1
|
Barata IS, Rueff J, Kranendonk M, Esteves F. Pleiotropy of Progesterone Receptor Membrane Component 1 in Modulation of Cytochrome P450 Activity. J Xenobiot 2024; 14:575-603. [PMID: 38804287 PMCID: PMC11130977 DOI: 10.3390/jox14020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) is one of few proteins that have been recently described as direct modulators of the activity of human cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP)s. These enzymes form a superfamily of membrane-bound hemoproteins that metabolize a wide variety of physiological, dietary, environmental, and pharmacological compounds. Modulation of CYP activity impacts the detoxification of xenobiotics as well as endogenous pathways such as steroid and fatty acid metabolism, thus playing a central role in homeostasis. This review is focused on nine main topics that include the most relevant aspects of past and current PGRMC1 research, focusing on its role in CYP-mediated drug metabolism. Firstly, a general overview of the main aspects of xenobiotic metabolism is presented (I), followed by an overview of the role of the CYP enzymatic complex (IIa), a section on human disorders associated with defects in CYP enzyme complex activity (IIb), and a brief account of cytochrome b5 (cyt b5)'s effect on CYP activity (IIc). Subsequently, we present a background overview of the history of the molecular characterization of PGRMC1 (III), regarding its structure, expression, and intracellular location (IIIa), and its heme-binding capability and dimerization (IIIb). The next section reflects the different effects PGRMC1 may have on CYP activity (IV), presenting a description of studies on the direct effects on CYP activity (IVa), and a summary of pathways in which PGRMC1's involvement may indirectly affect CYP activity (IVb). The last section of the review is focused on the current challenges of research on the effect of PGRMC1 on CYP activity (V), presenting some future perspectives of research in the field (VI).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel S. Barata
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Children’s Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
- Translational Hormone Research Program, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - José Rueff
- ToxOmics, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Michel Kranendonk
- ToxOmics, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Francisco Esteves
- ToxOmics, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cao Q, Zhang S, Wang J, Wang Y, Pan C, Wang X, Zhao A, Chen X, Qin P, Zhang S, Yao Z, Lv D, Yang Y, Li M. Focal facial dermal dysplasias type III: Two families with Setleis syndrome in China. J Dermatol 2022; 49:1057-1061. [PMID: 35713327 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.16488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Focal facial dermal dysplasias type III (FFDD III), commonly known as Setleis syndrome (SS; Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man #227260), is a type of focal facial dermal dysplasia, characterized by bitemporal atrophic skin lesion. The homozygous mutations in the TWIST2 gene and copy number variants (CNV) at chromosome 1p36.22p36.21 were reported as the pathogenic mechanism. In this study, we collected DNA samples from a large Chinese family affected by FFDD and found no mutation of TWSIT2. To determine the underlying genetic cause, we performed a multipoint parameter linkage analysis and haplotype analysis of the family 1 and mapped SS to a region Chr1:14.074-20.524cM (rs2401090-rs2294642). Copy number variant was identified by Sanger sequencing, which breakpoints were Chr1:11695972 and Chr1:11829858. The region contains eight genes, including FBXO2, FBXO44, FBXO6, MAD2L2, DRAXIN, AK125437, AGTRAP, and C1orf167. There were no candidate gene mutations of the second family with SS. Our study further reduced the size of CNV resulting in SS (Chr1:11696993-11829858) and focused on eight genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyu Cao
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Yumeng Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaolan Pan
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Anqi Zhao
- Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Pingping Qin
- Department of Dermatology, Yancheng First People's Hospital, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shoumin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhirong Yao
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Lv
- Department of Dermatology, Yancheng First People's Hospital, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yali Yang
- Dermatology of the Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Snyder JM, Zhong G, Hogarth C, Huang W, Topping T, LaFrance J, Palau L, Czuba LC, Griswold M, Ghiaur G, Isoherranen N. Knockout of Cyp26a1 and Cyp26b1 during postnatal life causes reduced lifespan, dermatitis, splenomegaly, and systemic inflammation in mice. FASEB J 2020; 34:15788-15804. [PMID: 33105029 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001734r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
All-trans-retinoic acid (atRA), the active metabolite of vitamin A, is an essential signaling molecule in all chordates. Global knockouts of the atRA clearing enzymes Cyp26a1 or Cyp26b1 are embryonic lethal. In adult rodents, inhibition of Cyp26a1 and Cyp26b1 increases atRA concentrations and signaling. However, postnatal knockout of Cyp26a1 does not cause a severe phenotype. We hypothesized that Cyp26b1 is the main atRA clearing Cyp in postnatal mammals. This hypothesis was tested by generating tamoxifen-inducible knockout mouse models of Cyp26b1 alone or with Cyp26a1. Both mouse models showed dermatitis, blepharitis, and splenomegaly. Histology showed infiltration of inflammatory cells including neutrophils and T lymphocytes into the skin and hyperkeratosis/hyperplasia of the nonglandular stomach. The mice lacking both Cyp26a1 and Cyp26b1 also had a reduced lifespan, failed to gain weight, and showed fat atrophy. There were significant changes in vitamin A homeostasis. Postnatal knockout of Cyp26b1 resulted in increased atRA concentrations in the skin while the postnatal knockout of both Cyp26a1 and Cyp26b1 resulted in increased atRA concentrations in the liver, serum, skin, spleen, and intestines. This study demonstrates the paramount role of Cyp26b1 in regulating retinoid homeostasis in postnatal life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Snyder
