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Viou L, Atkins M, Rousseau V, Launay P, Masson J, Pace C, Murakami F, Barnier JV, Métin C. PAK3 activation promotes the tangential to radial migration switch of cortical interneurons by increasing leading process dynamics and disrupting cell polarity. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02483-y. [PMID: 38454080 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02483-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Mutations of PAK3, a p21-activated kinase, are associated in humans with cognitive deficits suggestive of defective cortical circuits and with frequent brain structural abnormalities. Most human variants no longer exhibit kinase activity. Since GABAergic interneurons express PAK3 as they migrate within the cortex, we here examined the role of PAK3 kinase activity in the regulation of cortical interneuron migration. During the embryonic development, cortical interneurons migrate a long distance tangentially and then re-orient radially to settle in the cortical plate, where they contribute to cortical circuits. We showed that interneurons expressing a constitutively kinase active PAK3 variant (PAK3-ca) extended shorter leading processes and exhibited unstable polarity. In the upper cortical layers, they entered the cortical plate and extended radially oriented processes. In the deep cortical layers, they exhibited erratic non-processive migration movements and accumulated in the deep pathway. Pharmacological inhibition of PAK3 kinase inhibited the radial migration switch of interneurons to the cortical plate and reduced their accumulation in the deep cortical layers. Interneurons expressing a kinase dead PAK3 variant (PAK3-kd) developed branched leading processes, maintained the same polarity during migration and exhibited processive and tangentially oriented movements in the cortex. These results reveal that PAK3 kinase activity, by promoting leading process shortening and cell polarity changes, inhibits the tangential processive migration of interneurons and favors their radial re- orientation and targeting to the cortical plate. They suggest that patients expressing PAK3 variants with impaired kinase activity likely present alterations in the cortical targeting of their GABAergic interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Viou
- INSERM UMR-S 1270; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Sorbonne Université, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Melody Atkins
- INSERM UMR-S 1270; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Sorbonne Université, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Rousseau
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, UMR 9197, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Pierre Launay
- INSERM UMR-S 1270; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Sorbonne Université, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Justine Masson
- INSERM UMR-S 1270; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Sorbonne Université, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Clarisse Pace
- INSERM UMR-S 1270; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Sorbonne Université, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Fujio Murakami
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-3, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jean-Vianney Barnier
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, UMR 9197, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Christine Métin
- INSERM UMR-S 1270; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Sorbonne Université, F-75005, Paris, France.
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2
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Ultra-Rare Variants Identify Biological Pathways and Candidate Genes in the Pathobiology of Non-Syndromic Cleft Palate Only. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020236. [PMID: 36830605 PMCID: PMC9953608 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, many efforts have been made to elucidate the genetic causes of non-syndromic cleft palate (nsCPO), a complex congenital disease caused by the interaction of several genetic and environmental factors. Since genome-wide association studies have evidenced a minor contribution of common polymorphisms in nsCPO inheritance, we used whole exome sequencing data to explore the role of ultra-rare variants in this study. In a cohort of 35 nsCPO cases and 38 controls, we performed a gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and a hypergeometric test for assessing significant overlap between genes implicated in nsCPO pathobiology and genes enriched in ultra-rare variants in our cohort. GSEA highlighted an enrichment of ultra-rare variants in genes principally belonging to cytoskeletal protein binding pathway (Probability Density Function corrected p-value = 1.57 × 10-4); protein-containing complex binding pathway (p-value = 1.06 × 10-2); cell adhesion molecule binding pathway (p-value = 1.24 × 10-2); ECM-receptor interaction pathway (p-value = 1.69 × 10-2); and in the Integrin signaling pathway (p-value = 1.28 × 10-2). Two genes implicated in nsCPO pathobiology, namely COL2A1 and GLI3, ranked among the genes (n = 34) with nominal enrichment in the ultra-rare variant collapsing analysis (Fisher's exact test p-value < 0.05). These genes were also part of an independent list of genes highly relevant to nsCPO biology (n = 25). Significant overlap between the two sets of genes (hypergeometric test p-value = 5.86 × 10-3) indicated that enriched genes are likely to be implicated in physiological palate development and/or the pathological processes of oral clefting. In conclusion, ultra-rare variants collectively impinge on biological pathways crucial to nsCPO pathobiology and point to candidate genes that may contribute to the individual risk of disease. Sequencing can be an effective approach to identify candidate genes and pathways for nsCPO.
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3
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Key role of Rho GTPases in motor disorders associated with neurodevelopmental pathologies. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:118-126. [PMID: 35918397 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01702-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that Rho GTPases and molecules involved in their signaling pathways play a major role in the development of the central nervous system (CNS). Whole exome sequencing (WES) and de novo examination of mutations, including SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) in genes coding for the molecules of their signaling cascade, has allowed the recent discovery of dominant autosomic mutations and duplication or deletion of candidates in the field of neurodevelopmental diseases (NDD). Epidemiological studies show that the co-occurrence of several of these neurological pathologies may indeed be the rule. The regulators of Rho GTPases have often been considered for cognitive diseases such as intellectual disability (ID) and autism. But, in a remarkable way, mild to severe motor symptoms are now reported in autism and other cognitive NDD. Although a more abundant litterature reports the involvement of Rho GTPases and signaling partners in cognitive development, molecular investigations on their roles in central nervous system (CNS) development or degenerative CNS pathologies also reveal their role in embryonic and perinatal motor wiring through axon guidance and later in synaptic plasticity. Thus, Rho family small GTPases have been revealed to play a key role in brain functions including learning and memory but their precise role in motor development and associated symptoms in NDD has been poorly scoped so far, despite increasing clinical data highlighting the links between cognition and motor development. Indeed, early impairements in fine or gross motor performance is often an associated feature of NDDs, which then impact social communication, cognition, emotion, and behavior. We review here recent insights derived from clinical developmental neurobiology in the field of Rho GTPases and NDD (autism spectrum related disorder (ASD), ID, schizophrenia, hypotonia, spastic paraplegia, bipolar disorder and dyslexia), with a specific focus on genetic alterations affecting Rho GTPases that are involved in motor circuit development.
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4
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Dobrigna M, Poëa-Guyon S, Rousseau V, Vincent A, Toutain A, Barnier JV. The molecular basis of p21-activated kinase-associated neurodevelopmental disorders: From genotype to phenotype. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1123784. [PMID: 36937657 PMCID: PMC10017488 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1123784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the identification of numerous genes involved in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) has reshaped our understanding of their etiology, there are still major obstacles in the way of developing therapeutic solutions for intellectual disability (ID) and other NDDs. These include extensive clinical and genetic heterogeneity, rarity of recurrent pathogenic variants, and comorbidity with other psychiatric traits. Moreover, a large intragenic mutational landscape is at play in some NDDs, leading to a broad range of clinical symptoms. Such diversity of symptoms is due to the different effects DNA variations have on protein functions and their impacts on downstream biological processes. The type of functional alterations, such as loss or gain of function, and interference with signaling pathways, has yet to be correlated with clinical symptoms for most genes. This review aims at discussing our current understanding of how the molecular changes of group I p21-activated kinases (PAK1, 2 and 3), which are essential actors of brain development and function; contribute to a broad clinical spectrum of NDDs. Identifying differences in PAK structure, regulation and spatio-temporal expression may help understanding the specific functions of each group I PAK. Deciphering how each variation type affects these parameters will help uncover the mechanisms underlying mutation pathogenicity. This is a prerequisite for the development of personalized therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Dobrigna
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, UMR 9197, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Sandrine Poëa-Guyon
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, UMR 9197, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Véronique Rousseau
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, UMR 9197, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Aline Vincent
- Department of Genetics, EA7450 BioTARGen, University Hospital of Caen, Caen, France
| | - Annick Toutain
- Department of Genetics, University Hospital of Tours, UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, Tours, France
| | - Jean-Vianney Barnier
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, UMR 9197, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
- *Correspondence: Jean-Vianney Barnier,
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Scala M, Nishikawa M, Nagata KI, Striano P. Pathophysiological Mechanisms in Neurodevelopmental Disorders Caused by Rac GTPases Dysregulation: What's behind Neuro-RACopathies. Cells 2021; 10:3395. [PMID: 34943902 PMCID: PMC8699292 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho family guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) regulate cellular signaling and cytoskeletal dynamics, playing a pivotal role in cell adhesion, migration, and cell cycle progression. The Rac subfamily of Rho GTPases consists of three highly homologous proteins, Rac 1-3. The proper function of Rac1 and Rac3, and their correct interaction with guanine nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) are crucial for neural development. Pathogenic variants affecting these delicate biological processes are implicated in different medical conditions in humans, primarily neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). In addition to a direct deleterious effect produced by genetic variants in the RAC genes, a dysregulated GTPase activity resulting from an abnormal function of GEFs and GAPs has been involved in the pathogenesis of distinctive emerging conditions. In this study, we reviewed the current pertinent literature on Rac-related disorders with a primary neurological involvement, providing an overview of the current knowledge on the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the neuro-RACopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Scala
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Masashi Nishikawa
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, 713-8 Kamiya, Kasugai 480-0392, Japan; (M.N.); (K.-i.N.)
| | - Koh-ichi Nagata
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, 713-8 Kamiya, Kasugai 480-0392, Japan; (M.N.); (K.-i.N.)
