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Cowan ZL, Green L, Clark TD, Blewett TA, De Bonville J, Gagnon T, Hoots E, Kuchenmüller L, Leeuwis RHJ, Navajas Acedo J, Rowsey LE, Scheuffele H, Skeeles MR, Silva-Garay L, Jutfelt F, Binning SA. Global change and premature hatching of aquatic embryos. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17488. [PMID: 39238185 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Anthropogenically induced changes to the natural world are increasingly exposing organisms to stimuli and stress beyond that to which they are adapted. In aquatic systems, it is thought that certain life stages are more vulnerable than others, with embryos being flagged as highly susceptible to environmental stressors. Interestingly, evidence from across a wide range of taxa suggests that aquatic embryos can hatch prematurely, potentially as an adaptive response to external stressors, despite the potential for individual costs linked with underdeveloped behavioural and/or physiological functions. However, surprisingly little research has investigated the prevalence, causes and consequences of premature hatching, and no compilation of the literature exists. Here, we review what is known about premature hatching in aquatic embryos and discuss how this phenomenon is likely to become exacerbated with anthropogenically induced global change. Specifically, we (1) review the mechanisms of hatching, including triggers for premature hatching in experimental and natural systems; (2) discuss the potential implications of premature hatching at different levels of biological organisation from individuals to ecosystems; and (3) outline knowledge gaps and future research directions for understanding the drivers and consequences of premature hatching. We found evidence that aquatic embryos can hatch prematurely in response to a broad range of abiotic (i.e. temperature, oxygen, toxicants, light, pH, salinity) and biotic (i.e. predators, pathogens) stressors. We also provide empirical evidence that premature hatching appears to be a common response to rapid thermal ramping across fish species. We argue that premature hatching represents a fascinating yet untapped area of study, and the phenomenon may provide some additional resilience to aquatic communities in the face of ongoing global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara-Louise Cowan
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Oulu, Finland
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Leon Green
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kristineberg Center, University of Gothenburg, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | - Timothy D Clark
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tamzin A Blewett
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeremy De Bonville
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thomas Gagnon
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Hoots
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luis Kuchenmüller
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robine H J Leeuwis
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Lauren E Rowsey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Hanna Scheuffele
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Lorena Silva-Garay
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Fredrik Jutfelt
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sandra A Binning
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Lisondro-Arosemena AK, Salazar-Nicholls MJ, Warkentin KM. Elevated ammonia cues hatching in red-eyed treefrogs: A mechanism for escape from drying eggs. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART B, MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2024; 342:406-411. [PMID: 38708813 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Egg dehydration can kill terrestrial frog embryos, and this threat is increasing with climate change and deforestation. In several lineages that independently evolved terrestrial eggs, and retained aquatic tadpoles, embryos accelerate hatching to escape from drying eggs, entering the water earlier and less developed. However, the cues that stimulate drying-induced early hatching are unknown. Ammonia is a toxic, water-soluble metabolic waste that accumulates within eggs as embryos develop and concentrates as eggs dehydrate. Thus, increasing ammonia concentration may be a direct threat to embryos in drying eggs. We hypothesized that it could serve as a cue, stimulating embryos to hatch and escape. The embryos of red-eyed treefrogs, Agalychnis callidryas, hatch early to escape from many threats, including dehydration, and are known to use mechanosensory, hypoxia, and light cues. To test if they also use high ammonia as a cue to hatch, we exposed stage-matched pairs of hatching-competent, well-hydrated sibling embryos to ammonia and control solutions in shallow water baths and recorded their behavior. Control embryos remained unhatched while ammonia-exposed embryos showed a rapid, strong hatching response; 95% hatched, on average in under 15 min. This demonstrates that elevated ammonia can serve as a hatching cue for A. callidryas embryos. This finding is a key step in understanding the mechanisms that enable terrestrial frog embryos to escape from egg drying, opening new possibilities for integrative and comparative studies on this growing threat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karen M Warkentin
- Gamboa Laboratory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panamá, Panamá
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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McNew SM, Taff CC, Zimmer C, Uehling JJ, Ryan TA, Chang van Oordt D, Houtz JL, Injaian AS, Vitousek MN. Developmental stage-dependent effects of perceived predation risk on nestling tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor). Ecology 2024; 105:e4307. [PMID: 38724013 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The risk of predation directly affects the physiology, behavior, and fitness of wild birds. Strong social connections with conspecifics could help individuals recover from a stressful experience such as a predation event; however, competitive interactions also have the potential to exacerbate stress. Few studies have investigated the interaction between environmental stressors and the social landscape in wild bird populations. In 2 years of field studies, we experimentally simulated predation attempts on breeding female tree swallows (Tachicyneta bicolor). At the same time, we manipulated female breast plumage color, a key social signal. Simulated predation events on tree swallows early in the nestling period reduced young nestlings' mass by approximately 20% and shortened telomere lengths. Ultimately, only 31% of nestlings in the predation group fledged compared with 70% of control nestlings. However, the effects of experimental manipulations were timing dependent: the following year when we swapped the order of the experimental manipulations and simulated predation during incubation, there were no significant effects of predation on nestling condition or fledging success. Contrary to our expectations, manipulation of the social environment did not affect the response of tree swallows to simulated predation. However, manipulating female plumage during the nestling period did reduce nestling skeletal size and mass, although the effects depended on original plumage brightness. Our data demonstrate that transient stressors on female birds can have carry-over effects on their nestlings if they occur during critical periods in the breeding season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina M McNew
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Conor C Taff
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Cedric Zimmer
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer J Uehling
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Thomas A Ryan
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - David Chang van Oordt
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer L Houtz
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Allison S Injaian
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Maren N Vitousek
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Walsh MR, Roden C. Fish (eggs) out of water: evolutionary divergence in terrestrial embryonic plasticity in Trinidadian killifish. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20240083. [PMID: 38917866 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2024.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Externally laid eggs are often responsive to environmental cues; however, it is unclear how such plasticity evolves. In Trinidad, the killifish (Anablepsoides hartii) is found in communities with and without predators. Here, killifish inhabit shallower, ephemeral habitats in sites with predators. Such shifts may increase the exposure of eggs to air and lead to possible desiccation. We compared egg-hatching plasticity between communities by rearing eggs terrestrially on peat moss or in water. The timing of hatching did not differ between communities when eggs were reared in water. Eggs from sites with predators responded to terrestrial incubation by hatching significantly earlier compared with water-reared eggs. These responses were weaker in sites with no predators. Such divergent trends show that the presence of predators is associated with evolutionary shifts in hatching plasticity. Our results provide evidence for local adaptation in embryonic plasticity at the population scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Walsh
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Christopher Roden