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Guo Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cathryn Hogarth
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.,Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, School of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Wodonga, VIC, Australia
| | - Weize Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Traci Topping
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Jeffrey LaFrance
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laura Palau
- School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lindsay C Czuba
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Griswold
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Gabriel Ghiaur
- School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mandibulofacial Dysostosis Attributed to a Recessive Mutation of CYP26C1 in Hereford Cattle. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11111246. [PMID: 33105751 PMCID: PMC7690606 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In spring 2020, six Hereford calves presented with congenital facial deformities attributed to a condition we termed mandibulofacial dysostosis (MD). Affected calves shared hallmark features of a variably shortened and/or asymmetric lower mandible and bilateral skin tags present 2–10 cm caudal to the commissure of the lips. Pedigree analysis revealed a single common ancestor shared by the sire and dam of each affected calf. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of 20 animals led to the discovery of a variant (Chr26 g. 14404993T>C) in Exon 3 of CYP26C1 associated with MD. This missense mutation (p.L188P), is located in an α helix of the protein, which the identified amino acid substitution is predicted to break. The implication of this mutation was further validated through genotyping 2 additional affected calves, 760 other Herefords, and by evaluation of available WGS data from over 2500 other individuals. Only the affected individuals were homozygous for the variant and all heterozygotes had at least one pedigree tie to the suspect founder. CYP26C1 plays a vital role in tissue-specific regulation of retinoic acid (RA) during embryonic development. Dysregulation of RA can result in teratogenesis by altering the endothelin-1 signaling pathway affecting the expression of Dlx genes, critical to mandibulofacial development. We postulate that this recessive missense mutation in CYP26C1 impacts the catalytic activity of the encoded enzyme, leading to excess RA resulting in the observed MD phenotype.
Collapse
|
5
|
Durack A, Holden ST, Burrows NP. Congenital bilateral scar-like lesions on the face. Br J Dermatol 2020; 184:e29. [PMID: 32696461 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Durack
- Departments of, Department of, Dermatology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - S T Holden
- Department of, Clinical Genetics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - N P Burrows
- Departments of, Department of, Dermatology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Roberts C. Regulating Retinoic Acid Availability during Development and Regeneration: The Role of the CYP26 Enzymes. J Dev Biol 2020; 8:jdb8010006. [PMID: 32151018 PMCID: PMC7151129 DOI: 10.3390/jdb8010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of the Cytochrome p450 subfamily 26 (CYP26) retinoic acid (RA) degrading enzymes during development and regeneration. Cyp26 enzymes, along with retinoic acid synthesising enzymes, are absolutely required for RA homeostasis in these processes by regulating availability of RA for receptor binding and signalling. Cyp26 enzymes are necessary to generate RA gradients and to protect specific tissues from RA signalling. Disruption of RA homeostasis leads to a wide variety of embryonic defects affecting many tissues. Here, the function of CYP26 enzymes is discussed in the context of the RA signalling pathway, enzymatic structure and biochemistry, human genetic disease, and function in development and regeneration as elucidated from animal model studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Roberts
- Developmental Biology of Birth Defects, UCL-GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford St, London WC1N 1EH, UK;
- Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, Tooting, London SW17 0RE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sirbu IO, Chiş AR, Moise AR. Role of carotenoids and retinoids during heart development. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158636. [PMID: 31978553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The nutritional requirements of the developing embryo are complex. In the case of dietary vitamin A (retinol, retinyl esters and provitamin A carotenoids), maternal derived nutrients serve as precursors to signaling molecules such as retinoic acid, which is required for embryonic patterning and organogenesis. Despite variations in the composition and levels of maternal vitamin A, embryonic tissues need to generate a precise amount of retinoic acid to avoid congenital malformations. Here, we summarize recent findings regarding the role and metabolism of vitamin A during heart development and we survey the association of genes known to affect retinoid metabolism or signaling with various inherited disorders. A better understanding of the roles of vitamin A in the heart and of the factors that affect retinoid metabolism and signaling can help design strategies to meet nutritional needs and to prevent birth defects and disorders associated with altered retinoid metabolism. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Carotenoids recent advances in cell and molecular biology edited by Johannes von Lintig and Loredana Quadro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioan Ovidiu Sirbu