- Department of Neurochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
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6
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Disruption of PAK3 Signaling in Social Interaction Induced cFos Positive Cells Impairs Social Recognition Memory. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113010. [PMID: 34831234 PMCID: PMC8616103 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
P21-activated kinase 3 (PAK3) gene mutations are linked to several neurodevelopmental disorders, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we used a tetracycline-inducible system to control the expression of a mutant PAK3 (mPAK3) protein in immediate early gene, namely cFos, positive cells to disrupt PAK signaling, specifically in cells activated by social interaction in transgenic mice. We show that the expression of mPAK3-GFP proteins was in cFos-expressing excitatory and inhibitory neurons in various brain regions, such as the cortex and hippocampus, commonly activated during learning and memory. Basal expression of mPAK3-GFP proteins in cFos-positive cells resulted in social recognition memory deficits in the three-chamber social interaction test, without affecting locomotor activity or other forms of memory. The social memory deficit was rescued by doxycycline to halt the mPAK3-GFP transgene expression. In addition, we show that the expression of mPAK3-GFP proteins in a subset of cFos-positive cells, induced by an antecedent short social interaction, termed social pairing, was sufficient to impair social recognition memory. These results indicate that normal PAK signaling in cFos-positive cells activated during social interaction is critical for social memory.
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Pascolini G, Gaudioso F, Passarelli C, Novelli A, Di Giosaffatte N, Majore S, Grammatico P. Clinical and Molecular Aspects of the Neurodevelopmental Disorder Associated with PAK3 Perturbation. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:2474-2481. [PMID: 34227036 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01868-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
X-linked intellectual disability can be diagnosed in about 10-12% of intellectually disabled males. In the past, mutations affecting the PAK3 gene (p21 protein-activated kinase 3, MIM#300142) have been associated with a non-syndromic form of X-linked intellectual disability, which has to date been identified in a limited number of families.Since this neurodevelopmental disorder mostly afflicts males, descriptions of symptomatic female carriers are quite rare.We describe a female patient with neurodevelopmental delay and a novel PAK3 variant. Interestingly, she manifests craniofacial anomalies, including microcephaly, representing the second reported microcephalic female but the first for whom a detailed clinical description is available. She also displays other uncommon clinical findings, which we illustrate.Moreover, a comprehensive clinical and molecular review of all to date published patients has been made. This study contributes to further delineate the PAK3-related phenotype, which can be considered a non-syndromic X-linked intellectual disability, with seemingly recurrent craniofacial abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pascolini
- Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Circonvallazione Gianicolense 87, 00152, Rome, Italy.
| | - Federica Gaudioso
- Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Circonvallazione Gianicolense 87, 00152, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Passarelli
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Novelli
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Niccolò Di Giosaffatte
- Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Circonvallazione Gianicolense 87, 00152, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Majore
- Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Circonvallazione Gianicolense 87, 00152, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Grammatico
- Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Circonvallazione Gianicolense 87, 00152, Rome, Italy
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8
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Almutairi O, Almutairi HA, Rushood MA. Protein-Activated Kinase 3 (PAK3)-Related Intellectual Disability Associated with Combined Immunodeficiency: A Case Report. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2021; 22:e930966. [PMID: 34014906 PMCID: PMC8147901 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.930966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND X-linked intellectual disabilities constitute a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders that are divided into syndromic and nonsyndromic forms. PAK3 mutations are associated with X-linked nonsyndromic forms of intellectual disability, with the most common clinical features being cognitive deficit, large ears, oral motor hypotonia, and neurobehavioral abnormalities. These mutations have been reported to be associated with either loss of the PAK3 protein or loss of its kinase activity. We report a case with the novel PAK3 variant c.685C>T p.(Pro229Ser), which has not been previously described. CASE REPORT We report the first case of a PAK3 mutation to present with the common clinical features along with immunodeficiency resembling common variable immune deficiency. Our patient was a 10-year-old girl who had experienced septic shock with a rapidly deteriorating course when she was 5-years-old. The initial immune work-up showed lymphopenia affecting all cell lines, but preferentially the B-cell compartment. Further work-up of this patient revealed low levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) G, undetectable IgA, reduced IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses, and poor response to the diphtheria/tetanus vaccine. Lymphocyte function, tested as the response to the mitogen phytohemagglutinin, was low and fluctuated between 9% and 22% compared with control samples. The patient experienced recurrent respiratory tract infections, and she responded well to regular intravenous Ig treatment and antibiotic prophylaxis. CONCLUSIONS The current case might provide a new insight into PAK3 gene function. Although further evidence is needed, it is worth considering that immunological abnormalities may be associated with PAK3 gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maysoun Al Rushood
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Kuwait University, Jabriya, Kuwait
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9
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Areškevičiūtė A, Høgh P, Bartoletti-Stella A, Melchior LC, Nielsen PR, Parchi P, Capellari S, Broholm H, Scheie D, Lund EL. A Novel Eight Octapeptide Repeat Insertion in PRNP Causing Prion Disease in a Danish Family. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 78:595-604. [PMID: 31107536 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Octapeptide repeat insertions (OPRI) found in the prion protein gene (PRNP) constitute a subgroup of pathogenic mutations linked to inherited prion diseases, a hallmark of which is a misfolded prion protein. The number of repeats in OPRI has been associated with different disease phenotypes. However, due to the rarity of the cases and heterogenous disease manifestations, the recognition and classification of these variants has been difficult. Here, we report the first Danish family, the fifth worldwide, carrying a novel 8-OPRI with a unique sequence of the additional 8 inserts: R1-R2-R2-R3-R2-R2-R2a-R2-R3g-R2-R2-R3-R4. The mutation was found on the allele coding for methionine at codon 129 in the PRNP gene. The clinical exome sequencing revealed that no other dementia-associated genes harbored pathogenic alterations. Mutation carriers had onset of symptoms in their early thirties, but disease duration varied from 5 to 11 years. Progressive dementia with psychiatric and motor symptoms were the most prominent clinical features. Clinical, pathological, and genetic characteristics of other 4 reported families with 8-OPRI were reviewed and compared with the findings in the Danish family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aušrinė Areškevičiūtė
- Danish Reference Center for Prion Diseases, Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Høgh
- Department of Neurology, Regional Dementia Research Centre, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Bartoletti-Stella
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, Bologna, Italia
| | - Linea Cecilie Melchior
- Danish Reference Center for Prion Diseases, Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pia Rude Nielsen
- Department of Pathology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Piero Parchi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, Bologna, Italia.,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine (DIMES)
| | - Sabina Capellari
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, Bologna, Italia.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Helle Broholm
- Danish Reference Center for Prion Diseases, Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Scheie
- Danish Reference Center for Prion Diseases, Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eva Løbner Lund
- Danish Reference Center for Prion Diseases, Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Palombo F, Graziano C, Al Wardy N, Nouri N, Marconi C, Magini P, Severi G, La Morgia C, Cantalupo G, Cordelli DM, Gangarossa S, Al Kindi MN, Al Khabouri M, Salehi M, Giorgio E, Brusco A, Pisani F, Romeo G, Carelli V, Pippucci T, Seri M. Autozygosity-driven genetic diagnosis in consanguineous families from Italy and the Greater Middle East. Hum Genet 2020; 139:1429-1441. [PMID: 32488467 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02187-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autozygosity-driven exome analysis has been shown effective for identification of genes underlying recessive diseases especially in countries of the so-called Greater Middle East (GME), where high consanguinity unravels the phenotypic effects of recessive alleles and large family sizes facilitate homozygosity mapping. In Italy, as in most European countries, consanguinity is estimated low. Nonetheless, consanguineous Italian families are not uncommon in publications of genetic findings and are often key to new associations of genes with rare diseases. We collected 52 patients from 47 consanguineous families with suspected recessive diseases, 29 originated in GME countries and 18 of Italian descent. We performed autozygosity-driven exome analysis by detecting long runs of homozygosity (ROHs > 1.5 Mb) and by prioritizing candidate clinical variants within. We identified a pathogenic synonymous variant that had been previously missed in NARS2 and we increased an initial high diagnostic rate (47%) to 55% by matchmaking our candidate genes and including in the analysis shorter ROHs that may also happen to be autozygous. GME and Italian families contributed to diagnostic yield comparably. We found no significant difference either in the extension of the autozygous genome, or in the distribution of candidate clinical variants between GME and Italian families, while we showed that the average autozygous genome was larger and the mean number of candidate clinical variants was significantly higher (p = 0.003) in mutation-positive than in mutation-negative individuals, suggesting that these features influence the likelihood that the disease is autozygosity-related. We highlight the utility of autozygosity-driven genomic analysis also in countries and/or communities, where consanguinity is not widespread cultural tradition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Palombo
- Medical Genetics Sant'Orsola, Malpighi University Hospital of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche Di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Graziano
- Medical Genetics Sant'Orsola, Malpighi University Hospital of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nadia Al Wardy
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Nayereh Nouri
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Craniofacial and Cleft Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Caterina Marconi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pamela Magini
- Medical Genetics Sant'Orsola, Malpighi University Hospital of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Severi
- Medical Genetics Sant'Orsola, Malpighi University Hospital of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara La Morgia
- IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche Di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gaetano Cantalupo
- Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile, DAI Materno-Infantile, AOUI Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Duccio Maria Cordelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Neuropsychiatry Sant'Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Mohammed Nasser Al Kindi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Mazin Al Khabouri
