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van der Sprong J, de Voogd NJ, McCormack GP, Sandoval K, Schätzle S, Voigt O, Erpenbeck D, Wörheide G, Vargas S. A novel target-enriched multilocus assay for sponges (Porifera): Red Sea Haplosclerida (Demospongiae) as a test case. Mol Ecol Resour 2024; 24:e13891. [PMID: 38010340 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
With declining biodiversity worldwide, a better understanding of species diversity and their relationships is imperative for conservation and management efforts. Marine sponges are species-rich ecological key players on coral reefs, but their species diversity is still poorly understood. This is particularly true for the demosponge order Haplosclerida, whose systematic relationships are contentious due to the incongruencies between morphological and molecular phylogenetic hypotheses. The single gene markers applied in previous studies did not resolve these discrepancies. Hence, there is a high need for a genome-wide approach to derive a phylogenetically robust classification and understand this group's evolutionary relationships. To this end, we developed a target enrichment-based multilocus probe assay for the order Haplosclerida using transcriptomic data. This probe assay consists of 20,000 enrichment probes targeting 2956 ultraconserved elements in coding (i.e. exon) regions across the genome and was tested on 26 haplosclerid specimens from the Red Sea. Our target-enrichment approach correctly placed our samples in a well-supported phylogeny, in agreement with previous haplosclerid molecular phylogenies. Our results demonstrate the applicability of high-resolution genomic methods in a systematically complex marine invertebrate group and provide a promising approach for robust phylogenies of Haplosclerida. Subsequently, this will lead to biologically unambiguous taxonomic revisions, better interpretations of biological and ecological observations and new avenues for applied research, conservation and managing declining marine diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle van der Sprong
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology and Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicole Joy de Voogd
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Grace Patricia McCormack
- Molecular Evolution and Systematics Laboratory, Zoology, School of Natural Sciences & Ryan Institute, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Kenneth Sandoval
- Molecular Evolution and Systematics Laboratory, Zoology, School of Natural Sciences & Ryan Institute, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Simone Schätzle
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology and Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Voigt
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology and Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Erpenbeck
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology and Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gert Wörheide
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology and Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Bavarian State Collections of Palaeontology and Geology, Munich, Germany
| | - Sergio Vargas
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology and Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Freitas MAMD, Cunha-Ferreira IC, Leal CV, Fernandez JCC, Omachi CY, Campos LS, Masi BP, Krüger RH, Hajdu E, Thompson CC, Thompson FL. Microbiome diversity from sponges biogeographically distributed between South America and Antarctica. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:163256. [PMID: 37011689 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Sponges from South America and Antarctica are evolutionarily closely related. Specific symbiont signatures that could differentiate these two geographic regions are unknown. This study aimed to investigate the microbiome diversity of sponges from South America and Antarctica. In total 71 sponge specimens were analyzed (Antarctica: N = 59, 13 different species; South America: N = 12, 6 different species). Illumina 16S rRNA sequences were generated (2.88 million sequences; 40K ± 29K/sample). The most abundant symbionts were heterotrophic (94.8 %) and belonged mainly to Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota. EC94 was the most abundant symbiont and dominated the microbiome of some species (70-87 %), comprising at least 10 phylogroups. Each of the EC94 phylogroups was specific to one genus or species of sponge. Furthermore, South America sponges had higher abundance of photosynthetic microorganisms (2.3 %) and sponges from Antarctica, the highest abundance of chemosynthetic (5.5 %). Sponge symbionts may contribute to the function of their hosts. The unique features from each of these two regions (e.g., light, temperature, and nutrients) possibly stimulate distinct microbiome diversity from sponges biogeographically distributed across continents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayanne A M de Freitas
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Biology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Camille V Leal
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Biology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julio C C Fernandez
- Department of Invertebrates, National Museum, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia Y Omachi
- Laboratory of Environmental Indicators, Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucia S Campos
- Department of Zoology, Biology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno P Masi
- Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Fishery Oceanography of the Amazon (LEMOPA), Socio environmental and Water Resources Institute (ISARH), Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Ricardo H Krüger
- Laboratory of Enzymology, Biology Institute, University of Brasília (UNB), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Hajdu
- Laboratory of Environmental Indicators, Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristiane C Thompson
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Biology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabiano L Thompson
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Biology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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3
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Leal CV, Salani S, de Moraes FC, de Moura RL, Thompson FL, Hajdu E. Lost characters and lost taxonomists: Coelocarteriidae fam. nov., Poecilosclerida with and without chelae, to accommodate supposed phloeodictyids (Haplosclerida). INVERTEBR SYST 2023. [DOI: 10.1071/is22017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The taxonomic study of Great Amazon Reef System sponges yielded three Oceanapia-like (Phloeodictyidae, Haplosclerida) species of similar gross morphology, two preliminarily identified as O. bartschi and another as Coelocarteria (Poecilosclerida), due to the presence of common palmate isochelae. The remarkable overall similarity of all three species in gross morphology necessitated an integrative assessment of the phylogenetic affinities. A selection of haplosclerid and poecilosclerid sequences (18S and 28S rRNA) was gathered from Genbank and compared to sequences mapped to reference from metagenome of two Oceanapia-like species from the Amazon River mouth, one of which matched O. bartschi. Both Brazilian species clustered with Coelocarteria singaporensis (Singapore). These species nest in the Poecilosclerida, far from Oceanapia (sp. and isodictyiformis) and other haplosclerids (Amphimedon, Petrosia, Siphonodictyon and Xestospongia) but also far from the poecilosclerid Isodictya that is currently classified in the same family as Coelocarteria, the Isodictyidae. Specimens with chelae are named Coelocarteria alcoladoi sp. nov. herein, while those without chelae represent the other two species. One matched Inflatella bartschi (O. bartchi’s holotype, here re-examined), thereby supporting the transfer of this species to Coelocarteria. The other is proposed as C. amadoi sp. nov. and is the second known lipochelous species in this genus. The 28S phylogenies recovered Coelocarteria bartschi comb. nov. (formerly Oceanapia bartschi) in the Poecilosclerida clade that clustered with Coelocarteria spp., including the type species of this genus, C. singaporensis, with 100% support. Coelocarteria alcoladoi sp. nov., also without chelae, grouped in the same clade, thereby corroborating the classification in this genus. The clade composed of Coelocarteria spp. grouped with Cornulella sp., suggesting an affinity between these genera. Coelocarteria is currently situated within Isodictyidae and Cornulella in Acarnidae. Isodictya (Isodictyidae) grouped with Amphilectus (Esperiopsidae) with high support and is only distantly related to Coelocarteria. Acarnus (Acarnidae) grouped with Clathria, also with high support, far from Coelocarteria and Cornulella. These results suggest the polyphyletic nature of Isodictyidae and Acarnidae, for which reason we preferred to propose a new, currently monotypic family for Coelocarteria spp., Coelocarteriidae fam. nov. ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:71FDB6FD-4A5F-4180-8DA7-79EA4CB615D1
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4
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Richards ZT, Kise H, West KM. The complete mitochondrial genome of the invasive cyanobacteriosponge Terpios hoshinota (Demospongiae, Suberitida, Suberitidae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2023; 8:319-323. [PMID: 36860480 PMCID: PMC9970226 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2023.2180311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyanobacteriosponge Terpios hoshinota occurs on tropical reefs throughout the Indo-Pacific. The species encrusts live coral, and other benthos, and is considered a pest species that can threaten the health and productivity of locally native benthic communities on coral reefs. Here we assemble a complete mitochondrial genome to aid further research into the range expansion of this species. The circular genome was 20,504 bp in length and encoded 14 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and 25 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. A phylogenetic analysis based on the concatenated sequences of 14 protein-coding genes of 12 members of the subclass Heteroscleromorpha including the newly sequenced T. hoshinota, suggests further taxonomic revisions within the order Suberitida may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe T. Richards
- Coral Conservation and Research Group, Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WesternAustralia,Collections and Research, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, WesternAustralia,CONTACT Zoe T. Richards Coral Conservation and Research Group, Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WesternAustraliaCollections and Research, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, WesternAustralia
| | - Hiroki Kise
- Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Tsukuba Central 7, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan,Molecular Invertebrate Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Katrina M. West
- Coral Conservation and Research Group, Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WesternAustralia,CSIRO Australian National Fish Collection, National Research Collections Australia, CSIRO, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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5