- Biochemistry Department, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; Timisoara Institute of Complex Systems, V. Lucaciu 18, 300044 Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Aimée Rodica Chiş
- Biochemistry Department, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alexander Radu Moise
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biology and Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Das A, Kumar P. Focal facial dermal dysplasia type 4. Indian Dermatol Online J 2020; 11:670-671. [PMID: 32832475 PMCID: PMC7413430 DOI: 10.4103/idoj.idoj_347_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
9
|
Thompson B, Katsanis N, Apostolopoulos N, Thompson DC, Nebert DW, Vasiliou V. Genetics and functions of the retinoic acid pathway, with special emphasis on the eye. Hum Genomics 2019; 13:61. [PMID: 31796115 PMCID: PMC6892198 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-019-0248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is a potent morphogen required for embryonic development. RA is formed in a multistep process from vitamin A (retinol); RA acts in a paracrine fashion to shape the developing eye and is essential for normal optic vesicle and anterior segment formation. Perturbation in RA-signaling can result in severe ocular developmental diseases—including microphthalmia, anophthalmia, and coloboma. RA-signaling is also essential for embryonic development and life, as indicated by the significant consequences of mutations in genes involved in RA-signaling. The requirement of RA-signaling for normal development is further supported by the manifestation of severe pathologies in animal models of RA deficiency—such as ventral lens rotation, failure of optic cup formation, and embryonic and postnatal lethality. In this review, we summarize RA-signaling, recent advances in our understanding of this pathway in eye development, and the requirement of RA-signaling for embryonic development (e.g., organogenesis and limb bud development) and life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Thompson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Stanley Manne Research Institute, Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Nicholas Apostolopoulos
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - David C Thompson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Daniel W Nebert
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, University Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0056, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Isoherranen N, Zhong G. Biochemical and physiological importance of the CYP26 retinoic acid hydroxylases. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 204:107400. [PMID: 31419517 PMCID: PMC6881548 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Cytochrome P450 (CYP) family 26 enzymes contribute to retinoic acid (RA) metabolism and homeostasis in humans, mammals and other chordates. The three CYP26 family enzymes, CYP26A1, CYP26B1 and CYP26C1 have all been shown to metabolize all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) it's 9-cisRA and 13-cisRA isomers and primary metabolites 4-OH-RA and 4-oxo-RA with high efficiency. While no crystal structures of CYP26 enzymes are available, the binding of various ligands has been extensively explored via homology modeling. All three CYP26 enzymes are inducible by treatment with atRA in various prenatal and postnatal tissues and cell types. However, current literature shows that in addition to regulation by atRA, CYP26 enzyme expression is also regulated by other endogenous processes and inflammatory cytokines. In humans and in animal models the expression patterns of CYP26 enzymes have been shown to be tissue and cell type specific, and the expression of the CYP26 enzymes is believed to regulate the formation of critical atRA concentration gradients in various tissue types. Yet, very little data exists on direct disease associations of altered CYP26 expression or activity. Nevertheless, data is emerging describing a variety of human genetic variations in the CYP26 enzymes that are associated with different pathologies. Interestingly, some of these genetic variants result in increased activity of the CYP26 enzymes potentially leading to complex gene-environment interactions due to variability in dietary intake of retinoids. This review highlights the current knowledge of structure-function of CYP26 enzymes and focuses on their role in human retinoid metabolism in different tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Guo Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Donné M, Van den Brande A, De Maeseneer H, Van Gysel D. Two siblings with scarlike facial lesions. Pediatr Dermatol 2019; 36:253-254. [PMID: 30895672 DOI: 10.1111/pde.13718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Donné
- Department of Pediatrics, O.L.Vrouw Hospital, Aalst, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Astrid Van den Brande
- Department of Pediatrics, O.L.Vrouw Hospital, Aalst, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Dirk Van Gysel
- Department of Pediatrics, O.L.Vrouw Hospital, Aalst, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mehrtens SH, Shankar S. A case of focal facial dermal dysplasia type 4. Pediatr Dermatol 2019; 36:e58-e59. [PMID: 30561078 DOI: 10.1111/pde.13730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present a rare case of focal facial dermal dysplasia type 4 (FFDD4) in an otherwise healthy boy infant, presenting as bilateral preauricular scarlike defects surrounded by a hair collar, resembling membranous aplasia cutis congenita. The presence of a hair collar supports the hypothesis that FFDD is caused by abnormal closure at facial embryonic fusion lines, but unlike midline scalp defects is not associated with neurological compromise. Other types of FFDD occur at different sites and can be associated with cranial dysgraphism. Awareness of this rare condition by dermatologists is imperative to enable prompt recognition and minimize diagnostic delay.
