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Ghamri KA. Mutual effects of gestational diabetes and schizophrenia: how can one promote the other?: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38677. [PMID: 38905391 PMCID: PMC11191934 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the physical complications of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are well known, emerging evidence suggests a significant link with psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia (SCZ). This review aimed to explore the extent, nature, and implications of the association between GDM and SCZ, exploring how the 2 conditions may reciprocally influence each other. We conducted a comprehensive literature review and, analyzed clinical and mechanistic evidence supporting the mutual effects of GDM and SCZ. This review examined factors such as neurodevelopment and the impact of antipsychotics. The study found that Maternal GDM increases the risk of SCZ in offspring. Conversely, women with SCZ were more prone to hyperglycemic pregnancies. The research highlights significant regional variations in GDM prevalence, with the highest rate in the Middle East, North Africa, and South-East Asia regions. These regional variations may have an impact on the epidemiology of SCZ. Furthermore, this review identifies the potential biological and environmental mechanisms underlying these associations. There is a bidirectional relationship between GDM and SCZ, with each disorder potentially exacerbating the others. This relationship has significant implications for maternal and offspring health, particularly in regions with high GDM prevalence. These findings underline the need for integrated care approaches for women with SCZ during pregnancy and the importance of monitoring and managing GDM to mitigate the risk of SCZ in the offspring. Notably, this study recognizes the need for further research to fully understand these complex interactions and their implications for healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kholoud A. Ghamri
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Li W, Yue L, Xiao S. Demographic, biochemical, clinical, and cognitive symptom differences between smokers and non-smokers in Chinese older male patients with chronic schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024:10.1007/s00406-024-01762-7. [PMID: 38462585 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-024-01762-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have suggested that smoking may impair cognitive function and worsen psychiatric symptoms in people with schizophrenia, but the results have not been consistent. There have been few studies to date that have examined the effects of smoking in older men with chronic schizophrenia. METHODS The participants in our study consisted of 167 order Chinese males with chronic schizophrenia and 359 normal control subjects. We split them into smoking and non-smoking groups based on whether or not they smoked. Second, we compared their differences in terms of general demographic characteristics (such as age, education, body mass index, age of illness onset, and course of disease), disease information (such as hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia), lifestyle factors (such as physical exercise and lunch break), blood biochemical indicators (such as albumin, triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein and fasting blood glucose), and medication usage (such as clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and chlorpromazine). Lastly, a neuropsychological test battery was used to assess their psychiatric and cognitive symptoms, for example, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was used to assess their overall cognitive functioning. Their depressive symptoms were assessed by the geriatric depression scale (GDS). Activities of daily living (ADL) were used to assess their ability to lead a daily life, while the positive and negative syndrome scales (PANSS) were used to assess their psychiatric symptoms. RESULTS Smokers who develop schizophrenia at older ages had a higher body mass index than non-smokers. We also found that plasma albumin, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and fasting blood glucose concentrations were significantly higher in smokers. In contrast, smokers with schizophrenia also had lower PANSS total scores, negative symptom scores, and general psychopathology scores. A forward stepwise binary logistics regression analysis demonstrated a significant association between negative symptom scores and smoking status (B = 0.112, p < 0.001, OR = 1.119, 95% confidence interval: 1.059-1.181). Correlation analysis was carried out and it was found that the amount of cigarette consumption per day had a negative correlation with plasma albumin level(r = - 0.290, p = 0.004). However, no such association was found in normal controls. CONCLUSIONS Elderly Chinese men with schizophrenia have a higher percentage of smokers, and although smoking can reduce their plasma albumin levels, it does contribute to the prevention of negative symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
- Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Yue
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
- Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shifu Xiao
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
- Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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Nomura N, Misawa F, Fujii Y, Takeuchi H. Mortality in patients with schizophrenia in Japan. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2024:10.1007/s00127-023-02592-z. [PMID: 38245575 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-023-02592-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with schizophrenia have a higher mortality risk than the general population. However, no recent studies have investigated mortality in patients with schizophrenia in Japan. Therefore, we conducted a retrospective study to evaluate excess mortality and risk factors for mortality in patients with schizophrenia in Japan. METHODS We included patients diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder at Yamanashi Prefectural Kita Hospital between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2017. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were used to compare mortality rates between patients with schizophrenia and the general population. Logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate risk factors associated with mortality. RESULTS Of the 1,699 patients with schizophrenia (893 men and 806 women), 104 (55 men and 49 women) died during the study period. The all-cause SMR (95% confidence interval [CI]) was 2.18 (1.76-2.60); the natural- and unnatural-cause SMRs were 2.06 (1.62-2.50) and 5.07 (2.85-7.30), respectively. Men (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2.24, 95% CI = 1.10-4.56), age (adjusted OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.09-1.16), and barbiturate use (adjusted OR = 8.17, 95% CI = 2.07-32.32) were associated with the risk of mortality. CONCLUSION The mortality rate remains high in patients with schizophrenia in Japan. Further studies are needed to evaluate mortality trends in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Nomura
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section Evidence-Based Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstr. 69, 81675, Munich, Germany.
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Yamanashi Prefectural Kita Hospital, Yamanashi, Japan.
