1
|
Paulet A, Bennett-Ness C, Ageorges F, Trost D, Green A, Goudie D, Jewell R, Kraatari-Tiri M, Piard J, Coubes C, Lam W, Lynch SA, Groeschel S, Ramond F, Fluss J, Fagerberg C, Brasch Andersen C, Varvagiannis K, Kleefstra T, Gérard B, Fradin M, Vitobello A, Tenconi R, Denommé-Pichon AS, Vincent-Devulder A, Haack T, Marsh JA, Laulund LW, Grimmel M, Riess A, de Boer E, Padilla-Lopez S, Bakhtiari S, Ostendorf A, Zweier C, Smol T, Willems M, Faivre L, Scala M, Striano P, Bagnasco I, Koboldt D, Iascone M, Suerink M, Kruer MC, Levy J, Verloes A, Abbott CM, Ruaud L. Expansion of the neurodevelopmental phenotype of individuals with EEF1A2 variants and genotype-phenotype study. Eur J Hum Genet 2024; 32:1144-1149. [PMID: 38355961 PMCID: PMC11369172 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-024-01560-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Translation elongation factor eEF1A2 constitutes the alpha subunit of the elongation factor-1 complex, responsible for the enzymatic binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosome. Since 2012, 21 pathogenic missense variants affecting EEF1A2 have been described in 42 individuals with a severe neurodevelopmental phenotype including epileptic encephalopathy and moderate to profound intellectual disability (ID), with neurological regression in some patients. Through international collaborative call, we collected 26 patients with EEF1A2 variants and compared them to the literature. Our cohort shows a significantly milder phenotype. 83% of the patients are walking (vs. 29% in the literature), and 84% of the patients have language skills (vs. 15%). Three of our patients do not have ID. Epilepsy is present in 63% (vs. 93%). Neurological examination shows a less severe phenotype with significantly less hypotonia (58% vs. 96%), and pyramidal signs (24% vs. 68%). Cognitive regression was noted in 4% (vs. 56% in the literature). Among individuals over 10 years, 56% disclosed neurocognitive regression, with a mean age of onset at 2 years. We describe 8 novel missense variants of EEF1A2. Modeling of the different amino-acid sites shows that the variants associated with a severe phenotype, and the majority of those associated with a moderate phenotype, cluster within the switch II region of the protein and thus may affect GTP exchange. In contrast, variants associated with milder phenotypes may impact secondary functions such as actin binding. We report the largest cohort of individuals with EEF1A2 variants thus far, allowing us to expand the phenotype spectrum and reveal genotype-phenotype correlations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alix Paulet
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Paris, France.
| | - Cavan Bennett-Ness
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine and Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | | | | | - Andrew Green
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science Consultant in Clinical Genetics, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Goudie
- Regional Genetics Service, NHS Tayside, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Rosalyn Jewell
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, England, UK
| | - Minna Kraatari-Tiri
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Research unit of Clinical Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juliette Piard
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, CHU Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Christine Coubes
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Wayne Lam
- South-East of Scotland Clinical Genetics Service, General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Sally Ann Lynch
- Clinical Genetics, Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Samuel Groeschel
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Francis Ramond
- Service de Génétique, CHU Saint-Etienne - Hôpital Nord, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Joël Fluss
- University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christina Fagerberg
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | - Tjitske Kleefstra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Center of Excellence for Neuropsychiatry, Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, Venray, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mélanie Fradin
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Sud, CHU de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Antonio Vitobello
- UMR-Inserm, Génétique des Anomalies du développement, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Romano Tenconi
- Servizio di Genetica Medica, Dipartimento di Pediatra, Padova, Italia
| | - Anne-Sophie Denommé-Pichon
- Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation en Diagnostic génomique des maladies rares, FHU-TRANSLAD, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- UMR1231 GAD, Inserm - Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | | | - Tobias Haack
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joseph A Marsh
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Mona Grimmel
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Angelika Riess
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elke de Boer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sergio Padilla-Lopez
- Pediatric Movement Disorders Program, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Somayeh Bakhtiari
- Pediatric Movement Disorders Program, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Adam Ostendorf
- Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine Nationwide Children's Hospital, Colombus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Colombus, USA
| | - Christiane Zweier
- Department of Human Genetics, Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Smol
- University of Lille, EA7364-RADEME, Medical Genetics Institute, Chu Lille, Lille, France
| | - Marjolaine Willems
- Medical Genetic Department for Rare Diseases and Personalized Medicine, Reference Center AD SOOR, AnDDI-RARE, Groupe DI, Inserm U1298, INM, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurence Faivre
- UMR1231 GAD, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
- Centre de Référence Maladies Rares « Anomalies du développement et syndromes malformatifs », Centre de Génétique, FHU-TRANSLAD et Institut GIMI, CHU dijon, Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Marcello Scala
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Irene Bagnasco
- Division of Child Neuropsychiatry, Martini Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Daniel Koboldt
- Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine Nationwide Children's Hospital, Colombus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Manon Suerink
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Michael C Kruer
- Pediatric Movement Disorders Program, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jonathan Levy
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Paris, France
| | - Alain Verloes
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Paris, France
| | - Catherine M Abbott
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine and Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Lyse Ruaud
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
He HL, Lin XQ, Wang XL, Peng P, Xiao H, Yin F, Peng J. [Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 33 caused by EEF1A2 gene mutation: a case report]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2024; 26:861-864. [PMID: 39148392 PMCID: PMC11334538 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2404013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