Collapse
|
13
|
Montalbano A, Juergensen L, Fukami M, Thiel CT, Hauer NH, Roeth R, Weiss B, Naiki Y, Ogata T, Hassel D, Rappold GA. Functional missense and splicing variants in the retinoic acid catabolizing enzyme CYP26C1 in idiopathic short stature. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 26:1113-1120. [PMID: 29706635 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-018-0148-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Height is a complex quantitative trait with a high heritability. Short stature is diagnosed when height is significantly below the average of the general population for that person's age and sex. We have recently found that the retinoic acid degrading enzyme CYP26C1 modifies SHOX deficiency phenotypes toward more severe clinical manifestations. Here, we asked whether damaging variants in CYP26C1 alone could lead to short stature. We performed exome and Sanger sequencing to analyze 856 individuals with short stature where SHOX deficiency was previously excluded. Three different damaging missense variants and one splicing variant were identified in six independent individuals; the functional significance of the identified variants was tested in vitro or in vivo using zebrafish as a model. The genetic and functional data reported here indicate that CYP26C1 represents a novel gene underlying growth disorders and that damaging variants in the absence of SHOX variants can lead to short stature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Montalbano
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lonny Juergensen
- Department of Internal Medicine III - Cardiology, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Christian T Thiel
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nadine H Hauer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralph Roeth
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Weiss
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yasuhiro Naiki
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - David Hassel
- Department of Internal Medicine III - Cardiology, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gudrun A Rappold
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Focal facial dermal dysplasia type 4: identification of novel CYP26C1 mutations in unrelated patients. J Hum Genet 2017; 63:257-261. [PMID: 29263414 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-017-0375-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The focal facial dermal dysplasias (FFDDs) are a group of rare inherited developmental disorders characterized by congenital scar-like atrophic lesions in the bitemporal (FFDD1, 2, and 3) or preauricular (FFDD4) areas. FFDD4 is an autosomal-recessive trait characterized by preauricular skin defects without additional dysmorphic findings. Previously, only two CYP26C1 mutations in four unrelated patients with FFDD4 were reported. Here, we report two additional unrelated FFDD4 patients with four CYP26C1 mutations including three novel lesions: a missense mutation, c.230G>C (p.Arg77Pro), and two splice-site mutations, c.1191+1G>T (IVS5(+1)G>T) and c.1191+2insT (IVS5(+2)insT). In silico analyses predicted all three mutations as pathogenic. Compound heterozygosity was validated through parental studies. These results provide further evidence that CYP26C1 mutations are the molecular genetic basis of FFDD4. Identification of additional cases by dermatologists, pediatricians, and medical geneticists will lead to further understanding of the clinical spectrum of FFDD4 and define its molecular genetic heterogeneity.
Collapse
|
15
|
Ullah E, Wu D, Madireddy L, Lao R, Ling-Fung Tang P, Wan E, Bardakjian T, Kopinsky S, Kwok PY, Schneider A, Baranzini S, Ansar M, Slavotinek A. Two missense mutations in SALL4 in a patient with microphthalmia, coloboma, and optic nerve hypoplasia. Ophthalmic Genet 2017; 38:371-375. [PMID: 27661448 PMCID: PMC6238016 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2016.1217550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the genetic etiology of anophthalmia and microphthalmia, we used exome sequencing in a Caucasian female with unilateral microphthalmia and coloboma, bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia, ventricular and atrial septal defects, and growth delays. We found two sequence variants in SALL4 - c.[575C>A], predicting p.(Ala192Glu), that was paternally inherited, and c.[2053G>C], predicting p.(Asp685His), that was maternally inherited. Haploinsufficiency for SALL4 due to nonsense or frameshift mutations has been associated with acro-renal ocular syndrome that is characterized by eye defects including Duane anomaly and coloboma, in addition to radial ray malformations and renal abnormalities. Our report is the first description of structural eye defects associated with two missense variants in SALL4 inherited in trans; the absence of reported findings in both parents suggests that both sequence variants are hypomorphic mutations and that both are needed for the ocular phenotype. SALL4 is expressed in the developing lens and regulates BMP4, leading us to speculate that altered BMP4 expression was responsible for the eye defects, but we could not demonstrate altered BMP4 expression in vitro after using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to reduce SALL4 expression. We conclude that SALL4 hypomorphic variants may influence eye development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Ullah
- a Department of Pediatrics , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , California , USA
- b Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - D Wu
- a Department of Pediatrics , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , California , USA
| | - L Madireddy
- c Department of Neurology , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , California , USA
| | - R Lao
- d Cardiovascular Research Institute , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , California , USA
| | - P Ling-Fung Tang
- d Cardiovascular Research Institute , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , California , USA
| | - E Wan
- d Cardiovascular Research Institute , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , California , USA
| | - T Bardakjian
- e Division of Medical Genetics , Einstein Healthcare Network , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - S Kopinsky
- e Division of Medical Genetics , Einstein Healthcare Network , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - P-Y Kwok
- d Cardiovascular Research Institute , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , California , USA
| | - A Schneider
- e Division of Medical Genetics , Einstein Healthcare Network , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - S Baranzini
- c Department of Neurology , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , California , USA
| | - M Ansar
- b Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - A Slavotinek