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.,Department of ENT, Al Nahdha Hospital, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Mansoor Salehi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Elisa Giorgio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Alfredo Brusco
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Pisani
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Medicine & Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Romeo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valerio Carelli
- IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche Di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tommaso Pippucci
- Medical Genetics Sant'Orsola, Malpighi University Hospital of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Marco Seri
- Medical Genetics Sant'Orsola, Malpighi University Hospital of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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11
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Qian Y, Wu B, Lu Y, Zhou W, Wang S, Wang H. Novel PAK3 gene missense variant associated with two Chinese siblings with intellectual disability: a case report. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 21:31. [PMID: 32050918 PMCID: PMC7017536 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-020-0957-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intellectual disability (ID) constitutes the most common group of neurodevelopmental disorders. Exome sequencing has enabled the discovery of genetic mutations responsible for a wide range of ID disorders. CASE PRESENTATION In this study, we reported on two male siblings, aged 4 and 2 years, with motor and mental developmental delays and mild dysmorphic facial features. To identify the genetic causes of these symptoms, we employed trio-whole exome sequencing for the proband. We found a novel hemizygous missense variant in the PAK3 gene (c.1112G > A, p.Cys371Tyr), which encodes the p21-activated kinase 3, in the proband, which inherited from mother. The younger brother also has the hemizygous variant, which was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. The variant is located in the kinase domain and was regarded as a likely pathogenic variant in this family. CONCLUSION We diagnosed two male siblings with developmental delays as having a PAK3 likely pathogenic variant. This finding expands the list of PAK3 gene mutations associated with neurodevelopmental disorders and provides further details on its clinical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Qian
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Bingbing Wu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Yulan Lu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Wenhao Zhou
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Sujuan Wang
- Departments of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China.
| | - Huijun Wang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai, 201102, China. .,Pediatrics Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, 201102, China.
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12
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Duarte K, Heide S, Poëa-Guyon S, Rousseau V, Depienne C, Rastetter A, Nava C, Attié-Bitach T, Razavi F, Martinovic J, Moutard ML, Cherfils J, Mignot C, Héron D, Barnier JV. PAK3 mutations responsible for severe intellectual disability and callosal agenesis inhibit cell migration. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 136:104709. [PMID: 31843706 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Corpus callosum agenesis (CCA) is a brain malformation associated with a wide clinical spectrum including intellectual disability (ID) and an etiopathological complexity. We identified a novel missense G424R mutation in the X-linked p21-activated kinase 3 (PAK3) gene in a boy presenting with severe ID, microcephaly and CCA and his fetal sibling with CCA and severe hydrocephaly. PAK3 kinase is known to control synaptic plasticity and dendritic spine dynamics but its implication is less characterized in brain ontogenesis. In order to identify developmental functions of PAK3 impacted by mutations responsible for CCA, we compared the biochemical and biological effects of three PAK3 mutations localized in the catalytic domain. These mutations include two "severe" G424R and K389N variants (responsible for severe ID and CCA) and the "mild" A365E variant (responsible for nonsyndromic mild ID). Whereas they suppressed kinase activity, only the two severe variants displayed normal protein stability. Furthermore, they increased interactions between PAK3 and the guanine exchange factor αPIX/ARHGEF6, disturbed adhesion point dynamics and cell spreading, and severely impacted cell migration. Our findings highlight new molecular defects associated with mutations responsible for severe clinical phenotypes with developmental brain defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Duarte
- Department of Cognition and Behavior, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (Neuro-PSI CNRS, UMR 9197), Paris-Sud and Paris-Saclay Universities, Orsay, France.
| | - Solveig Heide
- Department of genetics, Reference Center for Intellectual Disabilities of Rare Causes, APHP, GH Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
| | - Sandrine Poëa-Guyon
- Department of Cognition and Behavior, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (Neuro-PSI CNRS, UMR 9197), Paris-Sud and Paris-Saclay Universities, Orsay, France.
| | - Véronique Rousseau
- Department of Cognition and Behavior, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (Neuro-PSI CNRS, UMR 9197), Paris-Sud and Paris-Saclay Universities, Orsay, France.
| | - Christel Depienne
- Department of genetics, Reference Center for Intellectual Disabilities of Rare Causes, APHP, GH Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Agnès Rastetter
- Department of genetics, Reference Center for Intellectual Disabilities of Rare Causes, APHP, GH Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
| | - Caroline Nava
- Department of genetics, Reference Center for Intellectual Disabilities of Rare Causes, APHP, GH Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
| | - Tania Attié-Bitach
- Unité d'Embryofoetopathologie, Service of Histology-Embryology-Cytogenetics, APHP Necker Enfants Malades & Imagine Institute, Inserm U1163, Paris, France.
| | - Ferechté Razavi
- Unité d'Embryofoetopathologie, Service of Histology-Embryology-Cytogenetics, APHP Necker Enfants Malades & Imagine Institute, Inserm U1163, Paris, France
| | | | - Marie Laure Moutard
- Department of Pediatrics Neurology, Reference Center for Intellectual Disabilities of Rare Causes APHP, Armand-Trousseau Hospital, Paris, France.
| | - Jacqueline Cherfils
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pharmacologie Appliquée, CNRS and Ecole normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, Cachan, France.
| | - Cyril Mignot
- Department of genetics, Reference Center for Intellectual Disabilities of Rare Causes, APHP, GH Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
| | - Delphine Héron
- Department of genetics, Reference Center for Intellectual Disabilities of Rare Causes, APHP, GH Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
| | - Jean-Vianney Barnier
- Department of Cognition and Behavior, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (Neuro-PSI CNRS, UMR 9197), Paris-Sud and Paris-Saclay Universities, Orsay, France.
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13
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Further delineation of the phenotype of PAK3-associated x-linked intellectual disability: Identification of a novel missense mutation and review of literature. Eur J Med Genet 2019; 63:103800. [PMID: 31678216 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2019.103800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Niihori T, Nagai K, Fujita A, Ohashi H, Okamoto N, Okada S, Harada A, Kihara H, Arbogast T, Funayama R, Shirota M, Nakayama K, Abe T, Inoue SI, Tsai IC, Matsumoto N, Davis EE, Katsanis N, Aoki Y. Germline-Activating RRAS2 Mutations Cause Noonan Syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 104:1233-1240. [PMID: 31130285 PMCID: PMC6562005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) is characterized by distinctive craniofacial appearance, short stature, and congenital heart disease. Approximately 80% of individuals with NS harbor mutations in genes whose products are involved in the RAS/mitogen-activating protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. However, the underlying genetic causes in nearly 20% of individuals with NS phenotype remain unexplained. Here, we report four de novo RRAS2 variants in three individuals with NS. RRAS2 is a member of the RAS subfamily and is ubiquitously expressed. Three variants, c.70_78dup (p.Gly24_Gly26dup), c.216A>T (p.Gln72His), and c.215A>T (p.Gln72Leu), have been found in cancers; our functional analyses showed that these three changes induced elevated association of RAF1 and that they activated ERK1/2 and ELK1. Notably, prominent activation of ERK1/2 and ELK1 by p.Gln72Leu associates with the severe phenotype of the individual harboring this change. To examine variant pathogenicity in vivo, we generated zebrafish models. Larvae overexpressing c.70_78dup (p.Gly24_Gly26dup) or c.216A>T (p.Gln72His) variants, but not wild-type RRAS2 RNAs, showed craniofacial defects and macrocephaly. The same dose injection of mRNA encoding c.215A>T (p.Gln72Leu) caused severe developmental impairments and low dose overexpression of this variant induced craniofacial defects. In contrast, the RRAS2 c.224T>G (p.Phe75Cys) change, located on the same allele with p.Gln72His in an individual with NS, resulted in no aberrant in vitro or in vivo phenotypes by itself. Together, our findings suggest that activating RRAS2 mutations can cause NS and expand the involvement of RRAS2 proto-oncogene to rare germline disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Niihori
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
| | - Koki Nagai
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fujita
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Ohashi
- Division of Medical Genetics, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama 330-8777, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okamoto
- Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okada
- Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Atsuko Harada
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Takatsuki General Hospital, Osaka 569-1192, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kihara
- Department of Pediatrics, Onomichi General Hospital, Hiroshima 722-8508, Japan
| | - Thomas Arbogast
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Ryo Funayama
- Department of Cell Proliferation, United Center for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Matsuyuki Shirota
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medical Sciences, United Center for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Keiko Nakayama
- Department of Cell Proliferation, United Center for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Taiki Abe
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Inoue
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - I-Chun Tsai
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Erica E Davis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
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15
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Solution structures and biophysical analysis of full-length group A PAKs reveal they are monomeric and auto-inhibited in cis. Biochem J 2019; 476:1037-1051. [PMID: 30858169 PMCID: PMC6448136 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The group A p21-activated kinases (PAKs) exist in an auto-inhibited form until activated by GTPase binding and auto-phosphorylation. In the auto-inhibited form, a regulatory domain binds to the kinase domain (KD) blocking the binding of substrates, and CDC42 or Rac binding to the regulatory domain relieves this auto-inhibition allowing auto-phosphorylation on the KD activation loop. We have determined the crystal structure of the PAK3 catalytic domain and by small angle X-ray scattering, the solution-phase structures of full-length inactive PAK1 and PAK3. The structures reveal a compact but elongated molecular shape that demonstrates that, together with multiple independent biophysical measurements and in contrast with previous assumptions, group A PAKs are monomeric both before and after activation, consistent with an activation mechanism of cis-auto-inhibition and initial cis-auto-phosphorylation, followed by transient dimerisation to allow trans-auto-phosphorylation for full activation, yielding a monomeric active PAK protein.