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, TX 76019, USA
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Güell BA, McDaniel JG, Warkentin KM. Egg-Clutch Biomechanics Affect Escape-Hatching Behavior and Performance. Integr Org Biol 2024; 6:obae006. [PMID: 38585155 PMCID: PMC10995723 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obae006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Arboreal embryos of phyllomedusine treefrogs hatch prematurely to escape snake predation, cued by vibrations in their egg clutches during attacks. However, escape success varies between species, from ∼77% in Agalychnis callidryas to just ∼9% in A. spurrelli at 1 day premature. Both species begin responding to snake attacks at similar developmental stages, when vestibular mechanosensory function begins, suggesting that sensory ability does not limit the hatching response in A. spurrelli. Agalychnis callidryas clutches are thick and gelatinous, while A. spurrelli clutches are thinner and stiffer. We hypothesized that this structural difference alters the egg motion excited by attacks. Since vibrations excited by snakes must propagate through clutches to reach embryos, we hypothesized that the species difference in attack-induced hatching may reflect effects of clutch biomechanics on the cues available to embryos. Mechanics predicts that thinner, stiffer structures have higher free vibration frequencies, greater spatial attenuation, and faster vibration damping than thicker, more flexible structures. We assessed clutch biomechanics by embedding small accelerometers in clutches of both species and recording vibrations during standardized excitation tests at two distances from the accelerometer. Analyses of recorded vibrations showed that A. spurrelli clutches have higher free vibration frequencies and greater vibration damping than A. callidryas clutches. Higher frequencies elicit less hatching in A. callidryas, and greater damping could reduce the amount of vibration embryos can perceive. To directly test if clutch structure affects escape success in snake attacks, we transplanted A. spurrelli eggs into A. callidryas clutches and compared their escape rates with untransplanted, age-matched conspecific controls. We also performed reciprocal transplantation of eggs between pairs of A. callidryas clutches as a method control. Transplanting A. spurrelli embryos into A. callidryas clutches nearly tripled their escape success (44%) compared to conspecific controls (15%), whereas transplanting A. callidryas embryos into different A. callidryas clutches only increased escape success by 10%. At hatching competence, A. callidryas eggs are no longer jelly-encapsulated, while A. spurrelli eggs retain their jelly coat. Therefore, we compared the hatching response and latency of A. spurrelli in de-jellied eggs and their control, jelly-encapsulated siblings using manual egg-jiggling to simulate predation cues. Embryos in de-jellied eggs were more likely to hatch and hatched faster than control siblings. Together, our results suggest that the properties of parentally produced egg-clutch structures, including their vibration biomechanics, constrain the information available to A. spurrelli embryos and contribute to interspecific differences in hatching responses to predator attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Güell
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - J G McDaniel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - K M Warkentin
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Gamboa Laboratory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panamá, República de Panamá
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Treadaway KD, Hale RE. Hatching plasticity is associated with a more advanced stage at hatching in an Ambystoma with terrestrial eggs. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11160. [PMID: 38505175 PMCID: PMC10948370 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Hatching plasticity allows animals to initiate hatching in response to environmental cues including predation, flooding, and hypoxia. In species with terrestrial eggs but aquatic larvae, hatching plasticity often manifests as extended development of embryos when water is not available. Although these effects are taxonomically widespread, little attention has focused on differences in plasticity across closely related species with terrestrial and aquatic embryos. We propose that the terrestrial embryonic environment favors slower and prolonged development and, consequently, that we should see differences in development between closely related species that differ in where they lay their eggs. We test this hypothesis by comparing embryonic development between two mole salamanders, Ambystoma opacum and A. annulatum. Most Ambystoma lay eggs submerged in ponds but A. opacum lays its eggs on land, where hatching is triggered when eggs are submerged by rising pond levels. Embryos of both species were reared under common laboratory conditions simulating both aquatic and terrestrial nest sites. Consistent with our hypothesis, we found that A. opacum embryos exhibited slower development and took longer to hatch than A. annulatum embryos in both rearing environments. Furthermore, we observed in A. opacum a plasticity in hatching stage that was absent in A. annulatum. Our results indicate that the terrestrial-laying A. opacum has evolved slower and prolonged development relative to its aquatic-laying congener and suggest that embryonic survival in the unpredictable terrestrial environment may be facilitated by developmental plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca E. Hale
- Biology DepartmentUniversity of North Carolina AshevilleAshevilleNorth CarolinaUSA
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Liu S, Zhao B, Gu X, Du W. Behavioral thermoregulation by reptile embryos promotes hatching success and synchronization. Commun Biol 2023; 6:848. [PMID: 37582884 PMCID: PMC10427690 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05229-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Reptile embryos can move inside eggs to seek optimal thermal conditions, falsifying the traditional assumption that embryos are simply passive occupants within their eggs. However, the adaptive significance of this thermoregulatory behavior remains a contentious topic. Here we demonstrate that behavioral thermoregulation by turtle embryos shortened incubation periods which may reduce the duration of exposure to dangerous environments, decreased egg mortality imposed by lethally high temperatures, and synchronized hatching which reduces predation risk. Our study provides empirical evidence that behavioral thermoregulation by turtle embryos is adaptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of life sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- College of Fisheries, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316000, China
| | - Xiaoting Gu
- College of life sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Weiguo Du
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Rosenthal DM, Deng L, Rose T, Touchon JC. One of these things is not like the other: Mixed predator cues result in lopsided phenotypic responses in a Neotropical tadpole. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285968. [PMID: 37220106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Many organisms have evolved to produce different phenotypes in response to environmental variation. Dendropsophus ebraccatus tadpoles develop opposing shifts in morphology and coloration when they are exposed to invertebrate vs vertebrate predators. Each of these alternate phenotypes are adaptive, conferring a survival advantage against the predator with which tadpoles were reared but imposing a survival cost with the mismatched predator. Here, we measured the phenotypic response of tadpoles to graded cues and mixed cues of both fish and dragonfly nymphs. Prey species like D. ebraccatus commonly co-occur with both of these types of predators, amongst many others as well. In our first experiment, tadpoles increased investment in defensive phenotypes in response to increasing concentrations of predator cues. Whereas morphology only differed in the strongest predation cue, tail spot coloration differed even at the lowest cue concentration. In our second experiment, tadpoles reared with cues from both predators developed an intermediate yet skewed phenotype that was most similar to the fish-induced phenotype. Previous studies have shown that fish are more lethal than dragonfly larvae; thus tadpoles responded most strongly to the more dangerous predator, even though the number of prey consumed by each predator was the same. This may be due to D. ebraccatus having evolved a stronger response to fish or because fish produce more kairomones than do dragonflies for a given amount of food. We demonstrate that not only do tadpoles assess predation risk via the concentration of predation cues in the water, they produce a stronger response to a more lethal predator even when the strength of cues is presumed to be identical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean M Rosenthal
- Biology Department, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York, United States of America
| | - Luana Deng
- Biology Department, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York, United States of America
| | - Tarif Rose
- Biology Department, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York, United States of America
| | - Justin C Touchon
- Biology Department, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York, United States of America