- a Department of Pediatrics , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , California , USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bardakjian T, Krall M, Wu D, Lao R, Tang PLF, Wan E, Kopinsky S, Schneider A, Kwok PY, Slavotinek A. A recurrent, non-penetrant sequence variant, p.Arg266Cys in Growth/Differentiation Factor 3 ( GDF3) in a female with unilateral anophthalmia and skeletal anomalies. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2017; 7:102-106. [PMID: 29260090 PMCID: PMC5722175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The genetic causes of anophthalmia, microphthalmia and coloboma remain poorly understood. Missense mutations in Growth/Differentiation Factor 3 (GDF3) gene have previously been reported in patients with microphthalmia, iridial and retinal colobomas, Klippel-Feil anomaly with vertebral fusion, scoliosis, rudimentary 12th ribs and an anomalous right temporal bone. We used whole exome sequencing with a trio approach to study a female with unilateral anophthalmia, kyphoscoliosis and additional skeletal anomalies. Observations Exome sequencing revealed that the proposita was heterozygous for c.796C > T, predicting p.Arg266Cys, in GDF3. Sanger sequencing confirmed the mutation and showed that the unaffected mother was heterozygous for the same missense substitution. Conclusions and importance Although transfection studies with the p.Arg266Cys mutation have shown that this amino acid substitution is likely to impair function, non-penetrance for the ocular defects was apparent in this family and has been observed in other families with sequence variants in GDF3. We conclude p.Arg266Cys and other GDF3 mutations can be non-penetrant, making pathogenicity more difficult to establish when sequence variants in this gene are present in patients with structural eye defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Bardakjian
- Division of Medical Genetics, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Max Krall
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Richard Lao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paul Ling-Fung Tang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eunice Wan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sarina Kopinsky
- Division of Medical Genetics, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adele Schneider
- Division of Medical Genetics, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pui-Yan Kwok
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anne Slavotinek
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Annalora AJ, Marcus CB, Iversen PL. Alternative Splicing in the Cytochrome P450 Superfamily Expands Protein Diversity to Augment Gene Function and Redirect Human Drug Metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:375-389. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.073254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
|
18
|
Montalbano A, Juergensen L, Roeth R, Weiss B, Fukami M, Fricke-Otto S, Binder G, Ogata T, Decker E, Nuernberg G, Hassel D, Rappold GA. Retinoic acid catabolizing enzyme CYP26C1 is a genetic modifier in SHOX deficiency. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:1455-1469. [PMID: 27861128 PMCID: PMC5167135 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201606623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the homeobox gene SHOX cause SHOX deficiency, a condition with clinical manifestations ranging from short stature without dysmorphic signs to severe mesomelic skeletal dysplasia. In rare cases, individuals with SHOX deficiency are asymptomatic. To elucidate the factors that modify disease severity/penetrance, we studied a three-generation family with SHOX deficiency. The variant p.Phe508Cys of the retinoic acid catabolizing enzyme CYP26C1 co-segregated with the SHOX variant p.Val161Ala in the affected individuals, while the SHOX mutant alone was present in asymptomatic individuals. Two further cases with SHOX deficiency and damaging CYP26C1 variants were identified in a cohort of 68 individuals with LWD The identified CYP26C1 variants affected its catabolic activity, leading to an increased level of retinoic acid. High levels of retinoic acid significantly decrease SHOX expression in human primary chondrocytes and zebrafish embryos. Individual morpholino knockdown of either gene shortens the pectoral fins, whereas depletion of both genes leads to a more severe phenotype. Together, our findings describe CYP26C1 as the first genetic modifier for SHOX deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Montalbano
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lonny Juergensen
- Department of Internal Medicine III - Cardiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralph Roeth
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Weiss
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Gerhard Binder
- Children's Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Eva Decker
- Bioscientia Center for Human Genetics, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Gudrun Nuernberg
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Center for Genomics, Cologne, Germany
| | - David Hassel
- Department of Internal Medicine III - Cardiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gudrun A Rappold
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
El-Sherbeni AA, El-Kadi AOS. Microsomal cytochrome P450 as a target for drug discovery and repurposing. Drug Metab Rev 2016; 49:1-17. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2016.1257021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. El-Sherbeni
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2142J Katz Group-Rexall Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ayman O. S. El-Kadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2142J Katz Group-Rexall Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
|
21
|
Genetic analysis of consanguineous families presenting with congenital ocular defects. Exp Eye Res 2016; 146:163-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
22
|
Expansion of phenotype and genotypic data in CRB2-related syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet 2016; 24:1436-44. [PMID: 27004616 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2016.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequence variants in CRB2 cause a syndrome with greatly elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein and amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein levels, cerebral ventriculomegaly and renal findings similar to Finnish congenital nephrosis. All reported patients have been homozygotes or compound heterozygotes for sequence variants in the Crumbs, Drosophila, Homolog of, 2 (CRB2) genes. Variants affecting CRB2 function have also been identified in four families with steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome, but without any other known systemic findings. We ascertained five, previously unreported individuals with biallelic variants in CRB2 that were predicted to affect function. We compiled the clinical features of reported cases and reviewed available literature for cases with features suggestive of CRB2-related syndrome in order to better understand the phenotypic and genotypic manifestations. Phenotypic analyses showed that ventriculomegaly was a common clinical manifestation (9/11 confirmed cases), in contrast to the original reports, in which patients were ascertained due to renal disease. Two children had minor eye findings and one was diagnosed with a B-cell lymphoma. Further genetic analysis identified one family with two affected siblings who were both heterozygous for a variant in NPHS2 predicted to affect function and separate families with sequence variants in NPHS4 and BBS7 in addition to the CRB2 variants. Our report expands the clinical phenotype of CRB2-related syndrome and establishes ventriculomegaly and hydrocephalus as frequent manifestations. We found additional sequence variants in genes involved in kidney development and ciliopathies in patients with CRB2-related syndrome, suggesting that these variants may modify the phenotype.