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Fuminari Misawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Yamanashi Prefectural Kita Hospital, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yasuo Fujii
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Yamanashi Prefectural Kita Hospital, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Takeuchi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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Fukuda S, Ohi K, Fujikane D, Takai K, Kuramitsu A, Fujita K, Muto Y, Sugiyama S, Shioiri T. Olfactory identification ability among schizophrenia patients, their first-degree relatives and healthy subjects. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2023; 57:1367-1374. [PMID: 36967530 DOI: 10.1177/00048674231164568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Olfactory impairments, including identification, have been reported in patients with schizophrenia, while few studies have examined the olfactory function of unaffected first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia, and the sample sizes of first-degree relatives were relatively small. Here, we investigated olfactory identification ability among patients with schizophrenia, first-degree relatives and healthy controls (HCs) using relatively large sample sizes at a single institute. METHODS To assess olfactory identification ability, the open essence odorant identification test was administered to 172 schizophrenia patients, 75 first-degree relatives and 158 healthy controls. Differences in olfactory identification and correlations between olfactory ability and clinical variables were examined among these participants. RESULTS We found a significant difference in olfactory identification ability among the diagnostic groups (p = 7.65 × 10-16). Schizophrenia patients displayed lower olfactory identification ability than first-degree relatives (Cohen's d = -0.57, p = 3.13 × 10-6) and healthy controls (d = -1.00, p = 2.19 × 10-16). Furthermore, first-degree relatives had lower olfactory identification ability than healthy controls (d = -0.29, p = 0.039). Olfactory identification ability moderately and negatively correlated with the duration of illness (r = -0.41, p = 1.88 × 10-8) and negative symptoms (r = -0.28, p = 1.99 × 10-4) in schizophrenia patients, although the correlation with the duration of illness was affected by aging (r = -0.24). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that schizophrenia patients have impaired olfactory identification ability compared with first-degree relatives and healthy controls, and the impaired olfactory identification ability of first-degree relatives was intermediate between those in schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. Olfactory identification ability was relatively independent of clinical variables. Therefore, olfactory identification ability might be an intermediate phenotype for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazutaka Ohi
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Fujikane
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kentaro Takai
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ayumi Kuramitsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Koji Fujita
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yukimasa Muto
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Sugiyama
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Toshiki Shioiri
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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Rodríguez-Vega A, Dutra-Tavares AC, Souza TP, Semeão KA, Filgueiras CC, Ribeiro-Carvalho A, Manhães AC, Abreu-Villaça Y. Nicotine Exposure in a Phencyclidine-Induced Mice Model of Schizophrenia: Sex-Selective Medial Prefrontal Cortex Protein Markers of the Combined Insults in Adolescent Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14634. [PMID: 37834084 PMCID: PMC10572990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco misuse as a comorbidity of schizophrenia is frequently established during adolescence. However, comorbidity markers are still missing. Here, the method of label-free proteomics was used to identify deregulated proteins in the medial prefrontal cortex (prelimbic and infralimbic) of male and female mice modelled to schizophrenia with a history of nicotine exposure during adolescence. Phencyclidine (PCP), used to model schizophrenia (SCHZ), was combined with an established model of nicotine minipump infusions (NIC). The combined insults led to worse outcomes than each insult separately when considering the absolute number of deregulated proteins and that of exclusively deregulated ones. Partially shared Reactome pathways between sexes and between PCP, NIC and PCPNIC groups indicate functional overlaps. Distinctively, proteins differentially expressed exclusively in PCPNIC mice reveal unique effects associated with the comorbidity model. Interactome maps of these proteins identified sex-selective subnetworks, within which some proteins stood out: for females, peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (Fkbp1a) and heat shock 70 kDa protein 1B (Hspa1b), both components of the oxidative stress subnetwork, and gamma-enolase (Eno2), a component of the energy metabolism subnetwork; and for males, amphiphysin (Amph), a component of the synaptic transmission subnetwork. These are proposed to be further investigated and validated as markers of the combined insult during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Rodríguez-Vega
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, RJ, Brazil; (A.R.-V.); (A.C.D.-T.); (T.P.S.); (K.A.S.); (C.C.F.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Ana Carolina Dutra-Tavares
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, RJ, Brazil; (A.R.-V.); (A.C.D.-T.); (T.P.S.); (K.A.S.); (C.C.F.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Thainá P. Souza
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, RJ, Brazil; (A.R.-V.); (A.C.D.-T.); (T.P.S.); (K.A.S.); (C.C.F.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Keila A. Semeão
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, RJ, Brazil; (A.R.-V.); (A.C.D.-T.); (T.P.S.); (K.A.S.); (C.C.F.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Claudio C. Filgueiras
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, RJ, Brazil; (A.R.-V.); (A.C.D.-T.); (T.P.S.); (K.A.S.); (C.C.F.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Anderson Ribeiro-Carvalho
- Departamento de Ciências, Faculdade de Formação de Professores da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, São Gonçalo 24435-005, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Alex C. Manhães
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, RJ, Brazil; (A.R.-V.); (A.C.D.-T.); (T.P.S.); (K.A.S.); (C.C.F.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Yael Abreu-Villaça
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, RJ, Brazil; (A.R.-V.); (A.C.D.-T.); (T.P.S.); (K.A.S.); (C.C.F.); (A.C.M.)