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Nomura N. The Biological Production of Spacetime: A Sketch of the E-series Universe. FOUNDATIONS OF SCIENCE 2023:1-18. [PMID: 37359083 PMCID: PMC10042101 DOI: 10.1007/s10699-023-09908-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Space and time, which should properly be taken conjointly, are both communicatively produced and created with certain contextual perspectives-they are not independent physical entities. The standpoint of production makes the relationship between space and time comprehensible. They can either be mental-subjective, physical-objective, or social-intersubjective. Social and intersubjective (or E-series) spacetime might shed new light on biological thinking. For general readers, this paper provides a clue regarding an alternative conceptualization of spacetime based on biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Nomura
- Graduate School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Nagoya City University, Nagoya City, 467 Japan
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10
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Anderson TL, Burkhart JJ, Cianci‐Gaskill JA, Davenport JM. Limited population and community effects of hatching asynchrony in a pond‐breeding salamander. Ecosphere 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. Anderson
- Department of Biology Appalachian State University Boone North Carolina USA
| | - Jacob J. Burkhart
- Department of Biology Appalachian State University Boone North Carolina USA
| | | | - Jon M. Davenport
- Department of Biology Appalachian State University Boone North Carolina USA
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Keena MA, Hamilton G, Kreitman D. The potential climatic range of spotted lanternfly may be broader than previously predicted. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 3:1092189. [PMID: 38469535 PMCID: PMC10926377 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2023.1092189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula White) is an invasive planthopper that was introduced to the United States from Asia and readily spreads via human aided means. Three geographically separated populations in the United States (NJ, PA, and WV) were collected and used to assess the effects of fluctuating thermal regimes that included temperatures above or below the upper (Tmax) and lower (Tmin) developmental thresholds, respectively, on nymphal survival and development, and to determine if there was within- and among-population variation in hatch timing and temperature responses of nymphs. Nymphs exposed to temperatures > Tmax and
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody A. Keena
- Northern Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service, Hamden, CT, United States
| | - George Hamilton
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Devin Kreitman
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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Wisenden BD, Paulson DC, Orr M. Zebrafish embryos hatch early in response to chemical and mechanical indicators of predation risk, resulting in underdeveloped swimming ability of hatchling larvae. Biol Open 2022; 11:285133. [PMID: 36318109 PMCID: PMC9732867 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasticity in hatching time allows embryos to maximize fitness by balancing the benefits and costs of remaining bound within the chorion against the benefits and costs of emerging as a free-swimming larva. Here, in the first experiment, we exposed zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos to either chemical cues from crushed embryos (simulating egg predation) or to blank water control. Embryos exposed to alarm cues hatched sooner, and had shorter body lengths and underdeveloped fins, relative to larvae from the water treatment. Burst swimming speed was significantly slower for larvae that hatched from the alarm cue treatment than for larvae from the water treatment. In a second 2×2 experiment, we exposed zebrafish embryos to either chemical alarm cues from conspecific embryos, mechanical disturbance (magnetic stir bar) to simulate a predator probing the substrate for developing embryos, both chemical and mechanical indicators of risk, or neither (control). We found similar effects in terms of earlier time to hatch at an earlier stage of development and poorer swimming performance of hatchling larvae. In the second experiment, these effects occurred in response to mechanical disturbance with or without the presence of chemical alarm cues. Alarm cues alone produced no effects in the second experiment. Taken together, these data indicate that zebrafish embryos demonstrate a facultative trade-off between risk of predation acting on two stages of their life history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D. Wisenden
- Biosciences Department, Minnesota State University Moorhead, Moorhead, MN 56563, USA,Author for correspondence ()
| | - Daniel C. Paulson
- Biosciences Department, Minnesota State University Moorhead, Moorhead, MN 56563, USA
| | - Megan Orr
- Department of Statistics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
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Majoris JE, Francisco FA, Burns CM, Brandl SJ, Warkentin KM, Buston PM. Paternal care regulates the timing, synchrony and success of hatching in a coral reef fish. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221466. [PMID: 36100017 PMCID: PMC9470247 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In oviparous species, the timing of hatching is a crucial decision, but for developing embryos, assessing cues that indicate the optimal time to hatch is challenging. In species with pre-hatching parental care, parents can assess environmental conditions and induce their offspring to hatch. We provide the first documentation of parental hatching regulation in a coral reef fish, demonstrating that male neon gobies (Elacatinus colini) directly regulate hatching by removing embryos from the clutch and spitting hatchlings into the water column. All male gobies synchronized hatching within 2 h of sunrise, regardless of when eggs were laid. Paternally incubated embryos hatched later in development, more synchronously, and had higher hatching success than artificially incubated embryos that were shaken to provide a vibrational stimulus or not stimulated. Artificially incubated embryos displayed substantial plasticity in hatching times (range: 80-224 h post-fertilization), suggesting that males could respond to environmental heterogeneity by modifying the hatching time of their offspring. Finally, paternally incubated embryos hatched with smaller yolk sacs and larger propulsive areas than artificially incubated embryos, suggesting that paternal effects on hatchling phenotypes may influence larval dispersal and fitness. These findings highlight the complexity of fish parental care behaviour and may have important, and currently unstudied, consequences for fish population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E. Majoris
- Marine Program, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Marine Science, The University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
| | - Fritz A. Francisco
- Department of Biology, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin 10587, Germany
- Excellence Cluster Science of Intelligence, Technical University Berlin, Berlin 10587, Germany
| | - Corinne M. Burns
- Marine Program, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 315 alleé des Ursulines, C.P. 3300, Rimouski, QC, Canada G2 L 3A1
| | - Simon J. Brandl
- Department of Marine Science, The University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
| | - Karen M. Warkentin
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Peter M. Buston
- Marine Program, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Yaripour S, Huuskonen H, Kipriianov PV, Kekäläinen J, Herz L, Akkanen J, Vainikka A, Janhunen M, Kortet R. Exposure of gametes to aged nano-sized plastic particles during fertilization can influence early larval development in the European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 250:106264. [PMID: 35970114 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution has been a growing environmental concern for decades, increasingly affecting both marine and freshwater ecosystems worldwide. Nano-sized plastic particles (NPs) potentially have various toxicological impacts on aquatic organisms and the ecosystem; however, less is known about their possible adverse effects on the reproductive biology and offspring traits of fishes. The present study investigated whether an acute exposure of gametes to aged NPs during fertilization affects offspring early mortality, hatching time, body size at hatching or swimming performance of larvae in a common freshwater fish, the European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus). Using a replicated full-factorial breeding design, we fertilized the eggs of seven females with the milt of seven males both under exposure medium containing aged 270 nm polystyrene NPs and under control medium. In comparison with the control group, exposure of gametes to NPs increased larval body length slightly but significantly, whereas the embryo mortality, hatching time, and larval swimming performance were not affected. Maternal identity affected significantly all the studied offspring traits while paternal identity only affected the offspring length. Our results suggest that the studied acute exposure of gametes to aged NPs might have interfered normal embryonic development by affecting larval size, but this did not seemingly compromise offspring performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareh Yaripour
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, Joensuu FI-80101, Finland.