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16
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Pippucci T, Licchetta L, Baldassari S, Marconi C, De Luise M, Myers C, Nardi E, Provini F, Cameli C, Minardi R, Bacchelli E, Giordano L, Crichiutti G, d'Orsi G, Seri M, Gasparre G, Mefford HC, Tinuper P, Bisulli F. Contribution of ultrarare variants in mTOR pathway genes to sporadic focal epilepsies. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 6:475-485. [PMID: 30911571 PMCID: PMC6414475 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective We investigated the contribution to sporadic focal epilepsies (FE) of ultrarare variants in genes coding for the components of complexes regulating mechanistic Target Of Rapamycin (mTOR)complex 1 (mTORC1). Methods We collected genetic data of 121 Italian isolated FE cases and 512 controls by Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) and single-molecule Molecular Inversion Probes (smMIPs) targeting 10 genes of the GATOR1, GATOR2, and TSC complexes. We collapsed "qualifying" variants (ultrarare and predicted to be deleterious or loss of function) across the examined genes and sought to identify their enrichment in cases compared to controls. Results We found eight qualifying variants in cases and nine in controls, demonstrating enrichment in FE patients (P = 0.006; exact unconditional test, one-tailed). Pathogenic variants were identified in DEPDC5 and TSC2, both major genes for Mendelian FE syndromes. Interpretation Our findings support the contribution of ultrarare variants in genes in the mTOR pathway complexes GATOR and TSC to the risk of sporadic FE and a shared genetic basis between rare and common epilepsies. The identification of a monogenic etiology in isolated cases, most typically encountered in clinical practice, may offer to a broader community of patients the perspective of precision therapies directed by the underlying genetic cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Pippucci
- Medical Genetics UnitPolyclinic Sant'Orsola‐Malpighi University HospitalBolognaItaly
| | - Laura Licchetta
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di BolognaBolognaItaly
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM)University of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Sara Baldassari
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC)University of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Caterina Marconi
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC)University of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Monica De Luise
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC)University of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Candace Myers
- Division of Genetic MedicineDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Elena Nardi
- Department of Statistical Sciences “Paolo Fortunati”University of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Federica Provini
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di BolognaBolognaItaly
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM)University of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Cinzia Cameli
- Department of Pharmacy and BiotechnologyUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Raffaella Minardi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di BolognaBolognaItaly
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM)University of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Elena Bacchelli
- Department of Pharmacy and BiotechnologyUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | | | | | - Giuseppe d'Orsi
- Epilepsy CenterClinic of Nervous System DiseasesUniversity of FoggiaRiuniti HospitalFoggiaItaly
| | - Marco Seri
- Medical Genetics UnitPolyclinic Sant'Orsola‐Malpighi University HospitalBolognaItaly
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC)University of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Giuseppe Gasparre
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC)University of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Heather C. Mefford
- Division of Genetic MedicineDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Paolo Tinuper
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di BolognaBolognaItaly
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM)University of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Francesca Bisulli
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di BolognaBolognaItaly
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM)University of BolognaBolognaItaly
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17
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Activating Mutations in PAK1, Encoding p21-Activated Kinase 1, Cause a Neurodevelopmental Disorder. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 103:579-591. [PMID: 30290153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are serine/threonine protein kinases acting as effectors of CDC42 and RAC, which are members of the RHO family of small GTPases. PAK1's kinase activity is autoinhibited by homodimerization, whereas CDC42 or RAC1 binding causes PAK1 activation by dimer dissociation. Major functions of the PAKs include actin cytoskeleton reorganization, for example regulation of the cellular protruding activity during cell spreading. We report the de novo PAK1 mutations c.392A>G (p.Tyr131Cys) and c.1286A>G (p.Tyr429Cys) in two unrelated subjects with developmental delay, secondary macrocephaly, seizures, and ataxic gait. We identified enhanced phosphorylation of the PAK1 targets JNK and AKT in fibroblasts of one subject and of c-JUN in those of both subjects compared with control subjects. In fibroblasts of the two affected individuals, we observed a trend toward enhanced PAK1 kinase activity. By using co-immunoprecipitation and size-exclusion chromatography, we observed a significantly reduced dimerization for both PAK1 mutants compared with wild-type PAK1. These data demonstrate that the two PAK1 variants function as activating alleles. In a cell spreading assay, subject-derived fibroblasts showed significant enrichment in cells occupied by filopodia. Interestingly, application of the PAK1 inhibitor FRAX486 completely reversed this cellular phenotype. Together, our data reveal that dominantly acting, gain-of-function PAK1 mutations cause a neurodevelopmental phenotype with increased head circumference, possibly by a combined effect of defective homodimerization and enhanced kinase activity of PAK1. This condition, along with the developmental disorders associated with RAC1 and CDC42 missense mutations, highlight the importance of RHO GTPase members and effectors in neuronal development.
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18
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R106C TFG variant causes infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy "plus" syndrome. Neurogenetics 2018; 19:179-187. [PMID: 29971521 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-018-0552-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
TFG (tropomyosin-receptor kinase fused gene) encodes an essential protein in the regulation of vesicular trafficking between endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. The homozygous variant c.316C > T within TFG has been previously associated with a complicated hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) phenotype in two unrelated Indian families. Here, we describe the first Italian family with two affected siblings harboring the same variant, who in childhood were classified as infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD) based on clinical and neuropathological findings. Twenty years after the first diagnosis, exome sequencing was instrumental to identify the genetic cause of this disorder and clinical follow-up of patients allowed us to reconstruct the natural history of this clinical entity. Investigations on patient's fibroblasts demonstrate the presence of altered mitochondrial network and inner membrane potential, associated with metabolic impairment. Our study highlights phenotypic heterogeneity characterizing individuals carrying the same pathogenic variant in TFG and provides an insight on tight connection linking mitochondrial efficiency and neuronal health to vesicular trafficking.
