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Ninivaggi M, Swieringa F, Middelveld H, Schmalschläger V, Roest M, de Laat-Kremers R, de Laat B. Exercise and hypoxia-induced hypercoagulability is counterbalanced in women in part by decreased platelet reactivity. Thromb Res 2024; 234:142-150. [PMID: 38241764 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2023.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Hypoxia plays an important role in several pathologies, e.g. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, and is linked to an increased thrombosis risk. Furthermore, oxygen deprivation is associated with hypercoagulability. In this study, we investigated the effect of gender and exercise on the coagulation potential under hypoxic conditions at high altitude by assessing thrombin generation (TG) and platelet activation. Hereto, ten healthy volunteers were included (50 % male, median age of 27.5 years). The measurements were conducted first at sea level and then twice at high altitude (3883 m), first after a passive ascent by cable car and second after an active ascent by a mountain hike. As expected, both the passive and active ascent resulted in a decreased oxygen saturation and an increased heart rate at high altitude. Acute mountain sickness symptoms were observed independently of the ascent method. After the active ascent, platelet, white blood cell and granulocyte count were increased, and lymphocytes were decreased, without a gender-related difference. FVIII and von Willebrand factor were significantly increased after the active ascent for both men and women. Platelet activation was reduced and delayed under hypobaric conditions, especially in women. TG analysis showed a prothrombotic trend at high altitude, especially after the active ascent. Women had a hypercoagulable phenotype, compared to men at all 3 timepoints, indicated by a higher peak height and endogenous thrombin potential (ETP), and shorter lag time and time-to-peak. In addition, ETP and peak inhibition by thrombomodulin was lower in women after the active ascent, compared to men. Interestingly, data normalisation for subject baseline values indicated an opposing effect of altitude-induced hypoxia on α2-macroglobulin levels and TG lag time between men and women, decreasing in men and increasing in women. We conclude that hypoxia increases TG, as well as FVIII and VWF levels in combination with exercise. In contrast, platelets lose their responsiveness at high altitude, which is most pronounced after heavy exercise. Women had a more pronounced prothrombotic phenotype compared to men, which we theorize is counterbalanced under hypobaric conditions by decreased platelet activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ninivaggi
- Department of Functional Coagulation, Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - F Swieringa
- Department of Platelet Pathophysiology, Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - H Middelveld
- Department of Functional Coagulation, Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Platelet Pathophysiology, Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - V Schmalschläger
- Department of Functional Coagulation, Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - M Roest
- Department of Platelet Pathophysiology, Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - R de Laat-Kremers
- Department of Data Analysis and Artificial Intelligence, Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - B de Laat
- Department of Functional Coagulation, Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Data Analysis and Artificial Intelligence, Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Carlo A, Yan Q, Ten Cate H, De Laat-Kremers R, De Laat B, Ninivaggi M. Semi-automated thrombin dynamics applying the ST Genesia thrombin generation assay. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:912433. [PMID: 35958413 PMCID: PMC9360406 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.912433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The haemostatic balance is an equilibrium of pro- and anticoagulant factors that work synergistically to prevent bleeding and thrombosis. As thrombin is the central enzyme in the coagulation pathway, it is desirable to measure thrombin generation (TG) in order to detect possible bleeding or thrombotic phenotypes, as well as to investigate the capacity of drugs affecting the formation of thrombin. By investigating the underlying processes of TG (i.e., prothrombin conversion and inactivation), additional information is collected about the dynamics of thrombin formation. Objectives To obtain reference values for thrombin dynamics (TD) analysis in 112 healthy donors using an automated system for TG. Methods TG was measured on the ST Genesia, fibrinogen on the Start, anti-thrombin (AT) on the STA R Max and