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Chen A, Vannier J, Guo J, Wang D, Gąsiorek P, Han J, Ma W. Molting in early Cambrian armored lobopodians. Commun Biol 2024; 7:820. [PMID: 38969778 PMCID: PMC11226638 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06440-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Lobopodians represent a key step in the early history of ecdysozoans since they were the first animals to evolve legs within this clade. Their Cambrian representatives share a similar body plan with a typically cylindrical annulated trunk and a series of non-jointed legs. However, they do not form a monophyletic group and likely include ancestors of the three extant panarthropod lineages (Tardigrada, Onychophora, Euarthropoda). Some species display astonishing protective devices such as cuticular plates and spines. We describe here the armor and molting process of Microdictyon from the early Cambrian of China. Microdictyon secreted ovoid paired cuticular sclerites that were duplicated in a non-synchronous way along the animal's body. The reticulated pattern and cuticular architecture of these sclerites have similarities to extant armored tardigrades that recently served in hypothesizing that tardigrades are possibly miniaturized lobopodians. Ecdysis and hard cuticular protection are now well documented in the whole spectrum of early Cambrian ecdysozoans such as soft-bodied scalidophorans, lobopodians and fully articulated euarthropods. We hypothesize that the secretion of sclerotized cuticular elements periodically renewed via ecdysis was a key innovation that opened large-scale evolutionary opportunities to invertebrate animal life, specifically ecdysozoans, both in terms of anatomical functionalities and ecological success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailin Chen
- Research Centre of Palaeobiology, Yuxi Normal University, 653100, Yuxi, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210008, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jean Vannier
- Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon: Terre, Planètes, Environnement (CNRS-UMR 5276), Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, Villeurbanne, 69622, France.
| | - Jin Guo
- Chengjiang Science Museum, Management Committee of the Chengjiang Fossil Site World Heritage, 652500, Chengjiang, China
| | - Deng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University, 710069, Xi'an, China
| | - Piotr Gąsiorek
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Invertebrate Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jian Han
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University, 710069, Xi'an, China
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Smith FW, Game M, Mapalo MA, Chavarria RA, Harrison TR, Janssen R. Developmental and genomic insight into the origin of the tardigrade body plan. Evol Dev 2024; 26:e12457. [PMID: 37721221 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Tardigrada is an ancient lineage of miniaturized animals. As an outgroup of the well-studied Arthropoda and Onychophora, studies of tardigrades hold the potential to reveal important insights into body plan evolution in Panarthropoda. Previous studies have revealed interesting facets of tardigrade development and genomics that suggest that a highly compact body plan is a derived condition of this lineage, rather than it representing an ancestral state of Panarthropoda. This conclusion was based on studies of several species from Eutardigrada. We review these studies and expand on them by analyzing the publicly available genome and transcriptome assemblies of Echiniscus testudo, a representative of Heterotardigrada. These new analyses allow us to phylogenetically reconstruct important features of genome evolution in Tardigrada. We use available data from tardigrades to interrogate several recent models of body plan evolution in Panarthropoda. Although anterior segments of panarthropods are highly diverse in terms of anatomy and development, both within individuals and between species, we conclude that a simple one-to-one alignment of anterior segments across Panarthropoda is the best available model of segmental homology. In addition to providing important insight into body plan diversification within Panarthropoda, we speculate that studies of tardigrades may reveal generalizable pathways to miniaturization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W Smith
- Biology Department, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Mandy Game
- Biology Department, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Marc A Mapalo
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Raul A Chavarria
- Biology Department, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Taylor R Harrison
- Biology Department, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Ralf Janssen
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Peona V, Martelossi J, Almojil D, Bocharkina J, Brännström I, Brown M, Cang A, Carrasco-Valenzuela T, DeVries J, Doellman M, Elsner D, Espíndola-Hernández P, Montoya GF, Gaspar B, Zagorski D, Hałakuc P, Ivanovska B, Laumer C, Lehmann R, Boštjančić LL, Mashoodh R, Mazzoleni S, Mouton A, Nilsson MA, Pei Y, Potente G, Provataris P, Pardos-Blas JR, Raut R, Sbaffi T, Schwarz F, Stapley J, Stevens L, Sultana N, Symonova R, Tahami MS, Urzì A, Yang H, Yusuf A, Pecoraro C, Suh A. Teaching transposon classification as a means to crowd source the curation of repeat annotation - a tardigrade perspective. Mob DNA 2024; 15:10. [PMID: 38711146 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-024-00319-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The advancement of sequencing technologies results in the rapid release of hundreds of new genome assemblies a year providing unprecedented resources for the study of genome evolution. Within this context, the significance of in-depth analyses of repetitive elements, transposable elements (TEs) in particular, is increasingly recognized in understanding genome evolution. Despite the plethora of available bioinformatic tools for identifying and annotating TEs, the phylogenetic distance of the target species from a curated and classified database of repetitive element sequences constrains any automated annotation effort. Moreover, manual curation of raw repeat libraries is deemed essential due to the frequent incompleteness of automatically generated consensus sequences. RESULTS Here, we present an example of a crowd-sourcing effort aimed at curating and annotating TE libraries of two non-model species built around a collaborative, peer-reviewed teaching process. Manual curation and classification are time-consuming processes that offer limited short-term academic rewards and are typically confined to a few research groups where methods are taught through hands-on experience. Crowd-sourcing efforts could therefore offer a significant opportunity to bridge the gap between learning the methods of curation effectively and empowering the scientific community with high-quality, reusable repeat libraries. CONCLUSIONS The collaborative manual curation of TEs from two tardigrade species, for which there were no TE libraries available, resulted in the successful characterization of hundreds of new and diverse TEs in a reasonable time frame. Our crowd-sourcing setting can be used as a teaching reference guide for similar projects: A hidden treasure awaits discovery within non-model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Peona
- Department of Organismal Biology - Systematic Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-752 36, Sweden.
- Swiss Ornithological Institute Vogelwarte, Sempach, CH-6204, Switzerland.
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Natural History Museum, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jacopo Martelossi
- Department of Biological Geological and Environmental Science, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, Bologna, 40126, Italy.
| | - Dareen Almojil
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Ioana Brännström
- Natural History Museum, Oslo University, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Max Brown
- Anglia Ruskin University, East Rd, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, UK
| | | | - Tomàs Carrasco-Valenzuela
- Evolutionary Genetics Department, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, 10315, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jon DeVries
- Reed College, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Meredith Doellman
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Daniel Elsner
- Evolutionary Biology & Ecology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pamela Espíndola-Hernández
- Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis (COMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Bence Gaspar
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Danijela Zagorski
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Paweł Hałakuc
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beti Ivanovska
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Robert Lehmann
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ljudevit Luka Boštjančić
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rahia Mashoodh
- Department of Genetics, Environment & Evolution, Centre for Biodiversity & Environment Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sofia Mazzoleni
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alice Mouton
- INBIOS-Conservation Genetic Lab, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Maria Anna Nilsson
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yifan Pei
- Department of Organismal Biology - Systematic Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-752 36, Sweden
- Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Adenauerallee 127, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Giacomo Potente
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Panagiotis Provataris
- German Cancer Research Center, NGS Core Facility, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - José Ramón Pardos-Blas
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Ravindra Raut
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, India
| | - Tomasa Sbaffi
- Molecular Ecology Group (MEG), National Research Council of Italy - Water Research Institute (CNR-IRSA), Verbania, Italy
| | - Florian Schwarz
- Eurofins Genomics Europe Pharma and Diagnostics Products & Services Sales GmbH, Ebersberg, Germany
| | - Jessica Stapley
- Plant Pathology Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lewis Stevens
- Tree of Life, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Nusrat Sultana
- Department of Botany, Jagannath Univerity, Dhaka, 1100, Bangladesh
| | - Radka Symonova
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Mohadeseh S Tahami
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, 40014, Finland
| | - Alice Urzì
- Centogene GmbH, Am Strande 7, 18055, Rostock, Germany
| | - Heidi Yang
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Abdullah Yusuf
- Zell- und Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Suh
- Department of Organismal Biology - Systematic Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-752 36, Sweden.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TU, UK.
- Present address: Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Adenauerallee 160, 53113, Bonn, Germany.