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19
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Muthusamy B, Selvan LDN, Nguyen TT, Manoj J, Stawiski EW, Jaiswal BS, Wang W, Raja R, Ramprasad VL, Gupta R, Murugan S, Kadandale JS, Prasad TSK, Reddy K, Peterson A, Pandey A, Seshagiri S, Girimaji SC, Gowda H. Next-Generation Sequencing Reveals Novel Mutations in X-linked Intellectual Disability. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2018; 21:295-303. [PMID: 28481730 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2017.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Robust diagnostics for many human genetic disorders are much needed in the pursuit of global personalized medicine. Next-generation sequencing now offers new promise for biomarker and diagnostic discovery, in developed as well as resource-limited countries. In this broader global health context, X-linked intellectual disability (XLID) is an inherited genetic disorder that is associated with a range of phenotypes impacting societies in both developed and developing countries. Although intellectual disability arises due to diverse causes, a substantial proportion is caused by genomic alterations. Studies have identified causal XLID genomic alterations in more than 100 protein-coding genes located on the X-chromosome. However, the causes for a substantial number of intellectual disability and associated phenotypes still remain unknown. Identification of causative genes and novel mutations will help in early diagnosis as well as genetic counseling of families. Advent of next-generation sequencing methods has accelerated the discovery of new genes involved in mental health disorders. In this study, we analyzed the exomes of three families from India with nonsyndromic XLID comprising seven affected individuals. The affected individuals had varying degrees of intellectual disability, microcephaly, and delayed motor and language milestones. We identified potential causal variants in three XLID genes, including PAK3 (V294M), CASK (complex structural variant), and MECP2 (P354T). Our findings reported in this study extend the spectrum of mutations and phenotypes associated with XLID, and calls for further studies of intellectual disability and mental health disorders with use of next-generation sequencing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babylakshmi Muthusamy
- 1 Institute of Bioinformatics , International Technology Park, Bangalore, India .,2 Centre for Bioinformatics, Pondicherry University , Puducherry, India
| | | | - Thong T Nguyen
- 3 Molecular Biology Department, Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco, California
| | - Jesna Manoj
- 4 Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NIMHANS , Bangalore, India
| | - Eric W Stawiski
- 3 Molecular Biology Department, Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco, California.,5 Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco, California
| | - Bijay S Jaiswal
- 3 Molecular Biology Department, Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco, California
| | - Weiru Wang
- 6 Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco, California
| | - Remya Raja
- 1 Institute of Bioinformatics , International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | | | | | - T S Keshava Prasad
- 1 Institute of Bioinformatics , International Technology Park, Bangalore, India .,9 YU-IOB Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya University , Mangalore, India .,10 NIMHANS-IOB Proteomics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences , Bangalore, India
| | - Kavita Reddy
- 1 Institute of Bioinformatics , International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
| | - Andrew Peterson
- 3 Molecular Biology Department, Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco, California
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- 11 McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,12 Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,13 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Somasekar Seshagiri
- 3 Molecular Biology Department, Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Harsha Gowda
- 1 Institute of Bioinformatics , International Technology Park, Bangalore, India .,9 YU-IOB Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya University , Mangalore, India
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20
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Horvath GA, Tarailo-Graovac M, Bartel T, Race S, Van Allen MI, Blydt-Hansen I, Ross CJ, Wasserman WW, Connolly MB, van Karnebeek CDM. Improvement of Self-Injury With Dopamine and Serotonin Replacement Therapy in a Patient With a Hemizygous PAK3 Mutation: A New Therapeutic Strategy for Neuropsychiatric Features of an Intellectual Disability Syndrome. J Child Neurol 2018; 33:106-113. [PMID: 29246092 DOI: 10.1177/0883073817740443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PAK3-related intellectual disability is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the p21-activated kinase (PAK) protein. It is characterized by mild to moderate cognitive impairment, micro/normocephaly, and a neurobehavioral phenotype characterized by short attention span, anxiety, restlessness, aggression, and self-abusive behaviors. The authors report a patient with a novel PAK3 mutation, who presented with intellectual disability, severe automutilation, and epilepsy. His magnetic resonance imaging changes were most likely secondary to lacerations from parenchymal contusions. His behavior was difficult to manage with behavior interventions or multiple medications. After finding low levels of dopamine and borderline low serotonin metabolites in the spinal fluid, treatment with low dose L-dopa/carbidopa and 5-hydroxytryptophan significantly improved his self-injurious behavior. This is the first case of PAK3-related intellectual disability presenting with severe self-injury with improvement following treatment. The patient's response to neurotransmitter replacement therapy raises the question if this treatment intervention might help other individuals suffering genetic syndromes and self-injurious behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella A Horvath
- 1 Division of Biochemical Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,2 BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Maja Tarailo-Graovac
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tanja Bartel
- 4 Mission Senior Secondary School, Mission, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Simone Race
- 1 Division of Biochemical Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Margot I Van Allen
- 2 BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,5 Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, BC Children's and Women's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ingrid Blydt-Hansen
- 2 BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,6 Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colin J Ross
- 2 BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,7 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wyeth W Wasserman
- 2 BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,3 Department of Pediatrics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mary B Connolly
- 8 Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Clara D M van Karnebeek
- 2 BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,3 Department of Pediatrics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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21
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Matsumoto M, Walton NM, Yamada H, Kondo Y, Marek GJ, Tajinda K. The impact of genetics on future drug discovery in schizophrenia. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:673-686. [PMID: 28521526 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1324419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Failures of investigational new drugs (INDs) for schizophrenia have left huge unmet medical needs for patients. Given the recent lackluster results, it is imperative that new drug discovery approaches (and resultant drug candidates) target pathophysiological alterations that are shared in specific, stratified patient populations that are selected based on pre-identified biological signatures. One path to implementing this paradigm is achievable by leveraging recent advances in genetic information and technologies. Genome-wide exome sequencing and meta-analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based association studies have already revealed rare deleterious variants and SNPs in patient populations. Areas covered: Herein, the authors review the impact that genetics have on the future of schizophrenia drug discovery. The high polygenicity of schizophrenia strongly indicates that this disease is biologically heterogeneous so the identification of unique subgroups (by patient stratification) is becoming increasingly necessary for future investigational new drugs. Expert opinion: The authors propose a pathophysiology-based stratification of genetically-defined subgroups that share deficits in particular biological pathways. Existing tools, including lower-cost genomic sequencing and advanced gene-editing technology render this strategy ever more feasible. Genetically complex psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia may also benefit from synergistic research with simpler monogenic disorders that share perturbations in similar biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuyuki Matsumoto
- a Unit 2, Candidate Discovery Science Labs., Drug Discovery Research , Astellas Pharma Inc. , Tsukuba , Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Noah M Walton
- b La Jolla Laboratory , Astellas Research Institute of America LLC , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Hiroshi Yamada
- b La Jolla Laboratory , Astellas Research Institute of America LLC , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Yuji Kondo
- a Unit 2, Candidate Discovery Science Labs., Drug Discovery Research , Astellas Pharma Inc. , Tsukuba , Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Gerard J Marek
- c Development Medical Sciences, Astellas Pharma Global Development , Northbrook , IL , USA
| | - Katsunori Tajinda
- b La Jolla Laboratory , Astellas Research Institute of America LLC , San Diego , CA , USA
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22
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Mutations in TMEM260 Cause a Pediatric Neurodevelopmental, Cardiac, and Renal Syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2017; 100:666-675. [PMID: 28318500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the accelerated discovery of genes associated with syndromic traits, the majority of families affected by such conditions remain undiagnosed. Here, we employed whole-exome sequencing in two unrelated consanguineous kindreds with central nervous system (CNS), cardiac, renal, and digit abnormalities. We identified homozygous truncating mutations in TMEM260, a locus predicted to encode numerous splice isoforms. Systematic expression analyses across tissues and developmental stages validated two such isoforms, which differ in the utilization of an internal exon. The mutations in both families map uniquely to the long isoform, raising the possibility of an isoform-specific disorder. Consistent with this notion, RT-PCR of lymphocyte cell lines from one of the kindreds showed reduced levels of only the long isoform, which could be ameliorated by emetine, suggesting that the mutation induces nonsense-mediated decay. Subsequent in vivo testing supported this hypothesis. First, either transient suppression or CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing of zebrafish tmem260 recapitulated key neurological phenotypes. Second, co-injection of morphants with the long human TMEM260 mRNA rescued CNS pathology, whereas the short isoform was significantly less efficient. Finally, immunocytochemical and biochemical studies showed preferential enrichment of the long TMEM260 isoform to the plasma membrane. Together, our data suggest that there is overall reduced, but not ablated, functionality of TMEM260 and that attenuation of the membrane-associated functions of this protein is a principal driver of pathology. These observations contribute to an appreciation of the roles of splice isoforms in genetic disorders and suggest that dissection of the functions of these transcripts will most likely inform pathomechanism.