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Chai Y, Chu RYK, Hu Y, Lam ICH, Cheng FWT, Luo H, Wong MCS, Chan SSM, Chan EWY, Wong ICK, Lai FTT. Association between cumulative exposure periods of flupentixol or any antipsychotics and risk of lung cancer. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2023; 3:126. [PMID: 37752185 PMCID: PMC10522572 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-023-00364-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical evidence suggests that certain antipsychotic medications may inhibit the development of lung cancer. This study aims to investigate the association between incident lung cancer and different cumulative exposure periods of flupentixol or any antipsychotics. METHODS Using electronic health records from the Hospital Authority in Hong Kong, this nested case-control study included case participants aged 18 years or older with newly diagnosed lung cancer after initiating antipsychotics between January 1, 2003, and August 31, 2022. Each case was matched to up to ten controls of the same sex and age, who were also antipsychotic users. Multivariable conditional logistic regression models were conducted to quantify the association between lung cancer and different cumulative exposure times of flupentixol (0-365 days [ref]; 366-1825 days; 1826+ days) and any antipsychotics (1-365 days [ref]; 366-1825 days; 1826+ days), separately. RESULTS Here we show that among 6435 cases and 64,348 matched controls, 64.06% are males, and 52.98% are aged 65-84 years. Compared to patients with less than 365 days of exposure, those with 366-1825 days of exposure to flupentixol (OR = 0.65 [95% CI, 0.47-0.91]) and any antipsychotics (0.42 [0.38-0.45]) have a lower risk of lung cancer. A decreased risk is observed in patients who have 1826+ days of cumulative use of any antipsychotics (0.54 [0.47-0.60]). CONCLUSIONS A reduced risk of lung cancer is observed in patients with more than one year of exposure to flupentixol or any antipsychotics. Further research on the association between lung cancer and other antipsychotic agents is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chai
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The Hong Kong Jockey Club Center for Suicide Research and Prevention, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rachel Yui Ki Chu
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuqi Hu
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ivan Chun Hang Lam
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Franco Wing Tak Cheng
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hao Luo
- The Hong Kong Jockey Club Center for Suicide Research and Prevention, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, Faculty of Social Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Sau Po Centre on Ageing, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Martin Chi Sang Wong
- Centre for Health Education and Health Promotion, The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sandra Sau Man Chan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Esther Wai Yin Chan
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ian Chi Kei Wong
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Francisco Tsz Tsun Lai
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Nicotine's effect on cognition, a friend or foe? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 124:110723. [PMID: 36736944 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is a preventable cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Smoking comes in form of absorption of many compounds, among which nicotine is the main psychoactive component of tobacco and its positive and negative reinforcement effects are proposed to be the key mechanism for the initiation and maintenance of smoking. Growing evidence suggests that the cognitive enhancement effects of nicotine may also contribute to the difficulty of quitting smoking, especially in individuals with psychiatric disorders. In this review, we first introduce the beneficial effect of nicotine on cognition including attention, short-term memory and long-term memory. We next summarize the beneficial effect of nicotine on cognition under pathological conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Schizophrenia, Stress-induced Anxiety, Depression, and drug-induced memory impairment. The possible mechanism underlying nicotine's effect is also explored. Finally, nicotine's detrimental effect on cognition is discussed, including in the prenatal and adolescent periods, and high-dose nicotine- and withdrawal-induced memory impairment is emphasized. Therefore, nicotine serves as both a friend and foe. Nicotine-derived compounds could be a promising strategy to alleviate neurological disease-associated cognitive deficit, however, due to nicotine's detrimental effect, continued educational programs and public awareness campaigns are needed to reduce tobacco use among pregnant women and smoking should be quitted even if it is e-cigarette, especially for the adolescents.