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Steenwyk JL, King N. The promise and pitfalls of synteny in phylogenomics. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002632. [PMID: 38768403 PMCID: PMC11105162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Reconstructing the tree of life remains a central goal in biology. Early methods, which relied on small numbers of morphological or genetic characters, often yielded conflicting evolutionary histories, undermining confidence in the results. Investigations based on phylogenomics, which use hundreds to thousands of loci for phylogenetic inquiry, have provided a clearer picture of life's history, but certain branches remain problematic. To resolve difficult nodes on the tree of life, 2 recent studies tested the utility of synteny, the conserved collinearity of orthologous genetic loci in 2 or more organisms, for phylogenetics. Synteny exhibits compelling phylogenomic potential while also raising new challenges. This Essay identifies and discusses specific opportunities and challenges that bear on the value of synteny data and other rare genomic changes for phylogenomic studies. Synteny-based analyses of highly contiguous genome assemblies mark a new chapter in the phylogenomic era and the quest to reconstruct the tree of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob L. Steenwyk
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Nicole King
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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5
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Roggenbuck EC, Hall EA, Hanson IB, Roby AA, Zhang KK, Alkatib KA, Carter JA, Clewner JE, Gelfius AL, Gong S, Gordon FR, Iseler JN, Kotapati S, Li M, Maysun A, McCormick EO, Rastogi G, Sengupta S, Uzoma CU, Wolkov MA, Clowney EJ. Let's talk about sex: Mechanisms of neural sexual differentiation in Bilateria. WIREs Mech Dis 2024; 16:e1636. [PMID: 38185860 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, sexed gonads have evolved that facilitate release of sperm versus eggs, and bilaterian animals purposefully combine their gametes via mating behaviors. Distinct neural circuits have evolved that control these physically different mating events for animals producing eggs from ovaries versus sperm from testis. In this review, we will describe the developmental mechanisms that sexually differentiate neural circuits across three major clades of bilaterian animals-Ecdysozoa, Deuterosomia, and Lophotrochozoa. While many of the mechanisms inducing somatic and neuronal sex differentiation across these diverse organisms are clade-specific rather than evolutionarily conserved, we develop a common framework for considering the developmental logic of these events and the types of neuronal differences that produce sex-differentiated behaviors. This article is categorized under: Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Neurological Diseases > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Roggenbuck
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Elijah A Hall
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Isabel B Hanson
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Alyssa A Roby
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Katherine K Zhang
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kyle A Alkatib
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Joseph A Carter
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jarred E Clewner
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Anna L Gelfius
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Shiyuan Gong
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Finley R Gordon
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jolene N Iseler
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Samhita Kotapati
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Marilyn Li
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Areeba Maysun
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Elise O McCormick
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Geetanjali Rastogi
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Srijani Sengupta
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Chantal U Uzoma
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Madison A Wolkov
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - E Josephine Clowney
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute Affiliate, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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6
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Sullivan LF, Barker MS, Felix PC, Vuong RQ, White BH. Neuromodulation and the toolkit for behavioural evolution: can ecdysis shed light on an old problem? FEBS J 2024; 291:1049-1079. [PMID: 36223183 PMCID: PMC10166064 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The geneticist Thomas Dobzhansky famously declared: 'Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution'. A key evolutionary adaptation of Metazoa is directed movement, which has been elaborated into a spectacularly varied number of behaviours in animal clades. The mechanisms by which animal behaviours have evolved, however, remain unresolved. This is due, in part, to the indirect control of behaviour by the genome, which provides the components for both building and operating the brain circuits that generate behaviour. These brain circuits are adapted to respond flexibly to environmental contingencies and physiological needs and can change as a function of experience. The resulting plasticity of behavioural expression makes it difficult to characterize homologous elements of behaviour and to track their evolution. Here, we evaluate progress in identifying the genetic substrates of behavioural evolution and suggest that examining adaptive changes in neuromodulatory signalling may be a particularly productive focus for future studies. We propose that the behavioural sequences used by ecdysozoans to moult are an attractive model for studying the role of neuromodulation in behavioural evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Sullivan
- Section on Neural Function, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matthew S Barker
- Section on Neural Function, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Princess C Felix
- Section on Neural Function, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard Q Vuong
- Section on Neural Function, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin H White
- Section on Neural Function, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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7
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Moratal S, Zrzavá M, Hrabar J, Dea-Ayuela MA, López-Ramon J, Mladineo I. Fecundity, in vitro early larval development and karyotype of the zoonotic nematode Anisakis pegreffii. Vet Parasitol 2023; 323:110050. [PMID: 37837730 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro life cycle of zoonotic helminths is an essential tool for -omic translational studies focused on disease control and treatment. Anisakiosis is an emerging zoonosis contracted by the ingestion of raw or undercooked fish infected with the third stage larvae (L3) of two sibling species Anisakis simplex sensu stricto (s.s.) and Anisakis pegreffii, the latter being the predominant species in the Mediterranean basin. Recently, in vitro culture of A. pegreffii has been developed to enable fast and large-scale production of fertile adults. However, the conditions for larval development from hatching to infective L3 were not fulfilled to complete the cycle. Herein, we used a Drosophila medium supplemented with chicken serum and adjusted different osmolarities to maintain the culture of L3 hatched from eggs for up to 17 weeks. The highest survival rate was observed in the medium with the highest osmolarities, which also allowed the highest larval exsheathment rate. Key morphological features of embryogenesis and postembryogenesis studied by transmission electron microscopy revealed that the excretory gland cell is differentiated already up to 48 h post-hatching. Extracellular vesicles and cell-free mitochondria are discharged between the two cuticle sheets of the second stage larvae (L2). Contemporarly cultivated, two populations of adult A. simplex s.s. and A. pegreffii reached an average production of 29,914.05 (± 27,629.36) and 24,370.96 (± 12,564.86) eggs/day/female, respectively. The chromosome spreads of A. pegreffii obtained from mature gonads suggests a diploid karyotype formula of 2n = 18. The development of a reliable protocol for the in vitro culture of a polyxenous nematode such as Anisakis spp. will serve to screen for much needed novel drug targets, but also to study the intricated and unknown ecological and physiological traits of these trophically transmitted marine nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Moratal
- Laboratory of Functional Helminthology, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 1160/31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czechia; Servicio de Análisis, Investigación y Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/ Tirant lo Blanc, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Magda Zrzavá
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760/31a, 37005, České Budějovice, Czechia; Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 1160/31, 37005, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Jerko Hrabar
- Laboratory of Aquaculture, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - María Auxiliadora Dea-Ayuela
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universitites, C/ Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jordi López-Ramon
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación y Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/ Tirant lo Blanc, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain; Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Travessera dels Turons, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivona Mladineo
- Laboratory of Functional Helminthology, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 1160/31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czechia
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8
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Zhang H, Xiao S, Eriksson ME, Duan B, Maas A. Musculature of an Early Cambrian cycloneuralian animal. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231803. [PMID: 37817588 PMCID: PMC10565385 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cycloneuralians are ecdysozoans with a fossil record extending to the Early Cambrian Fortunian Age and represented mostly by cuticular integuments. However, internal anatomies of Fortunian cycloneuralians are virtually unknown, hampering our understanding of their functional morphology and phylogenetic relationships. Here we report the exceptional preservation of cycloneuralian introvert musculature in Fortunian rocks of South China. The musculature consists of an introvert body-wall muscular grid of four circular and 36 radially arranged longitudinal muscle bundles, as well as an introvert circular muscle associated with 19 roughly radially arranged, short retractors. Collectively, these features support at least a scalidophoran affinity, and the absence of muscles associated with a mouth cone and scalids further indicates a priapulan affinity. As in modern scalidophorans, the fossil musculature, and particularly the introvert circular muscle retractors, may have controlled introvert inversion and facilitated locomotion and feeding. This work supports the evolution of scalidophoran-like or priapulan-like introvert musculature in cycloneuralians at the beginning of the Cambrian Period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaqiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhai Xiao
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | | | - Baichuan Duan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Metallogeny, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resource, Qingdao 266061, People's Republic of China
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Gsiorek P, Vonina K. Atlas of the Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada) of the Worldpart I: West Palaearctic Echiniscus species. Zootaxa 2023; 5344:1-72. [PMID: 38221356 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5344.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Traditionally Eurocentric tardigrade taxonomy has started to dissect endemics from very few truly cosmopolitan or widely distributed species, originally described mostly from the West Palaearctic, in the last decade. Obviously, the most problematic for taxonomic identification are species in large genera containing over 100 species in the case of Tardigrada. In limno-terrestrial heterotardigrades, only Echiniscus C.A.S. Schultze, 1840 fulfils this criterion, being a perfect example of taxonomic inflation. In Echiniscidae, this phenomenon results predominantly from the historical fallacy of attaching more importance to chaetotaxy than to the analysis of dorsal plate sculpturing. In this paper, the first of a series on echiniscids of the World, we review the current state of knowledge on the West Palaearctic Echiniscus species. Echiniscus granulatus (Doyre, 1840) and E. spinulosus (Doyre, 1840) are re-described based on multiple population data. Echiniscus lapponicus Thulin, 1911 and E. militaris Murray, 1911 are provided with the first SEM and molecular data, respectively. Following synonymies are made based on analyses of ample comparative material, type series, and redescriptions: E. blumi schizofilus Barto, 1941 syn. nov. and E. trojanus Maucci, 1973 syn. nov. of E. blumi blumi Richters, 1903; E. inocelatus Miheli, 1938 syn. nov., E. heterospinosus Maucci, 1954 syn. nov. and E. egnatiae Durante Pasa & Maucci, 1979 syn. nov. of E. granulatus; Echiniscus merokensis suecicus Thulin, 1911 syn. nov., E. columinis Murray, 1911 syn. nov., E. batramiae Iharos, 1936 syn. nov., E. jagodici Miheli, 1951 syn. nov. and E. laterospinosus Rudescu, 1964 syn. nov. of E. merokensis merokensis Richters, 1904; E. hexacanthus Maucci, 1973 syn. nov. of E. militaris Murray, 1911; E. carusoi Pilato, 1972 syn. nov. of E. spinulosus; E. osellai Maucci, 1974 syn. nov. of E. trisetosus Cunot, 1932. Two new nomina dubia are proposed: E. apuanus M. Bertolani, 1946 sp. dub. (and a probable synonymy with E. merokensis suggested) and E. pajstunensis Barto, 1941 sp. dub. Two new nomina inquirenda are established: E. marleyi Li, 2007 sp. inq. (another chaetotaxy-based morphotype of the Echiniscus blumi-canadensis complex) and E. punctus McInnes, 1995 sp. inq. (the lack of reliable morphological criteria separating it from E. granulatus). We summarise the morphological, phylogenetic and biogeographic information for the West Palaearctic Echiniscus species, and conclude with a total of 21 valid and identifiable taxa. We predict this number will decrease further with solving the species delimitation issues within the Echiniscus blumi-canadensis complex. Among these 21 taxa, 13 species (62%) are to be found solely in the Western Palaearctic and/or entire Holarctic regions. This augments the many recent findings that tardigrades are typically biogeographically structured and form clearly defined faunae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Gsiorek
- Department of Invertebrate Evolution; Faculty of Biology; Jagiellonian University; Gronostajowa 9; 30-387 Krakw; Poland; Natural History Museum of Denmark; University of Copenhagen; ster Voldgade 5-7; DK-1350; Universitetsparken 15; DK-2100; Copenhagen; Denmark.
| | - Katarzyna Vonina
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt; Senckenberganlage 25; 60325 Frankfurt am Main; Germany.
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10
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Irvine A, Huws SA, Atkinson LE, Mousley A. Exploring the antimicrobial peptidome of nematodes through phylum-spanning in silico analyses highlights novel opportunities for pathogen control. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011618. [PMID: 37672536 PMCID: PMC10506718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) are key constituents of the invertebrate innate immune system and provide critical protection against microbial threat. Nematodes display diverse life strategies where they are exposed to heterogenous, microbe rich, environments highlighting their need for an innate immune system. Within the Ecdysozoa, arthropod AMPs have been well characterised, however nematode-derived AMP knowledge is limited. In this study the distribution and abundance of putative AMP-encoding genes was examined in 134 nematode genomes providing the most comprehensive profile of AMP candidates within phylum Nematoda. Through genome and transcriptome analyses we reveal that phylum Nematoda is a rich source of putative AMP diversity and demonstrate (i) putative AMP group profiles that are influenced by nematode lifestyle where free-living nematodes appear to display enriched putative AMP profiles relative to parasitic species; (ii) major differences in the putative AMP profiles between nematode clades where Clade 9/V and 10/IV species possess expanded putative AMP repertoires; (iii) AMP groups with highly restricted profiles (e.g. Cecropins and Diapausins) and others [e.g. Nemapores and Glycine Rich Secreted Peptides (GRSPs)] which are more widely distributed; (iv) complexity in the distribution and abundance of CSαβ subgroup members; and (v) that putative AMPs are expressed in host-facing life stages and biofluids of key nematode parasites. These data indicate that phylum Nematoda displays diversity in putative AMPs and underscores the need for functional characterisation to reveal their role and importance to nematode biology and host-nematode-microbiome interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allister Irvine
- Microbes & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon A. Huws
- Microbes & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Louise E. Atkinson
- Microbes & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Mousley
- Microbes & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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11
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Grollmann MM, Jørgensen A, Møbjerg N. Actinarctus doryphorus (Tanarctidae) DNA barcodes and phylogenetic reinvestigation of Arthrotardigrada with new A. doryphorus and Echiniscoididae sequences. Zootaxa 2023; 5284:351-363. [PMID: 37518733 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5284.2.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Little is still known about the diversity and evolution of marine arthrotardigrades, as they are generally difficult to sample, resulting in a limited amount of molecular data for barcoding and phylogenetic studies. With the current study, we provide the first investigation into COI haplotype diversity in a marine tanarctid and at the same time readdress arthrotardigrade phylogeny. Specifically, we provide COI mtDNA, 18S and 28S rDNA sequences from a population of Actinarctus doryphorus (Tanarctidae) sampled off the coast of Roscoff, France and further provide new 18S sequences from two marine echiniscoidids. A. doryphorus COI sequences confirmed the presence of a single species and further revealed five haplotypes shared among nine sequenced individuals. Our 18S and 28S rDNA datasets were individually and combined analysed with Bayesian inference and Maximum Likelihood. Actinarctus doryphorus was placed together with Tanarctus sequences within a maximally supported Tanarctidae, confirming previous interpretations that the clade is distinct from Halechiniscidae. Although several studies in recent decades have concluded that the marine arthrotardigrades are paraphyletic, recent studies have argued that the clade may not be paraphyletic. Our phylogenetic analyses consistently inferred Arthrotardigrada as paraphyletic, as the clade includes the monophyletic Echiniscoidea. Accordingly, we propose that it is time to suppress the order Arthrotardigrada as it clearly does not reflect tardigrade phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nadja Møbjerg
- Department of Biology; University of Copenhagen; Denmark.