A boy, aged 7 months, presented with severe global developmental delay (GDD), refractory epilepsy, hypotonia, nystagmus, ocular hypertelorism, a broad nasal bridge, everted upper lip, a high palatal arch, and cryptorchidism. Genetic testing revealed a de novo heterozygous missense mutation of c.364G>A(p.E122K) in the EEF1A2 gene, and finally the boy was diagnosed with autosomal dominant developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 33 caused by the EEF1A2 gene mutation. This case report suggests that for children with unexplained infancy-onset severe to profound GDD/intellectual disability and refractory epilepsy, genetic testing for EEF1A2 gene mutations should be considered. This is particularly important for those exhibiting hypotonia, nonverbal communication, and craniofacial deformities, to facilitate a confirmed diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Lan He
- Department of Neurology, Children's Medical Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xue-Qin Lin
- Department of Neurology, Children's Medical Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xiao-Le Wang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Medical Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Pan Peng
- Department of Neurology, Children's Medical Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Hui Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Children's Medical Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Fei Yin
- Department of Neurology, Children's Medical Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Jing Peng
- Department of Neurology, Children's Medical Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang W, Wang J, Shan C. The eEF1A protein in cancer: Clinical significance, oncogenic mechanisms, and targeted therapeutic strategies. Pharmacol Res 2024; 204:107195. [PMID: 38677532 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Eukaryotic elongation factor 1A (eEF1A) is among the most abundant proteins in eukaryotic cells. Evolutionarily conserved across species, eEF1A is in charge of translation elongation for protein biosynthesis as well as a plethora of non-translational moonlighting functions for cellular homeostasis. In malignant cells, however, eEF1A becomes a pleiotropic driver of cancer progression via a broad diversity of pathways, which are not limited to hyperactive translational output. In the past decades, mounting studies have demonstrated the causal link between eEF1A and carcinogenesis, gaining deeper insights into its multifaceted mechanisms and corroborating its value as a prognostic marker in various cancers. On the other hand, an increasing number of natural and synthetic compounds were discovered as anticancer eEF1A-targeting inhibitors. Among them, plitidepsin was approved for the treatment of multiple myeloma whereas metarrestin was currently under clinical development. Despite significant achievements in these two interrelated fields, hitherto there lacks a systematic examination of the eEF1A protein in the context of cancer research. Therefore, the present work aims to delineate its clinical implications, molecular oncogenic mechanisms, and targeted therapeutic strategies as reflected in the ever expanding body of literature, so as to deepen mechanistic understanding of eEF1A-involved tumorigenesis and inspire the development of eEF1A-targeted chemotherapeutics and biologics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weicheng Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiyan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Changliang Shan
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Negrutskii BS, Porubleva LV, Malinowska A, Novosylna OV, Dadlez M, Knudsen CR. Understanding functions of eEF1 translation elongation factors beyond translation. A proteomic approach. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 138:67-99. [PMID: 38220433 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian translation elongation factors eEF1A1 and eEF1A2 are 92% homologous isoforms whose mutually exclusive tissue-specific expression is regulated during development. The isoforms have similar translation functionality, but show differences in spatial organization and participation in various processes, such as oncogenesis and virus reproduction. The differences may be due to their ability to interact with isoform-specific partner proteins. We used the identified sets of eEF1A1 or eEF1A2 partner proteins to identify cell complexes and/or processes specific to one particular isoform. As a result, we found isoform-specific interactions reflecting the involvement of different eEF1A isoforms in different cellular processes, including actin-related, chromatin-remodeling, ribonuclease H2, adenylyl cyclase, and Cul3-RING ubiquitin ligase complexes as well as initiation of mitochondrial transcription. An essential by-product of our analysis is the elucidation of a number of cellular processes beyond protein biosynthesis, where both isoforms appear to participate such as large ribosomal subunit biogenesis, mRNA splicing, DNA mismatch repair, 26S proteasome activity, P-body and exosomes formation, protein targeting to the membrane. This information suggests that a relatively high content of eEF1A in the cell may be necessary not only to maintain efficient translation, but also to ensure its participation in various cellular processes, where some roles of eEF1A have not yet been described. We believe that the data presented here will be useful for deciphering new auxiliary functions of eEF1A and its isoforms, and provide a new look at the known non-canonical functions of this main component of the human translation-elongation machinery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris S Negrutskii
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Kyiv, Ukraine; Aarhus Institute of Advanced Sciences, Høegh-Guldbergs, Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Universitetsbyen, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | | | - Agata Malinowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, PAN, Pawinskiego, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Michal Dadlez
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, PAN, Pawinskiego, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Charlotte R Knudsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Universitetsbyen, Aarhus C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Davies FCJ, Marshall GF, Pegram E, Gadd D, Abbott CM. Endogenous epitope tagging of eEF1A2 in mice reveals early embryonic expression of eEF1A2 and subcellular compartmentalisation of neuronal eEF1A1 and eEF1A2. Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 126:103879. [PMID: 37429391 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
All vertebrate species express two independently-encoded forms of translation elongation factor eEF1A. In humans and mice eEF1A1 and eEF1A2 are 92 % identical at the amino acid level, but the well conserved developmental switch between the two variants in specific tissues suggests the existence of important functional differences. Heterozygous mutations in eEF1A2 result in neurodevelopmental disorders in humans; the mechanism of pathogenicity is unclear, but one hypothesis is that there is a dominant negative effect on eEF1A1 during development. The high degree of similarity between the eEF1A proteins has complicated expression analysis in the past; here we describe a gene edited mouse line in which we have introduced a V5 tag in the gene encoding eEF1A2. Expression analysis using anti-V5 and anti-eEF1A1 antibodies demonstrates that, in contrast to the prevailing view that eEF1A2 is only expressed postnatally, it is expressed from as early as E11.5 in the developing neural tube. Two colour immunofluorescence also reveals coordinated switching between eEF1A1 and eEF1A2 in different regions of postnatal brain. Completely reciprocal expression of the two variants is seen in post-weaning mouse brain with eEF1A1 expressed in oligodendrocytes and astrocytes and eEF1A2 in neuronal soma. Although eEF1A1 is absent from neuronal cell bodies after development, it is widely expressed in axons. This expression does not appear to coincide with myelin sheaths originating from oligodendrocytes but rather results from localised translation within the axon, suggesting that both variants are transcribed in neurons but show completely distinct subcellular localisation at the protein level. These findings will form an underlying framework for understanding how missense mutations in eEF1A2 result in neurodevelopmental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faith C J Davies