α2Macroglobulin (α2M) with an in-house chromogenic assay. Results TG was measured using STG-BleedScreen, STG-ThromboScreen and STG-DrugScreen. The TG data was used as an input for TD analysis, in combination with plasma levels of AT, α2M and fibrinogen that were 113% (108-118%), 2.6 μM (2.2 μM-3.1 μM) and 2.9 g/L (2.6-3.2 g/L), respectively. The maximum rate of the prothrombinase complex (PCmax) and the total amount of prothrombin converted (PCtot) increased with increasing tissue factor (TF) concentration. PCtot increased from 902 to 988 nM, whereas PCmax increased from 172 to 508 nM/min. Thrombin (T)-AT and T-α2M complexes also increased with increasing TF concentration (i.e., from 860 to 955 nM and from 28 to 33 nm, respectively). PCtot, T-AT and T-α2M complex formation were strongly inhibited by addition of thrombomodulin (-44%, -43%, and -48%, respectively), whereas PCmax was affected less (-24%). PCtot, PCmax, T-AT, and T-α2M were higher in women using oral contraceptives (OC) compared to men/women without OC, and inhibition by thrombomodulin was also significantly less in women on OC (p < 0.05). Conclusions TG measured on the ST Genesia can be used as an input for TD analysis. The data obtained can be used as reference values for future clinical studies as the balance between prothrombin conversion and thrombin inactivation has shown to be useful in several clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Carlo
- Diagnostica Stago S.A.S., Asnières-sur-Seine, France
| | - Qiuting Yan
- Department of Functional Coagulation, Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Hugo Ten Cate
- Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Romy De Laat-Kremers
- Department of Functional Coagulation, Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Data Analysis and Artificial Intelligence, Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Bas De Laat
- Department of Functional Coagulation, Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Data Analysis and Artificial Intelligence, Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marisa Ninivaggi
- Department of Functional Coagulation, Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Abstract
Abstract
Hen eggs are widely used, not only for human consumption, but also as an important material in food production and in pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry. Cystatin is a biologically active component of egg white, mostly used as an inhibitor of papain-like cysteine proteases. It was isolated from chicken egg white and has later been used in the nomenclature of structurally and functionally related proteins. Cystatins from animals, including mouse, rat, dog, cow and chicken egg white have been isolated and recently used in foodstuffs and drug administration. Cystatin has found its place and use in medicine due to its antimicrobial, antiviral and insecticidal effects, for the prevention of cerebral hemorrhage and control of cancer cell metastasis.
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Schelp FP, Kraiklang R, Muktabhant B, Chupanit P, Sanchaisuriya P. Public health research needs for molecular epidemiology and to emphasize homeostasis - could the omnipotent endopeptidase inhibitor α-2-macroglobulin be a meaningful biomarker? F1000Res 2019; 8:1025. [PMID: 31824660 PMCID: PMC6880254 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.19781.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Public health authorities in low- and middle-income countries face dramatic challenges in handling rapidly increasing non-communicable diseases (NCDs), due to the epidemiological- and particularly nutritional transition. Among major reasons for the development of NCDs are smoking and alcohol, but overnutrition and obesity are also major threats to population health. Obesity is related to diabetes and cancer, but also has a genetic background. It is difficult to recommend a healthy nutrition. This is because of conflicting nutritional conceptions, and given the complexity of human metabolism understanding this topic can be difficult for the laymen. Public health measures advocating physical activity and refraining from high intake of energy, sugar and soft drinks need to be enhanced by supporting the ‘intrinsic motivation’ to preserve a good health. The mission of public health should be to increase awareness about the complexity of human metabolism, and the involvement of genetic and epigenetics in health and diseases. To maintain homeostasis, means to keep an optimal relationship between catabolism and synthesis, seems to be of particular interest. Preconditions for this is, that public health institutions within the administration- and academic sector follow up developments in life science and molecular biology and conduct population-based research making use of molecular epidemiology, especially those related to key metabolic steps and maintenance of ‘homeostasis’, in balancing catabolism and anabolism. A prospective biomarker for this situation might be α-2-macroglobulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Peter Schelp
- Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | | | - Benja Muktabhant
- Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Pornpimon Chupanit
- Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
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Chang CY, Tung YT, Lin YK, Liao CC, Chiu CF, Tung TH, Shabrina A, Huang SY. Effects of Caloric Restriction with Protein Supplementation on Plasma Protein Profiles in Middle-Aged Women with Metabolic Syndrome-A Preliminary Open Study. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8020195. [PMID: 30736312 PMCID: PMC6406984 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Clinical studies have demonstrated that higher protein intake based on caloric restriction (CR) alleviates metabolic abnormalities. However, no study has examined the effects of plasma protein profiles on caloric restriction with protein supplementation (CRPS) in metabolic syndrome (MetS). Therefore, using a proteomic perspective, this pilot study investigated whether CRPS ameliorated metabolic abnormalities associated with MetS in middle-aged women. Methods: Plasma samples of middle-aged women with MetS in CR (n = 7) and CRPS (n = 6) groups for a 12-week intervention were obtained and their protein profiles were analysed. Briefly, blood samples from qualified participants were drawn before and after the dietary treatment. Anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical variables were measured and correlated with plasma proteomics. Results: In results, we found that body mass index, total body fat, and fasting blood glucose decreased significantly after the interventions but were not different between the CR and CRPS groups. After liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis, the relative plasma levels of alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M), C4b-binding protein alpha chain (C4BPA), complement C1r subcomponent-like protein (C1RL), complement component C6 (C6), complement component C8 gamma chain (C8G), and vitamin K-dependent protein S (PROS) were significantly different between the CRPS and CR groups. These proteins are involved in inflammation, the immune system, and coagulation responses. Moreover, blood low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly and positively correlated with C6 plasma levels in both groups. Conclusions: These findings suggest that CRPS improves inflammatory responses in middle-aged women with MetS. Specific plasma protein expression (i.e., A2M, C4BPA, C1RL, C6, C8G, and PROS) associated with the complement system was highly correlated with fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood lipids (BLs), and body fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Chang
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Tang Tung
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Kuang Lin
- Biostatistics Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Chen-Chung Liao
- Proteomics Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Feng Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Te-Hsuan Tung
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Amalina Shabrina
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Yi Huang
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Center for Reproductive Medicine & Sciences, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
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Effect of Non-Enzymatic Glycation on Cystatin: A Spectroscopic Study. J Fluoresc 2014; 24:1107-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-014-1391-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Dini C, Doporto MC, García MA, Viña SZ. Nutritional profile and anti-nutrient analyses of Pachyrhizus ahipa roots from different accessions. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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8
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van Breda SGJ, de Kok TMCM, van Delft JHM. Mechanisms of colorectal and lung cancer prevention by vegetables: a genomic approach. J Nutr Biochem 2008; 19:139-57. [PMID: 17651960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Revised: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) and lung cancer (LC) occur at high incidence, and both can be effectively prevented by dietary vegetable consumption. This makes these two types of cancer highly suitable for elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms of cancer chemoprevention. Numerous studies have shown that vegetables exert their beneficial effects through various different mechanisms, but effects on the genome level remain mostly unclear. This