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12
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Fleming JF. The wealth of shared resources: Improving molecular taxonomy using eDNA and public databases. ZOOL SCR 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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13
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Ebert D. Daphnia as a versatile model system in ecology and evolution. EvoDevo 2022; 13:16. [PMID: 35941607 PMCID: PMC9360664 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-022-00199-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Water fleas of the genus Daphnia have been a model system for hundreds of years and is among the best studied ecological model organisms to date. Daphnia are planktonic crustaceans with a cyclic parthenogenetic life-cycle. They have a nearly worldwide distribution, inhabiting standing fresh- and brackish water bodies, from small temporary pools to large lakes. Their predominantly asexual reproduction allows for the study of phenotypes excluding genetic variation, enabling us to separate genetic from non-genetic effects. Daphnia are often used in studies related to ecotoxicology, predator-induced defence, host–parasite interactions, phenotypic plasticity and, increasingly, in evolutionary genomics. The most commonly studied species are Daphnia magna and D. pulex, for which a rapidly increasing number of genetic and genomic tools are available. Here, I review current research topics, where the Daphnia model system plays a critical role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Ebert
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, CH-4051, Basel, Switzerland.
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14
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Drábková M, Kocot KM, Halanych KM, Oakley TH, Moroz LL, Cannon JT, Kuris A, Garcia-Vedrenne AE, Pankey MS, Ellis EA, Varney R, Štefka J, Zrzavý J. Different phylogenomic methods support monophyly of enigmatic 'Mesozoa' (Dicyemida + Orthonectida, Lophotrochozoa). Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220683. [PMID: 35858055 PMCID: PMC9257288 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dicyemids and orthonectids were traditionally classified in a group called Mesozoa, but their placement in a single clade has been contested and their position(s) within Metazoa is uncertain. Here, we assembled a comprehensive matrix of Lophotrochozoa (Metazoa) and investigated the position of Dicyemida (= Rhombozoa) and Orthonectida, employing multiple phylogenomic approaches. We sequenced seven new transcriptomes and one draft genome from dicyemids (Dicyema, Dicyemennea) and two transcriptomes from orthonectids (Rhopalura). Using these and published data, we assembled and analysed contamination-filtered datasets with up to 987 genes. Our results recover Mesozoa monophyletic and as a close relative of Platyhelminthes or Gnathifera. Because of the tendency of the long-branch mesozoans to group with other long-branch taxa in our analyses, we explored the impact of approaches purported to help alleviate long-branch attraction (e.g. taxon removal, coalescent inference, gene targeting). None of these were able to break the association of Orthonectida with Dicyemida in the maximum-likelihood trees. Contrastingly, the Bayesian analysis and site-specific frequency model in maximum-likelihood did not recover a monophyletic Mesozoa (but only when using a specific 50 gene matrix). The classic hypothesis on monophyletic Mesozoa is possibly reborn and should be further tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Drábková
- Department of Parasitology, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice 37005, Czech Republic,Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Kevin M. Kocot
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Campus Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Kenneth M. Halanych
- The Centre for Marine Science, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, 57000 Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409, USA
| | - Todd H. Oakley
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Leonid L. Moroz
- Department of Neuroscience, and the Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Boulevard, St Augustine, FL 32080, USA
| | - Johanna T. Cannon
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Armand Kuris
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Ana Elisa Garcia-Vedrenne
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - M. Sabrina Pankey
- Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Emily A. Ellis
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Rebecca Varney
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Campus Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA,Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Jan Štefka
- Department of Parasitology, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice 37005, Czech Republic,Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Zrzavý
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice 37005, Czech Republic
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15
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Janssen R, Schomburg C, Prpic NM, Budd GE. A comprehensive study of arthropod and onychophoran Fox gene expression patterns. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270790. [PMID: 35802758 PMCID: PMC9269926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fox genes represent an evolutionary old class of transcription factor encoding genes that evolved in the last common ancestor of fungi and animals. They represent key-components of multiple gene regulatory networks (GRNs) that are essential for embryonic development. Most of our knowledge about the function of Fox genes comes from vertebrate research, and for arthropods the only comprehensive gene expression analysis is that of the fly Drosophila melanogaster. For other arthropods, only selected Fox genes have been investigated. In this study, we provide the first comprehensive gene expression analysis of arthropod Fox genes including representative species of all main groups of arthropods, Pancrustacea, Myriapoda and Chelicerata. We also provide the first comprehensive analysis of Fox gene expression in an onychophoran species. Our data show that many of the Fox genes likely retained their function during panarthropod evolution highlighting their importance in development. Comparison with published data from other groups of animals shows that this high degree of evolutionary conservation often dates back beyond the last common ancestor of Panarthropoda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Janssen
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Christoph Schomburg
- AG Zoologie mit dem Schwerpunkt Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Entwicklungsbiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
- Fachgebiet Botanik, Institut für Biologie, Universität Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Nikola-Michael Prpic
- AG Zoologie mit dem Schwerpunkt Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Entwicklungsbiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Graham E. Budd
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Moysiuk J, Caron JB. A three-eyed radiodont with fossilized neuroanatomy informs the origin of the arthropod head and segmentation. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3302-3316.e2. [PMID: 35809569 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In addition to being among the most iconic and bizarre-looking Cambrian animals, radiodonts are a group that offers key insight into the acquisition of the arthropod body plan by virtue of their phylogenetic divergence prior to all living members of the phylum. Nonetheless, radiodont fossils are rare and often fragmentary, and contentions over their interpretation have hindered resolution of important evolutionary conundrums. Here, we describe 268 specimens of Stanleycaris hirpex from the Cambrian Burgess Shale, including many exceptionally preserved whole-body specimens, informing the most complete reconstruction of a radiodont to date. The trunk region of Stanleycaris has up to 17 segments plus two pairs of filiform caudal blades. The recognition of dorsal sclerotic segmentation of the trunk cuticle and putative unganglionated nerve cords provides new insight into the relative timing of acquisition of segmental traits, the epitome of the arthropod body plan. In addition to the pair of stalked lateral eyes, the short head unexpectedly bears a large median eye situated behind a preocular sclerite on an anteriorly projecting head lobe. Upon re-evaluation, similar median eyes can be identified in other Cambrian panarthropods demonstrating a deep evolutionary continuity. The exquisitely preserved brain of Stanleycaris is consistent with the hypothesized deutocerebral innervation of the frontal appendages, reconciling neuroanatomical evidence with external morphology in support of an ancestrally bipartite head and brain for arthropods. We propose that the integration of this bipartite head prior to the acquisition of most segmental characters exclusively in the arthropod trunk may help explain its developmental differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Moysiuk
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada; Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen's Park, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada.
| | - Jean-Bernard Caron
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada; Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen's Park, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada; Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, 22 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B1, Canada.
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17
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Inverted base composition skews and discontinuous mitochondrial genome architecture evolution in the Enoplea (Nematoda). BMC Genomics 2022; 23:376. [PMID: 35585506 PMCID: PMC9115964 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08607-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Within the class Enoplea, the earliest-branching lineages in the phylum Nematoda, the relatively highly conserved ancestral mitochondrial architecture of Trichinellida is in stark contrast to the rapidly evolving architecture of Dorylaimida and Mermithida. To better understand the evolution of mitogenomic architecture in this lineage, we sequenced the mitogenome of a fish parasite Pseudocapillaria tomentosa (Trichinellida: Capillariidae) and compared it to all available enoplean mitogenomes. Results P. tomentosa exhibited highly reduced noncoding regions (the largest was 98 bp), and a unique base composition among the Enoplea. We attributed the latter to the inverted GC skew (0.08) in comparison to the ancestral skew in Trichinellidae (-0.43 to -0.37). Capillariidae, Trichuridae and Longidoridae (Dorylaimida) generally exhibited low negative or low positive skews (-0.1 to 0.1), whereas Mermithidae exhibited fully inverted low skews (0 to 0.05). This is indicative of inversions in the strand replication order or otherwise disrupted replication mechanism in the lineages with reduced/inverted skews. Among the Trichinellida, Trichinellidae and Trichuridae have almost perfectly conserved architecture, whereas Capillariidae exhibit multiple rearrangements of tRNA genes. In contrast, Mermithidae (Mermithida) and Longidoridae (Dorylaimida) exhibit almost no similarity to the ancestral architecture. Conclusions Longidoridae exhibited more rearranged mitogenomic architecture than the hypervariable Mermithidae. Similar to the Chromadorea, the evolution of mitochondrial architecture in enoplean nematodes exhibits a strong discontinuity: lineages possessing a mostly conserved architecture over tens of millions of years are interspersed with lineages exhibiting architectural hypervariability. As Longidoridae also have some of the smallest metazoan mitochondrial genomes, they contradict the prediction that compact mitogenomes should be structurally stable. Lineages exhibiting inverted skews appear to represent the intermediate phase between the Trichinellidae (ancestral) and fully derived skews in Chromadorean mitogenomes (GC skews = 0.18 to 0.64). Multiple lines of evidence (CAT-GTR analysis in our study, a majority of previous mitogenomic results, and skew disruption scenarios) support the Dorylaimia split into two sister-clades: Dorylaimida + Mermithida and Trichinellida. However, skew inversions produce strong base composition biases, which can hamper phylogenetic and other evolutionary studies, so enoplean mitogenomes have to be used with utmost care in evolutionary studies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08607-4.