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Grant F Marshall
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Pegram
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Danni Gadd
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine M Abbott
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Khwanraj K, Prommahom A, Dharmasaroja P. eEF1A2 siRNA Suppresses MPP+-Induced Activation of Akt and mTOR and Potentiates Caspase-3 Activation in a Parkinson’s Disease Model. ScientificWorldJournal 2023; 2023:1335201. [PMID: 37051183 PMCID: PMC10085650 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1335201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The tissue-specific protein eEF1A2 has been linked to the development of neurological disorders. The role of eEF1A2 in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) has yet to be investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the potential neuroprotective effects of eEF1A2 in an MPP+ model of PD. Differentiated SH-SY5Y cells were transfected with eEF1A2 siRNA, followed by MPP+ exposure. The expression of p-Akt1 and p-mTORC1 was determined using Western blotting. The expression of p53, Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 was evaluated using qRT-PCR. Cleaved caspase-3 levels and Annexin V/propidium iodide flow cytometry were used to determine apoptosis. The effects of PI3K inhibition were examined. The results showed that eEF1A2 siRNA significantly reduced the eEF1A2 expression induced by MPP+. MPP+ treatment activated Akt1 and mTORC1; however, eEF1A2 knockdown suppressed this activation. In eEF1A2-knockdown cells, MPP+ treatment increased the expression of p53 and caspase-3 mRNA levels as well as increased apoptotic cell death when compared to MPP+ treatment alone. In cells exposed to MPP+, upstream inhibition of the Akt/mTOR pathway, by either LY294002 or wortmannin, inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt1 and mTORC1. Both PI3K inhibitors increased eEF1A2 expression in cells, whether or not they were also treated with MPP+. In conclusion, eEF1A2 may function as a neuroprotective factor against MPP+, in part by regulating the Akt/mTOR pathway upstream.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kawinthra Khwanraj
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Athinan Prommahom
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Perez ÉS, Cury SS, Zanella BTT, Carvalho RF, Duran BOS, Dal-Pai-Silva M. Identification of Novel Genes Associated with Fish Skeletal Muscle Adaptation during Fasting and Refeeding Based on a Meta-Analysis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13122378. [PMID: 36553644 PMCID: PMC9778430 DOI: 10.3390/genes13122378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of the fish phenotype and muscle growth is influenced by fasting and refeeding periods, which occur in nature and are commonly applied in fish farming. However, the regulators associated with the muscle responses to these manipulations of food availability have not been fully characterized. We aimed to identify novel genes associated with fish skeletal muscle adaptation during fasting and refeeding based on a meta-analysis. Genes related to translational and proliferative machinery were investigated in pacus (Piaractus mesopotamicus) subjected to fasting (four and fifteen days) and refeeding (six hours, three and fifteen days). Our results showed that different fasting and refeeding periods modulate the expression of the genes mtor, rps27a, eef1a2, and cdkn1a. These alterations can indicate the possible protection of the muscle phenotype, in addition to adaptive responses that prioritize energy and substrate savings over cell division, a process regulated by ccnd1. Our study reveals the potential of meta-analysis for the identification of muscle growth regulators and provides new information on muscle responses to fasting and refeeding in fish that are of economic importance to aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Érika Stefani Perez
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Sarah Santiloni Cury
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil
| | | | - Robson Francisco Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Bruno Oliveira Silva Duran
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Federal University of Goias (UFG), Goiania 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Maeli Dal-Pai-Silva
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-(14)-3880-0470
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Malone TJ, Kaczmarek LK. The role of altered translation in intellectual disability and epilepsy. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 213:102267. [PMID: 35364140 PMCID: PMC10583652 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A very high proportion of cases of intellectual disability are genetic in origin and are associated with the occurrence of epileptic seizures during childhood. These two disorders together effect more than 5% of the world's population. One feature linking the two diseases is that learning and memory require the synthesis of new synaptic components and ion channels, while maintenance of overall excitability also requires synthesis of similar proteins in response to altered neuronal stimulation. Many of these disorders result from mutations in proteins that regulate mRNA processing, translation initiation, translation elongation, mRNA stability or upstream translation modulators. One theme that emerges on reviewing this field is that mutations in proteins that regulate changes in translation following neuronal stimulation are more likely to result in epilepsy with intellectual disability than general translation regulators with no known role in activity-dependent changes. This is consistent with the notion that activity-dependent translation in neurons differs from that in other cells types in that the changes in local cellular composition, morphology and connectivity that occur generally in response to stimuli are directly coupled to local synaptic activity and persist for months or years after the original stimulus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J Malone
- Departments of Pharmacology, and of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street B-309, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Leonard K Kaczmarek
- Departments of Pharmacology, and of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street B-309, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cpmer: A new conserved eEF1A2-binding partner that regulates Eomes translation and cardiomyocyte differentiation. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:1154-1169. [PMID: 35395174 PMCID: PMC9133893 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that eukaryotic elongation factor 1A2 (eEF1A2) serves as an essential heart-specific translation elongation element and that its mutation or knockout delays heart development and causes congenital heart disease and death among species. However, the function and regulatory mechanisms of eEF1A2 in mammalian heart development remain largely unknown. Here we identified the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) Cpmer (cytoplasmic mesoderm regulator), which interacted with eEF1A2 to co-regulate differentiation of mouse and human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Mechanistically, Cpmer specifically recognized Eomes mRNA by RNA-RNA pairing and facilitated binding of eEF1A2 with Eomes mRNA, guaranteeing Eomes mRNA translation and cardiomyocyte differentiation. Our data reveal a novel functionally conserved lncRNA that can specifically regulate Eomes translation and cardiomyocyte differentiation, which broadens our understanding of the mechanism of lncRNA involvement in the subtle translational regulation of eEF1A2 during mammalian heart development.