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Matsunaga M, Li Y, He Y, Kishi T, Tanihara S, Iwata N, Tabuchi T, Ota A. Physical, Psychiatric, and Social Comorbidities of Individuals with Schizophrenia Living in the Community in Japan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4336. [PMID: 36901345 PMCID: PMC10001945 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The physical, psychiatric, and social comorbidities interfere with the everyday activities of community-dwelling individuals with schizophrenia and increase the risk of their readmission. However, these comorbidities have not been investigated comprehensively in Japan. We conducted a self-reported internet survey in February 2022 to identify individuals aged 20-75 years with and without schizophrenia using a prevalence case-control study. The survey compared physical comorbidities such as being overweight, hypertension, and diabetes; psychiatric comorbidities such as depressive symptoms and sleep disturbances; social comorbidities such as employment status, household income, and social support between participants with and without schizophrenia. A total of 223 participants with schizophrenia and 1776 participants without schizophrenia were identified. Participants with schizophrenia were more likely to be overweight and had a higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia than participants without schizophrenia. Additionally, depressive symptoms, unemployment, and non-regular employment were more prevalent in participants with schizophrenia than those without schizophrenia. These results highlight the necessity of comprehensive support and interventions addressing physical, psychiatric, and social comorbidities in individuals with schizophrenia in the community. In conclusion, effective interventions for managing comorbidities in individuals with schizophrenia are necessary to enable them to continue to live in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Matsunaga
- Department of Public Health, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yuanying Li
- Department of Public Health and Health Systems, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yupeng He
- Department of Public Health, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Taro Kishi
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Shinichi Tanihara
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Nakao Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tabuchi
- Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka 541-8567, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Ota
- Department of Public Health, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
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Adolescent nicotine potentiates the inhibitory effect of raclopride, a D2R antagonist, on phencyclidine-sensitized psychotic-like behavior in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 456:116282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Badekar A, Rajalu BM, Muliyala KP, Sharma P, Chand PK, Murthy P. Prevalence and severity of tobacco use and access to tobacco cessation among tertiary care psychiatric in-patients in India. Indian J Psychiatry 2022; 64:572-578. [PMID: 36714672 PMCID: PMC9881721 DOI: 10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_405_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rates of smoking in persons with mental illness are reported to be two times higher than those without mental illness in developed countries. We aimed to examine the prevalence and severity of tobacco use, and access to tobacco cessation services among tertiary care psychiatric in-patients in India. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 500 consecutive adult in-patients in tertiary care with ICD 10 diagnoses, F20-59, were administered a sociodemographic and clinical proforma, Clinical Global Impression-Severity scale, Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence, Tobacco Craving Questionnaire, Reasons for quitting questionnaire, and Smoke Scale-Adults. Urine cotinine levels were estimated in the last 100 patients. Details of tobacco use and cessation interventions provided were obtained. Results Overall prevalence of current tobacco use was 34.00%; 34.3%, 32.6%, 43.6%, and 16.7% in patients of F20-29, F30-39, F40-49, and F50-59 categories, respectively. Males used tobacco products at a significantly higher rate (44.85% vs. 17.58% in females) and were highly dependent. Smokeless tobacco use was reported in 20.5% and 18% of female patients with F20-29 and F30-39 diagnoses, respectively. More than half of the tobacco users were not asked about tobacco use and 89.4% of the users were provided no prior assistance for cessation at the time of assessment. Urinary cotinine levels were significantly greater for those who use smokeless forms than smokers or dual users. Conclusions Nearly a third of psychiatric in-patients are current users of tobacco. Moderate to severe tobacco dependence was observed across psychiatric diagnoses. The assessment and interventions provided were suboptimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Badekar
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Banu Manickam Rajalu
- Department of Nursing, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Krishna Prasad Muliyala
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Priyamvada Sharma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurotoxicology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Prabhat Kumar Chand
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Pratima Murthy
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Department of Director, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Demographics, clinical characteristics and cognitive symptoms of heavy smokers and non-heavy smokers in Chinese male patients with chronic schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 272:1325-1333. [PMID: 35474549 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-022-01410-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have shown a high smoking rate and cognitive impairment in patients with schizophrenia. The effects of smoking and nicotine intake on cognitive function in schizophrenia are still controversial. In this study, we divided patients into heavy smoking and non-heavy smoking groups and compared the clinical characteristics and cognitive symptoms between the two groups in Chinese male patients with schizophrenia. A total of 154 heavy smoking patients and 372 non-heavy smoking patients were recruited. They completed a detailed questionnaire including general and socio-demographic data. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was rated for psychopathology. The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) was used to assess the degree of nicotine dependence. Heavy smokers were younger, started smoking earlier and had a higher FTND total score than non-heavy smoking patients. Moreover, we found that heavy smokers had significantly lower negative symptom scores and cognitive factor scores than non-heavy smokers. Logistic regression analysis showed that cognitive factor score and age of initial smoking were significantly associated with heavy smoking. Linear regression analysis showed that cognitive factor score, age of initial smoking and dose of antipsychotics were significant predictors of the amount of smoking. Our findings suggest that there are significant differences in some demographic and clinical variables between heavy and non-heavy smokers in Chinese male patients with chronic schizophrenia. Moreover, heavy smokers have less cognitive symptoms, suggesting that heavy smoking may be beneficial for cognition of patients with schizophrenia.