review evaluates current knowledge on the mechanisms of CRC and LC prevention by vegetables, thereby focusing on the modulation of gene and protein expressions. The majority of the effects found in the colon are changes in the expression of genes and proteins involved in apoptosis, cell cycle, cell proliferation and intracellular defense, in favor of reduced CRC risk. Furthermore, vegetables and vegetable components changed the expression of many more genes and proteins involved in other pathways for which biologic meaning is less clear. The number of studies investigating gene and protein expression changes in the lungs is limited to only a few in vitro and animal studies. Data from these studies show that mostly genes involved in biotransformation, apoptosis and cell cycle regulation are affected. In both colon and lungs, genomewide analyses of gene and protein expression changes by new genomics and proteomics technologies, as well as the investigation of whole vegetables, are few in number. Further studies applying these 'omics' approaches are needed to provide more insights on affected genetic/biologic pathways and, thus, in molecular mechanisms by which different chemopreventive compounds can protect against carcinogenesis. Particularly studies with combinations of phytochemicals and whole vegetables are needed to establish gene expression changes in the colon, but especially in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone G J van Breda
- Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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9
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Johnson IT, Williamson G, Musk SRR. Anticarcinogenic Factors in Plant Foods: A New Class of Nutrients? Nutr Res Rev 2007; 7:175-204. [DOI: 10.1079/nrr19940011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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10
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Sharma S, Rashid F, Bano B. Studies on low molecular mass phytocystatins purified from Phaseolus mungo (Urd). BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2006; 71:406-13. [PMID: 16615860 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297906040080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present study two phytocystatins (thiol protease inhibitors) have been isolated and purified to homogeneity from Phaseolus mungo by a simple two-step procedure using ammonium sulfate fractionation and gel filtration on Sephacryl-100 HR. The latter procedure yielded two peaks of the inhibitors (PMC I and PMC II). The pH optimum of both phytocystatins was pH 7.0; the temperature optima for PMC I and PMC II were 65 and 70 degrees C, respectively. The molecular masses of the purified phytocystatins were 19 and 17 kD, respectively, as determined by SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry. Antibodies raised against the purified cystatins gave a single precipitin line in Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion. Kinetics of inhibition showed that PMC I and PMC II strongly inhibit papain and ficin but not trypsin and chymotrypsin. Binding stoichiometry of PMC I and PMC II with both papain and ficin was 1 : 2. The effect of urea on PMC I and PMC II was analyzed by fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy. The CD results suggest an unfolding of PMC I and PMC II accompanying a decrease in the amount of extended (hydrated) coil structure and an increase in sheet-like structure. FTIR results show that PMC I is structurally similar to PMC II. Hydrophobic interactions are observed over a long time scale (5-150 min). Furthermore, fluorescence spectroscopy results were found to be in accordance with CD results, by showing quenching of fluorescence intensity of PMC I and PMC II, although to different extents, due to perturbations of the environment of aromatic residues in the protein. Both cystatins showed strong inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
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Tungtrongchitr R, Pongpaew P, Vudhivai N, Changbumrung S, Tungtrongchitr A, Phonrat B, Viroonudomphol D, Pooudong S, Schelp FP. Relationship between alpha-2-macroglobulin, anthropometric parameters and lipid profiles in Thai overweight and obese in Bangkok. Nutr Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(02)00529-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Haq SK, Khan RH. Characterization of a proteinase inhibitor from Cajanus cajan (L.). JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 2003; 22:543-54. [PMID: 14703988 DOI: 10.1023/b:jopc.0000005504.57372.5b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A protein proteinase inhibitor (PI) has been purified from pigeonpea Cajanus cajan (L.) PUSA 33 variety by acetic-acid precipitation, salt fractionation and chromatography on a DEAE-Cellulose