Collapse
|
10
|
Bang ML, Bogomolovas J, Chen J. Understanding the molecular basis of cardiomyopathy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 322:H181-H233. [PMID: 34797172 PMCID: PMC8759964 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00562.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Inherited cardiomyopathies are a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide and can be caused by mutations in a wide range of proteins located in different cellular compartments. The present review is based on Dr. Ju Chen's 2021 Robert M. Berne Distinguished Lectureship of the American Physiological Society Cardiovascular Section, in which he provided an overview of the current knowledge on the cardiomyopathy-associated proteins that have been studied in his laboratory. The review provides a general summary of the proteins in different compartments of cardiomyocytes associated with cardiomyopathies, with specific focus on the proteins that have been studied in Dr. Chen's laboratory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Louise Bang
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Milan Unit, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Julius Bogomolovas
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Cardiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Ju Chen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Cardiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Feng W, Wang L, Veevers J, Liu C, Huang T, Chen J. Loss of eEF1A2 (Eukaryotic Elongation Factor 1 A2) in Murine Myocardium Results in Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Circ Heart Fail 2021; 14:e008665. [PMID: 34555936 PMCID: PMC8530884 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.121.008665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Feng
- Department of Medicine-Cardiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0613-C, La Jolla, California 92093-0613, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Medicine-Cardiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0613-C, La Jolla, California 92093-0613, USA
| | - Jennifer Veevers
- Department of Medicine-Cardiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0613-C, La Jolla, California 92093-0613, USA
| | - Canzhao Liu
- Department of Medicine-Cardiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0613-C, La Jolla, California 92093-0613, USA
| | - Titania Huang
- Department of Medicine-Cardiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0613-C, La Jolla, California 92093-0613, USA
| | - Ju Chen
- Department of Medicine-Cardiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0613-C, La Jolla, California 92093-0613, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Davies FCJ, Hope JE, McLachlan F, Marshall GF, Kaminioti-Dumont L, Qarkaxhija V, Nunez F, Dando O, Smith C, Wood E, MacDonald J, Hardt O, Abbott CM. Recapitulation of the EEF1A2 D252H neurodevelopmental disorder-causing missense mutation in mice reveals a toxic gain of function. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:1592-1606. [PMID: 32160274 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous de novo mutations in EEF1A2, encoding the tissue-specific translation elongation factor eEF1A2, have been shown to cause neurodevelopmental disorders including often severe epilepsy and intellectual disability. The mutational profile is unusual; ~50 different missense mutations have been identified but no obvious loss of function mutations, though large heterozygous deletions are known to be compatible with life. A key question is whether the heterozygous missense mutations operate through haploinsufficiency or a gain of function mechanism, an important prerequisite for design of therapeutic strategies. In order both to address this question and to provide a novel model for neurodevelopmental disorders resulting from mutations in EEF1A2, we created a new mouse model of the D252H mutation. This mutation causes the eEF1A2 protein to be expressed at lower levels in brain but higher in muscle in the mice. We compared both heterozygous and homozygous D252H and null mutant mice using behavioural and motor phenotyping alongside molecular modelling and analysis of binding partners. Although the proteomic analysis pointed to a loss of function for the D252H mutant protein, the D252H homozygous mice were more severely affected than null homozygotes on the same genetic background. Mice that are heterozygous for the missense mutation show no behavioural abnormalities but do have sex-specific deficits in body mass and motor function. The phenotyping of our novel mouse lines, together with analysis of molecular modelling and interacting proteins, suggest that the D252H mutation results in a gain of function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faith C J Davies
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Jilly E Hope
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona McLachlan
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Grant F Marshall
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Kaminioti-Dumont
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Vesa Qarkaxhija
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Francis Nunez
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Owen Dando
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Smith
- Academic Department of Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Wood
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Josephine MacDonald
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Hardt
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Catherine M Abbott
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mills A, Gago F. On the Need to Tell Apart Fraternal Twins eEF1A1 and eEF1A2, and Their Respective Outfits. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6973. [PMID: 34203525 PMCID: PMC8268798 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