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12
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De Oliveira RM, Santos JLF, Furegato ARF. Nurses' beliefs, attitudes, and opinions regarding a smoking ban in a psychiatric hospital. Nursing 2022; 52:55-61. [PMID: 35358995 DOI: 10.1097/01.nurse.0000823292.67439.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to identify the beliefs, attitudes, and opinions of nursing professionals associated with tobacco smoking and its prohibition in a psychiatric hospital in Brazil. METHODS Using a cross-sectional epidemiologic study, a total of 73 nursing professionals in a smoke-free psychiatric hospital were interviewed. The Varimax Rotation and the Fisher's exact test at a 5% significance level were used to analyze the responses. FINDINGS Most nursing professionals reported observations of patients becoming calmer after smoking (n = 59, 80.8%) and tobacco withdrawal worsening patients' mental health symptoms, suggesting agreement among professionals that some psychiatric patients need to smoke tobacco. Most respondents stated that patients with mental health disorders have more difficulty with smoking cessation (79.4%) and are less interested in quitting smoking than those without disorders (95.9%). While one-third mentioned having used cigarettes as a reward or bribe, the majority (83.6%) was in favor of continuing the smoking ban, with more support observed from those working on a night shift and those who worked in the public psychiatric wards. Over 71% noted improvements in their health after the smoking ban. CONCLUSION The nursing professionals were surprised by the effectiveness of the smoking ban and highlighted the improvement in the hospital environment after its implementation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE As trusted healthcare professionals, nurses are essential in the fight against smoking and can contribute to awareness promotion, supporting patients during nicotine withdrawal, and decision-making processes for health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Marques De Oliveira
- Renata Marques de Oliveira is a professor at the Federal University of Minas Gerais in Brazil. At the University of São Paulo in Brazil, Jair Lício Ferreira Santos is a senior professor in the Medicine School of Ribeirão Preto, and Antonia Regina Ferreira Furegato is a senior professor in the Nursing School of Ribeirão Preto
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13
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Ohi K, Ishibashi M, Torii K, Hashimoto M, Yano Y, Shioiri T. Differences in subcortical brain volumes among patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and healthy controls. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2022; 47:E77-E85. [PMID: 35232800 PMCID: PMC8896343 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.210144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder have an overlapping polygenic architecture and clinical similarities, although the 2 disorders are distinct diagnoses with clinical dissimilarities. It remains unclear whether there are specific differences in subcortical volumes between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and whether the subcortical differences are affected by any clinical characteristics. We investigated differences in subcortical volumes bilaterally among patients with schizophrenia, patients with bipolar disorder and healthy controls. We also investigated the influences of clinical characteristics on specific subcortical volumes in these patient groups. METHODS We collected 3 T T 1-weighted MRI brain scans from 413 participants (157 with schizophrenia, 51 with bipolar disorder and 205 controls) with a single scanner at a single institute. We used FreeSurfer version 6.0 for processing the T 1-weighted images to segment the following subcortical brain volumes: thalamus, caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, hippocampus, amygdala and nucleus accumbens. Differences in the 7 subcortical volumes were investigated among the groups. We also evaluated correlations between subcortical volumes and clinical variables in these patient groups. RESULTS Of 7 subcortical regions, patients with schizophrenia had significantly smaller volumes in the left thalamus (Cohen d = -0.29, p = 5.83 × 10-3), bilateral hippocampi (left, d = -0.36, p = 8.85 × 10-4; right, d = -0.41, p = 1.15 × 10-4) and left amygdala (d = -0.31, p = 4.02 × 10-3) than controls. Compared with controls, patients with bipolar disorder had bilateral reductions only in the hippocampal volumes (left, d = -0.52, p = 1.12 × 10-3; right, d = -0.58, p = 0.30 × 10-4). We also found that patients with schizophrenia had significantly smaller volumes in the bilateral amygdalae (left, d = -0.43, p = 4.22 × 10-3; right, d = -0.45, p = 4.56 × 10-3) than patients with bipolar disorder. We did not find any significant volumetric differences in the other 6 subcortical structures between patient groups (p > 0.05). Smaller left amygdalar volumes were significantly correlated with younger onset age only in patients with schizophrenia (r = 0.22, p = 5.78 × 10-3). LIMITATIONS We did not evaluate the differences in subcortical volumes between patients stratified based on clinical bipolar disorder subtype and a history of psychotic episodes because our sample size of patients with bipolar disorder was limited. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that volumetric differences in the amygdala between patients with schizophrenia and those with bipolar disorder may be a putative biomarker for distinguishing 2 clinically similar diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Ohi
- From the Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan (Ohi, Shioiri); the Department of General Internal Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan (Ohi); and the School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan (Ishibashi, Torii, Hashimoto, Yano)
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14
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Miola A, Fornaro M, Sambataro F, Solmi M. Melatonin and melatonin-agonists for metabolic syndrome components in patients treated with antipsychotics: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Psychopharmacol 2022; 37:e2821. [PMID: 34687076 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metabolic side effects are a limiting factor in the use of antipsychotics, which remain the cornerstone of long-term management of patients with severe mental illness. There is contrasting evidence on a possible role of melatonin and melatonin-agonists in attenuating antipsychotic-induced metabolic abnormalities. DESIGN We conducted a systematic review (PubMed, PsycInfo, Cochrane databases, up to August 2020) and a random-effect meta-analysis of double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) involving melatonin and melatonin-agonists in the treatment of antipsychotic-induced metabolic changes. The primary outcome was the standardized mean difference (SMD) of composite metabolic outcomes built with metabolic syndrome components. Secondary outcomes were individual metabolic syndrome components, and other anthropometric, glucose metabolism, lipid profile, and psychopathology measures. RESULTS Out of the initial 41 studies, six documented five separate RCTs randomizing 248 patients (126 to melatonin/ramelteon, 122 to placebo) affected by schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and bipolar disorder. Melatonin/ramelteon outperformed placebo on the primary outcome (SMD -0.28, 95% CI = -0.39 ÷ -0.168), as well as on all individual components of metabolic syndrome (systolic blood pressure MD -3.266, 95% CI = -6.020 ÷ -0.511; fasting glucose MD -3.766, 95% CI = -5.938 ÷ -1.593; triglycerides MD -9.800, 95% CI = -19.431 ÷ -0.169; HDL MD 2.995, 95% CI = 0.567 ÷ 5.423), except waist circumference. CONCLUSIONS Melatonin/ramelteon augmentation may be beneficial for non-anthropometric metabolic syndrome components in patients treated with antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Miola