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18
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Avalos PN, Forsthoefel DJ. An Emerging Frontier in Intercellular Communication: Extracellular Vesicles in Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:849905. [PMID: 35646926 PMCID: PMC9130466 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.849905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration requires cellular proliferation, differentiation, and other processes that are regulated by secreted cues originating from cells in the local environment. Recent studies suggest that signaling by extracellular vesicles (EVs), another mode of paracrine communication, may also play a significant role in coordinating cellular behaviors during regeneration. EVs are nanoparticles composed of a lipid bilayer enclosing proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and other metabolites, and are secreted by most cell types. Upon EV uptake by target cells, EV cargo can influence diverse cellular behaviors during regeneration, including cell survival, immune responses, extracellular matrix remodeling, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. In this review, we briefly introduce the history of EV research and EV biogenesis. Then, we review current understanding of how EVs regulate cellular behaviors during regeneration derived from numerous studies of stem cell-derived EVs in mammalian injury models. Finally, we discuss the potential of other established and emerging research organisms to expand our mechanistic knowledge of basic EV biology, how injury modulates EV biogenesis, cellular sources of EVs in vivo, and the roles of EVs in organisms with greater regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla N. Avalos
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Genes and Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - David J. Forsthoefel
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Genes and Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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19
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Aria C. The origin and early evolution of arthropods. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1786-1809. [PMID: 35475316 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The rise of arthropods is a decisive event in the history of life. Likely the first animals to have established themselves on land and in the air, arthropods have pervaded nearly all ecosystems and have become pillars of the planet's ecological networks. Forerunners of this saga, exceptionally well-preserved Palaeozoic fossils recently discovered or re-discovered using new approaches and techniques have elucidated the precocious appearance of extant lineages at the onset of the Cambrian explosion, and pointed to the critical role of the plankton and hard integuments in early arthropod diversification. The notion put forward at the beginning of the century that the acquisition of extant arthropod characters was stepwise and represented by the majority of Cambrian fossil taxa is being rewritten. Although some key traits leading to Euarthropoda are indeed well documented along a diversified phylogenetic stem, this stem led to several speciose and ecologically diverse radiations leaving descendants late into the Palaeozoic, and a large part, if not all of the Cambrian euarthropods can now be placed on either of the two extant lineages: Mandibulata and Chelicerata. These new observations and discoveries have altered our view on the nature and timing of the Cambrian explosion and clarified diagnostic characters at the origin of extant arthropods, but also raised new questions, especially with respect to cephalic plasticity. There is now strong evidence that early arthropods shared a homologous frontalmost appendage, coined here the cheira, which likely evolved into antennules and chelicerae, but other aspects, such as brain and labrum evolution, are still subject to active debate. The early evolution of panarthropods was generally driven by increased mastication and predation efficiency and sophistication, but a wealth of recent studies have also highlighted the prevalent role of suspension-feeding, for which early panarthropods developed their own adaptive feedback through both specialized appendages and the diversification of small, morphologically differentiated larvae. In a context of general integumental differentiation and hardening across Cambrian metazoans, arthrodization of body and limbs notably prompted two diverging strategies of basipod differentiation, which arguably became founding criteria in the divergence of total-groups Mandibulata and Chelicerata. The kinship of trilobites and their relatives remains a source of disagreement, but a recent topological solution, termed the 'deep split', could embed Artiopoda as sister taxa to chelicerates and constitute definitive support for Arachnomorpha. Although Cambrian fossils have been critical to all these findings, data of exceptional quality have also been accumulating from other Palaeozoic Konservat-Lagerstätten, and a better integration of this information promises a much more complete and elaborate picture of early arthropod evolution in the near future. From the broader perspective of a total-evidence approach to the understanding of life's history, and despite persisting systematic debates and new interpretative challenges, various advances based on palaeontological evidence open the prospect of finally using the full potential of the most diverse animal phylum to investigate macroevolutionary patterns and processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Aria
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Palaeoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, P. R. China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P.R. China
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20
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Abstract
Experimentally tractable organisms like C. elegans, Drosophila, zebrafish, and mouse are popular models for addressing diverse questions in biology. In 1997, two of the most valuable invertebrate model organisms to date-C. elegans and Drosophila-were found to be much more closely related to each other than expected. C. elegans and Drosophila belong to the nematodes and arthropods, respectively, and these two phyla and six other phyla make up a clade of molting animals referred to as the Ecdysozoa. The other ecdysozoan phyla could be valuable models for comparative biology, taking advantage of the rich and continual sources of research findings as well as tools from both C. elegans and Drosophila. But when the Ecdysozoa was first recognized, few tools were available for laboratory studies in any of these six other ecdysozoan phyla. In 1999 I began an effort to develop tools for studying one such phylum, the tardigrades. Here, I describe how the tardigrade species Hypsibius exemplaris and tardigrades more generally have emerged over the past two decades as valuable new models for answering diverse questions. To date, these questions have included how animal body plans evolve and how biological materials can survive some remarkably extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Goldstein
- Department of Biology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States.
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21
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Abstract
Tardigrades are ubiquitous meiofauna that are especially renowned for their exceptional extremotolerance to various adverse environments, including pressure, temperature, and even ionizing radiation. This is achieved through a reversible halt of metabolism triggered by desiccation, a phenomenon called anhydrobiosis. Recent establishment of genome resources for two tardigrades, Hypsibius exemplaris and Ramazzottius varieornatus, accelerated research to uncover the molecular mechanisms behind anhydrobiosis, leading to the discovery of many tardigrade-unique proteins. This review focuses on the history, methods, discoveries, and current state and challenges regarding tardigrade genomics, with an emphasis on molecular anhydrobiology. Remaining questions and future perspectives regarding prospective approaches to fully elucidate the molecular machinery of this complex phenomenon are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuharu Arakawa
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Daishouji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan; .,Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan.,Graduate School of Media and Governance, Systems Biology Program, Keio University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan.,Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institute of Natural Sciences, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
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22
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Martin C, Jahn H, Klein M, Hammel JU, Stevenson PA, Homberg U, Mayer G. The velvet worm brain unveils homologies and evolutionary novelties across panarthropods. BMC Biol 2022; 20:26. [PMID: 35073910 PMCID: PMC9136957 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01196-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The evolution of the brain and its major neuropils in Panarthropoda (comprising Arthropoda, Tardigrada and Onychophora) remains enigmatic. As one of the closest relatives of arthropods, onychophorans are regarded as indispensable for a broad understanding of the evolution of panarthropod organ systems, including the brain, whose anatomical and functional organisation is often used to gain insights into evolutionary relations. However, while numerous recent studies have clarified the organisation of many arthropod nervous systems, a detailed investigation of the onychophoran brain with current state-of-the-art approaches is lacking, and further inconsistencies in nomenclature and interpretation hamper its understanding. To clarify the origins and homology of cerebral structures across panarthropods, we analysed the brain architecture in the onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli by combining X-ray micro-computed tomography, histology, immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, and three-dimensional reconstruction. Results Here, we use this detailed information to generate a consistent glossary for neuroanatomical studies of Onychophora. In addition, we report novel cerebral structures, provide novel details on previously known brain areas, and characterise further structures and neuropils in order to improve the reproducibility of neuroanatomical observations. Our findings support homology of mushroom bodies and central bodies in onychophorans and arthropods. Their antennal nerve cords and olfactory lobes most likely evolved independently. In contrast to previous reports, we found no evidence for second-order visual neuropils, or a frontal ganglion in the velvet worm brain. Conclusion We imaged the velvet worm nervous system at an unprecedented level of detail and compiled a comprehensive glossary of known and previously uncharacterised neuroanatomical structures to provide an in-depth characterisation of the onychophoran brain architecture. We expect that our data will improve the reproducibility and comparability of future neuroanatomical studies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-021-01196-w.
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23
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Chavarria RA, Game M, Arbelaez B, Ramnarine C, Snow ZK, Smith FW. Extensive loss of Wnt genes in Tardigrada. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:223. [PMID: 34961481 PMCID: PMC8711157 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01954-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wnt genes code for ligands that activate signaling pathways during development in Metazoa. Through the canonical Wnt (cWnt) signaling pathway, these genes regulate important processes in bilaterian development, such as establishing the anteroposterior axis and posterior growth. In Arthropoda, Wnt ligands also regulate segment polarity, and outgrowth and patterning of developing appendages. Arthropods are part of a lineage called Panarthropoda that includes Onychophora and Tardigrada. Previous studies revealed potential roles of Wnt genes in regulating posterior growth, segment polarity, and growth and patterning of legs in Onychophora. Unlike most other panarthropods, tardigrades lack posterior growth, but retain segmentation and appendages. Here, we investigated Wnt genes in tardigrades to gain insight into potential roles that these genes play during development of the highly compact and miniaturized tardigrade body plan. Results We analyzed published genomes for two representatives of Tardigrada, Hypsibius exemplaris and Ramazzottius varieornatus. We identified single orthologs of Wnt4, Wnt5, Wnt9, Wnt11, and WntA, as well as two Wnt16 paralogs in both tardigrade genomes. We only found a Wnt2 ortholog in H. exemplaris. We could not identify orthologs of Wnt1, Wnt6, Wnt7, Wnt8, or Wnt10. We identified most other components of cWnt signaling in both tardigrade genomes. However, we were unable to identify an ortholog of arrow/Lrp5/6, a gene that codes for a Frizzled co-receptor of Wnt ligands. Additionally, we found that some other animals that have lost several Wnt genes and are secondarily miniaturized, like tardigrades, are also missing an ortholog of arrow/Lrp5/6. We analyzed the embryonic expression patterns of Wnt genes in H. exemplaris during developmental stages that span the establishment of the AP axis through segmentation and leg development. We detected expression of all Wnt genes in H. exemplaris besides one of the Wnt16 paralogs. During embryo elongation, expression of several Wnt genes was restricted to the posterior pole or a region between the anterior and posterior poles. Wnt genes were expressed in distinct patterns during segmentation and development of legs in H. exemplaris, rather than in broadly overlapping patterns. Conclusions Our results indicate that Wnt signaling has been highly modified in Tardigrada. While most components of cWnt signaling are conserved in tardigrades, we conclude that tardigrades have lost Wnt1, Wnt6, Wnt7, Wnt8, and Wnt10, along with arrow/Lrp5/6. Our expression data may indicate a conserved role of Wnt genes in specifying posterior identities during establishment of the AP axis. However, the loss of several Wnt genes and the distinct expression patterns of Wnt genes during segmentation and leg development may indicate that combinatorial interactions among Wnt genes are less important during tardigrade development compared to many other animals. Based on our results, and comparisons to previous studies, we speculate that the loss of several Wnt genes in Tardigrada may be related to a reduced number of cells and simplified development that accompanied miniaturization and anatomical simplification in this lineage. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-021-01954-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul A Chavarria
- Biology Department, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Mandy Game
- Biology Department, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Briana Arbelaez
- Biology Department, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Chloe Ramnarine
- Biology Department, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Zachary K Snow
- Biology Department, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Frank W Smith
- Biology Department, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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Herranz M, Stiller J, Worsaae K, Sørensen MV. Phylogenomic analyses of mud dragons (Kinorhyncha). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 168:107375. [PMID: 34952205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mud dragons (Kinorhyncha) are microscopic invertebrates, inhabiting marine sediments across the globe from intertidal to hadal depths. They are segmented, moulting animals like arthropods, but grouping with the unsegmented priapulans and loriciferans within Ecdysozoa. There are more than 300 species of kinorhynchs described within 31 genera and 11 families, however, their evolutionary relationships have so far only been investigated using morphology and a few molecular markers. Here we aim to resolve the relationships and classification of major clades within Kinorhyncha using transcriptomic data. In addition, we wish to revisit the position of three indistinctly segmented, aberrant genera in order to reconstruct the evolution of distinct segmentation within the group. We conducted a phylogenomic analysis of Kinorhyncha including 21 kinorhynch transcriptomes (of which 18 are new) representing 15 genera, and seven outgroups including priapulan, loriciferan, nematode and nematomorph transcriptomes. Results show a congruent and robust tree that supports the division of Kinorhyncha into two major clades: Cyclorhagida and Allomalorhagida. Cyclorhagida is composed of three subclades: Xenosomata, Kentrorhagata comb. nov. (including the aberrant Zelinkaderes) and Echinorhagata. Allomalorhagida is composed of two subclades: Pycnophyidae and Anomoirhaga nom. nov. Anomoirhaga nom. nov. accommodates the aberrant genera Cateria (previously nested within Cyclorhagida) and Franciscideres together with five additional genera. The distant and derived positions of the aberrant Zelinkaderes, Cateria and Franciscideres species suggest that their less distinct trunk segmentation evolved convergently, and that segmentation evolved among kinorhynch stem groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Herranz
- Marine Biology section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Josefin Stiller
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Katrine Worsaae
- Marine Biology section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Martin V Sørensen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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25