eEF1A1 and eEF1A2 are paralogous proteins whose presence in most normal eukaryotic cells is mutually exclusive and developmentally regulated. Often described in the scientific literature under the collective name eEF1A, which stands for eukaryotic elongation factor 1A, their best known activity (in a monomeric, GTP-bound conformation) is to bind aminoacyl-tRNAs and deliver them to the A-site of the 80S ribosome. However, both eEF1A1 and eEF1A2 are endowed with multitasking abilities (sometimes performed by homo- and heterodimers) and can be located in different subcellular compartments, from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. Given the high sequence identity of these two sister proteins and the large number of post-translational modifications they can undergo, we are often confronted with the dilemma of discerning which is the particular proteoform that is actually responsible for the ascribed biochemical or cellular effects. We argue in this review that acquiring this knowledge is essential to help clarify, in molecular and structural terms, the mechanistic involvement of these two ancestral and abundant G proteins in a variety of fundamental cellular processes other than translation elongation. Of particular importance for this special issue is the fact that several de novo heterozygous missense mutations in the human EEF1A2 gene are associated with a subset of rare but severe neurological syndromes and cardiomyopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico Gago
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & “Unidad Asociada IQM-CSIC”, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, E-28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Translation elongation factor 1A2 is encoded by one of four closely related eef1a genes and is dispensable for survival in zebrafish. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:221899. [PMID: 31950975 PMCID: PMC6997148 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20194191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish are valuable model organisms for the study of human single-gene disorders: they are genetically manipulable, their development is well understood, and mutant lines with measurable, disease-appropriate phenotypic abnormalities can be used for high throughput drug screening approaches. However, gene duplication events in zebrafish can result in redundancy of gene function, masking loss-of-function phenotypes and thus confounding this approach to disease modelling. Furthermore, recent studies have yielded contrasting results depending on whether specific genes are targeted using genome editing to make mutant lines, or whether morpholinos are used (morphants). De novo missense mutations in the human gene EEF1A2, encoding a tissue-specific translation elongation factor, cause severe neurodevelopmental disorders; there is a real need for a model system to study these disorders and we wanted to explore the possibility of a zebrafish model. We identified four eef1a genes and examined their developmental and tissue-specific expression patterns: eef1a1l1 is first to be expressed while eef1a2 is only detected later during development. We then determined the effects of introducing null mutations into translation elongation factor 1A2 (eEF1A2) in zebrafish using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, in order to compare the results with previously described morphants, and with severe neurodegenerative lethal phenotype of eEF1A2-null mice. In contrast with both earlier analyses in zebrafish using morpholinos and with the mouse eEF1A2-null mice, disruption of the eef1a2 gene in zebrafish is compatible with normal lifespan. The resulting lines, however, may provide a valuable platform for studying the effects of expression of mutant human eEF1A2 mRNA.
Collapse
|
15
|
Dilated cardiomyopathy in a patient with autosomal dominant EEF1A2-related neurodevelopmental disorder. Eur J Med Genet 2020; 64:104121. [PMID: 33307280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2020.104121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The EEF1A2 gene encodes eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1α2, an integral component of the elongation factor complex. Heterozygous pathogenic variants in EEF1A2 are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by epilepsy, global developmental delay, and autism. To date, dilated cardiomyopathy has only been reported in two siblings with neurodevelopmental phenotypes and a homozygous missense variant in EEF1A2. This report describes a nine-year-old female patient who presented with neurodevelopmental phenotypes and dilated cardiomyopathy. Analysis of 193 epilepsy genes by focused exome sequencing revealed a novel heterozygous variant c.46G > C (p.Val16Leu; NM_001958.3) in EEF1A2. The variant was not detected in either parent, confirming its de novo origin. No additional variants that explain the patient's phenotypes were found by subsequent whole exome analysis. Copy number analysis of the exome data and exon-level microarray excluded a deletion in the other allele of EEF1A2. We present the first patient with a heterozygous pathogenic EEF1A2 variant who had dilated cardiomyopathy as well as neurodevelopmental phenotypes, suggesting that this cardiac phenotype may be associated with the autosomal dominant form of the EEF1A2-related disorder.
Collapse
|
16
|
Gene constraint and genotype-phenotype correlations in neurodevelopmental disorders. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2020; 65:69-75. [PMID: 32599522 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
With the advent and widespread adoption of high-throughput DNA sequencing, genetic discoveries in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are advancing very rapidly. The identification of novel NDD genes and of rare, highly penetrant pathogenic variants is leading to improved understanding of genotype-phenotype correlations. Here we emphasize the importance of large-scale, reference databases such as gnomAD to determine gene and variant level constraints and facilitate gene discovery, variant interpretation, and genotype-phenotype correlations. While the majority of dominant NDD genes are highly intolerant to variation, some apparent exceptions in reference databases are related to the presence of variants in transcripts that are not brain expressed and/or genes that show acquired somatic mosaicism in blood. Multiple NDD genes are being identified where varying phenotypes depend on the mode of inheritance (e.g., dominant or recessive), the nature (e.g., missense or truncating), or location of the mutation. Ongoing genome-wide analyses and targeted functional studies provide enhancements to the annotation of genes, gene products and variants, which will continue to facilitate gene and variant discovery and variant interpretation.