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Michele Fornaro
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Sambataro
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Solmi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Mental Health, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Sullivan EDK, Locke LN, Wallin DJ, Khokhar JY, Bragg EM, Henricks AM, Doucette WT. The Impact of Adolescent Alcohol Exposure on Nicotine Behavioral Sensitization in the Adult Male Neonatal Ventral Hippocampal Lesion Rat. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:760791. [PMID: 34858148 PMCID: PMC8632551 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.760791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine and alcohol use is highly prevalent among patients with serious mental illness, including those with schizophrenia (SCZ), and this co-occurrence can lead to a worsening of medical and psychiatric morbidity. While the mechanistic drivers of co-occurring SCZ, nicotine use and alcohol use are unknown, emerging evidence suggests that the use of drugs during adolescence may increase the probability of developing psychiatric disorders. The current study used the neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion (NVHL) rat model of SCZ, which has previously been shown to have enhanced nicotine behavioral sensitization and, following adolescent alcohol, increased alcohol consumption. Given how commonly alcohol is used by adolescents that develop SCZ, we used the NVHL rat to determine how exposure to adolescent alcohol impacts the development of nicotine behavioral sensitization in adulthood. Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent the NVHL surgery or a sham (control) surgery and subsequently, half of each group was allowed to drink alcohol during adolescence. Nicotine behavioral sensitization was assessed in adulthood with rats receiving subcutaneous injections of nicotine (0.5 mg/kg) each day for 3 weeks followed by a nicotine challenge session 2 weeks later. We demonstrate that all groups of rats became sensitized to nicotine and there were no NVHL-specific increases in nicotine behavioral sensitization. We also found that NVHL rats appeared to develop sensitization to the nicotine paired context and that adolescent alcohol exposure blocked this context sensitization. The current findings suggest that exposure to alcohol during adolescence can influence behaviors that manifest in the adult NVHL rat (i.e., context sensitization). Interestingly, nicotine behavioral sensitization levels were not altered in the NVHL groups regardless of adolescent alcohol exposure in contrast to prior reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily D K Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States.,Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Liam N Locke
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Diana J Wallin
- Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States.,Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Jibran Y Khokhar
- Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Elise M Bragg
- Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Angela M Henricks
- Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States.,Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Wilder T Doucette
- Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States.,Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
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16
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Dutra-Tavares AC, Manhães AC, Semeão KA, Maia JG, Couto LA, Filgueiras CC, Ribeiro-Carvalho A, Abreu-Villaça Y. Does nicotine exposure during adolescence modify the course of schizophrenia-like symptoms? Behavioral analysis in a phencyclidine-induced mice model. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257986. [PMID: 34587208 PMCID: PMC8480744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The first symptoms of schizophrenia (SCHZ) are usually observed during adolescence, a developmental period during which first exposure to psychoactive drugs also occurs. These epidemiological findings point to adolescence as critical for nicotine addiction and SCHZ comorbidity, however it is not clear whether exposure to nicotine during this period has a detrimental impact on the development of SCHZ symptoms since there is a lack of studies that investigate the interactions between these conditions during this period of development. To elucidate the impact of a short course of nicotine exposure across the spectrum of SCHZ-like symptoms, we used a phencyclidine-induced adolescent mice model of SCHZ (2.5mg/Kg, s.c., daily, postnatal day (PN) 38-PN52; 10mg/Kg on PN53), combined with an established model of nicotine minipump infusions (24mg/Kg/day, PN37-44). Behavioral assessment began 4 days after the end of nicotine exposure (PN48) using the following tests: open field to assess the hyperlocomotion phenotype; novel object recognition, a declarative memory task; three-chamber sociability, to verify social interaction and prepulse inhibition, a measure of sensorimotor gating. Phencyclidine exposure evoked deficits in all analyzed behaviors. Nicotine history reduced the magnitude of phencyclidine-evoked hyperlocomotion and impeded the development of locomotor sensitization. It also mitigated the deficient sociability elicited by phencyclidine. In contrast, memory and sensorimotor gating deficits evoked by phencyclidine were neither improved nor worsened by nicotine history. In conclusion, our results show for the first time that nicotine history, restricted to a short period during adolescence, does not worsen SCHZ-like symptoms evoked by a phencyclidine-induced mice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Dutra-Tavares
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alex C. Manhães
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Keila A. Semeão
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Julyana G. Maia
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana A. Couto
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Claudio C. Filgueiras
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anderson Ribeiro-Carvalho
- Departamento de Ciências, Faculdade de Formação de Professores da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, São Gonçalo, RJ, Brazil
| | - Yael Abreu-Villaça
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail: ,
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17