| | - Hannu Huuskonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, Joensuu FI-80101, Finland
| | - Pavel Vladimirovich Kipriianov
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, Joensuu FI-80101, Finland
| | - Jukka Kekäläinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, Joensuu FI-80101, Finland
| | - Lena Herz
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, Joensuu FI-80101, Finland
| | - Jarkko Akkanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, Joensuu FI-80101, Finland
| | - Anssi Vainikka
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, Joensuu FI-80101, Finland
| | - Matti Janhunen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Yliopistokatu 6, Joensuu FI-80100, Finland
| | - Raine Kortet
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, Joensuu FI-80101, Finland
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15
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Pruett JE, Hall JM, Tiatragul S, Warner DA. Nesting in Anolis Lizards: An Understudied Topic in a Well-Studied Clade. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.821115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal nesting behavior in oviparous species strongly influences the environmental conditions their embryos experience during development. In turn, these early-life conditions have consequences for offspring phenotypes and many fitness components across an individual’s lifespan. Thus, identifying the evolutionary and ecological causes and effects of nesting behavior is a key goal of behavioral ecology. Studies of reptiles have contributed greatly to our understanding of how nesting behavior shapes offspring phenotypes. While some taxonomic groups have been used extensively to provide insights into this important area of biology, many groups remain poorly studied. For example, the squamate genus Anolis has served as a model to study behavior, ecology, and evolution, but research focused on Anolis nesting behavior and developmental plasticity is comparatively scarce. This dearth of empirical research may be attributed to logistical challenges (e.g., difficulty locating nests), biological factors (e.g., their single-egg clutches may hinder some experimental designs), and a historical focus on males in Anolis research. Although there is a gap in the literature concerning Anolis nesting behavior, interest in nesting ecology and developmental plasticity in this group has grown in recent years. In this paper, we (1) review existing studies of anole nesting ecology and developmental plasticity; (2) highlight areas of anole nesting ecology that are currently understudied and discuss how research in these areas can contribute to broader topics (e.g., maternal effects and global change biology); and (3) provide guidelines for studying anole nesting in the field. Overall, this review provides a foundation for establishing anoles as models to study nesting ecology and developmental plasticity.
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16
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Du WG, Shine R. The behavioural and physiological ecology of embryos: responding to the challenges of life inside an egg. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1272-1286. [PMID: 35166012 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adaptations of post-hatching animals have attracted far more study than have embryonic responses to environmental challenges, but recent research suggests that we have underestimated the complexity and flexibility of embryos. We advocate a dynamic view of embryos as organisms capable of responding - on both ecological and evolutionary timescales - to their developmental environments. By viewing embryos in this way, rather than assuming an inability of pre-hatching stages to adapt and respond, we can broaden the ontogenetic breadth of evolutionary and ecological research. Both biotic and abiotic factors affect embryogenesis, and embryos exhibit a broad range of behavioural and physiological responses that enable them to deal with changes in their developmental environments in the course of interactions with their parents, with other embryos, with predators, and with the physical environment. Such plasticity may profoundly affect offspring phenotypes and fitness, and in turn influence the temporal and spatial dynamics of populations and communities. Future research in this field could benefit from an integrated framework that combines multiple approaches (field investigations, manipulative experiments, ecological modelling) to clarify the mechanisms and consequences of embryonic adaptations and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Guo Du
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Richard Shine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
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17
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Embryonic antipredator defenses and behavioral carryover effects in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-022-03136-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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18
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OUP accepted manuscript. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blac032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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19
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Field A, McGlashan JK, Salmon M. Evidence for Synchronous Hatching in Marine Turtle (Caretta caretta) Embryos and Its Influence on the Timing of Nest Emergence. CHELONIAN CONSERVATION AND BIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.2744/ccb-1489.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Field
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431 USA [; ]
| | - Jessica K. McGlashan
- School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South DC, NSW 2751 Australia []
| | - Michael Salmon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431 USA [; ]
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20
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Escape-hatching decisions show adaptive ontogenetic changes in how embryos manage ambiguity in predation risk cues. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-021-03070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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The evolution of targeted cannibalism and cannibal-induced defenses in invasive populations of cane toads. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2100765118. [PMID: 34426494 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100765118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotic conflict can create evolutionary arms races, in which innovation in one group increases selective pressure on another, such that organisms must constantly adapt to maintain the same level of fitness. In some cases, this process is driven by conflict among members of the same species. Intraspecific conflict can be an especially important selective force in high-density invasive populations, which may favor the evolution of strategies for outcompeting or eliminating conspecifics. Cannibalism is one such strategy; by killing and consuming their intraspecific competitors, cannibals enhance their own performance. Cannibalistic behaviors may therefore be favored in invasive populations. Here, we show that cane toad tadpoles (Rhinella marina) from invasive Australian populations have evolved an increased propensity to cannibalize younger conspecifics as well as a unique adaptation to cannibalism-a strong attraction to vulnerable hatchlings-that is absent in the native range. In response, vulnerable conspecifics from invasive populations have evolved both stronger constitutive defenses and greater cannibal-induced plastic responses than their native range counterparts (i.e., rapid prefeeding development and inducible developmental acceleration). These inducible defenses are costly, incurring performance reductions during the subsequent life stage, explaining why plasticity is limited in native populations where hatchlings are not targeted by cannibalistic tadpoles. These results demonstrate the importance of intraspecific conflict in driving rapid evolution, highlight how plasticity can facilitate adaptation following shifts in selective pressure, and show that evolutionary processes can produce mechanisms that regulate invasive populations.