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) was identified as the biologically active form of vitamin A almost 70 years ago and work on its function and mechanism of action is still of major interest both from a scientific and a clinical perspective. The currently accepted model postulates that RA is produced in two sequential oxidative steps: first, retinol is oxidized reversibly to retinaldehyde, and then retinaldehyde is oxidized irreversibly to RA. Excess RA is inactivated by conversion to hydroxylated derivatives. Much is left to learn, especially about retinoid binding proteins and the trafficking of the hydrophobic retinoid substrates between membrane bound and cytosolic enzymes. Here, background on development of the field and an update on recent advances in our understanding of the enzymatic pathways and mechanisms that control the rate of RA production and degradation are presented with a focus on the many questions that remain unanswered.
Collapse
|
24
|
Expression of the retinoic acid catabolic enzyme CYP26B1 in the human brain to maintain signaling homeostasis. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:3315-26. [PMID: 26374207 PMCID: PMC4920859 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1102-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is a potent regulator of gene transcription via its activation of a set of nuclear receptors controlling transcriptional activation. Precise maintenance of where and when RA is generated is essential and achieved by local expression of synthetic and catabolic enzymes. The catabolic enzymes Cyp26a1 and Cyp26b1 have been studied in detail in the embryo, where they limit gradients of RA that form patterns of gene expression, crucial for morphogenesis. This paracrine role of RA has been assumed to occur in most tissues and that the RA synthetic enzymes release RA at a site distant from the catabolic enzymes. In contrast to the embryonic CNS, relatively little is known about RA metabolism in the adult brain. This study investigated the distribution of Cyp26a1 and Cyp26b1 transcripts in the rat brain, identifying several novel regions of expression, including the cerebral cortex for both enzymes and striatum for Cyp26b1. In vivo use of a new and potent inhibitor of the Cyp26 enzymes, ser 2–7, demonstrated a function for endogenous Cyp26 in the brain and that hippocampal RA levels can be raised by ser 2–7, altering the effect of RA on differential patterning of cell proliferation in the hippocampal region of neurogenesis, the subgranular zone. The expression of CYP26A1 and CYP26B1 was also investigated in the adult human brain and colocalization of CYP26A1 and the RA synthetic enzyme RALDH2 indicated a different, autocrine role for RA in human hippocampal neurons. Studies with the SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line implied that the co-expression of RA synthetic and catabolic enzymes maintains retinoid homeostasis within neurons. This presents a novel view of RA in human neurons as part of an autocrine, intracellular signaling system.