column. The content of inhibitor was found to be 15 mg/20 g dry weight of pulse. The molecular weight of the inhibitor as determined by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions was found to be about 14,000. It showed inhibitory activity toward proteolytic enzymes belonging to the serine protease group, namely trypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin. The inhibitory activity was stable over a wide range of pH and temperatures. Estimation of sulfhydryl groups yielded one free cysteine and at least two disulfide linkages. N-terminal sequence homology suggests that it belongs to the Kunitz inhibitor family. Structural analysis by circular dichroism shows that the inhibitor possesses a largely disordered structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soghra Khatun Haq
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, India
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Abstract
Certain protease inhibitors, called the anticarcinogenic protease inhibitors in this review, are capable of preventing carcinogenesis in a wide variety of in vivo and in vitro model systems. The anticarcinogenic protease inhibitors are extremely potent agents with the ability to prevent cancer, with some unique characteristics as anticarcinogenic agents. The anticarcinogenic protease inhibitors have the ability to irreversibly suppress the carcinogenic process. They do not have to be continuously present to suppress carcinogenesis. They can be effective when applied in both in vivo and in vitro carcinogenesis assay systems at long time periods after carcinogen exposure, and are effective as anticarcinogenic agents at extremely low molar concentrations. While several different types of protease inhibitors can prevent the carcinogenic process, the most potent of the anticarcinogenic protease inhibitors on a molar basis are those with the ability to inhibit chymotrypsin or chymotrypsin-like proteases. The soybean-derived protease inhibitor, Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI), is a potent chymotrypsin inhibitor that has been extensively studied for its ability to prevent carcinogenesis in many different model systems. Much of this review is focused on the characteristics of BBI as the anticarcinogenic protease inhibitor, as this is the protease inhibitor that has risen to the human trial stage as a human cancer chemopreventive agent. Part of this review hypothesizes that the Bowman-Birk family of protease inhibitors plays a role in plants similar to that of alpha1-antichymotrypsin in people. Both BBI and alpha1-antichymotrypsin are potent inhibitors of chymotrypsin and chymotrypsin-like enzymes, are highly anti-inflammatory, and are thought to play important roles in the defense of their respective organisms. It is believed that BBI will be shown to play a major role in the prevention and/or treatment of several different diseases, in addition to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Kennedy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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Steinmetz KA, Potter JD. Vegetables, fruit, and cancer prevention: a review. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION 1996; 96:1027-39. [PMID: 8841165 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-8223(96)00273-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1191] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this review of the scientific literature on the relationship between vegetable and fruit consumption and risk of cancer, results from 206 human epidemiologic studies and 22 animal studies are summarized. The evidence for a protective effect of greater vegetable and fruit consumption is consistent for cancers of the stomach, esophagus, lung, oral cavity and pharynx, endometrium, pancreas, and colon. The types of vegetables or fruit that most often appear to be protective against cancer are raw vegetables, followed by allium vegetables, carrots, green vegetables, cruciferous vegetables, and tomatoes. Substances present in vegetables and fruit that may help protect against cancer, and their mechanisms, are also briefly reviewed; these include dithiolthiones, isothiocyanates, indole-3-carbinol, allium compounds, isoflavones, protease inhibitors, saponins, phytosterols, inositol hexaphosphate, vitamin C, D-limonene, lutein, folic acid, beta carotene, lycopene, selenium, vitamin E, flavonoids, and dietary fiber. Current US vegetable and fruit intake, which averages about 3.4 servings per day, is discussed, as are possible noncancer-related effects of increased vegetable and fruit consumption, including benefits against cardiovascular disease, diabetes, stroke, obesity, diverticulosis, and cataracts. Suggestions for dietitians to use in counseling persons toward increasing vegetable and fruit intake are presented.