Collapse
|
17
|
Carvill GL, Helbig KL, Myers CT, Scala M, Huether R, Lewis S, Kruer TN, Guida BS, Bakhtiari S, Sebe J, Tang S, Stickney H, Oktay SU, Bhandiwad AA, Ramsey K, Narayanan V, Feyma T, Rohena LO, Accogli A, Severino M, Hollingsworth G, Gill D, Depienne C, Nava C, Sadleir LG, Caruso PA, Lin AE, Jansen FE, Koeleman B, Brilstra E, Willemsen MH, Kleefstra T, Sa J, Mathieu ML, Perrin L, Lesca G, Striano P, Casari G, Scheffer IE, Raible D, Sattlegger E, Capra V, Padilla-Lopez S, Mefford HC, Kruer MC. Damaging de novo missense variants in EEF1A2 lead to a developmental and degenerative epileptic-dyskinetic encephalopathy. Hum Mutat 2020; 41:1263-1279. [PMID: 32196822 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygous de novo variants in the eukaryotic elongation factor EEF1A2 have previously been described in association with intellectual disability and epilepsy but never functionally validated. Here we report 14 new individuals with heterozygous EEF1A2 variants. We functionally validate multiple variants as protein-damaging using heterologous expression and complementation analysis. Our findings allow us to confirm multiple variants as pathogenic and broaden the phenotypic spectrum to include dystonia/choreoathetosis, and in some cases a degenerative course with cerebral and cerebellar atrophy. Pathogenic variants appear to act via a haploinsufficiency mechanism, disrupting both the protein synthesis and integrated stress response functions of EEF1A2. Our studies provide evidence that EEF1A2 is highly intolerant to variation and that de novo pathogenic variants lead to an epileptic-dyskinetic encephalopathy with both neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative features. Developmental features may be driven by impaired synaptic protein synthesis during early brain development while progressive symptoms may be linked to an impaired ability to handle cytotoxic stressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma L Carvill
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Katherine L Helbig
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Candace T Myers
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle, Washington
| | - Marcello Scala
- Department of Pediatric Neurology & Muscular Disorders, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Robert Huether
- Division of Clinical Genomics, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California
| | - Sara Lewis
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona.,Departments of Child Health, Cellular & Molecular Medicine, and Neurology and Program in Genetics, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Tyler N Kruer
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona.,Departments of Child Health, Cellular & Molecular Medicine, and Neurology and Program in Genetics, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Brandon S Guida
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona.,Departments of Child Health, Cellular & Molecular Medicine, and Neurology and Program in Genetics, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Somayeh Bakhtiari
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona.,Departments of Child Health, Cellular & Molecular Medicine, and Neurology and Program in Genetics, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Joy Sebe
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sha Tang
- Division of Clinical Genomics, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California
| | - Heather Stickney
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sehribani Ulusoy Oktay
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ashwin A Bhandiwad
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Keri Ramsey
- Center for Rare Childhood Disorders, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Vinodh Narayanan
- Center for Rare Childhood Disorders, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Timothy Feyma
- Department of Neurology, Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Luis O Rohena
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, San Antonio Military Medical Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Andrea Accogli
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy.,Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mariasavina Severino
- Department of Pediatric Neurology & Muscular Disorders, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Georgina Hollingsworth
- Departments of Medicine and Paediatrics, University of Melbourne and Austin Health Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Deepak Gill
- Ty Nelson Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christel Depienne
- INSERM UMR 975, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Nava
- INSERM UMR 975, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Lynette G Sadleir
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago Wellington, Wellington South, New Zealand
| | - Paul A Caruso
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Angela E Lin
- Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Floor E Jansen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bobby Koeleman
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Brilstra
- Department of Genetics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein H Willemsen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tjitske Kleefstra
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joaquim Sa
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marie-Laure Mathieu
- Neuropaediatrics Department, Femme Mère Enfant Hospital, Lyon, France.,Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France
| | - Laurine Perrin
- Department of Paediatric Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, CHU Saint-Etienne, Hôpital Bellevue, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Gaetan Lesca
- CRNL Inserm U1028-CNRS UMR5292-Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Department of Medical Genetics, Lyon University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Pediatric Neurology & Muscular Disorders, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giorgio Casari
- Department of Pediatric Neurology & Muscular Disorders, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- Departments of Medicine and Paediatrics, University of Melbourne and Austin Health Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Raible
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Evelyn Sattlegger
- School of Natural & Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Valeria Capra
- Department of Pediatric Neurology & Muscular Disorders, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sergio Padilla-Lopez
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona.,Departments of Child Health, Cellular & Molecular Medicine, and Neurology and Program in Genetics, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Heather C Mefford
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael C Kruer
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona.,Departments of Child Health, Cellular & Molecular Medicine, and Neurology and Program in Genetics, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Long K, Wang H, Song Z, Yin X, Wang Y. EEF1A2 mutations in epileptic encephalopathy/intellectual disability: Understanding the potential mechanism of phenotypic variation. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 105:106955. [PMID: 32062104 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.106955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
EEF1A2 encodes protein elongation factor 1-alpha 2, which is involved in Guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-dependent binding of aminoacyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) to the A-site of ribosomes during protein biosynthesis and is highly expressed in the central nervous system. De novo mutations in EEF1A2 have been identified in patients with extensive neurological deficits, including intractable epilepsy, globe developmental delay, and severe intellectual disability. However, the mechanism underlying phenotype variation is unknown. Using next-generation sequencing, we identified a novel and a recurrent de novo mutation, c.294C>A; p.(Phe98Leu) and c.208G>A; p.(Gly70Ser), in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. The further systematic analysis revealed that all EEF1A2 mutations were associated with epilepsy and intellectual disability, suggesting its critical role in neurodevelopment. Missense mutations with severe molecular alteration in the t-RNA binding sites or GTP hydrolysis domain were associated with early-onset severe epilepsy, indicating that the clinical expression was potentially determined by the location of mutations and alteration of molecular effects. This study highlights the potential genotype-phenotype relationship in EEF1A2 and facilitates the evaluation of the pathogenicity of EEF1A2 mutations in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Long
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Research and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Zhanyi Song
- Med Department of Pediatric Neurology, Chenzhou No.1 People's Hospital (Children's Hospital), Chenzhou, Hunan 423000, China
| | - Xiaomeng Yin
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.
