B. A role for β-dystroglycan in the organization and structure of the nucleus in myoblasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2013; 1833:698-711. [PMID: 23220011 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We recently characterized a nuclear import pathway for β-dystroglycan; however, its nuclear role remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time, the interaction of β-dystroglycan with distinct proteins from different nuclear compartments, including the nuclear envelope (NE) (emerin and lamins A/C and B1), splicing speckles (SC35), Cajal bodies (p80-coilin), and nucleoli (Nopp140). Electron microscopy analysis revealed that β-dystroglycan localized in the inner nuclear membrane, nucleoplasm, and nucleoli. Interestingly, downregulation of β-dystroglycan resulted in both mislocalization and decreased expression of emerin and lamin B1, but not lamin A/C, as well in disorganization of nucleoli, Cajal bodies, and splicing speckles with the concomitant decrease in the levels of Nopp140, and p80-coilin, but not SC35. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR and cycloheximide-mediated protein arrest assays revealed that β-dystroglycan deficiency did not change mRNA expression of NE proteins emerin and lamin B1 bud did alter their stability, accelerating protein turnover. Furthermore, knockdown of β-dystroglycan disrupted NE-mediated processes including nuclear morphology and centrosome-nucleus linkage, which provides evidence that β-dystroglycan association with NE proteins is biologically relevant. Unexpectedly, β-dystroglycan-depleted cells exhibited multiple centrosomes, a characteristic of cancerous cells. Overall, these findings imply that β-dystroglycan is a nuclear scaffolding protein involved in nuclear organization and NE structure and function, and that might be a contributor to the biogenesis of nuclear envelopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivette A Martínez-Vieyra
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México, DF 07360, Mexico
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30
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Moraz ML, Pythoud C, Turk R, Rothenberger S, Pasquato A, Campbell KP, Kunz S. Cell entry of Lassa virus induces tyrosine phosphorylation of dystroglycan. Cell Microbiol 2012; 15:689-700. [PMID: 23279385 PMCID: PMC3805106 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) receptor dystroglycan (DG) serves as a cellular receptor for the highly pathogenic arenavirus Lassa virus (LASV) that causes a haemorrhagic fever with high mortality in human. In the host cell, DG provides a molecular link between the ECM and the actin cytoskeleton via the adapter proteins utrophin or dystrophin. Here we investigated post-translational modifications of DG in the context of LASV cell entry. Using the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein, we found that tyrosine kinases are required for efficient internalization of virus particles, but not virus-receptor binding. Engagement of cellular DG by LASV envelope glycoprotein (LASV GP) in human epithelial cells induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic domain of DG. LASV GP binding to DG further resulted in dissociation of the adapter protein utrophin from virus-bound DG. This virus-induced dissociation of utrophin was affected by genistein treatment, suggesting a role of receptor tyrosine phosphorylation in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laurence Moraz
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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