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Nielsen C. Hydrodynamics in early animal evolution. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:376-385. [PMID: 36216338 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Choanoflagellates and sponges feed by filtering microscopic particles from water currents created by the flagella of microvillar collar complexes situated on the cell bodies of the solitary or colonial choanoflagellates and on the choanocytes in sponges. The filtering mechanism has been known for more than a century, but only recently has the filtering process been studied in detail and also modelled, so that a detailed picture of the water currents has been obtained. In the solitary and most of the colonial choanoflagellates, the water flows freely around the cells, but in some forms, the cells are arranged in an open meshwork through which the water can be pumped. In the sponges, the choanocytes are located in choanocyte chambers (or choanocyte areas) with separate incurrent and excurrent canals/pores located in a larger body, which enables a fixed pattern of water currents through the collar complexes. Previous theories for the origin of sponges show evolutionary stages with choanocyte chambers without any opening or with only one opening, which makes separation of incurrent and excurrent impossible, and such stages must have been unable to feed. Therefore a new theory is proposed, which shows a continuous evolutionary lineage in which all stages are able to feed by means of the collar complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Nielsen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark (University of Copenhagen), Zoological Museum, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2990, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Tarazona G, Fernández R, Pérez M, Millán RE, Jiménez C, Rodríguez J, Cuevas C. Enigmazole C: A Cytotoxic Macrocyclic Lactone and Its Ring-Opened Derivatives from a New Species of Homophymia Sponge. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:1059-1066. [PMID: 35234467 PMCID: PMC9040057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c01179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A new macrolide, enigmazole C (1), and two additional analogues, enigmazoles E (2) and D (3), were obtained from a new species of the Homophymia genus as part of an ongoing discovery program at PharmaMar to study cytotoxic substances from marine sources. The structures were fully characterized by cumulative analyses of NMR, IR, and MS spectra, along with density functional theory computational calculations. All three of the new compounds feature an unusual 2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-one moiety, but only enigmazoles C (1) and D (3) showed cytotoxic activity in the micromolar range against A-549 (lung), HT-29 (colon), MDA-MB-231 (breast), and PSN-1 (pancreas) tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Tarazona
- R&D, PharmaMar, Avenida De los Reyes, 1, Pol. Ind. La Mina-Norte, 28770-Colmenar Viejo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rogelio Fernández
- R&D, PharmaMar, Avenida De los Reyes, 1, Pol. Ind. La Mina-Norte, 28770-Colmenar Viejo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Pérez
- R&D, PharmaMar, Avenida De los Reyes, 1, Pol. Ind. La Mina-Norte, 28770-Colmenar Viejo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón E. Millán
- Departmento
de Química, Facultad de Ciencias and Centro de Investigacions
Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade
de A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Carlos Jiménez
- Departmento
de Química, Facultad de Ciencias and Centro de Investigacions
Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade
de A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jaime Rodríguez
- Departmento
de Química, Facultad de Ciencias and Centro de Investigacions
Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade
de A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Carmen Cuevas
- R&D, PharmaMar, Avenida De los Reyes, 1, Pol. Ind. La Mina-Norte, 28770-Colmenar Viejo, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Caso A, da Silva FB, Esposito G, Teta R, Sala GD, Cavalcanti LPAN, Valverde AL, Martins RCC, Costantino V. Exploring Chemical Diversity of Phorbas Sponges as a Source of Novel Lead Compounds in Drug Discovery. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:667. [PMID: 34940666 PMCID: PMC8708981 DOI: 10.3390/md19120667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Porifera, commonly referred to as marine sponges, are acknowledged as major producers of marine natural products (MNPs). Sponges of the genus Phorbas have attracted much attention over the years. They are widespread in all continents, and several structurally unique compounds have been identified from this species. Terpenes, mainly sesterterpenoids, are the major secondary metabolites isolated from Phorbas species, even though several alkaloids and steroids have also been reported. Many of these compounds have presented interesting biological activities. Particularly, Phorbas sponges have been demonstrated to be a source of cytotoxic metabolites. In addition, MNPs exhibiting cytostatic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities have been isolated and structurally characterized. This review provides an overview of almost 130 secondary metabolites from Phorbas sponges and their biological activities, and it covers the literature since the first study published in 1993 until November 2021, including approximately 60 records. The synthetic routes to the most interesting compounds are briefly outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Caso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (G.E.); (R.T.)
| | - Fernanda Barbosa da Silva
- Instituto de Química de Produtos Naturais Walter Mors, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil; (F.B.d.S.); (L.P.A.N.C.); (R.C.C.M.)
| | - Germana Esposito
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (G.E.); (R.T.)
| | - Roberta Teta
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (G.E.); (R.T.)
| | - Gerardo Della Sala
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Laura P. A. Nunes Cavalcanti
- Instituto de Química de Produtos Naturais Walter Mors, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil; (F.B.d.S.); (L.P.A.N.C.); (R.C.C.M.)
| | - Alessandra Leda Valverde
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24020-141, Brazil;
| | - Roberto Carlos C. Martins
- Instituto de Química de Produtos Naturais Walter Mors, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil; (F.B.d.S.); (L.P.A.N.C.); (R.C.C.M.)
| | - Valeria Costantino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (G.E.); (R.T.)
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Goodwin C, Dinn C, Nefedova E, Nijhof F, Murillo FJ, Nozères C. Two new species of encrusting sponge (Porifera, family Crellidae) from eastern Canada. CAN J ZOOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2021-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two new species of Crellidae Dendy, 1922 from the east coast of Canada are described. The first is Crella (Pytheas) cutis sp. nov., a massively encrusting species of Crella (Pytheas) collected from depths of 84 to 249 m in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and on the Scotian Shelf. The second is Crellomima mehqisinpekonuta sp. nov., a thinly encrusting sponge found at diving depths in the Bay of Fundy. We also report the first records of Crellomima derma Hentschel, 1929 from outside the type locality (Barents Sea). All known species of Crellomima are reviewed based on type material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Goodwin
- Huntsman Marine Science Centre, 1 Lower Campus Road, St. Andrews, NB E5B 2L7, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick, 100 Tucker Park Road, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Curtis Dinn
- Gulf Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 343 Université Avenue, P.O. Box 5030, Moncton, NB E1C 9B6, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Nefedova
- Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya Naberezhnaya, 1, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Frauke Nijhof
- Huntsman Marine Science Centre, 1 Lower Campus Road, St. Andrews, NB E5B 2L7, Canada
| | - Francisco Javier Murillo
- Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada
| | - Claude Nozères
- Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 850, route de la Mer, P.O. Box 1000, Mont-Joli, QC G5H 3Z4, Canada
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Sokolova AM, Aksenova OV, Bespalaya YV, Gofarov MY, Kondakov AV, Konopleva ES, Tomilova AA, Travina OV, Tanmuangpak K, Tumpeesuwan S, Vikhrev IV, Bolotov IN. Integrative taxonomy and biogeographic affinities of the first freshwater sponge and mollusc association discovered in tropical Asia. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agniya M. Sokolova
- N. K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia
| | - Olga V. Aksenova
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Arkhangelsk Russia
- Northern Arctic Federal University Arkhangelsk Russia
| | - Yulia V. Bespalaya
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Arkhangelsk Russia
- Northern Arctic Federal University Arkhangelsk Russia
| | - Mikhail Y. Gofarov
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Arkhangelsk Russia
- Northern Arctic Federal University Arkhangelsk Russia
| | - Alexander V. Kondakov
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Arkhangelsk Russia
- Northern Arctic Federal University Arkhangelsk Russia
| | - Ekaterina S. Konopleva
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Arkhangelsk Russia
- Northern Arctic Federal University Arkhangelsk Russia
| | - Alena A. Tomilova
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Arkhangelsk Russia
| | - Oksana V. Travina
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Arkhangelsk Russia
| | - Kitti Tanmuangpak
- Department of Science Faculty of Science and Technology Loei Rajabhat University Loei Thailand
| | - Sakboworn Tumpeesuwan
- Department of Biology Faculty of Science Mahasarakham University Maha Sarakham Thailand
| | - Ilya V. Vikhrev
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Arkhangelsk Russia
- Northern Arctic Federal University Arkhangelsk Russia
| | - Ivan N. Bolotov
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Arkhangelsk Russia
- Northern Arctic Federal University Arkhangelsk Russia
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10
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Hosie AM, Fromont J, Munyard K, Wilson NG, Jones DS. Surveying keratose sponges (Porifera, demospongiae, Dictyoceratida) reveals hidden diversity of host specialist barnacles (Crustacea, Cirripedia, Balanidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 161:107179. [PMID: 33887480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sponges represent one of the most species-rich hosts for commensal barnacles yet host utilisation and diversity have not been thoroughly examined. This study investigated the diversity and phylogenetic relationships of sponge-inhabiting barnacles within a single, targeted host group, primarily from Western Australian waters. Specimens of the sponge order Dictyoceratida were surveyed and a total of 64 host morphospecies, representing four families, were identified as barnacle hosts during the study. Utilising molecular (COI, 12S) and morphological methods 42 molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) of barnacles, representing Acasta, Archiacasta, Euacasta and Neoacasta were identified. Comparing inter- and intra-MOTU genetic distances showed a barcode gap between 2.5% and 5% for COI, but between 1% and 1.5% in the 12S dataset, thus demonstrating COI as a more reliable barcoding region. These sponge-inhabiting barnacles were demonstrated to show high levels of host specificity with the majority being found in a single sponge species (74%), a single genus (83%) or a single host family (93%). Phylogenetic relationships among the barnacles were reconstructed using mitochondrial (12S, COI) and nuclear (H3, 28S) markers. None of the barnacle genera were recovered as monophyletic. Euacasta was paraphyletic in relation to the remaining Acastinae genera, which were polyphyletic. Six well-supported clades of molecular operational taxonomic units, herein considered to represent species complexes, were recovered, but relationships between them were not well supported. These complexes showed differing patterns of host usage, though most were phylogenetically conserved with sister lineages typically occupying related hosts within the same genus or family of sponge. The results show that host specialists are predominant, and the dynamics of host usage have played a significant role in the evolutionary history of the Acastinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Hosie
- Collections & Research, Western Australian Museum, 49 Kew St, Welshpool 6106 WA, Australia; Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102 WA, Australia.