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22
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Horn ME, Chivers DP. Embryonic exposure to predation risk and hatch time variation in fathead minnows. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255961. [PMID: 34383830 PMCID: PMC8360370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms are exposed to a wealth of chemical information during their development. Some of these chemical cues indicate present or future dangers, such as the presence of predators that feed on either the developing embryos or their nearby parents. Organisms may use this information to modify their morphology or life-history, including hatching timing, or may retain information about risk until it gains relevance. Previous research has shown predation-induced alterations in hatching among embryonic minnows that were exposed to mechanical-injury-released alarm cues from conspecific embryos. Here, we test whether minnows likewise hatch early in response to alarm cues from injured adult conspecifics. We know that embryonic minnows can detect adult alarm cues and use them to facilitate learned recognition of predators; however, it is unknown whether these adult alarm cues will also induce a change in hatching time. Early hatching may allow animals to rapidly disperse away from potential predators, but late hatching may allow animals to grow and develop structures that allow them to effectively escape when they do hatch. Here, we found here that unlike embryonic fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) exposed to embryonic cues, embryonic minnows exposed to adult alarm cues do not exhibit early hatching. The ability of embryos to recognize adult alarm cues as a future threat, but not a current one, demonstrates sophisticated ontogenetic specificity in the hatching response of embryonic minnows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna E. Horn
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Douglas P. Chivers
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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23
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24
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Fouilloux CA, Serrano Rojas SJ, Carvajal‐Castro JD, Valkonen JK, Gaucher P, Fischer M, Pašukonis A, Rojas B. Pool choice in a vertical landscape: Tadpole-rearing site flexibility in phytotelm-breeding frogs. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:9021-9038. [PMID: 34257942 PMCID: PMC8258215 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many species of Neotropical frogs have evolved to deposit their tadpoles in small water bodies inside plant structures called phytotelmata. These pools are small enough to exclude large predators but have limited nutrients and high desiccation risk. Here, we explore phytotelm use by three common Neotropical species: Osteocephalus oophagus, an arboreal frog that periodically feeds eggs to its tadpoles; Dendrobates tinctorius, a tadpole-transporting poison frog with cannibalistic tadpoles; and Allobates femoralis, a terrestrial tadpole-transporting poison frog with omnivorous tadpoles. We found that D. tinctorius occupies pools across the chemical and vertical gradient, whereas A. femoralis and O. oophagus appear to have narrower deposition options that are restricted primarily by pool height, water capacity, alkalinity, and salinity. Dendrobates tinctorius tadpoles are particularly flexible and can survive in a wide range of chemical, physical, and biological conditions, whereas O. oophagus seems to prefer small, clear pools and A. femoralis occupies medium-sized pools with abundant leaf litter and low salinity. Together, these results show the possible niche partitioning of phytotelmata among frogs and provide insight into stressors and resilience of phytotelm breeders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe A. Fouilloux
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | | | - Juan David Carvajal‐Castro
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von HumboldtBogotáColombia
- Department of Biological SciencesSt. John’s UniversityQueensNYUSA
| | - Janne K. Valkonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Philippe Gaucher
- USR LEEISA—Laboratoire EcologieEvolution, Interactions des Systèmes AmazoniensCNRS‐GuyaneCayenneFrench Guiana
| | | | - Andrius Pašukonis
- Department of BiologyStanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionelle et EvolutiveCNRSMontpellier Cedex 5France
| | - Bibiana Rojas
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
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25
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Antoł A, Sniegula S. Damselfly eggs alter their development rate in the presence of an invasive alien cue but not a native predator cue. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:9361-9369. [PMID: 34306627 PMCID: PMC8293780 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological invasions are a serious problem in natural ecosystems. Local species that are potential prey of invasive alien predators can be threatened by their inability to recognize invasive predator cues. Such an inability of prey to recognize the presence of the predator supports the naïve prey hypothesis. We exposed eggs of a damselfly, Ischnura elegans, to four treatments: water with no predator cue (control), water with a native predator cue (perch), water with an invasive alien predator cue (spinycheek crayfish) that is present in the damselfly sampling site, and water with an invasive alien predator cue (signal crayfish) that is absent in the damselfly sampling site but is expected to invade it. We measured egg development time, mortality between ovipositing and hatching, and hatching synchrony. Eggs took longer to develop in the signal crayfish group (however, in this group, we also observed high green algae growth), and there was a trend of shorter egg development time in the spinycheek crayfish group than in the control group. There was no difference in egg development time between the perch and the control group. Neither egg mortality nor hatching synchrony differed between groups. We suggest that egg response to signal crayfish could be a general stress reaction to an unfamiliar cue or an artifact due to algae development in this group. The egg response to the spinycheek crayfish cue could be caused by the predation of crayfish on damselfly eggs in nature. The lack of egg response to the perch cue could be caused by perch predation on damselfly larvae rather than on eggs. Such differences in egg responses to alternative predator cues can have important implications for understanding how this group of insects responds to biological invasions, starting from the egg stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Antoł
- Institute of Nature ConservationPolish Academy of SciencesKrakówPoland
| | - Szymon Sniegula
- Institute of Nature ConservationPolish Academy of SciencesKrakówPoland
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26
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Campos RE, Zanotti G, Di Battista CM, Gimenez JO, Fischer S. Differential inhibition of egg hatching in Aedes aegypti populations from localities with different winter conditions. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2021; 111:323-330. [PMID: 33243314 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485320000681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In Argentina, the mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) is distributed from subtropical to temperate climates. Here, we hypothesized that the expansion of Ae. aegypti into colder regions is favoured by high-phenotypic plasticity and an adaptive inhibition of egg hatching at low temperatures. Thus, we investigated the hatching response of eggs of three populations: one from a subtropical region (Resistencia) and two from temperate regions (Buenos Aires City and San Bernardo) of Argentina. Eggs collected in the field were raised in three experimental colonies. F1 eggs were acclimated for 7 days prior to immersion at 7.6 or 22°C (control eggs). Five immersion temperatures were tested: 7.6, 10.3, 11.8, 14.1 and 16°C (range of mean winter temperatures of the three localities). A second immersion at 22°C was performed 2 weeks later to assess the inhibition to hatch under favourable conditions. After the first immersion, we compared the proportions of hatched eggs and dead larvae among treatment levels, whereas after the second immersion we compared the hatching response among the three populations. The factors that most influenced the egg hatching response were the geographical origin of the populations and the immersion temperature, but not the acclimation temperature. The proportions of hatching and larval mortality at low temperatures were higher for Resistencia than for Buenos Aires and San Bernardo, whereas the hatching response at ambient temperature was lower for San Bernardo than for Buenos Aires and Resistencia. The results support the hypothesis that populations from colder regions show an adaptive inhibition of egg hatching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl E Campos
- Instituto de Limnología 'Dr Raúl A. Ringuelet', Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET, CCT La Plata, Boulevard 120 y 62, No. 1437, La Plata (B 1900), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Zanotti
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, and Instituto IEGEBA (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, 4to piso, Laboratorio 54, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristian M Di Battista
- Instituto de Limnología 'Dr Raúl A. Ringuelet', Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET, CCT La Plata, Boulevard 120 y 62, No. 1437, La Plata (B 1900), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Javier O Gimenez
- Instituto de Medicina Regional, Área de Entomología, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (UNNE), Avda. Las Heras, 727, 3500, Resistencia, Chaco, Argentina
| | - Sylvia Fischer
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, and Instituto IEGEBA (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, 4to piso, Laboratorio 54, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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27
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Mariette MM, Clayton DF, Buchanan KL. Acoustic developmental programming: a mechanistic and evolutionary framework. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 36:722-736. [PMID: 34052045 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Conditions experienced prenatally, by modulating developmental processes, have lifelong effects on individual phenotypes and fitness, ultimately influencing population dynamics. In addition to maternal biochemical cues, prenatal sound is emerging as a potent alternative source of information to direct embryonic development. Recent evidence suggests that prenatal acoustic signals can program individual phenotypes for predicted postnatal environmental conditions, which improves fitness. Across taxonomic groups, embryos have now been shown to have immediate adaptive responses to external sounds and vibrations, and direct developmental effects of sound and noise are increasingly found. Establishing the full developmental, ecological, and evolutionary impact of early soundscapes will reveal how embryos interact with the external world, and potentially transform our understanding of developmental plasticity and adaptation to changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylene M Mariette
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia.