Collapse
|
25
|
Lee BH, Kasparis C, Chen B, Mei H, Edelmann L, Moss C, Weaver DD, Desnick RJ. Setleis syndrome due to inheritance of the 1p36.22p36.21 duplication: evidence for lack of penetrance. J Hum Genet 2015; 60:717-22. [DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2015.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
26
|
Abstract
Deletions of chromosome 1p36 affect approximately 1 in 5,000 newborns and are the most common terminal deletions in humans. Medical problems commonly caused by terminal deletions of 1p36 include developmental delay, intellectual disability, seizures, vision problems, hearing loss, short stature, distinctive facial features, brain anomalies, orofacial clefting, congenital heart defects, cardiomyopathy, and renal anomalies. Although 1p36 deletion syndrome is considered clinically recognizable, there is significant phenotypic variation among affected individuals. This variation is due, at least in part, to the genetic heterogeneity seen in 1p36 deletions which include terminal and interstitial deletions of varying lengths located throughout the 30 Mb of DNA that comprise chromosome 1p36. Array-based copy number variant analysis can easily identify genomic regions of 1p36 that are deleted in an affected individual. However, predicting the phenotype of an individual based solely on the location and extent of their 1p36 deletion remains a challenge since most of the genes that contribute to 1p36-related phenotypes have yet to be identified. In addition, haploinsufficiency of more than one gene may contribute to some phenotypes. In this article, we review recent successes in the effort to map and identify the genes and genomic regions that contribute to specific 1p36-related phenotypes. In particular, we highlight evidence implicating MMP23B, GABRD, SKI, PRDM16, KCNAB2, RERE, UBE4B, CASZ1, PDPN, SPEN, ECE1, HSPG2, and LUZP1 in various 1p36 deletion phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie K Jordan
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hitisha P Zaveri
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daryl A Scott
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA ; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wu D, Mandal S, Choi A, Anderson A, Prochazkova M, Perry H, Gil-Da-Silva-Lopes VL, Lao R, Wan E, Tang PLF, Kwok PY, Klein O, Zhuan B, Slavotinek AM. DLX4 is associated with orofacial clefting and abnormal jaw development. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:4340-52. [PMID: 25954033 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) are common structural birth defects in humans. We used exome sequencing to study a patient with bilateral CL/P and identified a single nucleotide deletion in the patient and her similarly affected son—c.546_546delG, predicting p.Gln183Argfs*57 in the Distal-less 4 (DLX4) gene. The sequence variant was absent from databases, predicted to be deleterious and was verified by Sanger sequencing. In mammals, there are three Dlx homeobox clusters with closely located gene pairs (Dlx1/Dlx2, Dlx3/Dlx4, Dlx5/Dlx6). In situ hybridization showed that Dlx4 was expressed in the mesenchyme of the murine palatal shelves at E12.5, prior to palate closure. Wild-type human DLX4, but not mutant DLX4_c.546delG, could activate two murine Dlx conserved regulatory elements, implying that the mutation caused haploinsufficiency. We showed that reduced DLX4 expression after short interfering RNA treatment in a human cell line resulted in significant up-regulation of DLX3, DLX5 and DLX6, with reduced expression of DLX2 and significant up-regulation of BMP4, although the increased BMP4 expression was demonstrated only in HeLa cells. We used antisense morpholino oligonucleotides to target the orthologous Danio rerio gene, dlx4b, and found reduced cranial size and abnormal cartilaginous elements. We sequenced DLX4 in 155 patients with non-syndromic CL/P and CP, but observed no sequence variants. From the published literature, Dlx1/Dlx2 double homozygous null mice and Dlx5 homozygous null mice both have clefts of the secondary palate. This first finding of a DLX4 mutation in a family with CL/P establishes DLX4 as a potential cause of human clefts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Shyamali Mandal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Alex Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - August Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michaela Prochazkova
- Division of Craniofacial Anomalies, Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA, Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, v. v.i., Prague, Czech Republic, Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94114, USA
| | - Hazel Perry
- Division of Craniofacial Anomalies, Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Richard Lao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA and
| | - Eunice Wan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA and
| | - Paul Ling-Fung Tang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA and
| | - Pui-yan Kwok
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ophir Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA, Division of Craniofacial Anomalies, Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA, Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94114, USA
| | - Bian Zhuan
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China
| | - Anne M Slavotinek
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Weaver DD, Norby AR, Rosenfeld JA, Proud VK, Spangler BE, Ming JE, Chisholm E, Zackai EH, Lee BH, Edelmann L, Desnick RJ. Chromosome 1p36.22p36.21 duplications/triplication causes Setleis syndrome (focal facial dermal dysplasia type III). Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167A:1061-70. [PMID: 25728400 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Focal facial dermal dysplasias (FFDD) are characterized by congenital bitemporal or preauricular atrophic skin lesions, and either autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive inheritance. Setleis syndrome (SS), FFDD type III, is a severe form of FFDD with the ectodermal lesions plus other striking facial features. Autosomal recessive nonsense and frameshift mutations in TWIST2 have been found to cause SS in some but not all individuals. Here, we report on four unrelated individuals, one with an unclassified FFDD and the other three with classic SS. Chromosomal microarray analyses revealed unique copy number variants of 1p36 in two individuals with duplications at 1p36.22p36.21 and one with a triplication at 1p36.22p36.21. The fourth patient had normal chromosomes by microarray analysis. All four patients had normal TWIST2 exonic sequences. We propose that a dosage effect of one or more of the 30 genes in the 1.3 Mb 1p36.22p36.21 region of overlap is responsible for FFDD/SS manifestations in some individuals, and this mechanism would be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. In patients with no duplication/triplication of the 1p36.22p36.21 region and no mutations in TWIST2, there are mutation(s) in one of the 30 genes in this region or mutations in other as yet unidentified genes at different locations that may affect the expressions of genes in this region or act independently to cause this developmental disease phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David D Weaver