| | - Jane Fromont
- Collections & Research, Western Australian Museum, 49 Kew St, Welshpool 6106 WA, Australia
| | - Kylie Munyard
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102 WA, Australia
| | - Nerida G Wilson
- Collections & Research, Western Australian Museum, 49 Kew St, Welshpool 6106 WA, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009 WA, Australia
| | - Diana S Jones
- Collections & Research, Western Australian Museum, 49 Kew St, Welshpool 6106 WA, Australia
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11
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Abdul Wahab MA, Wilson NG, Prada D, Gomez O, Fromont J. Molecular and morphological assessment of tropical sponges in the subfamily Phyllospongiinae, with the descriptions of two new species. Zool J Linn Soc 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Sponges in the subfamily Phyllospongiinae are important components of coral reefs. However, significant taxonomic inconsistencies exist in this group due to the lack of useful morphological characters for species delineation. This study assesses the systematics of some common phyllospongiinids in the genera Carteriospongia, Phyllospongia and Strepsichordaia from tropical Australia and the Red Sea, by using a multigene approach that utilizes the Internal Transcribed Spacer 2, the complete ribosomal 18S rRNA and three 28s rRNA gene regions (D1‒D2, D3‒D5 and D6‒D8), which produced a phylogenetic framework in which complementary morphological taxonomic assessments were performed. Type specimens were included, where available, and six species clades were recovered, including the well-established Phyllospongia papyracea and Strepsichordaia lendenfeldi. Carteriospongia foliascens, the type species for the genus Carteriospongia, is transferred to the genus Phyllospongia, resulting in Carteriospongia becoming a synonym of Phyllospongia. Consequently, Carteriospongia flabellifera is removed from Carteriospongia and is reinstated to its original designation of Polyfibrospongia flabellifera. Two new species, Phyllospongia bergquistae sp. nov. and Polyfibrospongia kulit sp. nov., are described. With phyllospongiinid sponges increasingly used as models for assessing the effects of climate change and anthropogenic stressors, this study provides a reliable systematics framework for the accurate identification of common phyllospongiinids across the Indo-Pacific.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nerida G Wilson
- Collections & Research, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool, WA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Diana Prada
- Collections & Research, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool, WA, Australia
| | - Oliver Gomez
- Collections & Research, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool, WA, Australia
| | - Jane Fromont
- Collections & Research, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool, WA, Australia
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12
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Plese B, Kenny NJ, Rossi ME, Cárdenas P, Schuster A, Taboada S, Koutsouveli V, Riesgo A. Mitochondrial evolution in the Demospongiae (Porifera): Phylogeny, divergence time, and genome biology. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 155:107011. [PMID: 33217579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.107011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The sponge class Demospongiae is the most speciose and morphologically diverse in the phylum Porifera, and the species within it are vital components of a range of ecosystems worldwide. Despite their ubiquity, a number of recalcitrant problems still remain to be solved regarding their phylogenetic inter-relationships, the timing of their appearance, and their mitochondrial biology, the latter of which is only beginning to be investigated. Here we generated 14 new demosponge mitochondrial genomes which, alongside previously published mitochondrial resources, were used to address these issues. In addition to phylogenomic analysis, we have used syntenic data and analysis of coding regions to forge a framework for understanding the inter-relationships between Demospongiae sub-classes and orders. We have also leveraged our new resources to study the mitochondrial biology of these clades in terms of codon usage, optimisation and gene expression, to understand how these vital cellular components may have contributed to the success of the Porifera. Our results strongly support a sister relationship between Keratosa and (Verongimorpha + Heteroscleromorpha), contradicting previous studies using nuclear markers. Our study includes one species of Clionaida, and show for the first time support for a grouping of Suberitida+(Clionaida+(Tethyida + Poecilosclerida). The findings of our phylogenetic analyses are supported by in-depth examination of structural and coding-level evidence from our mitochondrial data. A time-calibrated phylogeny estimated the origin of Demospongiae in the Cambrian (~529 Mya), and suggests that most demosponge order crown-groups emerged in the Mesozoic. This work therefore provides a robust basis for considering demosponge phylogenetic relationships, as well as essential mitochondrial data for understanding the biological basis for their success and diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Plese
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom.
| | - Nathan James Kenny
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Rd, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom(2).
| | - Maria Eleonora Rossi
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Science Building, 24 Tyndall Ave, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom.
| | - Paco Cárdenas
- Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Uppsala 751 23, Sweden.
| | - Astrid Schuster
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense M 5230, Denmark; CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sergi Taboada
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; Department of Life Sciences, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C/ José Antonio Novais, 12, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Vasiliki Koutsouveli
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Uppsala 751 23, Sweden.
| | - Ana Riesgo
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales de Madrid (CSIC), c/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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13
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14
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Erpenbeck D, Galitz A, Ekins M, Cook SDC, Soest RWM, Hooper JNA, Wörheide G. Soft sponges with tricky tree: On the phylogeny of dictyoceratid sponges. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Erpenbeck
- Department of Earth‐ and Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München Munich Germany
- GeoBio‐Center Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München Munich Germany
| | - Adrian Galitz
- Department of Earth‐ and Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München Munich Germany
| | - Merrick Ekins
- Biodiversity Program Queensland Museum South Brisbane QLD Australia
- School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St Lucia QLD Australia
| | - Steve de C. Cook
- Formerly Department of Zoology School of Biological Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | | | - John N. A. Hooper
- Biodiversity Program Queensland Museum South Brisbane QLD Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery Griffith University Nathan QLD Australia
| | - Gert Wörheide
- Department of Earth‐ and Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München Munich Germany
- GeoBio‐Center Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München Munich Germany
- SNSB‐Bavarian State Collection of Palaeontology and Geology Munich Germany
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15
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Morrow C, Cárdenas P, Boury-Esnault N, Picton B, McCormack G, Van Soest R, Collins A, Redmond N, Maggs C, Sigwart J, Allcock LA. Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zool J Linn Soc 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This study reinforces and extends the findings of previous molecular studies showing that there is a close relationship between species assigned to the sponge genera Halicnemia, Higginsia, Paratimea and Stelligera and that the family Heteroxyidae is polyphyletic. The present study has led to the description of one new species of Halicnemia and six new species of Paratimea, the resurrection of Halicnemia gallica and a better understanding of the characters uniting Stelligeridae. A new species of Heteroxya is also described. We demonstrate that many of the taxa assigned to Heteroxyidae are more closely related to other families, and we propose several changes to the classification of Heteroscleromorpha. Desmoxyidae is resurrected from synonymy and transferred to Poecilosclerida; Higginsia anfractuosa is transferred to Hymedesmiidae, and a new genus, Hooperia, is erected for its reception; Higginsia durissima is returned to Bubaris (Bubaridae); Higginsia fragilis is transferred to Spanioplon (Hymedesmiidae); Hemiasterella camelus is transferred to Paratimea; and Raspailia (Parasyringella) australiensis and Ceratopsion axiferum are transferred to Adreus (Hemiasterellidae).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Morrow
- School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Queen’s University Marine Laboratory, Portaferry, Northern Ireland, UK
- National Museums Northern Ireland, Holywood, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Paco Cárdenas
- Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicole Boury-Esnault
- IMBE, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, University Avignon, IRD, Station marine d’Endoume, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Picton
- National Museums Northern Ireland, Holywood, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Grace McCormack
- School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Rob Van Soest
- Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Allen Collins
- National Systematics Laboratory, National Museum of Natural History, MRC-153, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Niamh Redmond
- Smithsonian Institution DNA Barcode Network, National Museum of Natural History, MRC-183, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Christine Maggs
- Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Monkstone House, Peterborough, UK
| | - Julia Sigwart
- Queen’s University Marine Laboratory, Portaferry, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Louise A Allcock
- School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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16
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Vicente J, Ríos JA, Zea S, Toonen RJ. Molecular and morphological congruence of three new cryptic Neopetrosia spp. in the Caribbean. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6371. [PMID: 30746308 PMCID: PMC6368163 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neopetrosia proxima (Porifera: Demospongiae: Haplosclerida) is described as a morphologically variable sponge common on shallow reefs of the Caribbean. However, the range of morphological and reproductive variation within putative N. proxima led us to hypothesize that such variability may be indicative of cryptic species rather than plasticity. Using DNA sequences and morphological characters we confirmed the presence of three previously undescribed species of Neopetrosia. Morphological differences of each new congener were best resolved by partial gene sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 over nuclear ones (18S rRNA and 28S rRNA). Several new characters for Neopetrosia were revealed by each new species. For example, N. dendrocrevacea sp. nov. and N. cristata sp. nov. showed the presence of grooves on the surface of the sponge body that converge at the oscula, and a more disorganized skeleton than previously defined for the genus. N. sigmafera sp. nov. adds the (1) presence of sigma microscleres, (2) significantly wider/longer oxeas (>200 μm), and (3) the presence of parenchymella larvae. Sampling of conspecifics throughout several locations in the Caribbean revealed larger spicules in habitats closer to the continental shelf than those in remote island locations. Our study highlights the importance of integrating molecular and morphological systematics for the discrimination of new Neopetrosia spp. despite belonging to one of several polyphyletic groups (families, genera) within the current definition of the order Haplosclerida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vicente
- University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, Kāne‘ohe, HI, USA
| | - Jaime Andrés Ríos
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia—Sede Bogotá—Departamento de Biología, Ciudad Universitaria, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sven Zea
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia—Sede Caribe—Instituto de Estudios en Ciencias del Mar–CECIMAR, c/o INVEMAR, Rodadero Sur, Playa Salguero, Santa Marta, Colombia
| | - Robert J. Toonen
- University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, Kāne‘ohe, HI, USA
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17
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Evolution of the main skeleton-forming genes in sponges (phylum Porifera) with special focus on the marine Haplosclerida (class Demospongiae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 131:245-253. [PMID: 30502904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The skeletons of sponges (Phylum Porifera) are comprised of collagen, often embedded with small siliceous structures (spicules) arranged in various forms to provide strength and flexibility. The main proteins responsible for the formation of the spicules in demosponges are the silicateins, which are related to the cathepsins L of other animals. While the silicatein active site, necessary for the formation of biosilica crystals, is characterized by the amino acids SHN, different variants of the silicatein genes have been found, some that retain SHN at the active site and some that don't. As part of an effort to further understand skeleton formation in marine sponges of the order Haplosclerida, a search for all silicatein variants were made in Irish species representing the main clades of this large sponge group. For this task, transcriptomes were sequenced and de novo assembled from Haliclona oculata, H. simulans and H. indistincta. Silicatein genes were identified from these and all available genomes and transcriptomes from Porifera. These were analysed along with all complete silicateins from GenBank. Silicateins were only found in species belonging to the class Demospongiae but excluding Keratosa and Verongimorpha and there was significant duplication and diversity of these genes. Silicateins showing SHN at the active site were polyphyletic. Indeed silicatein sequences were divided into six major clades (CHNI, CHNII, CHNIII, SHNI, SHNII and C/SQN). In those clades where haplosclerids were well represented the silicatein phylogeny reflected previous ribosomal and mitochondrial topologies. The most basal silicatein clade (CHNI) contained sequences only from marine haplosclerids and freshwater sponges while one silicatein from H. indistincta was more related to cathepsins L (outgroup) than to the overall silicatein clade indicating the presence of an old silicatein or an intermediary form. This data could suggest that marine haplosclerids were one of the first groups of extant demosponges to acquire silicatein genes. Furthermore, we suggest that the paucity of spicule types in this group may be due to their single copy of SHNI variants, and the lack of a silintaphin gene.
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18
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Galitz A, Cook SDC, Ekins M, Hooper JNA, Naumann PT, de Voogd NJ, Abdul Wahab M, Wörheide G, Erpenbeck D. Identification of an aquaculture poriferan "Pest with Potential" and its phylogenetic implications. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5586. [PMID: 30280018 PMCID: PMC6160822 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Correct identification and classification of sponges is challenging due to ambiguous or misleading morphological features. A particular case is a blue keratose sponge occasionally referred to as the “Blue Photo Sponge” among aquarists, which appears frequently (and in several cases unintended) in private aquaria. This spicule-less species, occasionally specified as Collospongia auris Bergquist, Cambie & Kernan 1990, not only displays a high phenotypic plasticity in growth form and colour, it also proliferates in aquacultures under standard conditions unlike most other sponges. Therefore, this species is regarded as a pest for most aquarists. In turn, the ease of cultivation and propagation in aquacultures qualifies this species as a model organism for a wide array of scientific applications. For these purposes, correct identification and classification are indispensable. We reconstructed ribosomal gene trees and determined this species as Lendenfeldia chondrodes (De Laubenfels, 1954) (Phyllospongiinae), distant to Collospongia auris, and corroborated by skeletal features. Additionally, the resulting phylogeny corroborated major shortcomings of the current Phyllospongiinae classification—its consequences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Galitz
- Department of Earth- and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Steve de C Cook
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Formerly: University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Merrick Ekins
- Biodiversity Program, Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - John N A Hooper
- Biodiversity Program, Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter T Naumann
- Department of Earth- and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicole J de Voogd
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Muhammad Abdul Wahab
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gert Wörheide
- Department of Earth- and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,SNSB-Bavarian State Collections of Palaeontology and Geology, Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Erpenbeck
- Department of Earth- and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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19
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Alvizu A, Eilertsen MH, Xavier JR, Rapp HT. Increased taxon sampling provides new insights into the phylogeny and evolution of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, Calcarea). ORG DIVERS EVOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-018-0368-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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20
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Esteves EL, de Paula TS, Lerner C, Lôbo-Hajdu G, Hajdu E. Morphological and molecular systematics of the ‘Monanchora arbuscula complex’ (Poecilosclerida : Crambeidae), with the description of five new species and a biogeographic discussion of the genus in the Tropical Western Atlantic. INVERTEBR SYST 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/is16088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Monanchora Carter, 1883 is a genus of shallow-water marine sponges comprising 16 species distributed worldwide, two of them in the Tropical Western Atlantic (TWA): M. arbuscula (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) and M. brasiliensis Esteves, Lerner, Lôbo-Hajdu & Hajdu, 2012. The former species stands out as one of the most variable demosponges, and is very similar in spicule complement and in secondary metabolite chemistry to the Mediterranean/eastern Atlantic Crambe crambe (Schmidt, 1862), type species of Crambe Vosmaer, 1880. The aim of the present study was to revise the genus Monanchora in the TWA. In addition, we critically analyse the monophyly of Crambe and Monanchora. Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference analyses of 28S and 16S rRNA sequences of the latter genera, and a redescription of the ‘M. arbuscula complex’, revealed three species: M. arbuscula s.s., M. coccinea, sp. nov. and a new species of Acarnidae – Iophon parvachela, sp. nov. Three other new species from the TWA previously assigned to Monanchora were revealed by morphological analyses, and are also described: M. bahamensis, sp. nov., M. megasigmifera, sp. nov. and a new species of Chondropsidae – Batzella catarinensis, sp. nov. A key for species identification is provided. Our results suggest that the Eastern Brazil and Southeastern Brazil Ecoregions may represent centres of diversity for Monanchora in the TWA.