| | - David F Clayton
- Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
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28
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Jung J, Serrano-Rojas SJ, Warkentin KM. Multimodal mechanosensing enables treefrog embryos to escape egg-predators. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb236141. [PMID: 33188064 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.236141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mechanosensory-cued hatching (MCH) is widespread, diverse and important for survival in many animals. From flatworms and insects to frogs and turtles, embryos use mechanosensory cues and signals to inform hatching timing, yet mechanisms mediating mechanosensing in ovo are largely unknown. The arboreal embryos of red-eyed treefrogs, Agalychnis callidryas, hatch prematurely to escape predation, cued by physical disturbance in snake attacks. When otoconial organs in the developing vestibular system become functional, this response strengthens, but its earlier occurrence indicates another sensor must contribute. Post-hatching, tadpoles use lateral line neuromasts to detect water motion. We ablated neuromast function with gentamicin to assess their role in A. callidryas' hatching response to disturbance. Prior to vestibular function, this nearly eliminated the hatching response to a complex simulated attack cue, egg jiggling, revealing that neuromasts mediate early MCH. Vestibular function onset increased hatching, independent of neuromast function, indicating young embryos use multiple mechanosensory systems. MCH increased developmentally. All older embryos hatched in response to egg jiggling, but neuromast function reduced response latency. In contrast, neuromast ablation had no effect on the timing or level of hatching in motion-only vibration playbacks. It appears only a subset of egg-disturbance cues stimulate neuromasts; thus, embryos in attacked clutches may receive unimodal or multimodal stimuli. Agalychnis callidryas embryos have more neuromasts than described for any other species at hatching, suggesting precocious sensory development may facilitate MCH. Our findings provide insight into the behavioral roles of two mechanosensory systems in ovo and open possibilities for exploring sensory perception across taxa in early life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Jung
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Shirley J Serrano-Rojas
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Karen M Warkentin
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panamá, República de Panamá
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29
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Nguyen HM, Kowacich DJ, Wasserberg G. Temporal Bet-Hedging in Sand Fly Oviposition: Pharate Phlebotomus papatasi Sand Fly Neonates Regulate Hatching Time in Response to Organic Matter and Proximity to Conspecific Eggs. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 21:275-279. [PMID: 33316205 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In phlebotomine sand fly, the topic of the factors stimulating or inhibiting egg hatching has been largely ignored. In this study, we evaluated the hypothesis that pharate neonate sand flies are able to regulate their hatching time adaptively in response to cues indicative of the presence of food or potential competitors. In this study, we evaluated the independent and combined effects of organic matter (OM) extract and proximity to conspecific eggs on the hatching proportion of Phlebotomus papatasi eggs. In one set of larval rearing jars, we introduced 16 eggs into a small hole in the center of a plaster base of the jar. In another set, we introduced a single egg into each small hole of a 4-by-4 symmetrical array. To one set, we added an aqueous OM extract, and to the other, we added deionized water (DI). OM stimulated egg hatching while egg clustering slightly inhibited egg hatching. Results of this experiment are biologically important because they show, for the first time, that pharate sand fly neonates are able to adaptively regulate their hatching time in response to external cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieu M Nguyen
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dannielle J Kowacich
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gideon Wasserberg
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
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30
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Day CA, O'Meara GF, Pesko KN, Nishimura N, Byrd BD. Diapause influenced oviposition behavior and physical egg hatch cues of Aedes atropalpus (Diptera: Culicidae): traits that may influence successful colonization of riverine rock pools. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2020; 45:197-203. [PMID: 33207063 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes have developed specialized oviposition strategies that allow them to develop in a wide variety of aquatic habitats. Environmentally cued hatching traits may also play an important role in the successful colonization of some larval habitats, but this subject has remained largely unexplored in Culicidae. Aedes atropalpus (Coquillett) is an autogenous rock pool specialist that may maintain unique adaptations for oviposition and egg hatching. We investigated the egg-laying strategies of Ae. atropalpus exposed to standard (non-diapausing) rearing conditions and diapause-inducing conditions and tested the impact of physical agitation on egg hatch rates by exposing floating and submerged eggs to physical agitation treatments. The results of the oviposition experiment indicate that Ae. atropalpus females primarily lay non-diapausing eggs directly onto the water surface and lay diapausing eggs directly on solid surfaces. The egg-hatching experiment demonstrated that physical agitation significantly increases Ae. atropalpus hatch rates. Floating and submerged eggs responded similarly to the agitation treatment. These data suggest that oviposition behaviors based on both egg diapause status and environmentally-cued hatching strategies may be important adaptations for Ae. atropalpus in riverine rock pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey A Day
- Mosquito and Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Health and Human Sciences, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC, 28723, U.S.A
| | - George F O'Meara
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, IFAS, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, 32962, U.S.A
| | - Kendra N Pesko
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, IFAS, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, 32962, U.S.A
| | - Naoya Nishimura
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, IFAS, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, 32962, U.S.A
| | - Brian D Byrd
- Mosquito and Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Health and Human Sciences, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC, 28723, U.S.A
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31
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DeVore JL, Crossland MR, Shine R. Trade‐offs affect the adaptive value of plasticity: stronger cannibal‐induced defenses incur greater costs in toad larvae. ECOL MONOGR 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jayna L. DeVore
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of Sydney Sydney2006New South Wales Australia
| | - Michael R. Crossland
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of Sydney Sydney2006New South Wales Australia
| | - Richard Shine
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of Sydney Sydney2006New South Wales Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney2109 New South Wales Australia
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32
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Bet hedging and cold-temperature termination of diapause in the life history of the Atlantic salmon ectoparasite Argulus canadensis. Parasitology 2020; 147:1774-1785. [PMID: 32951617 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020001766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Argulus canadensis is a crustacean ectoparasite observed increasingly on wild migrating adult Atlantic salmon. We investigated temperature and salinity tolerance regarding development, survival and hatch of A. canadensis eggs to help understand spatiotemporal features of transmission. Argulus canadensis eggs differentiate to pharate embryos by 35 days buttheir hatch is protracted to ~7 months. Cold treatment ⩾75 days mimics overwintering and terminates egg diapause, with 84.6% (72.1-100%) metanauplius hatch induced ⩾13 °C and synchronized to 3-4 weeks. Inter- and intra-clutch variability and protracted hatch in the absence of cold-temperature termination of diapause is compatible with bet hedging. Whereas diapause likely promotes phenological synchrony for host colocalization, bet hedging could afford temporal plasticity to promote host encounter during environmental change. Our egg storage and hatch induction/synchronization methodologies can be exploited for empirical investigations. Salinity tolerance reveals both significantly higher embryonic development (94.4 ± 3.5% vs 61.7 ± 24.6%) and metanauplius hatch (53.3 ± 7.5% vs 10.1 ± 8.2%) for eggs in freshwater than at 17 ppt. Unhatched embryos were alive in freshwater by the end of the trial (213 days) but were dead/dying at 17 ppt. Eggs did not develop at 34 ppt. Salinity tolerance of A. canadensis eggs supports riverine transmission to adult Atlantic salmon during return to freshwater for mating each year.