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Baker CM, Buckman-Young RS, Costa CS, Giribet G. Phylogenomic Analysis of Velvet Worms (Onychophora) Uncovers an Evolutionary Radiation in the Neotropics. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:5391-5404. [PMID: 34427671 PMCID: PMC8662635 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Onychophora ("velvet worms") are charismatic soil invertebrates known for their status as a "living fossil," their phylogenetic affiliation to arthropods, and their distinctive biogeographic patterns. However, several aspects of their internal phylogenetic relationships remain unresolved, limiting our understanding of the group's evolutionary history, particularly with regard to changes in reproductive mode and dispersal ability. To address these gaps, we used RNA sequencing and phylogenomic analysis of transcriptomes to reconstruct the evolutionary relationships and infer divergence times within the phylum. We recovered a fully resolved and well-supported phylogeny for the circum-Antarctic family Peripatopsidae, which retains signals of Gondwanan vicariance and showcases the evolutionary lability of reproductive mode in the family. Within the Neotropical clade of Peripatidae, though, we found that amino acid-translated sequence data masked nearly all phylogenetic signal, resulting in highly unstable and poorly supported relationships. Analyses using nucleotide sequence data were able to resolve many more relationships, though we still saw discordant phylogenetic signal between genes, probably indicative of a rapid, mid-Cretaceous radiation in the group. Finally, we hypothesize that the unique reproductive mode of placentotrophic viviparity found in all Neotropical peripatids may have facilitated the multiple inferred instances of over-water dispersal and establishment on oceanic islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M Baker
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca S Buckman-Young
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Cristiano S Costa
- Laboratório de Sistemática e Taxonomia de Artrópodes Terrestres, Departamento de Biologia e Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Gonzalo Giribet
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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26
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What Is an “Arachnid”? Consensus, Consilience, and Confirmation Bias in the Phylogenetics of Chelicerata. DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13110568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The basal phylogeny of Chelicerata is one of the opaquest parts of the animal Tree of Life, defying resolution despite application of thousands of loci and millions of sites. At the forefront of the debate over chelicerate relationships is the monophyly of Arachnida, which has been refuted by most analyses of molecular sequence data. A number of phylogenomic datasets have suggested that Xiphosura (horseshoe crabs) are derived arachnids, refuting the traditional understanding of arachnid monophyly. This result is regarded as controversial, not least by paleontologists and morphologists, due to the widespread perception that arachnid monophyly is unambiguously supported by morphological data. Moreover, some molecular datasets have been able to recover arachnid monophyly, galvanizing the belief that any result that challenges arachnid monophyly is artefactual. Here, we explore the problems of distinguishing phylogenetic signal from noise through a series of in silico experiments, focusing on datasets that have recently supported arachnid monophyly. We assess the claim that filtering by saturation rate is a valid criterion for recovering Arachnida. We demonstrate that neither saturation rate, nor the ability to assemble a molecular phylogenetic dataset supporting a given outcome with maximal nodal support, is a guarantor of phylogenetic accuracy. Separately, we review empirical morphological phylogenetic datasets to examine characters supporting Arachnida and the downstream implication of a single colonization of terrestrial habitats. We show that morphological support of arachnid monophyly is contingent upon a small number of ambiguous or incorrectly coded characters, most of these tautologically linked to adaptation to terrestrial habitats.
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Herranz M, Park T, Di Domenico M, Leander BS, Sørensen MV, Worsaae K. Revisiting kinorhynch segmentation: variation of segmental patterns in the nervous system of three aberrant species. Front Zool 2021; 18:54. [PMID: 34674731 PMCID: PMC8529749 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-021-00438-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kinorhynch segmentation differs from the patterns found in Chordata, Arthropoda and Annelida which have coeloms and circulatory systems. Due to these differences and their obsolete status as 'Aschelminthes', the microscopic kinorhynchs are often not acknowledged as segmented bilaterians. Yet, morphological studies have shown a conserved segmental arrangement of ectodermal and mesodermal organ systems with spatial correspondence along the anterior-posterior axis. However, a few aberrant kinorhynch lineages present a worm-like body plan with thin cuticle and less distinct segmentation, and thus their study may aid to shed new light on the evolution of segmental patterns within Kinorhyncha. RESULTS Here we found the nervous system in the aberrant Cateria styx and Franciscideres kalenesos to be clearly segmental, and similar to those of non-aberrant kinorhynchs; hereby not mirroring their otherwise aberrant and posteriorly shifted myoanatomy. In Zelinkaderes yong, however, the segmental arrangement of the nervous system is also shifted posteriorly and misaligned with respect to the cuticular segmentation. CONCLUSIONS The morphological disparity together with the distant phylogenetic positions of F. kalenesos, C. styx and Z. yong support a convergent origin of aberrant appearances and segmental mismatches within Kinorhyncha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Herranz
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Taeseo Park
- National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Maikon Di Domenico
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Pontal do Paraná, Brazil
| | - Brian S Leander
- Departments of Zoology and Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Martin V Sørensen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine Worsaae
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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28
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Wang Y, Peng J, Wang D, Zhang H, Luo X, Shao Y, Sun Q, Ling C, Wang Q. Ontogenetic moulting behavior of the Cambrian oryctocephalid trilobite Arthricocephalites xinzhaiheensis. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12217. [PMID: 34631322 PMCID: PMC8465991 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Moulting behaviors in trilobites are a crucial strategy during development. Previous studies have demonstrated inter-and intraspecific variability of moulting behavior in trilobites. Currently, ecdysial motifs for trilobites are considered not stable even within species and fewer detailed studies dealt with moulting behaviors in a single species of trilobite during development. Here a large sample of meraspid to holaspid exuviae of Arthricocephalites xinzhaiheensis (131 specimens) from the Cambrian Balang Formation of South China has allowed description of the reasonably complete ontogenic moulting sequence. Both ontogenetic stage and body size reveal gradual transition of configuration from Somersault configuration to Henningsmoen's configuration during development. Somersault configuration is exclusive till meraspid degree five and exists in subsequent growth stages. This suggests that opening of the facial and rostral sutures allowing the emergence forward of the post-ecdysial trilobite was prevalent in early growth stages. In later development, Henningsmoen's configuration (showing disarticulation of the cranidium) became more dominant. This study indicates that gradual transition of ontogenetic moulting behavior occurred in oryctocephalid trilobites in the early Cambrian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jin Peng
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Dezhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
- School of Geography and Resources, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiuchun Luo
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yunbin Shao
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Quanyi Sun
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Chenchen Ling
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Qiujun Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
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Campos TL, Korhonen PK, Hofmann A, Gasser RB, Young ND. Harnessing model organism genomics to underpin the machine learning-based prediction of essential genes in eukaryotes - Biotechnological implications. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107822. [PMID: 34461202 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The availability of high-quality genomes and advances in functional genomics have enabled large-scale studies of essential genes in model eukaryotes, including the 'elegant worm' (Caenorhabditis elegans; Nematoda) and the 'vinegar fly' (Drosophila melanogaster; Arthropoda). However, this is not the case for other, much less-studied organisms, such as socioeconomically important parasites, for which functional genomic platforms usually do not exist. Thus, there is a need to develop innovative techniques or approaches for the prediction, identification and investigation of essential genes. A key approach that could enable the prediction of such genes is machine learning (ML). Here, we undertake an historical review of experimental and computational approaches employed for the characterisation of essential genes in eukaryotes, with a particular focus on model ecdysozoans (C. elegans and D. melanogaster), and discuss the possible applicability of ML-approaches to organisms such as socioeconomically important parasites. We highlight some recent results showing that high-performance ML, combined with feature engineering, allows a reliable prediction of essential genes from extensive, publicly available 'omic data sets, with major potential to prioritise such genes (with statistical confidence) for subsequent functional genomic validation. These findings could 'open the door' to fundamental and applied research areas. Evidence of some commonality in the essential gene-complement between these two organisms indicates that an ML-engineering approach could find broader applicability to ecdysozoans such as parasitic nematodes or arthropods, provided that suitably large and informative data sets become/are available for proper feature engineering, and for the robust training and validation of algorithms. This area warrants detailed exploration to, for example, facilitate the identification and characterisation of essential molecules as novel targets for drugs and vaccines against parasitic diseases. This focus is particularly important, given the substantial impact that such diseases have worldwide, and the current challenges associated with their prevention and control and with drug resistance in parasite populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulio L Campos
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Bioinformatics Core Facility, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IAM-Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Pasi K Korhonen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Neil D Young
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Gąsiorek P, Vončina K, Zając K, Michalczyk Ł. Phylogeography and morphological evolution of Pseudechiniscus (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae). Sci Rep 2021; 11:7606. [PMID: 33828125 PMCID: PMC8027217 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84910-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tardigrades constitute a micrometazoan phylum usually considered as taxonomically challenging and therefore difficult for biogeographic analyses. The genus Pseudechiniscus, the second most speciose member of the family Echiniscidae, is commonly regarded as a particularly difficult taxon for studying due to its rarity and homogenous sculpturing of the dorsal plates. Recently, wide geographic ranges for some representatives of this genus and a new hypothesis on the subgeneric classification have been suggested. In order to test these hypotheses, we sequenced 65 Pseudechiniscus populations extracted from samples collected in 19 countries distributed on 5 continents, representing the Neotropical, Afrotropical, Holarctic, and Oriental realms. The deep subdivision of the genus into the cosmopolitan suillus-facettalis clade and the mostly tropical-Gondwanan novaezeelandiae clade is demonstrated. Meridioniscus subgen. nov. is erected to accommodate the species belonging to the novaezeelandiae lineage characterised by dactyloid cephalic papillae that are typical for the great majority of echiniscids (in contrast to pseudohemispherical papillae in the suillus-facettalis clade, corresponding to the subgenus Pseudechiniscus). Moreover, the evolution of morphological traits (striae between dorsal pillars, projections on the pseudosegmental plate IV', ventral sculpturing pattern) crucial in the Pseudechiniscus taxonomy is reconstructed. Furthermore, broad distributions are emphasised as characteristic of some taxa. Finally, the Malay Archipelago and Indochina are argued to be the place of origin and extensive radiation of Pseudechiniscus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Gąsiorek
- Department of Invertebrate Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Vončina
- Department of Invertebrate Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Zając
- Department of Invertebrate Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Łukasz Michalczyk
- Department of Invertebrate Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
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31
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Arroyo Portilla C, Tomas J, Gorvel JP, Lelouard H. From Species to Regional and Local Specialization of Intestinal Macrophages. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:624213. [PMID: 33681185 PMCID: PMC7930007 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.624213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Initially intended for nutrient uptake, phagocytosis represents a central mechanism of debris removal and host defense against invading pathogens through the entire animal kingdom. In vertebrates and also many invertebrates, macrophages (MFs) and MF-like cells (e.g., coelomocytes and hemocytes) are professional phagocytic cells that seed tissues to maintain homeostasis through pathogen killing, efferocytosis and tissue shaping, repair, and remodeling. Some MF functions are common to all species and tissues, whereas others are specific to their homing tissue. Indeed, shaped by their microenvironment, MFs become adapted to perform particular functions, highlighting their great plasticity and giving rise to high population diversity. Interestingly, the gut displays several anatomic and functional compartments with large pools of strikingly diversified MF populations. This review focuses on recent advances on intestinal MFs in several species, which have allowed to infer their specificity and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Arroyo Portilla
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France.,Departamento de Análisis Clínicos, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Julie Tomas
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
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Vanhamme L, Souopgui J, Ghogomu S, Ngale Njume F. The Functional Parasitic Worm Secretome: Mapping the Place of Onchocerca volvulus Excretory Secretory Products. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110975. [PMID: 33238479 PMCID: PMC7709020 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nematodes constitute a very successful phylum, especially in terms of parasitism. Inside their mammalian hosts, parasitic nematodes mainly dwell in the digestive tract (geohelminths) or in the vascular system (filariae). One of their main characteristics is their long sojourn inside the body where they are accessible to the immune system. Several strategies are used by parasites in order to counteract the immune attacks. One of them is the expression of molecules interfering with the function of the immune system. Excretory-secretory products (ESPs) pertain to this category. This is, however, not their only biological function, as they seem also involved in other mechanisms such as pathogenicity or parasitic cycle (molting, for example). We will mainly focus on filariae ESPs with an emphasis on data available regarding Onchocerca volvulus, but we will also refer to a few relevant/illustrative examples related to other worm categories when necessary (geohelminth nematodes, trematodes or cestodes). We first present Onchocerca volvulus, mainly focusing on the aspects of this organism that seem relevant when it comes to ESPs: life cycle, manifestations of the sickness, immunosuppression, diagnosis and treatment. We then elaborate on the function and use of ESPs in these aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Vanhamme
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology and Molecular Medicine, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; (J.S.); (F.N.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jacob Souopgui
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology and Molecular Medicine, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; (J.S.); (F.N.N.)