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23
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Frosk P, Arts HH, Philippe J, Gunn CS, Brown EL, Chodirker B, Simard L, Majewski J, Fahiminiya S, Russell C, Liu YP, Hegele R, Katsanis N, Goerz C, Del Bigio MR, Davis EE. A truncating mutation in CEP55 is the likely cause of MARCH, a novel syndrome affecting neuronal mitosis. J Med Genet 2017; 54:490-501. [PMID: 28264986 PMCID: PMC5502313 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2016-104296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Hydranencephaly is a congenital anomaly leading to replacement of the cerebral hemispheres with a fluid-filled cyst. The goals of this work are to describe a novel autosomal-recessive syndrome that includes hydranencephaly (multinucleated neurons, anhydramnios, renal dysplasia, cerebellar hypoplasia and hydranencephaly (MARCH)); to identify its genetic cause(s) and to provide functional insight into pathomechanism. Methods We used homozygosity mapping and exome sequencing to identify recessive mutations in a single family with three affected fetuses. Immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR and imaging in cell lines, and zebrafish models, were used to explore the function of the gene and the effect of the mutation. Results We identified a homozygous nonsense mutation in CEP55 segregating with MARCH. Testing the effect of this allele on patient-derived cells indicated both a reduction of the overall CEP55 message and the production of a message that likely gives rise to a truncated protein. Suppression or ablation of cep55l in zebrafish embryos recapitulated key features of MARCH, most notably renal dysplasia, cerebellar hypoplasia and craniofacial abnormalities. These phenotypes could be rescued by full-length but not truncated human CEP55 message. Finally, we expressed the truncated form of CEP55 in human cells, where we observed a failure of truncated protein to localise to the midbody, leading to abscission failure and multinucleated daughter cells. Conclusions CEP55 loss of function mutations likely underlie MARCH, a novel multiple congenital anomaly syndrome. This association expands the involvement of centrosomal proteins in human genetic disorders by highlighting a role in midbody function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Frosk
- Departments of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada.,Departments of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Heleen H Arts
- Departments of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Julien Philippe
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carter S Gunn
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Emma L Brown
- Departments of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bernard Chodirker
- Departments of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada.,Departments of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Louise Simard
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jacek Majewski
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Somayyeh Fahiminiya
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chad Russell
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yangfan P Liu
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Robert Hegele
- Departments of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Departments of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Conrad Goerz
- Departments of Pathology, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Marc R Del Bigio
- Departments of Pathology, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada.,Diagnostic Services Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Erica E Davis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Short case report: Xq23 deletion involving PAK3 as a novel cause of developmental delay in a 6-year-old boy. Clin Dysmorphol 2017; 26:38-40. [PMID: 27753653 DOI: 10.1097/mcd.0000000000000154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Hertecant J, Komara M, Nagi A, Al-Zaabi O, Fathallah W, Cui H, Yang Y, Eng CM, Al Sorkhy M, Ghattas MA, Al-Gazali L, Ali BR. A de novo mutation in the X-linked PAK3 gene is the underlying cause of intellectual disability and macrocephaly in monozygotic twins. Eur J Med Genet 2017; 60:212-216. [PMID: 28126652 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in theP21 protein (Cdc42/Rac)-activated kinase 3gene (PAK3) lead to a rare non syndromic X-linked intellectual disability. The protein encoded by this gene forms an activated complex with GTP-bound RAS-like (P21), CDC2 and RAC1 proteins which then mediates a variety of cellular processes. So far, mutations in PAK3 gene have been reported in few families affected with intellectual disability associated with neurological manifestations such as speech defect, behavioral problem, brain structural abnormalities, microcephaly and cerebral palsy. In this study whole exome sequencing revealed a de novo likely pathogenic variant in PAK3 gene in monozygotic twins presented with intellectual disability, speech delay, behavioral problems and macrocephaly. Macrocephaly was noticed in our patients from birth at 35 weeks of gestation. This aspect of the phenotype has not been previously reported in other documented cases with pathogenic mutations in PAK3 gene. Our findings extend the phenotype of this disorder to include macrocephaly and offers further clues to the importance of the serine/threonine-protein kinase 3 (PAK3) protein in brain development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Hertecant
- Department of Paediatrics, Tawam Hospital, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates; Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Makanko Komara
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aslam Nagi
- Department of Paediatrics, Tawam Hospital, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | - Hong Cui
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Baylor Miraca Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yaping Yang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Baylor Miraca Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Christine M Eng
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Baylor Miraca Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mohammad Al Sorkhy
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University of Science and Technology, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad A Ghattas
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University of Science and Technology, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lihadh Al-Gazali
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bassam R Ali
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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26
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Maglorius Renkilaraj MRL, Baudouin L, Wells CM, Doulazmi M, Wehrlé R, Cannaya V, Bachelin C, Barnier JV, Jia Z, Nait Oumesmar B, Dusart I, Bouslama-Oueghlani L. The intellectual disability protein PAK3 regulates oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 98:137-148. [PMID: 27940202 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte and myelin deficits have been reported in mental/psychiatric diseases. The p21-activated kinase 3 (PAK3), a serine/threonine kinase, whose activity is stimulated by the binding of active Rac and Cdc42 GTPases is affected in these pathologies. Indeed, many mutations of Pak3 gene have been described in non-syndromic intellectual disability diseases. Pak3 is expressed mainly in the brain where its role has been investigated in neurons but not in glial cells. Here, we showed that PAK3 is highly expressed in oligodendrocyte precursors (OPCs) and its expression decreases in mature oligodendrocytes. In the developing white matter of the Pak3 knockout mice, we found defects of oligodendrocyte differentiation in the corpus callosum and to a lesser extent in the anterior commissure, which were compensated at the adult stage. In vitro experiments in OPC cultures, derived from Pak3 knockout and wild type brains, support a developmental and cell-autonomous role for PAK3 in regulating OPC differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes. Moreover, we did not detect any obvious alterations of the proliferation or migration of Pak3 null OPCs compared to wild type. Overall, our data highlight PAK3 as a new regulator of OPC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucas Baudouin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, F-75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Mohamed Doulazmi
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Adaptation Biologique et vieillissement, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Rosine Wehrlé
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Vidjeacoumary Cannaya
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Corinne Bachelin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Vianney Barnier
- Institute of Neuroscience Paris-Saclay, CNRS-Université Paris-Sud, UMR9197, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Zhengping Jia
- Neurosciences & Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 555 University, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Brahim Nait Oumesmar
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Dusart
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Lamia Bouslama-Oueghlani
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, F-75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, F-75013 Paris, France.
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27
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Pippucci T, Maresca A, Magini P, Cenacchi G, Donadio V, Palombo F, Papa V, Incensi A, Gasparre G, Valentino ML, Preziuso C, Pisano A, Ragno M, Liguori R, Giordano C, Tonon C, Lodi R, Parmeggiani A, Carelli V, Seri M. Homozygous NOTCH3 null mutation and impaired NOTCH3 signaling in recessive early-onset arteriopathy and cavitating leukoencephalopathy. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 7:848-58. [PMID: 25870235 PMCID: PMC4459822 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling is essential for vascular physiology. Neomorphic heterozygous mutations in NOTCH3, one of the four human NOTCH receptors, cause cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). Hypomorphic heterozygous alleles have been occasionally described in association with a spectrum of cerebrovascular phenotypes overlapping CADASIL, but their pathogenic potential is unclear. We describe a patient with childhood-onset arteriopathy, cavitating leukoencephalopathy with cerebral white matter abnormalities presented as diffuse cavitations, multiple lacunar infarctions and disseminated microbleeds. We identified a novel homozygous c.C2898A (p.C966*) null mutation in NOTCH3 abolishing NOTCH3 expression and causing NOTCH3 signaling impairment. NOTCH3 targets acting in the regulation of arterial tone (KCNA5) or expressed in the vasculature (CDH6) were downregulated. Patient's vessels were characterized by smooth muscle degeneration as in CADASIL, but without deposition of granular osmiophilic material (GOM), the CADASIL hallmark. The heterozygous parents displayed similar but less dramatic trends in decrease in the expression of NOTCH3 and its targets, as well as in vessel degeneration. This study suggests a functional link between NOTCH3 deficiency and pathogenesis of vascular leukoencephalopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Pippucci
- U.O. Genetica Medica, Policlinico Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Maresca
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy Unita' di Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pamela Magini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cenacchi
- Unita' di Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Donadio
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Flavia Palombo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Papa
- Unita' di Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alex Incensi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gasparre
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Lucia Valentino
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy Unita' di Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carmela Preziuso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche, Oncologiche ed Anatomopatologiche, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalinda Pisano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche, Oncologiche ed Anatomopatologiche, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Ragno