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21
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Riesgo A, Cavalcanti FF, Kenny NJ, Ríos P, Cristobo J, Lanna E. Integrative systematics of clathrinid sponges: morphological, reproductive and phylogenetic characterisation of a new species of Leucetta from Antarctica (Porifera, Calcarea, Calcinea) with notes on the occurrence of flagellated sperm. INVERTEBR SYST 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/is17033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Our study reports on the occurrence of a new species of Leucetta (Calcinea, Calcarea) from the Southern Ocean, Leucetta giribeti, sp. nov., collected in the shallow waters (15m depth) of Deception Island, South Shetland Islands. This new taxon is described based on a combination of morphological and molecular data, including the description of oocytes, embryos, larvae and sperm found in the choanosome. While female reproductive elements showed great similarities with those of other calcineans, sperm is reported here for the first time in the whole Calcinea subclass. Sperm cells are flagellated and possess a typical spermatic mid-piece, which is usually observed in cnidarians. In our phylogenetic analyses, we recovered Leucetta giribeti, sp. nov. as sister species of a clade formed by species of the genera Leucetta, Pericharax and Leucettusa. Although the clade in which Leucetta giribeti, sp. nov. is placed is supported by molecular and morphological features, we cannot propose a new genus due to uncertainties regarding the type species of the genus, Leucetta primigenia Haeckel, 1872. Our study reinforces the relevance of integrative approaches in the description of new taxa and contributes to resolving the poorly known reproductive patterns of Antarctic sponge species.
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22
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Lim SC, Wiklund H, Glover AG, Dahlgren TG, Tan KS. A new genus and species of abyssal sponge commonly encrusting polymetallic nodules in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone, East Pacific Ocean. SYST BIODIVERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2017.1358218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Swee-Cheng Lim
- Keppel-NUS Corporate Laboratory, Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 18 Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119227
| | - Helena Wiklund
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Adrian G. Glover
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Thomas G. Dahlgren
- Uni Research, Thormølensgate 49B, Bergen, Norway
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Koh-Siang Tan
- Keppel-NUS Corporate Laboratory, Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 18 Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119227
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23
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Grice LF, Gauthier ME, Roper KE, Fernàndez-Busquets X, Degnan SM, Degnan BM. Origin and Evolution of the Sponge Aggregation Factor Gene Family. Mol Biol Evol 2017; 34:1083-1099. [PMID: 28104746 PMCID: PMC5400394 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msx058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although discriminating self from nonself is a cardinal animal trait, metazoan allorecognition genes do not appear to be homologous. Here, we characterize the Aggregation Factor (AF) gene family, which encodes putative allorecognition factors in the demosponge Amphimedon queenslandica, and trace its evolution across 24 sponge (Porifera) species. The AF locus in Amphimedon is comprised of a cluster of five similar genes that encode Calx-beta and Von Willebrand domains and a newly defined Wreath domain, and are highly polymorphic. Further AF variance appears to be generated through individualistic patterns of RNA editing. The AF gene family varies between poriferans, with protein sequences and domains diagnostic of the AF family being present in Amphimedon and other demosponges, but absent from other sponge classes. Within the demosponges, AFs vary widely with no two species having the same AF repertoire or domain organization. The evolution of AFs suggests that their diversification occurs via high allelism, and the continual and rapid gain, loss and shuffling of domains over evolutionary time. Given the marked differences in metazoan allorecognition genes, we propose the rapid evolution of AFs in sponges provides a model for understanding the extensive diversification of self-nonself recognition systems in the animal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura F. Grice
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Marie E.A. Gauthier
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kathrein E. Roper
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Xavier Fernàndez-Busquets
- Nanomalaria Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandie M. Degnan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Bernard M. Degnan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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24
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Uriz MJ, Garate L, Agell G. Molecular phylogenies confirm the presence of two cryptic Hemimycale species in the Mediterranean and reveal the polyphyly of the genera Crella and Hemimycale (Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida). PeerJ 2017; 5:e2958. [PMID: 28286707 PMCID: PMC5344016 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sponges are particularly prone to hiding cryptic species as their paradigmatic plasticity often favors species phenotypic convergence as a result of adaptation to similar habitat conditions. Hemimycale is a sponge genus (Family Hymedesmiidae, Order Poecilosclerida) with four formally described species, from which only Hemimycale columella has been recorded in the Atlanto-Mediterranean basin, on shallow to 80 m deep bottoms. Contrasting biological features between shallow and deep individuals of Hemimycale columella suggested larger genetic differences than those expected between sponge populations. To assess whether shallow and deep populations indeed belong to different species, we performed a phylogenetic study of Hemimycale columella across the Mediterranean. We also included other Hemimycale and Crella species from the Red Sea, with the additional aim of clarifying the relationships of the genus Hemimycale. Methods Hemimycale columella was sampled across the Mediterranean, and Adriatic Seas. Hemimycale arabica and Crella cyathophora were collected from the Red Sea and Pacific. From two to three specimens per species and locality were extracted, amplified for Cytochrome C Oxidase I (COI) (M1–M6 partition), 18S rRNA, and 28S (D3–D5 partition) and sequenced. Sequences were aligned using Clustal W v.1.81. Phylogenetic trees were constructed under neighbor joining (NJ), Bayesian inference (BI), and maximum likelihood (ML) criteria as implemented in Geneious software 9.01. Moreover, spicules of the target species were observed through a Scanning Electron microscope. Results The several phylogenetic reconstructions retrieved both Crella and Hemimycale polyphyletic. Strong differences in COI sequences indicated that C. cyathophora from the Red Sea might belong in a different genus, closer to Hemimycale arabica than to the Atlanto-Mediterranean Crella spp. Molecular and external morphological differences between Hemimycale arabica and the Atlanto-Mediterranean Hemimycale also suggest that Hemimycale arabica fit in a separate genus. On the other hand, the Atlanto-Mediterranean Crellidae appeared in 18S and 28S phylogenies as a sister group of the Atlanto-Mediterranean Hemimycale. Moreover, what was known up to now as Hemimycale columella, is formed by two cryptic species with contrasting bathymetric distributions. Some small but consistent morphological differences allow species distinction. Conclusions A new family (Hemimycalidae) including the genus Hemimycale and the two purported new genera receiving C. cyathophora and Hemimycale arabica might be proposed according to our phylogenetic results. However, the inclusion of additional Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTUs) appears convenient before taking definite taxonomical decisions. A new cryptic species (Hemimycale mediterranea sp. nov.) is described. Morphologically undifferentiated species with contrasting biological traits, as those here reported, confirm that unidentified cryptic species may confound ecological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Uriz
- Department of Marine Ecology, Centre for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB-CSIC) , Blanes, Girona , Spain
| | - Leire Garate
- Department of Marine Ecology, Centre for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB-CSIC) , Blanes, Girona , Spain
| | - Gemma Agell
- Department of Marine Ecology, Centre for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB-CSIC) , Blanes, Girona , Spain
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25
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Freeman CJ, Easson CG. Sponge distribution and the presence of photosymbionts in Moorea, French Polynesia. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1816. [PMID: 27014516 PMCID: PMC4806600 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Photosymbionts play an important role in the ecology and evolution of diverse host species within the marine environment. Although sponge-photosymbiont interactions have been well described from geographically disparate sites worldwide, our understanding of these interactions from shallow water systems within French Polynesia is limited. We surveyed diverse habitats around the north coast of Moorea, French Polynesia and screened sponges for the presence of photosymbionts. Overall sponge abundance and diversity were low, with <1% cover and only eight putative species identified by 28S barcoding from surveys at 21 sites. Of these eight species, seven were found predominately in shaded or semi-cryptic habitats under overhangs or within caverns. Lendenfeldia chondrodes was the only species that supported a high abundance of photosymbionts and was also the only species found in exposed, illuminated habitats. Interestingly, L. chondrodes was found at three distinct sites, with a massive, fan-shaped growth form at two of the lagoon sites and a thin, encrusting growth form within a bay site. These two growth forms differed in their photosymbiont abundance, with massive individuals of L. chondrodes having higher photosymbiont abundance than encrusting individuals from the bay. We present evidence that some sponges from French Polynesia support abundant photosymbiont communities and provide initial support for the role of these communities in host ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Freeman
- Smithsonian Marine Station, Fort Pierce, FL, USA
- IRCP, Institute for Pacific Coral Reefs, Labex Corail, Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - Cole G. Easson
- Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, FL, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Easson CG, Matterson KO, Freeman CJ, Archer SK, Thacker RW. Variation in species diversity and functional traits of sponge communities near human populations in Bocas del Toro, Panama. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1385. [PMID: 26587347 PMCID: PMC4647605 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have renewed interest in sponge ecology by emphasizing the functional importance of sponges in a broad array of ecosystem services. Many critically important habitats occupied by sponges face chronic stressors that might lead to alterations in their diversity, relatedness, and functional attributes. We addressed whether proximity to human activity might be a significant factor in structuring sponge community composition, as well as potential functional roles, by monitoring sponge diversity and abundance at two structurally similar sites that vary in distance to areas of high coastal development in Bocas Del Toro, Panama. We surveyed sponge communities at each site using belt transects and differences between two sites were compared using the following variables: (1) sponge species richness, Shannon diversity, and inverse Simpson’s diversity; (2) phylogenetic diversity; (3) taxonomic and phylogenetic beta diversity; (4) trait diversity and dissimilarity; and (5) phylogenetic and trait patterns in community structure. We observed significantly higher sponge diversity at Punta Caracol, the site most distant from human development (∼5 km). Although phylogenetic diversity was lower at Saigon Bay, the site adjacent to a large village including many houses, businesses, and an airport, the sites did not exhibit significantly different patterns of phylogenetic relatedness in species composition. However, each site had a distinct taxonomic and phylogenetic composition (beta diversity). In addition, the sponge community at Saigon included a higher relative abundance of sponges with high microbial abundance and high chlorophyll a concentration, whereas the community at Punta Caracol had a more even distribution of these traits, yielding a significant difference in functional trait diversity between sites. These results suggest that lower diversity and potentially altered community function might be associated with proximity to human populations. This study highlights the importance of evaluating functional traits and phylogenetic diversity in addition to common diversity metrics when assessing potential environmental impacts on benthic communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole G Easson
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , United States
| | - Kenan O Matterson
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , United States
| | | | - Stephanie K Archer
- Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC , United States
| | - Robert W Thacker
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, NY , United States
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Hestetun JT, Vacelet J, Boury-Esnault N, Borchiellini C, Kelly M, Ríos P, Cristobo J, Rapp HT. The systematics of carnivorous sponges. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 94:327-45. [PMID: 26416707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Carnivorous sponges are characterized by their unique method of capturing mesoplanktonic prey coupled with the complete or partial reduction of the aquiferous system characteristic of the phylum Porifera. Current systematics place the vast majority of carnivorous sponges within Cladorhizidae, with certain species assigned to Guitarridae and Esperiopsidae. Morphological characters have not been able to show whether this classification is evolutionary accurate, and whether carnivory has evolved once or in several lineages. In the present paper we present the first comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the carnivorous sponges, interpret these results in conjunction with morphological characters, and propose a revised classification of the group. Molecular phylogenies were inferred using 18S rDNA and a combined dataset of partial 28S rDNA, COI and ALG11 sequences. The results recovered carnivorous sponges as a clade closely related to the families Mycalidae and Guitarridae, showing family Cladorhizidae to be monophyletic and also including carnivorous species currently placed in other families. The genus Lycopodina is resurrected for species currently placed in the paraphyletic subgenus Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) featuring forceps spicules and lacking sigmas or sigmancistras. The genera Chondrocladia and Cladorhiza are found to be monophyletic. However, results indicate that the subgenus Chondrocladia is polyphyletic with respect to the subgenera Meliiderma and Symmetrocladia. Euchelipluma, formerly Guitarridae, is retained, but transferred to Cladorhizidae. The four known carnivorous species currently in Esperiopsis are transferred to Abyssocladia. Neocladia is a junior homonym and is here renamed Koltunicladia. Our results provide strong evidence in support of the hypothesis that carnivory in sponges has evolved only once. While spicule characters mostly reflect monophyletic groups at the generic level, differences between genera represent evolution within family Cladorhizidae rather than evolution of carnivory in separate lineages. Conflicting spicule characters can be reinterpreted to support the inclusion of all carnivorous sponges within Cladorhizidae, and a carnivorous habit should thus be considered the main diagnostic character in systematic classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Thomassen Hestetun
- Department of Biology and Centre for Geobiology, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Jean Vacelet
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, IMBE UMR 7263, 13397 Marseille, France.
| | - Nicole Boury-Esnault
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, IMBE UMR 7263, 13397 Marseille, France.
| | - Carole Borchiellini
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, IMBE UMR 7263, 13397 Marseille, France.
| | - Michelle Kelly
- National Centre for Aquatic Biodiversity and Biosecurity, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 109-695, Newmarket, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Pilar Ríos
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Gijón, Av./Príncipe de Asturias 70 bis, 33212 Gijón, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Javier Cristobo
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Gijón, Av./Príncipe de Asturias 70 bis, 33212 Gijón, Asturias, Spain; Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Hans Tore Rapp
- Department of Biology and Centre for Geobiology, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; Uni Environment, P.O. Box 7810, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
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Morrow C, Cárdenas P. Proposal for a revised classification of the Demospongiae (Porifera). Front Zool 2015; 12:7. [PMID: 25901176 PMCID: PMC4404696 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-015-0099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Demospongiae is the largest sponge class including 81% of all living sponges with nearly 7,000 species worldwide. Systema Porifera (2002) was the result of a large international collaboration to update the Demospongiae higher taxa classification, essentially based on morphological data. Since then, an increasing number of molecular phylogenetic studies have considerably shaken this taxonomic framework, with numerous polyphyletic groups revealed or confirmed and new clades discovered. And yet, despite a few taxonomical changes, the overall framework of the Systema Porifera classification still stands and is used as it is by the scientific community. This has led to a widening phylogeny/classification gap which creates biases and inconsistencies for the many end-users of this classification and ultimately impedes our understanding of today's marine ecosystems and evolutionary processes. In an attempt to bridge this phylogeny/classification gap, we propose to officially revise the higher taxa Demospongiae classification. DISCUSSION We propose a revision of the Demospongiae higher taxa classification, essentially based on molecular data of the last ten years. We recommend the use of three subclasses: Verongimorpha, Keratosa and Heteroscleromorpha. We retain seven (Agelasida, Chondrosiida, Dendroceratida, Dictyoceratida, Haplosclerida, Poecilosclerida, Verongiida) of the 13 orders from Systema Porifera. We recommend the abandonment of five order names (Hadromerida, Halichondrida, Halisarcida, lithistids, Verticillitida) and resurrect or upgrade six order names (Axinellida, Merliida, Spongillida, Sphaerocladina, Suberitida, Tetractinellida). Finally, we create seven new orders (Bubarida, Desmacellida, Polymastiida, Scopalinida, Clionaida, Tethyida, Trachycladida). These added to the recently created orders (Biemnida and Chondrillida) make a total of 22 orders in the revised classification. We propose the abandonment of the haplosclerid and poecilosclerid suborders. The family content of each order is also revised. SUMMARY The deletion of polyphyletic taxa, the use of resurrected or new names for new clades and the proposal of new family groupings will improve the comparability of studies in a wide range of scientific fields using sponges as their object of study. It is envisaged that this will lead to new and more meaningful evolutionary hypotheses for the end-users of the Demospongiae classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Morrow
- />Queen’s University Belfast, Marine Laboratory, Portaferry BT22 1PF, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Paco Cárdenas
- />Department of Organismal Biology, Division of Systematic Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
- />Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Pharmacognosy, BioMedical Centre, Husargatan 3, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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29
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Grice LF, Degnan BM. The origin of the ADAR gene family and animal RNA editing. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:4. [PMID: 25630791 PMCID: PMC4323055 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0279-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ADAR (adenosine deaminase acting on RNA) proteins convert adenosine into inosine in double-stranded RNAs and have been shown to increase gene product diversity in a number of bilaterians, particularly mammals and flies. This enzyme family appears to have evolved from an ADAT (adenosine deaminase acting on tRNA) ancestor, via the addition of a double-stranded RNA binding domain. The modern vertebrate ADAR family is comprised of ADAD, ADAR2 and ADAR1, each of which has a conserved domain architecture. To reconstruct the origin of this protein family, we identified and categorised ADAR family members encoded in the genomes and/or transcriptomes of early-branching metazoan and closely related non-metazoan taxa, including thirteen sponge and ten ctenophore species. RESULTS We demonstrate that the ADAR protein family is a metazoan innovation, with the three ADAR subtypes being present in representatives of the earliest phyletic lineages of animals - sponges and ctenophores - but not in other closely related choanoflagellate and filasterean holozoans. ADAR1 is missing from all ctenophore genomes and transcriptomes surveyed. Depending on the relationship of sponges and ctenophores to the rest of the Metazoa, this is consistent with either ADAR1 being lost in ctenophores, as it has been in multiple metazoan lineages, or being an innovation that evolved after ctenophores diverged from the rest of the animal kingdom. The presence of Z-DNA binding domains in some sponge ADARs indicates an ancestral ADAR included this domain and it has been lost in multiple animal lineages. CONCLUSIONS The ADAR family appears to be a metazoan innovation, with all family members in place in the earliest phyletic branches of the crown Metazoa. The presence of ADARs in sponges and ctenophores is consistent with A-to-I editing being a post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism that was used by the last common ancestor to all living animals and subsequently has been preserved in most modern lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura F Grice