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15
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Anthropometry, cholesterol, HDL and LDL in relation to alpha-2-macroglobulin in thai construction site workers. Nutr Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0271-5317(96)00120-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Abstract
This brief review article deals with the subject of anticarcinogenic activity of protease inhibitors (PI). Three basic premises are made: (1) Although PI are prevalent constituents of dietary staples such as soy products, which have been epidemiologically associated with reduced cancer incidences at multiple target sites, they are unlikely to be the active anticarcinogenic entities. Cooked soy products, which are devoid of PI activity, are equally as effective at reducing cancer development as raw soy products. Isoflavones are likely to represent major chemopreventive agents in soy, although other constituents may well contribute. (2) Although supplementation of diets with PI (natural or synthetic), or direct topical administration, results in lower cancer incidences in many experimental models in vivo, this effect appears to be indirect. Dietary PI are, in general, poorly absorbed from the GI tract, and never reach target organs in any measurable quantity. The most attractive hypothesis is that dietary PI could induce synthesis and distribution of endogenous PI (acute-phase reactants), which have widespread effects on cell growth and behavior. Effects of topical administration of PI also encompass prominent anti-inflammatory effects. (3) A spectrum of PI inhibit in vitro transformation induced by a variety of carcinogenic agents. Their effects can be grouped into three basic categories, affecting: (a) signal transduction pathways; (b) DNA repair processes; and (c) nuclear proteases. I suggest that the nuclear multicatalytic protease activity, in particular the chymotrypsin-like activity, represents an important cellular target for which considerable anecdotal support can be garnered.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Clawson
- Department of Pathology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey 17033, USA
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Pongpaew P, Boonyakarnkul N, Schelp FP, Changbumrung S, Supawan V, Tawprasert S, Migasena P. Serum concentrations of alpha-2-macroglobulin and other serum proteinase inhibitors in Thai vegetarians and omnivores. Nutr Res 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(05)80172-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Steinmetz KA, Potter JD. Food-group consumption and colon cancer in the Adelaide Case-Control Study. I. Vegetables and fruit. Int J Cancer 1993; 53:711-9. [PMID: 8449594 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910530502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Previous epidemiologic studies have shown an inverse association between vegetable and fruit consumption and risk of colon cancer. Vegetables and fruit contain a large number of potentially anti-carcinogenic substances, thus lending biological plausibility to this association. We conducted a case-control study in Australia, comparing 220 persons with histologically confirmed incident adenocarcinoma of the colon with 438 age- and gender-matched controls. Cases were identified via the South Australian Cancer Registry (1979-80); controls were randomly selected from the electoral roll. All participants completed a 141-item food-frequency questionnaire and were interviewed regarding demographic and other information. Consumption of 15 vegetable and fruit groups was investigated. Odds ratios (OR) for quartiles of consumption were derived using conditional logistic regression. All analyses were conducted separately for females and males. For females, greater intakes of onions and legumes were associated with decreased risk, with protein-adjusted OR of 0.48 and 0.53 respectively. Greater intakes of raw fruit and cabbage were associated with protein-adjusted OR of 0.76 and 0.71 respectively. For males, greater intakes of onions, green leafy vegetables, legumes, carrots and cabbage were associated with protein-adjusted OR in the range of 0.72 to 0.77. Consumption of potatoes was positively associated with risk in both genders. All 95% confidence intervals included 1.0. Analyses stratified by colon-cancer sub-site showed no strong and consistent differences between sub-sites for the vegetable and fruit associations. Results for meat, poultry, seafood, dairy foods and eggs are presented in a companion report.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Steinmetz
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55454-1015
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Pero RW, Berglund G, Christie NT, Cosma GN, Frenkel K, Garte SJ, Janzon L, Olsson A, Seidegård J, Smulson ME. The Malmö biomarker programme. J Intern Med 1993; 233:69-74. [PMID: 8429290 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.1993.tb00651.