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33
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Schulte LM, Ringler E, Rojas B, Stynoski JL. Developments in Amphibian Parental Care Research: History, Present Advances, and Future Perspectives. HERPETOLOGICAL MONOGRAPH 2020; 34:71-97. [PMID: 38989507 PMCID: PMC7616153 DOI: 10.1655/herpmonographs-d-19-00002.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite rising interest among scientists for over two centuries, parental care behavior has not been as thoroughly studied in amphibians as it has in other taxa. The first reports of amphibian parental care date from the early 18th century, when Maria Sibylla Merian went on a field expedition in Suriname and reported frog metamorphs emerging from their mother's dorsal skin. Reports of this and other parental behaviors in amphibians remained descriptive for decades, often as side notes during expeditions with another purpose. However, since the 1980s, experimental approaches have proliferated, providing detailed knowledge about the adaptive value of observed behaviors. Today, we recognize more than 30 types of parental care in amphibians, but most studies focus on just a few families and have favored anurans over urodeles and caecilians. Here, we provide a synthesis of the last three centuries of parental care research in the three orders comprising the amphibians. We draw attention to the progress from the very first descriptions to the most recent experimental studies, and highlight the importance of natural history observations as a source of new hypotheses and necessary context to interpret experimental findings. We encourage amphibian parental care researchers to diversify their study systems to allow for a more comprehensive perspective of the behaviors that amphibians exhibit. Finally, we uncover knowledge gaps and suggest new avenues of research using a variety of disciplines and approaches that will allow us to better understand the function and evolution of parental care behaviors in this diverse group of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Schulte
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 13, 60438Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Eva Ringler
- Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, University of Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Department of Integrative Zoology, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090Vienna, Austria
| | - Bibiana Rojas
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jennifer L. Stynoski
- Colorado State University, Department of Biology, 200 W. Lake Street, Fort Collins, CO, 48823USA
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Universidad de Costa Rica, Dulce Nombre de Coronado, San José, Costa Rica
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34
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Murphy KM, Bodensteiner BL, Delaney DM, Strickland JT, Janzen FJ. Nest Temperatures Predict Nest Emergence of Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta) Offspring. CHELONIAN CONSERVATION AND BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.2744/ccb-1391.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M. Murphy
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 USA [; ]
| | - Brooke L. Bodensteiner
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 USA [; ]
| | - David M. Delaney
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 USA [; ]
| | - Jeramie T. Strickland
- Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Thomson, Illinois 61285 USA []
| | - Fredric J. Janzen
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 USA [; ]
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35
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Riley JL, Hudson S, Frenette-Ling C, Davy CM. All together now! Hatching synchrony in freshwater turtles. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-020-2800-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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36
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Horzmann KA, Portales AM, Batcho KG, Freeman JL. Developmental toxicity of trichloroethylene in zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:728-739. [PMID: 31989135 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00565j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE), an industrial solvent and degreaser, is an environmental toxicant that contaminates over half of Superfund sites, is a known carcinogen, and is linked to congenital defects and neurodegenerative disease. The developmental toxicity of TCE near ecologically relevant levels needs further characterization in order to better assess health risks of exposure. In this study, the toxicodynamics of TCE in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) model was investigated through the establishment of a LC50 concentration and by monitoring the acute developmental toxicity of ecologically relevant concentrations (0, 5, 50, and 500 parts per billion; ppb) of TCE during two different exposure lengths (1-72 hours post fertilization (hpf) and 1-120 hpf). Acute developmental toxicity was assessed by monitoring survival and hatching, larval morphology, larval heart rate, and behavioral responses during an embryonic photomotor response test and a larval visual motor response test. Embryonic exposure to TCE was associated with decreased percent hatch at 48 hpf, altered larval morphology, increased heart rate, and altered behavioral responses during the photomotor response test and visual motor response test. Larval morphology and behavioral alterations were more pronounced in the 1-120 hpf exposure length trials. The observed alterations suggest developmental TCE toxicity is still a concern at regulatory concentrations and that timing of exposure influences developmental toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine A Horzmann
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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37
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Synchronized hatching as a possible strategy to avoid sibling cannibalism in stink bugs. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-020-2799-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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38
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Hogan JD, Keenan JL, Luo L, Ibn-Salem J, Lamba A, Schatzberg D, Piacentino ML, Zuch DT, Core AB, Blumberg C, Timmermann B, Grau JH, Speranza E, Andrade-Navarro MA, Irie N, Poustka AJ, Bradham CA. The developmental transcriptome for Lytechinus variegatus exhibits temporally punctuated gene expression changes. Dev Biol 2019; 460:139-154. [PMID: 31816285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic development is arguably the most complex process an organism undergoes during its lifetime, and understanding this complexity is best approached with a systems-level perspective. The sea urchin has become a highly valuable model organism for understanding developmental specification, morphogenesis, and evolution. As a non-chordate deuterostome, the sea urchin occupies an important evolutionary niche between protostomes and vertebrates. Lytechinus variegatus (Lv) is an Atlantic species that has been well studied, and which has provided important insights into signal transduction, patterning, and morphogenetic changes during embryonic and larval development. The Pacific species, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Sp), is another well-studied sea urchin, particularly for gene regulatory networks (GRNs) and cis-regulatory analyses. A well-annotated genome and transcriptome for Sp are available, but similar resources have not been developed for Lv. Here, we provide an analysis of the Lv transcriptome at 11 timepoints during embryonic and larval development. Temporal analysis suggests that the gene regulatory networks that underlie specification are well-conserved among sea urchin species. We show that the major transitions in variation of embryonic transcription divide the developmental time series into four distinct, temporally sequential phases. Our work shows that sea urchin development occurs via sequential intervals of relatively stable gene expression states that are punctuated by abrupt transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Hogan
- Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Lingqi Luo
- Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonas Ibn-Salem
- Evolution and Development Group, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Arjun Lamba
- Biology Department, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Michael L Piacentino
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel T Zuch
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amanda B Core
- Biology Department, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Bernd Timmermann
- Sequencing Core Facility, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - José Horacio Grau
- Dahlem Centre for Genome Research and Medical Systems Biology, Environmental and Phylogenomics Group, Berlin, Germany; Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emily Speranza
- Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Naoki Irie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Albert J Poustka
- Evolution and Development Group, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany; Dahlem Centre for Genome Research and Medical Systems Biology, Environmental and Phylogenomics Group, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cynthia A Bradham
- Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Biology Department, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
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39