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
| | - Bernard M Degnan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
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DeBiasse MB, Hellberg ME. Discordance between morphological and molecular species boundaries among Caribbean species of the reef sponge Callyspongia. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:663-75. [PMID: 25691989 PMCID: PMC4328770 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sponges are among the most species-rich and ecologically important taxa on coral reefs, yet documenting their diversity is difficult due to the simplicity and plasticity of their morphological characters. Genetic attempts to identify species are hampered by the slow rate of mitochondrial sequence evolution characteristic of sponges and some other basal metazoans. Here we determine species boundaries of the Caribbean coral reef sponge genus Callyspongia using a multilocus, model-based approach. Based on sequence data from one mitochondrial (COI), one ribosomal (28S), and two single-copy nuclear protein-coding genes, we found evolutionarily distinct lineages were not concordant with current species designations in Callyspongia. While C. fallax,C. tenerrima, and C. plicifera were reciprocally monophyletic, four taxa with different morphologies (C. armigera,C. longissima,C. eschrichtii, and C. vaginalis) formed a monophyletic group and genetic distances among these taxa overlapped distances within them. A model-based method of species delimitation supported collapsing these four into a single evolutionary lineage. Variation in spicule size among these four taxa was partitioned geographically, not by current species designations, indicating that in Callyspongia, these key taxonomic characters are poor indicators of genetic differentiation. Taken together, our results suggest a complex relationship between morphology and species boundaries in sponges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa B DeBiasse
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University202 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803
- Correspondence Melissa B DeBiasse, Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, 202 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803., Tel: 225 578 4284; Fax: 225 578 2597; E-mail:
| | - Michael E Hellberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University202 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803
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31
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Schuster A, Erpenbeck D, Pisera A, Hooper J, Bryce M, Fromont J, Wörheide G. Deceptive desmas: molecular phylogenetics suggests a new classification and uncovers convergent evolution of lithistid demosponges. PLoS One 2015; 10:e116038. [PMID: 25565279 PMCID: PMC4286238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconciling the fossil record with molecular phylogenies to enhance the understanding of animal evolution is a challenging task, especially for taxa with a mostly poor fossil record, such as sponges (Porifera). 'Lithistida', a polyphyletic group of recent and fossil sponges, are an exception as they provide the richest fossil record among demosponges. Lithistids, currently encompassing 13 families, 41 genera and >300 recent species, are defined by the common possession of peculiar siliceous spicules (desmas) that characteristically form rigid articulated skeletons. Their phylogenetic relationships are to a large extent unresolved and there has been no (taxonomically) comprehensive analysis to formally reallocate lithistid taxa to their closest relatives. This study, based on the most comprehensive molecular and morphological investigation of 'lithistid' demosponges to date, corroborates some previous weakly-supported hypotheses, and provides novel insights into the evolutionary relationships of the previous 'order Lithistida'. Based on molecular data (partial mtDNA CO1 and 28S rDNA sequences), we show that 8 out of 13 'Lithistida' families belong to the order Astrophorida, whereas Scleritodermidae and Siphonidiidae form a separate monophyletic clade within Tetractinellida. Most lithistid astrophorids are dispersed between different clades of the Astrophorida and we propose to formally reallocate them, respectively. Corallistidae, Theonellidae and Phymatellidae are monophyletic, whereas the families Pleromidae and Scleritodermidae are polyphyletic. Family Desmanthidae is polyphyletic and groups within Halichondriidae--we formally propose a reallocation. The sister group relationship of the family Vetulinidae to Spongillida is confirmed and we propose here for the first time to include Vetulina into a new Order Sphaerocladina. Megascleres and microscleres possibly evolved and/or were lost several times independently in different 'lithistid' taxa, and microscleres might at least be four times more likely lost than megascleres. Desma spicules occasionally may have undergone secondary losses too. Our study provides a framework for further detailed investigations of this important demosponge group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Schuster
- Department of Earth- & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology and Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Richard-Wagner Str. 10, 80333 Munich, Germany
- SNSB – Bavarian State Collections of Palaeontology and Geology, Richard-Wagner Str. 10, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Erpenbeck
- Department of Earth- & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology and Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Richard-Wagner Str. 10, 80333 Munich, Germany
- GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Richard-Wagner Str. 10, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrzej Pisera
- Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warszawa, Poland
| | - John Hooper
- Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Monika Bryce
- Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
- Department of Aquatic Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, Western Australia, 6986, Australia
| | - Jane Fromont
- Department of Aquatic Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, Western Australia, 6986, Australia
| | - Gert Wörheide
- Department of Earth- & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology and Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Richard-Wagner Str. 10, 80333 Munich, Germany
- SNSB – Bavarian State Collections of Palaeontology and Geology, Richard-Wagner Str. 10, 80333 Munich, Germany
- GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Richard-Wagner Str. 10, 80333 Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Cuvelier ML, Blake E, Mulheron R, McCarthy PJ, Blackwelder P, Thurber RLV, Lopez JV. Two distinct microbial communities revealed in the sponge Cinachyrella. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:581. [PMID: 25408689 PMCID: PMC4219487 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine sponges are vital components of benthic and coral reef ecosystems, providing shelter and nutrition for many organisms. In addition, sponges act as an essential carbon and nutrient link between the pelagic and benthic environment by filtering large quantities of seawater. Many sponge species harbor a diverse microbial community (including Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotes), which can constitute up to 50% of the sponge biomass. Sponges of the genus Cinachyrella are common in Caribbean and Floridian reefs and their archaeal and bacterial microbiomes were explored here using 16S rRNA gene tag pyrosequencing. Cinachyrella specimens and seawater samples were collected from the same South Florida reef at two different times of year. In total, 639 OTUs (12 archaeal and 627 bacterial) belonging to 2 archaeal and 21 bacterial phyla were detected in the sponges. Based on their microbiomes, the six sponge samples formed two distinct groups, namely sponge group 1 (SG1) with lower diversity (Shannon-Weiner index: 3.73 ± 0.22) and SG2 with higher diversity (Shannon-Weiner index: 5.95 ± 0.25). Hosts' 28S rRNA gene sequences further confirmed that the sponge specimens were composed of two taxa closely related to Cinachyrella kuekenthalli. Both sponge groups were dominated by Proteobacteria, but Alphaproteobacteria were significantly more abundant in SG1. SG2 harbored many bacterial phyla (>1% of sequences) present in low abundance or below detection limits (<0.07%) in SG1 including: Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes, Nitrospirae, PAUC34f, Poribacteria, and Verrucomicrobia. Furthermore, SG1 and SG2 only had 95 OTUs in common, representing 30.5 and 22.4% of SG1 and SG2's total OTUs, respectively. These results suggest that the sponge host may exert a pivotal influence on the nature and structure of the microbial community and may only be marginally affected by external environment parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie L. Cuvelier
- Biological Sciences Department, Florida International UniversityMiami, FL, USA
| | - Emily Blake
- Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern UniversityDania Beach, FL, USA
| | - Rebecca Mulheron
- Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern UniversityDania Beach, FL, USA
| | - Peter J. McCarthy
- Marine Biomedical and Biotechnology Research, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic UniversityFort Pierce, FL, USA
| | - Patricia Blackwelder
- Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern UniversityDania Beach, FL, USA
- Marine Geosciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of MiamiMiami, FL, USA
| | | | - Jose V. Lopez
- Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern UniversityDania Beach, FL, USA
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Thacker RW, Díaz MC, Kerner A, Vignes-Lebbe R, Segerdell E, Haendel MA, Mungall CJ. The Porifera Ontology (PORO): enhancing sponge systematics with an anatomy ontology. J Biomed Semantics 2014; 5:39. [PMID: 25276334 PMCID: PMC4177528 DOI: 10.1186/2041-1480-5-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porifera (sponges) are ancient basal metazoans that lack organs. They provide insight into key evolutionary transitions, such as the emergence of multicellularity and the nervous system. In addition, their ability to synthesize unusual compounds offers potential biotechnical applications. However, much of the knowledge of these organisms has not previously been codified in a machine-readable way using modern web standards. Results The Porifera Ontology is intended as a standardized coding system for sponge anatomical features currently used in systematics. The ontology is available from http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/poro.owl, or from the project homepage http://porifera-ontology.googlecode.com/. The version referred to in this manuscript is permanently available from http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/poro/releases/2014-03-06/. Conclusions By standardizing character representations, we hope to facilitate more rapid description and identification of sponge taxa, to allow integration with other evolutionary database systems, and to perform character mapping across the major clades of sponges to better understand the evolution of morphological features. Future applications of the ontology will focus on creating (1) ontology-based species descriptions; (2) taxonomic keys that use the nested terms of the ontology to more quickly facilitate species identifications; and (3) methods to map anatomical characters onto molecular phylogenies of sponges. In addition to modern taxa, the ontology is being extended to include features of fossil taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Thacker