| | - Stephen Ghogomu
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Biotechnology Unit, University of Buea, Buea P.O Box 63, Cameroon;
| | - Ferdinand Ngale Njume
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology and Molecular Medicine, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; (J.S.); (F.N.N.)
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Biotechnology Unit, University of Buea, Buea P.O Box 63, Cameroon;
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Howard RJ, Edgecombe GD, Shi X, Hou X, Ma X. Ancestral morphology of Ecdysozoa constrained by an early Cambrian stem group ecdysozoan. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:156. [PMID: 33228518 PMCID: PMC7684930 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01720-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ecdysozoa are the moulting protostomes, including arthropods, tardigrades, and nematodes. Both the molecular and fossil records indicate that Ecdysozoa is an ancient group originating in the terminal Proterozoic, and exceptional fossil biotas show their dominance and diversity at the beginning of the Phanerozoic. However, the nature of the ecdysozoan common ancestor has been difficult to ascertain due to the extreme morphological diversity of extant Ecdysozoa, and the lack of early diverging taxa in ancient fossil biotas. RESULTS Here we re-describe Acosmia maotiania from the early Cambrian Chengjiang Biota of Yunnan Province, China and assign it to stem group Ecdysozoa. Acosmia features a two-part body, with an anterior proboscis bearing a terminal mouth and muscular pharynx, and a posterior annulated trunk with a through gut. Morphological phylogenetic analyses of the protostomes using parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference, with coding informed by published experimental decay studies, each placed Acosmia as sister taxon to Cycloneuralia + Panarthropoda-i.e. stem group Ecdysozoa. Ancestral state probabilities were calculated for key ecdysozoan nodes, in order to test characters inferred from fossils to be ancestral for Ecdysozoa. Results support an ancestor of crown group ecdysozoans sharing an annulated vermiform body with a terminal mouth like Acosmia, but also possessing the pharyngeal armature and circumoral structures characteristic of Cambrian cycloneuralians and lobopodians. CONCLUSIONS Acosmia is the first taxon placed in the ecdysozoan stem group and provides a constraint to test hypotheses on the early evolution of Ecdysozoa. Our study suggests acquisition of pharyngeal armature, and therefore a change in feeding strategy (e.g. predation), may have characterised the origin and radiation of crown group ecdysozoans from Acosmia-like ancestors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Howard
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming, 650500, China
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall, TR10 9TA, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Gregory D Edgecombe
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming, 650500, China
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Xiaomei Shi
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming, 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xianguang Hou
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming, 650500, China.
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Xiaoya Ma
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming, 650500, China.
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming, 650500, China.
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall, TR10 9TA, UK.
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Costa CS, Giribet FLS G, Pinto-Da-Rocha R. Morphological and molecular phylogeny of Epiperipatus (Onychophora: Peripatidae): a combined approach. Zool J Linn Soc 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Onychophora, or velvet worms, are a key group for understanding ecdysozoan evolution. It comprises two families: Peripatopsidae, largely of Austral distribution, and Peripatidae, which is circumtropical. The interrelationships between the members of Peripatidae present many taxonomic issues exacerbated in the radiation of the Neotropical species or Neopatida. To understand the phylogeny of Neopatida, and to test the information of such morphological characters, we gathered novel molecular and morphological datasets focusing on Neotropical specimens. Our data were analysed using a combination of parsimony and maximum likelihood for the individual and combined molecular and morphological datasets. An analysis of morphology alone was inconclusive, supporting the notion that morphological characters used in peripatid taxonomy have little power to resolve phylogenetic relationships among higher taxa in Neopatida. However, the analyses of molecular or combined data show a split of the Neotropical species into two clades, which we use to reassign genera. Epiperipatus, as currently understood, is non-monophyletic, because it includes species of monotypic genera. To avoid paraphyly of Epiperipatus, the following new combinations are proposed: Epiperipatus bouvieri (Fuhrmann, 1913), Epiperipatus hitoyensis (Oliveira et al., 2012a), Epiperipatus solorzanoi (Morera-Brenes & Monge-Nájera, 2010) and Epiperipatus sucuriuensis (Oliveira et al., 2015).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano S Costa
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, nº 321, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, CEP, Brazil
| | - Gonzalo Giribet FLS
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ricardo Pinto-Da-Rocha
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, nº 321, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, CEP, Brazil
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Edgecombe GD. Arthropod Origins: Integrating Paleontological and Molecular Evidence. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND SYSTEMATICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-011720-124437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenomics underpins a stable and mostly well-resolved hypothesis for the interrelationships of extant arthropods. Exceptionally preserved fossils are integrated into this framework by coding their morphological characters, as exemplified by total-evidence dating approaches that treat fossils as dated tips in analyses numerically dominated by molecular data. Cambrian fossils inform on the sequence of character acquisition in the arthropod stem group and in the stems of its main extant clades. The arthropod head problem incorporates unique appendage combinations and remains of the nervous system in fossils into a scheme mostly based on neuroanatomy and Hox expression domains for extant forms. Molecular estimates of arthropod origins in the Cryogenian or Ediacaran predate a coherent picture from the arthropod fossil record, which commences as trace fossils in the earliest Cambrian. Probabilistic morphological clock analysis of trilobites, which exemplify the earliest arthropod body fossils, supports a Cambrian origin, without the need to posit an unfossilized Ediacaran history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D. Edgecombe
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
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Ravhe IS, Krishnan A, Manoj N. Evolutionary history of histamine receptors: Early vertebrate origin and expansion of the H 3-H 4 subtypes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 154:106989. [PMID: 33059072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Histamine receptors belonging to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate the diverse biological effects of biogenic histamine. They are classified into four phylogenetically distinct subtypes H1-H4, each with a different binding affinity for histamine and divergent downstream signaling pathways. Here we present the evolutionary history of the histamine receptors using a phylogenetic approach complemented with comparative genomics analyses of the sequences, gene structures, and synteny of gene neighborhoods. The data indicate the earliest emergence of histamine-mediated GPCR signaling by a H2 in a prebilaterian ancestor. The analyses support a revised classification of the vertebrate H3-H4 receptor subtypes. We demonstrate the presence of the H4 across vertebrates, contradicting the currently held notion that H4 is restricted to mammals. These non-mammalian vertebrate H4 orthologs have been mistaken for H3. We also identify the presence of a new H3 subtype (H3B), distinct from the canonical H3 (H3A), and propose that the H3A, H3B, and H4 likely emerged from a H3 progenitor through the 1R/2R whole genome duplications in an ancestor of the vertebrates. It is apparent that the ability of the H1, H2, and H3-4 to bind histamine was acquired convergently. We identified genomic signatures suggesting that the H1 and H3-H4 shared a last common ancestor with the muscarinic receptor in a bilaterian predecessor whereas, the H2 and the α-adrenoreceptor shared a progenitor in a prebilaterian ancestor. Furthermore, site-specific analysis of the vertebrate subtypes revealed potential residues that may account for the functional divergence between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Infant Sagayaraj Ravhe
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Arunkumar Krishnan
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Narayanan Manoj
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
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Herranz M, Sørensen MV, Park T, Leander BS, Worsaae K. Insights into mud dragon morphology (Kinorhyncha, Allomalorhagida): myoanatomy and neuroanatomy of Dracoderes abei and Pycnophyes ilyocryptus. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-020-00447-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Vončina K, Kristensen RM, Gąsiorek P. Pseudechiniscus in Japan: re-description of Pseudechiniscus asper Abe et al., 1998 and description of Pseudechiniscus shintai sp. nov. ZOOSYST EVOL 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/zse.96.53324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The classification and identification of species within the genus Pseudechiniscus Thulin, 1911 has been considered almost a Sisyphean work due to an extremely high homogeneity of its members. Only recently have several contributions made progress in the taxonomy feasible through their detailed analyses of morphology and, crucially, by the re-description of the ancient, nominal species P. suillus (Ehrenberg, 1853). Herein, we focus on the Japanese representatives of this genus: P. asper, a rare species originally described from Hokkaido, and a new species P. shintai. Both taxa belong to the widespread suillus-facettalis complex. Detailed descriptions entailing DNA barcoding of four markers and illustrations of the ventral pillar patterns are indispensable for an accurate delineation of species within this genus.