- Divisione di Neurologia, Ospedale Mazzoni, Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale, Ascoli Piceno, Italy
| | - Rocco Liguori
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy Unita' di Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carla Giordano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche, Oncologiche ed Anatomopatologiche, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Tonon
- Unita' di Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy Unità Risonanza Magnetica Funzionale, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Raffaele Lodi
- Unita' di Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy Unità Risonanza Magnetica Funzionale, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonia Parmeggiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy U.O. Neuropsichiatria Infantile, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valerio Carelli
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy Unita' di Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Seri
- U.O. Genetica Medica, Policlinico Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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28
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Pippucci T, Licchetta L, Baldassari S, Palombo F, Menghi V, D'Aurizio R, Leta C, Stipa C, Boero G, d'Orsi G, Magi A, Scheffer I, Seri M, Tinuper P, Bisulli F. Epilepsy with auditory features: A heterogeneous clinico-molecular disease. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2015; 1:e5. [PMID: 27066544 PMCID: PMC4821078 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To identify novel genes implicated in epilepsy with auditory features (EAF) in phenotypically heterogeneous families with unknown molecular basis. Methods: We identified 15 probands with EAF in whom an LGI1 mutation had been excluded. We performed electroclinical phenotyping on all probands and available affected relatives. We used whole-exome sequencing (WES) in 20 individuals with EAF (including all the probands and 5 relatives) to identify single nucleotide variants, small insertions/deletions, and copy number variants. Results: WES revealed likely pathogenic variants in genes that had not been previously associated with EAF: a CNTNAP2 intragenic deletion, 2 truncating mutations of DEPDC5, and a missense SCN1A change. Conclusions: EAF is a clinically and molecularly heterogeneous disease. The association of EAF with CNTNAP2, DEPDC5, and SCN1A mutations widens the phenotypic spectrum related to these genes. CNTNAP2 encodes CASPR2, a member of the voltage-gated potassium channel complex in which LGI1 plays a role. The finding of a CNTNAP2 deletion emphasizes the importance of this complex in EAF and shows biological convergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Pippucci
- U.O. Medical Genetics (T.P., M.S.), Polyclinic Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (S.B., F.P., M.S.) and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (L.L., V.M., C.L., C.S., P.T., F.B.), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (L.L., V.M., C.L., C.S., P.T., F.B.), Bologna, Italy; Laboratory of Integrative Systems Medicine (LISM) (R.D'.A.), Institute of Informatics and Telematics and Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; S.C. of Neurology (G.B.), SS. Annunziata Hospital, Taranto, Italy; Epilepsy Centre (G.d'.O.), Clinic of Nervous System Diseases, University of Foggia, Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Florence, Florence, Italy; and Florey Institute (I.S.), University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Laura Licchetta
- U.O. Medical Genetics (T.P., M.S.), Polyclinic Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (S.B., F.P., M.S.) and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (L.L., V.M., C.L., C.S., P.T., F.B.), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (L.L., V.M., C.L., C.S., P.T., F.B.), Bologna, Italy; Laboratory of Integrative Systems Medicine (LISM) (R.D'.A.), Institute of Informatics and Telematics and Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; S.C. of Neurology (G.B.), SS. Annunziata Hospital, Taranto, Italy; Epilepsy Centre (G.d'.O.), Clinic of Nervous System Diseases, University of Foggia, Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Florence, Florence, Italy; and Florey Institute (I.S.), University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sara Baldassari
- U.O. Medical Genetics (T.P., M.S.), Polyclinic Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (S.B., F.P., M.S.) and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (L.L., V.M., C.L., C.S., P.T., F.B.), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (L.L., V.M., C.L., C.S., P.T., F.B.), Bologna, Italy; Laboratory of Integrative Systems Medicine (LISM) (R.D'.A.), Institute of Informatics and Telematics and Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; S.C. of Neurology (G.B.), SS. Annunziata Hospital, Taranto, Italy; Epilepsy Centre (G.d'.O.), Clinic of Nervous System Diseases, University of Foggia, Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Florence, Florence, Italy; and Florey Institute (I.S.), University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Flavia Palombo
- U.O. Medical Genetics (T.P., M.S.), Polyclinic Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (S.B., F.P., M.S.) and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (L.L., V.M., C.L., C.S., P.T., F.B.), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (L.L., V.M., C.L., C.S., P.T., F.B.), Bologna, Italy; Laboratory of Integrative Systems Medicine (LISM) (R.D'.A.), Institute of Informatics and Telematics and Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; S.C. of Neurology (G.B.), SS. Annunziata Hospital, Taranto, Italy; Epilepsy Centre (G.d'.O.), Clinic of Nervous System Diseases, University of Foggia, Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Florence, Florence, Italy; and Florey Institute (I.S.), University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Veronica Menghi
- U.O. Medical Genetics (T.P., M.S.), Polyclinic Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (S.B., F.P., M.S.) and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (L.L., V.M., C.L., C.S., P.T., F.B.), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (L.L., V.M., C.L., C.S., P.T., F.B.), Bologna, Italy; Laboratory of Integrative Systems Medicine (LISM) (R.D'.A.), Institute of Informatics and Telematics and Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; S.C. of Neurology (G.B.), SS. Annunziata Hospital, Taranto, Italy; Epilepsy Centre (G.d'.O.), Clinic of Nervous System Diseases, University of Foggia, Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Florence, Florence, Italy; and Florey Institute (I.S.), University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Romina D'Aurizio
- U.O. Medical Genetics (T.P., M.S.), Polyclinic Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (S.B., F.P., M.S.) and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (L.L., V.M., C.L., C.S., P.T., F.B.), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (L.L., V.M., C.L., C.S., P.T., F.B.), Bologna, Italy; Laboratory of Integrative Systems Medicine (LISM) (R.D'.A.), Institute of Informatics and Telematics and Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; S.C. of Neurology (G.B.), SS. Annunziata Hospital, Taranto, Italy; Epilepsy Centre (G.d'.O.), Clinic of Nervous System Diseases, University of Foggia, Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Florence, Florence, Italy; and Florey Institute (I.S.), University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chiara Leta
- U.O. Medical Genetics (T.P., M.S.), Polyclinic Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (S.B., F.P., M.S.) and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (L.L., V.M., C.L., C.S., P.T., F.B.), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (L.L., V.M., C.L., C.S., P.T., F.B.), Bologna, Italy; Laboratory of Integrative Systems Medicine (LISM) (R.D'.A.), Institute of Informatics and Telematics and Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; S.C. of Neurology (G.B.), SS. Annunziata Hospital, Taranto, Italy; Epilepsy Centre (G.d'.O.), Clinic of Nervous System Diseases, University of Foggia, Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Florence, Florence, Italy; and Florey Institute (I.S.), University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carlotta Stipa
- U.O. Medical Genetics (T.P., M.S.), Polyclinic Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (S.B., F.P., M.S.) and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (L.L., V.M., C.L., C.S., P.T., F.B.), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (L.L., V.M., C.L., C.S., P.T., F.B.), Bologna, Italy; Laboratory of Integrative Systems Medicine (LISM) (R.D'.A.), Institute of Informatics and Telematics and Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; S.C. of Neurology (G.B.), SS. Annunziata Hospital, Taranto, Italy; Epilepsy Centre (G.d'.O.), Clinic of Nervous System Diseases, University of Foggia, Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Florence, Florence, Italy; and Florey Institute (I.S.), University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Giovanni Boero
- U.O. Medical Genetics (T.P., M.S.), Polyclinic Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (S.B., F.P., M.S.) and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (L.L., V.M., C.L., C.S., P.T., F.B.), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (L.L., V.M., C.L., C.S., P.T., F.B.), Bologna, Italy; Laboratory of Integrative Systems Medicine (LISM) (R.D'.A.), Institute of Informatics and Telematics and Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; S.C. of Neurology (G.B.), SS. Annunziata Hospital, Taranto, Italy; Epilepsy Centre (G.d'.O.), Clinic of Nervous System Diseases, University of Foggia, Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Florence, Florence, Italy; and Florey Institute (I.S.), University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Giuseppe d'Orsi
- U.O. Medical Genetics (T.P., M.S.), Polyclinic Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (S.B., F.P., M.S.) and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (L.L., V.M., C.L., C.S., P.T., F.B.), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (L.L., V.M., C.L., C.S., P.T., F.B.), Bologna, Italy; Laboratory of Integrative Systems Medicine (LISM) (R.D'.A.), Institute of Informatics and Telematics and Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; S.C. of Neurology (G.B.), SS. Annunziata Hospital, Taranto, Italy; Epilepsy Centre (G.d'.O.), Clinic of Nervous System Diseases, University of Foggia, Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Florence, Florence, Italy; and Florey Institute (I.S.), University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alberto Magi
- U.O. Medical Genetics (T.P., M.S.), Polyclinic Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (S.B., F.P., M.S.) and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (L.L., V.M., C.L., C.S., P.T., F.B.), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (L.L., V.M., C.L., C.S., P.T., F.B.), Bologna, Italy; Laboratory of Integrative Systems Medicine (LISM) (R.D'.A.), Institute of Informatics and Telematics and Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; S.C. of Neurology (G.B.), SS. Annunziata Hospital, Taranto, Italy; Epilepsy Centre (G.d'.O.), Clinic of Nervous System Diseases, University of Foggia, Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Florence, Florence, Italy; and Florey Institute (I.S.), University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ingrid Scheffer
- U.O. Medical Genetics (T.P., M.S.), Polyclinic Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (S.B., F.P., M.S.) and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (L.L., V.M., C.L., C.S., P.T., F.B.), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (L.L., V.M., C.L., C.S., P.T., F.B.), Bologna, Italy; Laboratory of Integrative Systems Medicine (LISM) (R.D'.A.), Institute of Informatics and Telematics and Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; S.C. of Neurology (G.B.), SS. Annunziata Hospital, Taranto, Italy; Epilepsy Centre (G.d'.O.), Clinic of Nervous System Diseases, University of Foggia, Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Florence, Florence, Italy; and Florey Institute (I.S.), University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marco Seri