| | - Yaqin Wang
- Department of Health Management Centre, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mild epileptic phenotype associates with de novo eef1a2 mutation: Case report and review. Brain Dev 2020; 42:77-82. [PMID: 31477274 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the elongation factor 1 alpha 2 (EEF1A2) gene have been recently shown to cause epileptic encephalopathy (MIM # 616409 EIEE33) associated with neurodevelopmental disorders such as intellectual disability, autistic spectrum disorder, hypotonia and dysmorphic facial features. EEF1A2 protein is involved in protein synthesis, suppression of apoptosis, regulation of actin function and cytoskeletal structure. To date, only sixteen patients with EEF1A2 mutations have been reported. CASE REPORT We described a new case, a boy with severe intellectual disability with absent speech, autistic spectrum disorder, mild dysmorphic facial features, failure to thrive and epilepsy associated to a de novo heterozygous missense mutation in EEF1A2 (c.364G>A; p.Glu122Lys) identified by next generation sequencing; it was already reported in other studies. Most clinical features are shared by all individuals with EEF1A2 mutation, but unlike others reports our patient showed a mild epileptic phenotype: epilepsy developed in late infancy and was well-controlled with antiepileptic drugs. Moreover, at the onset of epilepsy, interictal wake/sleep electroencephalograms showed typical pattern that disappeared with age. CONCLUSION This report focused that EEF1A2 mutations should be considered not only in patients with epileptic encephalopathy, but also in those with less severe epilepsy. A typical EEG pattern may be a biomarker for EEF1A2 mutation, but further investigations and longitudinal clinical observations are required.
Collapse
|
20
|
Kaur S, Van Bergen NJ, Gold WA, Eggers S, Lunke S, White SM, Ellaway C, Christodoulou J. Whole exome sequencing reveals a de novo missense variant in EEF1A2 in a Rett syndrome-like patient. Clin Case Rep 2019; 7:2476-2482. [PMID: 31893083 PMCID: PMC6935606 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.2511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Using whole exome sequencing, we found a pathogenic variant in the EEF1A2 gene in a patient with a Rett syndrome-like (RTT-like) phenotype, further confirming the association between EEF1A2 and Rett syndrome RTT and RTT-like phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simranpreet Kaur
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research GroupMurdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleVic.Australia
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Nicole J. Van Bergen
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research GroupMurdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleVic.Australia
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Wendy Anne Gold
- Molecular Neurobiology Lab, Kids ResearchWestmead Children's HospitalWestmeadNSWAustralia
- Disciplines of Genetic Medicine and Child and Adolescent HealthSydney Medical SchoolUniversity of SydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Stefanie Eggers
- Translational Genomics UnitMurdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleVic.Australia
- Victorian Clinical Genetics ServicesMurdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Sebastian Lunke
- Translational Genomics UnitMurdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleVic.Australia
- Victorian Clinical Genetics ServicesMurdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Susan M. White
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
- Victorian Clinical Genetics ServicesMurdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Carolyn Ellaway
- Disciplines of Genetic Medicine and Child and Adolescent HealthSydney Medical SchoolUniversity of SydneyNSWAustralia
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders ServiceSydney Children's Hospital NetworkSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - John Christodoulou
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research GroupMurdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleVic.Australia
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
- Disciplines of Genetic Medicine and Child and Adolescent HealthSydney Medical SchoolUniversity of SydneyNSWAustralia
- Victorian Clinical Genetics ServicesMurdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleVic.Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
HAND2 loss-of-function mutation causes familial dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur J Med Genet 2019; 62:103540. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
22
|
Identification and Functional Characterization of an ISL1 Mutation Predisposing to Dilated Cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2018; 12:257-267. [DOI: 10.1007/s12265-018-9851-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
23
|
McLachlan F, Sires AM, Abbott CM. The role of translation elongation factor eEF1 subunits in neurodevelopmental disorders. Hum Mutat 2018; 40:131-141. [PMID: 30370994 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The multi-subunit eEF1 complex plays a crucial role in de novo protein synthesis. The central functional component of the complex is eEF1A, which occurs as two independently encoded variants with reciprocal expression patterns: whilst eEF1A1 is widely expressed, eEF1A2 is found only in neurons and muscle. Heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding eEF1A2, EEF1A2, have recently been shown to cause epilepsy, autism, and intellectual disability. The remaining subunits of the eEF1 complex, eEF1Bα, eEF1Bδ, eEF1Bγ, and valyl-tRNA synthetase (VARS), together form the GTP exchange factor for eEF1A and are ubiquitously expressed, in keeping with their housekeeping role. However, mutations in the genes encoding these subunits EEF1B2 (eEF1Bα), EEF1D (eEF1Bδ), and VARS (valyl-tRNA synthetase) have also now been identified as causes of neurodevelopmental disorders. In this review, we describe the mutations identified so far in comparison with the degree of normal variation in each gene, and the predicted consequences of the mutations on the functions of the proteins and their isoforms. We discuss the likely effects of the mutations in the context of the role of protein synthesis in neuronal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona McLachlan
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anna Martinez Sires
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Catherine M Abbott
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
From molecules to medicines: the dawn of targeted therapies for genetic epilepsies. Nat Rev Neurol 2018; 14:735-745. [DOI: 10.1038/s41582-018-0099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
25
|