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Evaluation of pro-oxidant/antioxidant dietary factors in relation to individual susceptibility to cancer and cardiovascular disease is justified based on a review of the literature. This working hypothesis is amendable to further scientific validation from biomarkers with end-point sensitivity to oxygen radicals. So far, the biomarker programme developed around this theme may be divided into three distinct classes: (1) Markers of genotoxic exposure estimate DNA damage either directly as a biologically effective dose, or indirectly by estimating aberrant cellular functions that lead to accumulation of DNA damage. The examples included are ADP-ribosylation in mononuclear leucocytes (R. Pero, A. Olsson), oxidative DNA damage (K. Frenkel), gene expression in lymphocytes (S. Garte, G. Cosma), serum alpha macroglobulin (W. Troll) and oxidized DNA damage and repair (N. Christie). (2) Markers of genetic predisposition have been shown to have genetic inheritance patterns that relate to individual susceptibility to cancer or cardiovascular disease. The examples included are glutathione transferase mu phenotyping (R. Pero, J. Seidegård) and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase pseudogene polymorphism (M. Smulson). (3) Markers of dietary status have been validated to estimate the amount of a particular nutrient or xenobiotic in the diet that has been taken up and metabolized or distributed to body fluids or tissues. The example included here is niacin nutriture (E. Jacobson, M. Jacobson). This biomarker is presented in Section 5 (pp. 59-62) of the Malmö Diet and Cancer Programme Minisymposium reported in this issue of the journal.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Pero
- Department of Molecular Ecogenetics, University of Lund, Malmö, Sweden
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Limtrakul P, Suttajit M, Semura R, Shimada K, Yamamoto S. Suppressive effect of soybean milk protein on experimentally induced skin tumor in mice. Life Sci 1993; 53:1591-6. [PMID: 8231636 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(93)90182-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effect of soybean milk protein (SMP) in a two-stage carcinogenesis experiment on mouse skin. Mice were given soybean protein isolate (SPI) diet or SPI diet supplemented with SMP. After 4 weeks on the diets, the mice were shaved and a tumor initiator was applied. A tumor promotor was then applied twice a week on the same area of the skin throughout the experiment. After 20 weeks on the treatment, the percentage of tumor-bearing mice and the volume of tumor tended to be lower in the mice on the SMP diet than those on the SPI diet. The number of tumor was also significantly lower in the former group as compared to the latter group. There was no difference in growth between mice of the SPI and SMP groups. The results indicate the safety and the anti-carcinogenic effect of SMP in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Limtrakul
- Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
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Osowole OA, Tonukari JN, Uwaifo AO. Isolation and partial characterization of pigeon pea protease inhibitor: its effect on the genotoxic action of aflatoxin B1. Biochem Pharmacol 1992; 43:1880-2. [PMID: 1575783 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(92)90727-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Protease inhibitor was isolated and purified from pigeon pea Cajanus capan. By using gel filtration analysis the inhibitor was found to have an Mr of 18,200. It inhibits trypsin competitively with a specific inhibitor constant Ki of 1.53 x 10(-7) M. The purified inhibitor produced a marked reduction in aflatoxin B1-induced beta-galactosidase activity in Escherichia coli PQ37. This reduction is independent of whether the protease inhibitor was added to the reaction medium prior to or after aflatoxin B1 activation. The observed reduction may therefore be a result of the inhibitor's activity on the RecA protease produced in response to aflatoxin B1-induced DNA damage in the bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Osowole
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
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Abstract
The epidemiologic literature on the relationship between vegetable and fruit consumption and human cancer at a variety of sites was reviewed systematically in Part I. It was concluded that consumption of higher levels of vegetables and fruit is associated consistently, although not universally, with a reduced risk of cancer at most sites, and particularly with epithelial cancers of the alimentary and respiratory tracts. Possible mechanisms by which vegetable and fruit intake might alter risk of cancer are addressed here. A large number of potentially anticarcinogenic agents are found in these food sources, including carotenoids, vitamins C and E, selenium, dietary fiber, dithiolthiones, glucosinolates and indoles, isothiocyanates, flavonoids, phenols, protease inhibitors, plant sterols, allium compounds, and limonene. These agents have both complementary and overlapping mechanisms of action, including the induction of detoxification enzymes, inhibition of nitrosamine formation, provision of substrate for formation of antineoplastic agents, dilution and binding of carcinogens in the digestive tract, alteration of hormone metabolism, antioxidant effects, and others. It appears extremely unlikely that any one substance is responsible for all the associations seen. Possible adverse effects of vegetable and fruit consumption are also examined. One way to consider the relationships reviewed here is to hypothesize that humans are adapted to a high intake of plant foods that supply substances crucial to the maintenance of the organism, but only some of which are currently called 'essential nutrients.' Cancer may be the result of reducing the level of intake of foods that are metabolically necessary--it may be a disease of maladaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Steinmetz
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455
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Influence of dietary intake on alpha-2-macroglobulin and other biochemical parameters in healthy thai males. Nutr Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(05)80346-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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