- U.O. Medical Genetics (T.P., M.S.), Polyclinic Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (S.B., F.P., M.S.) and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (L.L., V.M., C.L., C.S., P.T., F.B.), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (L.L., V.M., C.L., C.S., P.T., F.B.), Bologna, Italy; Laboratory of Integrative Systems Medicine (LISM) (R.D'.A.), Institute of Informatics and Telematics and Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; S.C. of Neurology (G.B.), SS. Annunziata Hospital, Taranto, Italy; Epilepsy Centre (G.d'.O.), Clinic of Nervous System Diseases, University of Foggia, Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Florence, Florence, Italy; and Florey Institute (I.S.), University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paolo Tinuper
- U.O. Medical Genetics (T.P., M.S.), Polyclinic Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (S.B., F.P., M.S.) and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (L.L., V.M., C.L., C.S., P.T., F.B.), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (L.L., V.M., C.L., C.S., P.T., F.B.), Bologna, Italy; Laboratory of Integrative Systems Medicine (LISM) (R.D'.A.), Institute of Informatics and Telematics and Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; S.C. of Neurology (G.B.), SS. Annunziata Hospital, Taranto, Italy; Epilepsy Centre (G.d'.O.), Clinic of Nervous System Diseases, University of Foggia, Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Florence, Florence, Italy; and Florey Institute (I.S.), University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Francesca Bisulli
- U.O. Medical Genetics (T.P., M.S.), Polyclinic Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (S.B., F.P., M.S.) and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (L.L., V.M., C.L., C.S., P.T., F.B.), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (L.L., V.M., C.L., C.S., P.T., F.B.), Bologna, Italy; Laboratory of Integrative Systems Medicine (LISM) (R.D'.A.), Institute of Informatics and Telematics and Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; S.C. of Neurology (G.B.), SS. Annunziata Hospital, Taranto, Italy; Epilepsy Centre (G.d'.O.), Clinic of Nervous System Diseases, University of Foggia, Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Florence, Florence, Italy; and Florey Institute (I.S.), University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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29
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Walkinshaw E, Gai Y, Farkas C, Richter D, Nicholas E, Keleman K, Davis RL. Identification of genes that promote or inhibit olfactory memory formation in Drosophila. Genetics 2015; 199:1173-82. [PMID: 25644700 PMCID: PMC4391555 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.114.173575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic screens in Drosophila melanogaster and other organisms have been pursued to filter the genome for genetic functions important for memory formation. Such screens have employed primarily chemical or transposon-mediated mutagenesis and have identified numerous mutants including classical memory mutants, dunce and rutabaga. Here, we report the results of a large screen using panneuronal RNAi expression to identify additional genes critical for memory formation. We identified >500 genes that compromise memory when inhibited (low hits), either by disrupting the development and normal function of the adult animal or by participating in the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying memory formation. We also identified >40 genes that enhance memory when inhibited (high hits). The dunce gene was identified as one of the low hits and further experiments were performed to map the effects of the dunce RNAi to the α/β and γ mushroom body neurons. Additional behavioral experiments suggest that dunce knockdown in the mushroom body neurons impairs memory without significantly affecting acquisition. We also characterized one high hit, sickie, to show that RNAi knockdown of this gene enhances memory through effects in dopaminergic neurons without apparent effects on acquisition. These studies further our understanding of two genes involved in memory formation, provide a valuable list of genes that impair memory that may be important for understanding the neurophysiology of memory or neurodevelopmental disorders, and offer a new resource of memory suppressor genes that will aid in understanding restraint mechanisms employed by the brain to optimize resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Walkinshaw
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Yunchao Gai
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Caitlin Farkas
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Daniel Richter
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Eric Nicholas
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | | | - Ronald L Davis
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458
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30
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McMichael G, Bainbridge MN, Haan E, Corbett M, Gardner A, Thompson S, van Bon BWM, van Eyk CL, Broadbent J, Reynolds C, O'Callaghan ME, Nguyen LS, Adelson DL, Russo R, Jhangiani S, Doddapaneni H, Muzny DM, Gibbs RA, Gecz J, MacLennan AH. Whole-exome sequencing points to considerable genetic heterogeneity of cerebral palsy. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:176-82. [PMID: 25666757 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a common, clinically heterogeneous group of disorders affecting movement and posture. Its prevalence has changed little in 50 years and the causes remain largely unknown. The genetic contribution to CP causation has been predicted to be ~2%. We performed whole-exome sequencing of 183 cases with CP including both parents (98 cases) or one parent (67 cases) and 18 singleton cases (no parental DNA). We identified and validated 61 de novo protein-altering variants in 43 out of 98 (44%) case-parent trios. Initial prioritization of variants for causality was by mutation type, whether they were known or predicted to be deleterious and whether they occurred in known disease genes whose clinical spectrum overlaps CP. Further, prioritization used two multidimensional frameworks-the Residual Variation Intolerance Score and the Combined Annotation-dependent Depletion score. Ten de novo mutations in three previously identified disease genes (TUBA1A (n=2), SCN8A (n=1) and KDM5C (n=1)) and in six novel candidate CP genes (AGAP1, JHDM1D, MAST1, NAA35, RFX2 and WIPI2) were predicted to be potentially pathogenic for CP. In addition, we identified four predicted pathogenic, hemizygous variants on chromosome X in two known disease genes, L1CAM and PAK3, and in two novel candidate CP genes, CD99L2 and TENM1. In total, 14% of CP cases, by strict criteria, had a potentially disease-causing gene variant. Half were in novel genes. The genetic heterogeneity highlights the complexity of the genetic contribution to CP. Function and pathway studies are required to establish the causative role of these putative pathogenic CP genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G McMichael
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - M N Bainbridge
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - E Haan
- 1] South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, SA Pathology (at Women's and Children's Hospital), North Adelaide, SA, Australia [2] School of Pediatrics and Reproductive Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - M Corbett
- 1] Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia [2] School of Pediatrics and Reproductive Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - A Gardner
- 1] Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia [2] School of Pediatrics and Reproductive Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - S Thompson
- 1] School of Pediatrics and Reproductive Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia [2] Department of Pediatric Neurology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - B W M van Bon
- 1] South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, SA Pathology (at Women's and Children's Hospital), North Adelaide, SA, Australia [2] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - C L van Eyk
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - J Broadbent
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - C Reynolds
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - M E O'Callaghan
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - L S Nguyen
- School of Pediatrics and Reproductive Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - D L Adelson
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - R Russo
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - S Jhangiani
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - H Doddapaneni
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - D M Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R A Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J Gecz
- 1] Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia [2] School of Pediatrics and Reproductive Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - A H MacLennan
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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31
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Graziano C, Wischmeijer A, Pippucci T, Fusco C, Diquigiovanni C, Nõukas M, Sauk M, Kurg A, Rivieri F, Blau N, Hoffmann GF, Chaubey A, Schwartz CE, Romeo G, Bonora E, Garavelli L, Seri M. Syndromic intellectual disability: a new phenotype caused by an aromatic amino acid decarboxylase gene (DDC) variant. Gene 2015; 559:144-8. [PMID: 25597765 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The causative variant in a consanguineous family in which the three patients (two siblings and a cousin) presented with intellectual disability, Marfanoid habitus, craniofacial dysmorphisms, chronic diarrhea and progressive kyphoscoliosis, has been identified through whole exome sequencing (WES) analysis. WES study identified a homozygous DDC variant in the patients, c.1123C>T, resulting in p.Arg375Cys missense substitution. Mutations in DDC cause a recessive metabolic disorder (aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, AADC, deficiency, OMIM #608643) characterized by hypotonia, oculogyric crises, excessive sweating, temperature instability, dystonia, severe neurologic dysfunction in infancy, and specific abnormalities of neurotransmitters and their metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In our family, analysis of neurotransmitters and their metabolites in patient's CSF shows a pattern compatible with AADC deficiency, although the clinical signs are different from the classic form. Our work expands the phenotypic spectrum associated with DDC variants, which therefore can cause an additional novel syndrome without typical movement abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Graziano
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Policlinico St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anita Wischmeijer
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Policlinico St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Clinical Genetics Unit, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Tommaso Pippucci
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Policlinico St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Fusco
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Chiara Diquigiovanni
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Policlinico St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Margit Nõukas
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Martin Sauk
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ants Kurg
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Francesca Rivieri
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy; Medical Genetic Service, Department of Laboratory, S. Chiara Hospital, Trento, Italy
| | - Nenad Blau
- Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg F Hoffmann
- Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alka Chaubey
- Greenwood Genetic Center, 113 Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Charles E Schwartz
- Greenwood Genetic Center, 113 Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Giovanni Romeo
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Policlinico St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Bonora
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Policlinico St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Livia Garavelli
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Marco Seri
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Policlinico St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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