Calhoun JD, Carvill GL. Unravelling the genetic architecture of autosomal recessive epilepsy in the genomic era. J Neurogenet 2018; 32:295-312. [PMID: 30247086 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2018.1513509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The technological advancement of next-generation sequencing has greatly accelerated the pace of variant discovery in epilepsy. Despite an initial focus on autosomal dominant epilepsy due to the tractable nature of variant discovery with trios under a de novo model, more and more variants are being reported in families with epilepsies consistent with autosomal recessive (AR) inheritance. In this review, we touch on the classical AR epilepsy variants such as the inborn errors of metabolism and malformations of cortical development. However, we also highlight recently reported genes that are being identified by next-generation sequencing approaches and online 'matchmaking' platforms. Syndromes mainly characterized by seizures and complex neurodevelopmental disorders comorbid with epilepsy are discussed as an example of the wide phenotypic spectrum associated with the AR epilepsies. We conclude with a foray into the future, from the application of whole-genome sequencing to identify elusive epilepsy variants, to the promise of precision medicine initiatives to provide novel targeted therapeutics specific to the individual based on their clinical genetic testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Calhoun
- a Department of Neurology , Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Gemma L Carvill
- a Department of Neurology , Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Assembly and Analysis of Unmapped Genome Sequence Reads Reveal Novel Sequence and Variation in Dogs. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10862. [PMID: 30022108 PMCID: PMC6052005 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29190-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs are excellent animal models for human disease. They have extensive veterinary histories, pedigrees, and a unique genetic system due to breeding practices. Despite these advantages, one factor limiting their usefulness is the canine genome reference (CGR) which was assembled using a single purebred Boxer. Although a common practice, this results in many high-quality reads remaining unmapped. To address this whole-genome sequence data from three breeds, Border Collie (n = 26), Bearded Collie (n = 7), and Entlebucher Sennenhund (n = 8), were analyzed to identify novel, non-CGR genomic contigs using the previously validated pseudo-de novo assembly pipeline. We identified 256,957 novel contigs and paired-end relationships together with BLAT scores provided 126,555 (49%) high-quality contigs with genomic coordinates containing 4.6 Mb of novel sequence absent from the CGR. These contigs close 12,503 known gaps, including 2.4 Mb containing partially missing sequences for 11.5% of Ensembl, 16.4% of RefSeq and 12.2% of canFam3.1+ CGR annotated genes and 1,748 unmapped contigs containing 2,366 novel gene variants. Examples for six disease-associated genes (SCARF2, RD3, COL9A3, FAM161A, RASGRP1 and DLX6) containing gaps or alternate splice variants missing from the CGR are also presented. These findings from non-reference breeds support the need for improvement of the current Boxer-only CGR to avoid missing important biological information. The inclusion of the missing gene sequences into the CGR will facilitate identification of putative disease mutations across diverse breeds and phenotypes.
Collapse
|
27
|
Schwartz TS, Wojcik MH, Pelletier RC, Edward HL, Picker JD, Holm IA, Towne MC, Beggs AH, Agrawal PB. Expanding the phenotypic spectrum associated with OPHN1 variants. Eur J Med Genet 2018; 62:137-143. [PMID: 29960046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Genomic sequencing has allowed for the characterization of new gene-to-disease relationships, as well as the identification of variants in established disease genes in patients who do not fit the classically-described phenotype. This is especially true in rare syndromes where the clinical spectrum is not fully known. After a lengthy and costly diagnostic odyssey, patients with atypical presentations may be left with many questions even after a genetic diagnosis is identified. We present a 22-year old male with hypotonia, developmental delay, seizure disorder, and dysmorphic facial features who enrolled in our rare disease research center at 18 years of age, where exome sequencing revealed a novel, likely pathogenic variant in the OPHN1 gene. Through efforts by the study team and collaborations with the larger genetics community, contacts with other families with OPHN1 variants were eventually made, and outreach by these families expanded the patient network. This partnership between families and researchers facilitated the gathering of phenotypic information, allowing for comparison of clinical presentations among three new patients and those previously reported in the literature. These comparisons found previously unreported commonalities between the newly identified patients, such as the presence of otitis media and the lack of genitourinary abnormalities (i.e. hypoplastic scrotum, microphallus, cryptorchidism), which had been noted to be classic features of patients with OPHN1 variants. As genomic sequencing becomes more common, connecting patients with novel variants in the same gene will facilitate phenotypic analysis and continue to refine the clinical spectrum associated with that gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Talia S Schwartz
- Division of Genetics & Genomics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, 02115, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Monica H Wojcik
- Division of Genetics & Genomics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, 02115, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Renee C Pelletier
- Division of Genetics & Genomics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, 02115, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Center for Cancer Risk Assessment, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heather L Edward
- Division of Genetics & Genomics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, 02115, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan D Picker
- Division of Genetics & Genomics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ingrid A Holm
- Division of Genetics & Genomics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, 02115, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Meghan C Towne
- Division of Genetics & Genomics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, 02115, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, CA, USA
| | - Alan H Beggs
- Division of Genetics & Genomics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, 02115, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Pankaj B Agrawal
- Division of Genetics & Genomics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, 02115, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|