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Ohi K, Nemoto K, Kataoka Y, Sugiyama S, Muto Y, Shioiri T, Kawasaki Y. Alterations in hippocampal subfield volumes among schizophrenia patients, their first-degree relatives and healthy subjects. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 110:110291. [PMID: 33662534 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Reduced hippocampal volumes feature prominently in schizophrenia patients (SCZ). Although several studies have investigated hippocampal volume alterations between unaffected first-degree relatives (FR) of SCZ and healthy controls (HC), the results were inconsistent. Furthermore, it remains unclear whether FR have specific alterations in hippocampal subfield volumes. Three-Tesla T1-weighted MP-RAGE brain scans were collected from 347 subjects (138 SCZ, 47 FR and 162 HC) and processed using the hippocampal subfields algorithm in FreeSurfer v6.0. We investigated volumetric differences in the twelve hippocampal subfields bilaterally among SCZ, FR and HC. SCZ displayed bilateral reductions in whole hippocampal volume compared with FR and HC. The hippocampal volumes of FR did not differ from those of HC but exceeded those observed in SCZ. We found volumetric differences in specific hippocampal subfields, including the CA1, hippocampal fissure, presubiculum, molecular layer, fimbria and hippocampal-amygdala transitional area, among diagnostic groups. These alterations arose from differences in the hippocampal subfield volumes between SCZ and the other two diagnostic groups. However, right hippocampal fissure volumes linearly increased among the groups. In contrast, no significant volumetric differences were found in other hippocampal subfields between HC and FR. There were no significant intergroup differences in laterality in any hippocampal subfield volumes and no significant correlations between hippocampal subfield volumes and illness duration, psychiatric symptoms, antipsychotics or premorbid IQ in SCZ. Our findings suggest that volumetric alterations in hippocampal subfields (except the hippocampal fissure) in SCZ could be stable phenomena that are present at illness onset and minimally affected by antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Ohi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; Department of General Internal Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan.
| | - Kiyotaka Nemoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Kataoka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Sugiyama
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yukimasa Muto
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Toshiki Shioiri
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kawasaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
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18
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Soria-Chacartegui P, Villapalos-García G, Zubiaur P, Abad-Santos F, Koller D. Genetic Polymorphisms Associated With the Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Adverse Effects of Olanzapine, Aripiprazole and Risperidone. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:711940. [PMID: 34335273 PMCID: PMC8316766 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.711940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Olanzapine, aripiprazole and risperidone are atypical antipsychotics or neuroleptics widely used for schizophrenia treatment. They induce various adverse drug reactions depending on their mechanisms of action: metabolic effects, such as weight gain and alterations of glucose and lipid metabolism; hyperprolactinemia and extrapyramidal effects, such as tremor, akathisia, dystonia, anxiety and distress. In this review, we listed polymorphisms associated with individual response variability to olanzapine, aripiprazole and risperidone. Olanzapine is mainly metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes, CYP1A2 and CYP2D6, whereas aripiprazole and risperidone metabolism is mainly mediated by CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. Polymorphisms in these genes and other enzymes and transporters, such as enzymes from the uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) family and ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 (ABCB1), are associated to differences in pharmacokinetics. The three antipsychotics act on dopamine and serotonin receptors, among others, and several studies found associations between polymorphisms in these genes and variations in the incidence of adverse effects and in the response to the drug. Since olanzapine is metabolized by CYP1A2, a lower starting dose should be considered in patients treated with fluvoxamine or other CYP1A2 inhibitors. Regarding aripiprazole, a reduced dose should be administered in CYP2D6 poor metabolizers (PMs). Additionally, a reduction to a quarter of the normal dose is recommended if the patient is treated with concomitant CYP3A4 inhibitors. Risperidone dosage should be reduced for CYP2D6 PMs and titrated for CYPD6 ultrarapid metabolizers (UMs). Moreover, risperidone dose should be evaluated when a CYP2D6, CYP3A4 or ABCB1 inhibitor is administered concomitantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Soria-Chacartegui
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, School of Medicine, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Villapalos-García
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, School of Medicine, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Zubiaur
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, School of Medicine, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain.,UICEC Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Platform SCReN (Spanish Clinical Research Network), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Abad-Santos
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, School of Medicine, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain.,UICEC Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Platform SCReN (Spanish Clinical Research Network), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dora Koller
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, United States
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19
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Tindimwebwa LK, Ajayi AI, Adeniyi OV. Prevalence and determinants of tobacco use amongst South African adults with mental illness in the Eastern Cape. S Afr J Psychiatr 2021; 27:1637. [PMID: 34230866 PMCID: PMC8252167 DOI: 10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v27i0.1637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Given the physical and mental health consequences of tobacco use amongst individuals with mental illness, it was imperative to assess the burden of tobacco use in this population. Aim This study examined the patterns and factors associated with tobacco use in individuals attending the outpatient unit. Setting Cecilia Makiwane Hospital Mental Health Department in Eastern Cape province, South Africa. Methods Lifetime (ever use) use and current use of any tobacco products were examined in a cross-sectional study of 390 individuals between March and June 2020. A logistic regression was fitted to determine the correlates of lifetime and current use of any tobacco products. Results The rates of ever use and current use of tobacco products were 59.4% and 44.6%, respectively. Of the participants interviewed, lifetime tobacco use was more prevalent amongst individuals with schizophrenia (67.9%) and cannabis-induced disorders (97.3%) and lower in those with major depressive disorders (36.1%) and bipolar and related disorders (43.5%). Men were six times more likely to have ever used or currently use tobacco products in comparison to women. Also, those who had a salaried job or owned a business were over three times more likely to have ever used or currently use tobacco products compared with those receiving government social grants. Conclusions The prevalence of tobacco use in this study was significantly higher than the general population in the Eastern Cape. Therefore, smoking prevention and cessation interventions targeted at the general population should target this often neglected sub-population in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda K Tindimwebwa