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Vizueta J, Escuer P, Frías-López C, Guirao-Rico S, Hering L, Mayer G, Rozas J, Sánchez-Gracia A. Evolutionary History of Major Chemosensory Gene Families across Panarthropoda. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 37:3601-3615. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Chemosensory perception is a fundamental biological process of particular relevance in basic and applied arthropod research. However, apart from insects, there is little knowledge of specific molecules involved in this system, which is restricted to a few taxa with uneven phylogenetic sampling across lineages. From an evolutionary perspective, onychophorans (velvet worms) and tardigrades (water bears) are of special interest since they represent the closest living relatives of arthropods, altogether comprising the Panarthropoda. To get insights into the evolutionary origin and diversification of the chemosensory gene repertoire in panarthropods, we sequenced the antenna- and head-specific transcriptomes of the velvet worm Euperipatoides rowelli and analyzed members of all major chemosensory families in representative genomes of onychophorans, tardigrades, and arthropods. Our results suggest that the NPC2 gene family was the only family encoding soluble proteins in the panarthropod ancestor and that onychophorans might have lost many arthropod-like chemoreceptors, including the highly conserved IR25a receptor of protostomes. On the other hand, the eutardigrade genomes lack genes encoding the DEG-ENaC and CD36-sensory neuron membrane proteins, the chemosensory members of which have been retained in arthropods; these losses might be related to lineage-specific adaptive strategies of tardigrades to survive extreme environmental conditions. Although the results of this study need to be further substantiated by an increased taxon sampling, our findings shed light on the diversification of chemosensory gene families in Panarthropoda and contribute to a better understanding of the evolution of animal chemical senses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Vizueta
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Escuer
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Frías-López
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Lars Hering
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Julio Rozas
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Sánchez-Gracia
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Kihm JH, Kim S, McInnes SJ, Zawierucha K, Rho HS, Kang P, Park TYS. Integrative description of a new Dactylobiotus (Eutardigrada: Parachela) from Antarctica that reveals an intraspecific variation in tardigrade egg morphology. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9122. [PMID: 32499591 PMCID: PMC7272612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65573-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tardigrades constitute one of the most important group in the challenging Antarctic terrestrial ecosystem. Living in various habitats, tardigrades play major roles as consumers and decomposers in the trophic networks of Antarctic terrestrial and freshwater environments; yet we still know little about their biodiversity. The Eutardigrada is a species rich class, for which the eggshell morphology is one of the key morphological characters. Tardigrade egg morphology shows a diverse appearance, and it is known that, despite rare, intraspecific variation is caused by seasonality, epigenetics, and external environmental conditions. Here we report Dactylobiotus ovimutans sp. nov. from King George Island, Antarctica. Interestingly, we observed a range of eggshell morphologies from the new species, although the population was cultured under controlled laboratory condition. Thus, seasonality, environmental conditions, and food source are eliminated, leaving an epigenetic factor as a main cause for variability in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Kihm
- Division of Polar Earth-System Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, 21990, Incheon, Korea
- Polar Science, University of Science & Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, 34113, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sanghee Kim
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, 21990, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sandra J McInnes
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Krzysztof Zawierucha
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hyun Soo Rho
- East Sea Environment Research Center, East Sea Research Institute, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, 48 Haeyanggwahak-gil, Uljin, 36315, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
| | - Pilmo Kang
- Division of Polar Earth-System Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, 21990, Incheon, Korea
| | - Tae-Yoon S Park
- Division of Polar Earth-System Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, 21990, Incheon, Korea.
- Polar Science, University of Science & Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, 34113, Daejeon, Korea.
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Janssen R, Budd GE. Expression of the zinc finger transcription factor Sp6-9 in the velvet worm Euperipatoides kanangrensis suggests a conserved role in appendage development in Panarthropoda. Dev Genes Evol 2020; 230:239-245. [PMID: 32430690 PMCID: PMC7260272 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-020-00661-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The Sp-family genes encode important transcription factors in animal development. Here we investigate the embryonic expression patterns of the complete set of Sp-genes in the velvet worm Euperipatoides kanangrensis (Onychophora), with a special focus on the Sp6-9 ortholog. In arthropods, Sp6-9, the ortholog of the Drosophila melanogaster D-Sp1 gene plays a conserved role in appendage development. Our data show that the expression of Sp6-9 during the development of the velvet worm is conserved, suggesting that the key function of the Sp6-9 gene dates back to at least the last common ancestor of arthropods and onychophorans and thus likely the last common ancestor of Panarthropoda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Janssen
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Palaeobiology, Villavägen 16, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Graham E Budd
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Palaeobiology, Villavägen 16, Uppsala, Sweden
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Wang D, Vannier J, Yang XG, Sun J, Sun YF, Hao WJ, Tang QQ, Liu P, Han J. Cuticular reticulation replicates the pattern of epidermal cells in lowermost Cambrian scalidophoran worms. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200470. [PMID: 32370674 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cuticle of ecdysozoans (Panarthropoda, Scalidophora, Nematoida) is secreted by underlying epidermal cells and renewed via ecdysis. We explore here the relationship between epidermis and external cuticular ornament in stem-group scalidophorans from the early Cambrian of China (Kuanchuanpu Formation; ca 535 Ma) that had two types of microscopic polygonal cuticular networks with either straight or microfolded boundaries. Detailed comparisons with modern scalidophorans (priapulids) indicate that these networks faithfully replicate the cell boundaries of the epidermis. This suggests that the cuticle of early scalidophorans formed through the fusion between patches of extracellular material secreted by epidermal cells, as observed in various groups of present-day ecdysozoans, including arthropods. Key genetic, biochemical and mechanical processes associated with ecdysis and cuticle formation seem to have appeared very early (at least not later than 535 Ma) in the evolution of ecdysozoans. Microfolded reticulation is likely to be a mechanical response to absorbing contraction exerted by underlying muscles. The polygonal reticulation in early and extant ecdysozoans is clearly a by-product of the epidermal cell pavement and interacted with the sedimentary environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China.,Univ Lyon, Univ Lyon 1, ENSL, CNRS, LGL-TPE, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jean Vannier
- Univ Lyon, Univ Lyon 1, ENSL, CNRS, LGL-TPE, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Xiao-Guang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Fei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jing Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Qin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Han
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
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Gąsiorek P, Michalczyk Ł. Phylogeny of Itaquasconinae in the light of the evolution of the flexible pharyngeal tube in Tardigrada. ZOOL SCR 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Gąsiorek
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research Jagiellonian University Kraków Poland
| | - Łukasz Michalczyk
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research Jagiellonian University Kraków Poland
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The Unique Antimicrobial Recognition and Signaling Pathways in Tardigrades with a Comparison Across Ecdysozoa. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:1137-1148. [PMID: 31969428 PMCID: PMC7056985 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tardigrades are microscopic animals known to withstand unfavorable abiotic conditions. These animals are also constantly exposed to biotic stresses, including parasites and internal microbiomes. However, the tardigrade immune mechanisms against these biotic stresses are largely uncharacterized. Due to the contentious phylogenetic position of tardigrades, it is not intuitive whether they possess an immune system more similar to that of arthropods (e.g., Toll, Imd, and JNK pathways of the Drosophila melanogaster antimicrobial response) or to that of nematodes (e.g., the Tir-1/Nsy-1/Sek-1/Pmk-1/Atf-7 signaling cassette [called Tir-1 pathway here]) in Caenorhabditis elegans). In this study, comparative genomic analyses were conducted to mine homologs of canonical D. melanogaster and C. elegans immune pathway genes from eight tardigrades (Echiniscoides cf. sigismundi, Echiniscus testudo, Hypsibius exemplaris, Mesobiotus philippinicus, Milnesium tardigradum, Paramacrobiotus richtersi, Richtersius cf. coronifer, and Ramazzottius varieornatus) and four non-arthropod ecdysozoans (two onychophorans: Epiperipatus sp. and Opisthopatus kwazululandi; one nematomorph: Paragordius varius; and one priapulan: Priapulus caudatus) in order to provide insights into the tardigrade antimicrobial system. No homologs of the intracellular components of the Toll pathway were detected in any of the tardigrades examined. Likewise, no homologs of most of the Imd pathway genes were detected in any of the tardigrades or any of the other non-arthropod ecdysozoans. Both the JNK and Tir-1 pathways, on the other hand, were found to be conserved across ecdysozoans. Interestingly, tardigrades had no detectable homologs of NF-κB, the major activator of antimicrobial response gene expression. Instead, tardigrades appear to possess NF-κB distantly related NFAT homologs. Overall, our results show that tardigrades have a unique gene pathway repertoire that differs from that of other ecdysozoans. Our study also provides a framework for future studies on tardigrade immune responses.
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Howard RJ, Hou X, Edgecombe GD, Salge T, Shi X, Ma X. A Tube-Dwelling Early Cambrian Lobopodian. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1529-1536.e2. [PMID: 32109391 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Facivermis yunnanicus [1, 2] is an enigmatic worm-like animal from the early Cambrian Chengjiang Biota of Yunnan Province, China. It is a small (<10 cm) bilaterian with five pairs of spiny anterior arms, an elongated body, and a swollen posterior end. The unusual morphology of Facivermis has prompted a history of diverse taxonomic interpretations, including among annelids [1, 3], lophophorates [4], and pentastomids [5]. However, in other studies, Facivermis is considered to be more similar to lobopodians [2, 6-8]-the fossil grade from which modern panarthropods (arthropods, onychophorans, and tardigrades) are derived. In these studies, Facivermis is thought to be intermediate between cycloneuralian worms and lobopodians. Facivermis has therefore been suggested to represent an early endobenthic-epibenthic panarthropod transition [6] and to provide crucial insights into the origin of paired appendages [2]. However, the systematic affinity of Facivermis was poorly supported in a previous phylogeny [6], partially due to incomplete understanding of its morphology. Therefore, the evolutionary significance of Facivermis remains unresolved. In this study, we re-examine Facivermis from new material and the holotype, leading to the discovery of several new morphological features, such as paired eyes on the head and a dwelling tube. Comprehensive phylogenetic analyses using parsimony, Bayesian inference, and maximum likelihood all support Facivermis as a luolishaniid in a derived position within the onychophoran stem group rather than as a basal panarthropod. In contrast to previous studies, we therefore conclude that Facivermis provides a rare early Cambrian example of secondary loss to accommodate a highly specialized tube-dwelling lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Howard
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650500, China; Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall TR10 9TA, UK; Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Xianguang Hou
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Gregory D Edgecombe
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650500, China; Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Tobias Salge
- Imaging and Analysis Centre, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Xiaomei Shi
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiaoya Ma
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650500, China; Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall TR10 9TA, UK.