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Jung J, Kim SJ, Pérez Arias SM, McDaniel JG, Warkentin KM. How do red-eyed treefrog embryos sense motion in predator attacks? Assessing the role of vestibular mechanoreception. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.206052. [PMID: 31586019 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.206052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The widespread ability to alter timing of hatching in response to environmental cues can serve as a defense against threats to eggs. Arboreal embryos of red-eyed treefrogs, Agalychnis callidryas, can hatch up to 30% prematurely to escape predation. This escape-hatching response is cued by physical disturbance of eggs during attacks, including vibrations or motion, and thus depends critically on mechanosensory ability. Predator-induced hatching appears later in development than flooding-induced, hypoxia-cued hatching; thus, its onset is not constrained by the development of hatching ability. It may, instead, reflect the development of mechanosensor function. We hypothesize that vestibular mechanoreception mediates escape-hatching in snake attacks, and that the developmental period when hatching-competent embryos fail to flee from snakes reflects a sensory constraint. We assessed the ontogenetic congruence of escape-hatching responses and an indicator of vestibular function, the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), in three ways. First, we measured VOR in two developmental series of embryos 3-7 days old to compare with the published ontogeny of escape success in attacks. Second, during the period of greatest variation in VOR and escape success, we compared hatching responses and VOR across sibships. Finally, in developmental series, we compared the response of individual embryos to a simulated attack cue with their VOR. The onset of VOR and hatching responses were largely concurrent at all three scales. Moreover, latency to hatch in simulated attacks decreased with increasing VOR. These results are consistent with a key role of the vestibular system in the escape-hatching response of A. callidryas embryos to attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Jung
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Su J Kim
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Sonia M Pérez Arias
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - James G McDaniel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Karen M Warkentin
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Gamboa Laboratory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panamá, República de Panamá
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40
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Lafuente E, Beldade P. Genomics of Developmental Plasticity in Animals. Front Genet 2019; 10:720. [PMID: 31481970 PMCID: PMC6709652 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental plasticity refers to the property by which the same genotype produces distinct phenotypes depending on the environmental conditions under which development takes place. By allowing organisms to produce phenotypes adjusted to the conditions that adults will experience, developmental plasticity can provide the means to cope with environmental heterogeneity. Developmental plasticity can be adaptive and its evolution can be shaped by natural selection. It has also been suggested that developmental plasticity can facilitate adaptation and promote diversification. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the evolution of plasticity and on the impact of plasticity on adaptive evolution, and we identify recent advances and important open questions about the genomics of developmental plasticity in animals. We give special attention to studies using transcriptomics to identify genes whose expression changes across developmental environments and studies using genetic mapping to identify loci that contribute to variation in plasticity and can fuel its evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrícia Beldade
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- CNRS-UMR5174, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Changes, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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41
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Albecker MA, McCoy MW. Local adaptation for enhanced salt tolerance reduces non‐adaptive plasticity caused by osmotic stress. Evolution 2019; 73:1941-1957. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Molly A. Albecker
- Department of BiologyEast Carolina University Greenville North Carolina 27858
| | - Michael W. McCoy
- Department of BiologyEast Carolina University Greenville North Carolina 27858
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42
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Lehtinen RM, Green SE. Life on a Leaf: Hatching Plasticity in Embryos of the Tobago Glass Frog (Hyalinobatrachium orientale tobagoense). SOUTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.2994/sajh-d-18-00010.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara E. Green
- Department of Biology, The College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio, 44691, USA
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43
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Temperature Does Not Affect Hatch Timing in Snapping Turtles (Chelydra serpentina). J HERPETOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1670/18-048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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44
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Warkentin KM, Jung J, Rueda Solano LA, McDaniel JG. Ontogeny of escape-hatching decisions: vibrational cue use changes as predicted from costs of sampling and false alarms. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-019-2663-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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45
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Cohen KL, Piacentino ML, Warkentin KM. Two types of hatching gland cells facilitate escape-hatching at different developmental stages in red-eyed treefrogs, Agalychnis callidryas (Anura: Phyllomedusidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karen M Warkentin
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panamá, República de Panamá
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46
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Abstract
In many animals, eggs within a clutch emerge more or less at the same time. A new study identifies vibrations of eggs cracking open as the cue that triggers synchronous emergence in an insect.
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47
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Endo J, Takanashi T, Mukai H, Numata H. Egg-Cracking Vibration as a Cue for Stink Bug Siblings to Synchronize Hatching. Curr Biol 2019; 29:143-148.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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48
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Güell BA, Warkentin KM. When and where to hatch? Red-eyed treefrog embryos use light cues in two contexts. PeerJ 2018; 6:e6018. [PMID: 30533307 PMCID: PMC6283037 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hatching timing is under strong selection and environmentally cued in many species. Embryos use multiple sensory modalities to inform hatching timing and many have spontaneous hatching patterns adaptively synchronized to natural cycles. Embryos can also adaptively shift their hatching timing in response to environmental cues indicating immediate threats or opportunities. Such cued shifts in hatching are widespread among amphibians; however, we know little about what, if anything, regulates their spontaneous hatching. Moreover, in addition to selection on hatching timing, embryos may experience benefits or suffer costs due to the spatial orientation of hatching. Amphibian eggs generally lack internal constraints on hatching direction but embryos might, nonetheless, use external cues to inform hatching orientation. The terrestrial embryos of red-eyed treefrogs, Agalychnis callidryas, hatch rapidly and prematurely in response to vibrational cues in egg-predator attacks and hypoxia if flooded. Here we examined A. callidryas’ use of light cues in hatching timing and orientation. To assess patterns of spontaneous hatching and the role of light cues in their diel timing, we recorded hatching times for siblings distributed across three light environments: continuous light, continuous dark, and a 12L:12D photoperiod. Under a natural photoperiod, embryos showed a clear diel pattern of synchronous hatching shortly after nightfall. Hatching was desynchronized in both continuous light and continuous darkness. It was also delayed by continuous light, but not accelerated by continuous dark, suggesting the onset of dark serves as a hatching cue. We examined hatching orientation and light as a potential directional cue for flooded embryos. Embryos flooded in their clutches almost always hatched toward open water, whereas individual eggs flooded in glass cups often failed to do so, suggesting the natural context provides a directional cue. To test if flooded embryos orient hatching toward light, we placed individual eggs in tubes with one end illuminated and the other dark, then flooded them and recorded hatching direction. Most embryos hatched toward the light, suggesting they use light as a directional cue. Our results support that A. callidryas embryos use light cues to inform both when and where to hatch. Both the spatial orientation of hatching and the timing of spontaneous hatching may affect fitness and be informed by cues in a broader range of species than is currently appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A Güell
- University of California, San Diego, CA, United States of America.,Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Karen M Warkentin
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
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49
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Delia J, Rivera-Ordonez JM, Salazar-Nicholls MJ, Warkentin KM. Hatching plasticity and the adaptive benefits of extended embryonic development in glassfrogs. Evol Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-018-9963-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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50
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Hite JL, Hughey MC, Warkentin KM, Vonesh JR. Cross‐ecosystem effects of terrestrial predators link treefrogs, zooplankton, and aquatic primary production. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Hite
- Department of Biology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia 23284 USA
| | - Myra C. Hughey
- Department of Biology Boston University Boston Massachusetts 02215 USA
| | - Karen M. Warkentin
- Department of Biology Boston University Boston Massachusetts 02215 USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Apartado Postal 0843–03092 Panamá Panamá
| | - James R. Vonesh
- Department of Biology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia 23284 USA
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