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Choi A, Lao R, Ling-Fung Tang P, Wan E, Mayer W, Bardakjian T, Shaw GM, Kwok PY, Schneider A, Slavotinek A. Novel mutations in PXDN cause microphthalmia and anterior segment dysgenesis. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 23:337-41. [PMID: 24939590 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We used exome sequencing to study a non-consanguineous family with two children who had anterior segment dysgenesis, sclerocornea, microphthalmia, hypotonia and developmental delays. Sanger sequencing verified two Peroxidasin (PXDN) mutations in both sibs--a maternally inherited, nonsense mutation, c.1021C>T predicting p.(Arg341*), and a paternally inherited, 23-basepair deletion causing a frameshift and premature protein truncation, c.2375_2397del23, predicting p.(Leu792Hisfs*67). We re-examined exome data from 20 other patients with structural eye defects and identified two additional PXDN mutations in a sporadic male with bilateral microphthalmia, cataracts and anterior segment dysgenesis--a maternally inherited, frameshift mutation, c.1192delT, predicting p.(Tyr398Thrfs*40) and a paternally inherited, missense substitution that was predicted to be deleterious, c.947 A>C, predicting p.(Gln316Pro). Mutations in PXDN were previously reported in three families with congenital cataracts, microcornea, sclerocornea and developmental glaucoma. The gene is expressed in corneal epithelium and is secreted into the extracellular matrix. Defective peroxidasin has been shown to impair sulfilimine bond formation in collagen IV, a constituent of the basement membrane, implying that the eye defects result because of loss of basement membrane integrity in the developing eye. Our finding of a broader phenotype than previously appreciated for PXDN mutations is typical for exome-sequencing studies, which have proven to be highly effective for mutation detection in patients with atypical presentations. We conclude that PXDN sequencing should be considered in microphthalmia with anterior segment dysgenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Richard Lao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paul Ling-Fung Tang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eunice Wan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wasima Mayer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tanya Bardakjian
- Division of Medical Genetics, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gary M Shaw
- Division of Neonatology and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pui-Yan Kwok
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adele Schneider
- Division of Medical Genetics, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anne Slavotinek
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Giordano L, Desnick RJ, Molinaro A, Uliana V, Forzano F, Edelmann L, Nazarenko I, Pinelli L, Accorsi P, Faravelli F. Setleis syndrome: genetic and clinical findings in a new case with epilepsy. Pediatr Neurol 2014; 50:389-91. [PMID: 24486222 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Focal facial dermal dysplasias are a group of inherited ectodermal disorders characterized by congenital bitemporal or periauricular scar-like depressions as well as other facial and nonfacial developmental defects. Four subtypes have been delineated, and mutations in the TWIST2 gene have been identified in type III focal facial dermal dysplasia (Setleis syndrome). PATIENTS We describe a sporadic patient with the hallmark bitemporal scar-like lesions, severe intellectual disability, and focal epilepsy. RESULTS The boy has typical features of Setleis syndrome, and he developed focal epilepsy, a previously unreported feature of this syndrome. No mutations in the TWIST2 gene were found, and there were no pathologic copy number abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS Epilepsy could represent a new manifestation, and the patient described broadens the spectrum of clinical features associated with Setleis syndrome, including central nervous system involvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Giordano
- Pediatric Neuropsychiatric Division, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Robert J Desnick
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Anna Molinaro
- Pediatric Neuropsychiatric Division, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Vera Uliana
- Division of Medical Genetics, Galliera Hospital, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Lisa Edelmann
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Irene Nazarenko
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Lorenzo Pinelli
- Department of Neuroradiology, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Accorsi
- Pediatric Neuropsychiatric Division, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kedishvili NY. Enzymology of retinoic acid biosynthesis and degradation. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:1744-60. [PMID: 23630397 PMCID: PMC3679379 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r037028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
All-trans-retinoic acid is a biologically active derivative of vitamin A that regulates numerous physiological processes. The concentration of retinoic acid in the cells is tightly regulated, but the exact mechanisms responsible for this regulation are not completely understood, largely because the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of retinoic acid have not been fully defined. Recent studies using in vitro and in vivo models suggest that several members of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily of proteins are essential for retinoic acid biosynthesis and the maintenance of retinoic acid homeostasis. However, the exact roles of some of these recently identified enzymes are yet to be characterized. The properties of the known contributors to retinoid metabolism have now been better defined and allow for more detailed understanding of their interactions with retinoid-binding proteins and other retinoid enzymes. At the same time, further studies are needed to clarify the interactions between the cytoplasmic and membrane-bound proteins involved in the processing of hydrophobic retinoid metabolites. This review summarizes current knowledge about the roles of various biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes in the regulation of retinoic acid homeostasis and outlines the remaining questions in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Y Kedishvili
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| |
Collapse
|