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | | | - Adeline Kerner
- CR2P, UMR 7207 CNRS-MNHN-UPMC, Département Histoire de la Terre, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Bâtiment de Géologie, CP48, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Régine Vignes-Lebbe
- CR2P, UMR 7207 CNRS-MNHN-UPMC, Département Histoire de la Terre, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Bâtiment de Géologie, CP48, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Erik Segerdell
- Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, USA
| | - Melissa A Haendel
- Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, USA
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Mentel M, Röttger M, Leys S, Tielens AGM, Martin WF. Of early animals, anaerobic mitochondria, and a modern sponge. Bioessays 2014; 36:924-32. [PMID: 25118050 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The origin and early evolution of animals marks an important event in life's history. This event is historically associated with an important variable in Earth history - oxygen. One view has it that an increase in oceanic oxygen levels at the end of the Neoproterozoic Era (roughly 600 million years ago) allowed animals to become large and leave fossils. How important was oxygen for the process of early animal evolution? New data show that some modern sponges can survive for several weeks at low oxygen levels. Many groups of animals have mechanisms to cope with low oxygen or anoxia, and very often, mitochondria - organelles usually associated with oxygen - are involved in anaerobic energy metabolism in animals. It is a good time to refresh our memory about the anaerobic capacities of mitochondria in modern animals and how that might relate to the ecology of early metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Mentel
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Riesgo A, Peterson K, Richardson C, Heist T, Strehlow B, McCauley M, Cotman C, Hill M, Hill A. Transcriptomic analysis of differential host gene expression upon uptake of symbionts: a case study with Symbiodinium and the major bioeroding sponge Cliona varians. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:376. [PMID: 24885832 PMCID: PMC4144087 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have a limited understanding of genomic interactions that occur among partners for many symbioses. One of the most important symbioses in tropical reef habitats involves Symbiodinium. Most work examining Symbiodinium-host interactions involves cnidarian partners. To fully and broadly understand the conditions that permit Symbiodinium to procure intracellular residency, we must explore hosts from different taxa to help uncover universal cellular and genetic strategies for invading and persisting in host cells. Here, we present data from gene expression analyses involving the bioeroding sponge Cliona varians that harbors Clade G Symbiodinium. Results Patterns of differential gene expression from distinct symbiont states (“normal”, “reinfected”, and “aposymbiotic”) of the sponge host are presented based on two comparative approaches (transcriptome sequencing and suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH)). Transcriptomic profiles were different when reinfected tissue was compared to normal and aposymbiotic tissue. We characterized a set of 40 genes drawn from a pool of differentially expressed genes in “reinfected” tissue compared to “aposymbiotic” tissue via SSH. As proof of concept, we determined whether some of the differentially expressed genes identified above could be monitored in sponges grown under ecologically realistic field conditions. We allowed aposymbiotic sponge tissue to become re-populated by natural pools of Symbiodinium in shallow water flats in the Florida Keys, and we analyzed gene expression profiles for two genes found to be increased in expression in “reinfected” tissue in both the transcriptome and via SSH. These experiments highlighted the experimental tractability of C. varians to explore with precision the genetic events that occur upon establishment of the symbiosis. We briefly discuss lab- and field-based experimental approaches that promise to offer insights into the co-opted genetic networks that may modulate uptake and regulation of Symbiondinium populations in hospite. Conclusions This work provides a sponge transcriptome, and a database of putative genes and genetic pathways that may be involved in Symbiodinium interactions. The relative patterns of gene expression observed in these experiments will need to be evaluated on a gene-by-gene basis in controlled and natural re-infection experiments. We argue that sponges offer particularly useful characteristics for discerning essential dimensions of the Symbiodinium niche. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-376) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Malcolm Hill
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, USA.
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Redmond NE, Morrow CC, Thacker RW, Diaz MC, Boury-Esnault N, Cardenas P, Hajdu E, Lobo-Hajdu G, Picton BE, Pomponi SA, Kayal E, Collins AG. Phylogeny and Systematics of Demospongiae in Light of New Small-Subunit Ribosomal DNA (18S) Sequences. Integr Comp Biol 2013; 53:388-415. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/ict078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Morrow CC, Redmond NE, Picton BE, Thacker RW, Collins AG, Maggs CA, Sigwart JD, Allcock AL. Molecular phylogenies support homoplasy of multiple morphological characters used in the taxonomy of Heteroscleromorpha (Porifera: Demospongiae). Integr Comp Biol 2013; 53:428-46. [PMID: 23753661 DOI: 10.1093/icb/ict065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sponge classification has long been based mainly on morphocladistic analyses but is now being greatly challenged by more than 12 years of accumulated analyses of molecular data analyses. The current study used phylogenetic hypotheses based on sequence data from 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, and the CO1 barcoding fragment, combined with morphology to justify the resurrection of the order Axinellida Lévi, 1953. Axinellida occupies a key position in different morphologically derived topologies. The abandonment of Axinellida and the establishment of Halichondrida Vosmaer, 1887 sensu lato to contain Halichondriidae Gray, 1867, Axinellidae Carter, 1875, Bubaridae Topsent, 1894, Heteroxyidae Dendy, 1905, and a new family Dictyonellidae van Soest et al., 1990 was based on the conclusion that an axially condensed skeleton evolved independently in separate lineages in preference to the less parsimonious assumption that asters (star-shaped spicules), acanthostyles (club-shaped spicules with spines), and sigmata (C-shaped spicules) each evolved more than once. Our new molecular trees are congruent and contrast with the earlier, morphologically based, trees. The results show that axially condensed skeletons, asters, acanthostyles, and sigmata are all homoplasious characters. The unrecognized homoplasious nature of these characters explains much of the incongruence between molecular-based and morphology-based phylogenies. We use the molecular trees presented here as a basis for re-interpreting the morphological characters within Heteroscleromorpha. The implications for the classification of Heteroscleromorpha are discussed and a new order Biemnida ord. nov. is erected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C Morrow
- *School of Biological Sciences, MBC, 97 Lisburn Road, Queen's University, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; National Systematics Laboratory, National Museum of Natural History, MRC-153, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA; National Museums Northern Ireland, 153 Bangor Road, Holywood BT18 0EU, Northern Ireland, UK; Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; School of Natural Science and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
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Diaz MC, Thacker RW, Redmond NE, Matterson KO, Collins AG. Phylogenetic novelties and geographic anomalies among tropical Verongida. Integr Comp Biol 2013; 53:482-94. [PMID: 23624868 DOI: 10.1093/icb/ict033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploring marine sponges from shallow tropical reefs of the Caribbean and western Central Pacific, as part of large biodiversity (Moorea Biocode Project) and evolutionary (Porifera Tree of Life) research projects, we encountered 13 skeleton-less specimens, initially divided in two morphological groups, which had patterns of coloration and oxidation typical of taxa of the order Verongida (Demospongiae). The first group of samples inhabited open and cryptic habitats of shallow (15-20 m) Caribbean reefs at Bocas del Toro Archipelago, Panama. The second group inhabited schiophilous (e.g., inner coral framework and crevices) habitats on shallow reefs (0.5-20 m deep) in Moorea Island, French Polynesia. We applied an integrative approach by combining analyses of external morphology, histological observations, 18S rDNA, and mtCOI to determine the identity and the relationships of these unknown taxa within the order Verongida. Molecular analyses revealed that none of the species studied belonged to Hexadella (Ianthellidae, Verongida), the only fibreless genus of the Order Verongida currently recognized. The species from the Caribbean locality of Bocas del Toro (Panama) belong to the family Ianthellidae and is closely related to the Pacific genera Ianthella and Anomoianthella, both with well-developed fiber reticulations. We suggest the erection of a new generic denomination to include this novel eurypylous, fibreless ianthellid. The species collected in Moorea were all diplodal verongid taxa, with high affinities to a clade containing Pseudoceratina, Verongula, and Aiolochroia, a Pacific and two Caribbean genera, respectively. These unknown species represented at least three different taxa distinguished by DNA sequence analysis and morphological characteristics. Two new genera and a new species of Pseudoceratina are here proposed to accommodate these novel biological discoveries. The evolutionary and ecological meaning of having or lacking a fiber skeleton within Verongida is challenged under the evidence of the existence of fibreless genera within various verongid clades. Furthermore, the discovery of a fibreless Peudoceratina suggests that the possession of a spongin-chitin fiber reticulation is an "ecological" plastic trait that might be lost under certain conditions, such us growing within another organism's skeletal framework. These results raise new questions about the ecological and evolutionary significance of the development of a fiber skeleton and of sponges' adaptability to various environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Diaz
- *Museo Marino, Boulevard de Boca del Rio, Nueva Esparta, Venezuela; Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294-1170, USA; NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA; ¶National Systematics Laboratory of NOAA's Fisheries Service, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
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