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Auletta A, Rue MCP, Harley CM, Mesce KA. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunolabeling reveals the distribution of catecholaminergic neurons in the central nervous systems of the spiders Hogna lenta (Araneae: Lycosidae) and Phidippus regius (Araneae: Salticidae). J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:211-230. [PMID: 31343075 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
With over 48,000 species currently described, spiders (Arthropoda: Chelicerata: Araneae) comprise one of the most diverse groups of animals on our planet, and exhibit an equally wide array of fascinating behaviors. Studies of central nervous systems (CNSs) in spiders, however, are relatively sparse, and no reports have yet characterized catecholaminergic (dopamine [DA]- or norepinephrine-synthesizing) neurons in any spider species. Because these neuromodulators are especially important for sensory and motor processing across animal taxa, we embarked on a study to identify catecholaminergic neurons in the CNS of the wolf spider Hogna lenta (Lycosidae) and the jumping spider Phidippus regius (Salticidae). These neurons were most effectively labeled with an antiserum raised against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis. We found extensive catecholamine-rich neuronal fibers in the first- and second-order optic neuropils of the supraesophageal mass (brain), as well as in the arcuate body, a region of the brain thought to receive visual input and which may be involved in higher order sensorimotor integration. This structure likely shares evolutionary origins with the DA-enriched central complex of the Mandibulata. In the subesophageal mass, we detected an extensive filigree of TH-immunoreactive (TH-ir) arborizations in the appendage neuromeres, as well as three prominent plurisegmental fiber tracts. A vast abundance of TH-ir somata were located in the opisthosomal neuromeres, the largest of which appeared to project to the brain and decorate the appendage neuromeres. Our study underscores the important roles that the catecholamines likely play in modulating spider vision, higher order sensorimotor processing, and motor patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Auletta
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | - Mara C P Rue
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | - Cynthia M Harley
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | - Karen A Mesce
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota.,Department of Neuroscience and Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Martin C, Hering L, Metzendorf N, Hormann S, Kasten S, Fuhrmann S, Werckenthin A, Herberg FW, Stengl M, Mayer G. Analysis of Pigment-Dispersing Factor Neuropeptides and Their Receptor in a Velvet Worm. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:273. [PMID: 32477266 PMCID: PMC7235175 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigment-dispersing factor neuropeptides (PDFs) occur in a wide range of protostomes including ecdysozoans (= molting animals) and lophotrochozoans (mollusks, annelids, flatworms, and allies). Studies in insects revealed that PDFs play a role as coupling factors of circadian pacemaker cells, thereby controlling rest-activity rhythms. While the last common ancestor of protostomes most likely possessed only one pdf gene, two pdf homologs, pdf-I and pdf-II, might have been present in the last common ancestors of Ecdysozoa and Panarthropoda (Onychophora + Tardigrada + Arthropoda). One of these homologs, however, was subsequently lost in the tardigrade and arthropod lineages followed by independent duplications of pdf-I in tardigrades and decapod crustaceans. Due to the ancestral set of two pdf genes, the study of PDFs and their receptor (PDFR) in Onychophora might reveal the ancient organization and function of the PDF/PDFR system in panarthropods. Therefore, we deorphanized the PDF receptor and generated specific antibodies to localize the two PDF peptides and their receptor in the onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli. We further conducted bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) experiments on cultured human cells (HEK293T) using an Epac-based sensor (Epac-L) to examine cAMP responses in transfected cells and to reveal potential differences in the interaction of PDF-I and PDF-II with PDFR from E. rowelli. These data show that PDF-II has a tenfold higher potency than PDF-I as an activating ligand. Double immunolabeling revealed that both peptides are co-expressed in E. rowelli but their respective levels of expression differ between specific cells: some neurons express the same amount of both peptides, while others exhibit higher levels of either PDF-I or PDF-II. The detection of the onychophoran PDF receptor in cells that additionally express the two PDF peptides suggests autoreception, whereas spatial separation of PDFR- and PDF-expressing cells supports hormonal release of PDF into the hemolymph. This suggests a dual role of PDF peptides-as hormones and as neurotransmitters/neuromodulators-in Onychophora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Martin
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Lars Hering
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Niklas Metzendorf
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Sarah Hormann
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Sonja Kasten
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Sonja Fuhrmann
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Achim Werckenthin
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Friedrich W. Herberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Monika Stengl
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
- *Correspondence: Georg Mayer
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Persson DK, Halberg KA, Neves RC, Jørgensen A, Kristensen RM, Møbjerg N. Comparative myoanatomy of Tardigrada: new insights from the heterotardigrades Actinarctus doryphorus (Tanarctidae) and Echiniscoides sigismundi (Echiniscoididae). BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:206. [PMID: 31694520 PMCID: PMC6836549 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1527-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tardigrada is a group of microscopic invertebrates distributed worldwide in permanent and temporal aquatic habitats. Famous for their extreme stress tolerance, tardigrades are also of interest due to their close relationship with Arthropoda and Cycloneuralia. Despite recent efforts in analyzing the musculature of a number of tardigrade species, data on the class Heterotardigrada remain scarce. Aiming to expand the current morphological framework, and to promote the use of muscular body plans in elucidating tardigrade phylogeny, the myoanatomy of two heterotardigrades, Actinarctus doryphorus and Echiniscoides sigismundi, was analyzed by cytochemistry, scanning electron and confocal laser scanning microscopy and 3D imaging. We discuss our findings with reference to other tardigrades and internal phylogenetic relationships of the phylum. RESULTS We focus our analyses on the somatic musculature, which in tardigrades includes muscle groups spanning dorsal, ventral, and lateral body regions, with the legs being musculated by fibers belonging to all three groups. A pronounced reduction of the trunk musculature is seen in the dorsoventrally compressed A. doryphorus, a species that generally has fewer cuticle attachment sites as compared to E. sigismundi and members of the class Eutardigrada. Interestingly, F-actin positive signals were found in the head appendages of A. doryphorus. Our analyses further indicate that cross-striation is a feature common to the somatic muscles of heterotardigrades and that E. sigismundi-as previously proposed for other echiniscoidean heterotardigrades-has relatively thick somatic muscle fibers. CONCLUSIONS We provide new insights into the myoanatomical differences that characterize distinct evolutionary lineages within Tardigrada, highlighting characters that potentially can be informative in future phylogenetic analyses. We focus our current analyses on the ventral trunk musculature. Our observations suggest that seven paired ventromedian attachment sites anchoring a large number of muscles can be regarded as part of the ground pattern of Tardigrada and that fusion and reduction of cuticular attachment sites is a derived condition. Specifically, the pattern of these sites differs in particular details between tardigrade taxa. In the future, a deeper understanding of the tardigrade myoanatomical ground pattern will require more investigations in order to include all major tardigrade lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Krog Persson
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Present Address: Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Agerlin Halberg
- Section for Cell- & Neurobiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Ricardo Cardoso Neves
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Aslak Jørgensen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Reinhardt Møbjerg Kristensen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Nadja Møbjerg
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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Hartenstein V, Martinez P. Phagocytosis in cellular defense and nutrition: a food-centered approach to the evolution of macrophages. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 377:527-547. [PMID: 31485720 PMCID: PMC6750737 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The uptake of macromolecules and larger energy-rich particles into the cell is known as phagocytosis. Phagocytosed material is enzymatically degraded in membrane-bound vesicles of the endosome/lysosome system (intracellular digestion). Whereas most, if not all, cells of the animal body are equipped with the molecular apparatus for phagocytosis and intracellular digestion, a few cell types are specialized for a highly efficient mode of phagocytosis. These are the ("professional") macrophages, motile cells that seek out and eliminate pathogenic invaders or damaged cells. Macrophages form the backbone of the innate immune system. Developmentally, they derive from specialized compartments within the embryonic mesoderm and early vasculature as part of the process of hematopoiesis. Intensive research has revealed in detail molecular and cellular mechanisms of phagocytosis and intracellular digestion in macrophages. In contrast, little is known about a second type of cell that is "professionally" involved in phagocytosis, namely the "enteric phagocyte." Next to secretory (zymogenic) cells, enteric phagocytes form one of the two major cell types of the intestine of most invertebrate animals. Unlike vertebrates, these invertebrates only partially digest food material in the intestinal lumen. The resulting food particles are absorbed by phagocytosis or pinocytosis and digested intracellularly. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the enteric phagocytes described electron microscopically for diverse invertebrate clades, to then to compare these cells with the "canonical" phagocyte ultrastructure established for macrophages. In addition, we will review observations and speculations associated with the hypothesis that macrophages are evolutionarily derived from enteric phagocytes. This idea was already proposed in the late nineteenth century by Elias Metschnikoff who pioneered the research of phagocytosis for both macrophages and enteric phagocytes. We presume that modern approaches to better understand phagocytosis will be helped by considering the deep evolutionary relationship between the two cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Hartenstein
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - P Martinez
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA (Institut Català de Recerca i Estudis Avancats), Passeig Lluı's Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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50
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Wang D, Vannier J, Schumann I, Wang X, Yang XG, Komiya T, Uesugi K, Sun J, Han J. Origin of ecdysis: fossil evidence from 535-million-year-old scalidophoran worms. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20190791. [PMID: 31288707 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With millions of extant species, ecdysozoans (Scalidophora, Nematoida and Panarthropoda) constitute a major portion of present-day biodiversity. All ecdysozoans secrete an exoskeletal cuticle which must be moulted periodically and replaced by a larger one. Although moulting (ecdysis) has been recognized in early Palaeozoic panarthropods such as trilobites and basal groups such as anomalocaridids and lobopodians, the fossil record lacks clear evidence of ecdysis in early scalidophorans, largely because of difficulties in recognizing true exuviae. Here, we describe two types of exuviae in microscopic scalidophoran worms from the lowermost Cambrian Kuanchuanpu Formation ( ca 535 Ma) of China and reconstruct their moulting process. These basal scalidophorans moulted in a manner similar to that of extant priapulid worms, extricating themselves smoothly from their old tubular cuticle or turning their exuviae inside out like the finger of a glove. This is the oldest record of moulting in ecdysozoans. We also discuss the origin of ecdysis in the light of recent molecular analyses and the significance of moulting in the early evolution of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Wang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University , Xi'an 710069 , People's Republic of China.,2 Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon: Terre, Planètes, Environnement (CNRS-UMR 5276), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , Villeurbanne Cedex 69622 , France
| | - Jean Vannier
- 2 Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon: Terre, Planètes, Environnement (CNRS-UMR 5276), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , Villeurbanne Cedex 69622 , France
| | - Isabell Schumann
- 3 Department of Genetics, University of Leipzig , Talstraße 33, 04103 Leipzig , Germany.,4 Molecular Evolution & Animal Systematics, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig , Talstraße 33, 04103 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Xing Wang
- 5 Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey , Qingdao 266071 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Guang Yang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University , Xi'an 710069 , People's Republic of China
| | - Tsuyoshi Komiya
- 6 Department of Earth Science and Astronomy, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo , Tokyo 153-8902 , Japan
| | - Kentaro Uesugi
- 7 Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI) , 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo , Japan
| | - Jie Sun
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University , Xi'an 710069 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Han
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University , Xi'an 710069 , People's Republic of China
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