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, East London, South Africa.,Cecilia Makiwane Hospital, East London, South Africa
| | - Anthony I Ajayi
- Population Dynamics and Sexual and Reproductive Health Research, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Oladele V Adeniyi
- Cecilia Makiwane Hospital, East London, South Africa.,Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, East London, South Africa
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20
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Tindimwebwa LK, Ajayi AI, Adeniyi OV. Prevalence and determinants of tobacco use amongst South African adults with mental illness in the Eastern Cape. S Afr J Psychiatr 2021. [DOI: 10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v28.i0.1637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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21
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Ohi K, Sugiyama S, Soda M, Kitaichi K, Kawasaki Y, Shioiri T. Effects of genome-wide neuroticism-associated variants on five-factor model personality traits in schizophrenia. Neurosci Res 2021; 172:87-91. [PMID: 33878392 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) have characteristic personality traits compared with healthy subjects. Genome-wide significant variants for neuroticism have been reported in healthy subjects. However, the associations of these genome-wide neuroticism-associated variants with five-factor personality traits in patients with SCZ are less clear. We investigated the influences of nine independent genome-wide significant variants for neuroticism on five-factor personality traits (neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) assessed by the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) in 107 patients with SCZ and 119 healthy controls (HCs). As expected, patients with SCZ scored significantly higher for neuroticism and lower for extraversion, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness than HCs (p < 0.05). Of nine neuroticism-associated variants, the T allele at rs4653663 related to lower neuroticism was only significantly associated with lower neuroticism in patients with SCZ (β = -0.27, p = 3.88 × 10-3) and in combined subjects (β = -0.15, p = 0.026). Furthermore, of other personality traits, the genetic variant was significantly associated with higher agreeableness in combined subjects (β = 0.17, p = 9.41×10-3), higher conscientiousness in patients with SCZ (β = 0.21, p = 0.031) and lower conscientiousness in HCs (β = -0.20, p = 0.034), and nominally associated with higher extraversion in patients with SCZ (β = 0.18, p = 0.056) and in combined subjects (β = 0.13, p = 0.051). These outcomes were not affected by clinical variables. We suggest that genome-wide neuroticism-associated variant could be associated with neuroticism as well as other personality traits in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Ohi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; Department of General Internal Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Sugiyama
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Midori Soda
- Department of Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kiyoyuki Kitaichi
- Department of Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kawasaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Toshiki Shioiri
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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22
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Ohi K, Takai K, Sugiyama S, Kitagawa H, Kataoka Y, Soda M, Kitaichi K, Kawasaki Y, Ito M, Shioiri T. Intelligence decline across major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. CNS Spectr 2021:1-7. [PMID: 33731244 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852921000298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), and schizophrenia (SCZ) are associated with impaired intelligence that predicts poor functional outcomes. However, little is known regarding the extent and severity of intelligence decline, that is, decreased present intelligence quotient (IQ) relative to premorbid levels, across psychiatric disorders and which clinical characteristics affect the decline. METHODS Premorbid IQ, present IQ, and intelligence decline were compared across patients with MDD (n = 45), BD (n = 30), and SCZ (n = 139), and healthy controls (HCs; n = 135). Furthermore, we investigated which factors contribute to the intelligence decline in each diagnostic group. RESULTS Significant differences were observed in premorbid IQ, present IQ, and intelligence decline across the diagnostic groups. Patients with each psychiatric disorder displayed lower premorbid and present IQ and more intelligence decline than HCs. Patients with SCZ displayed lower premorbid and present IQ and more intelligence decline than patients with MDD and BD, while there were no significant differences between patients with MDD and BD. When patients with BD were divided based on bipolar I disorder (BD-I) and bipolar II disorder (BD-II), degrees of intelligence decline were similar between MDD and BD-II and between BD-I and SCZ. Lower educational attainment was correlated with a greater degree of intelligence decline in patients with SCZ and BD but not MDD. CONCLUSIONS These findings confirm that although all psychiatric disorders display intelligence decline, the severity of intelligence decline differs across psychiatric disorders (SCZ, BD-I > BD-II, MDD > HCs). Higher educational attainment as cognitive reserve contributes to protection against intelligence decline in BD and SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Ohi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Japan
| | - Kentaro Takai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Sugiyama
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kitagawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Kataoka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Japan
| | - Midori Soda
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Department of Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kiyoyuki Kitaichi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Department of Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kawasaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Japan
| | | | - Toshiki Shioiri
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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23
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Chen J, Chen R, Xiang S, Li N, Gao C, Wu C, Zhang Q, Zhao Y, Liao Y, Stewart R, Xu Y, Shi Y, Li Z. Cigarette smoking and schizophrenia: Mendelian randomisation study. Br J Psychiatry 2021; 218:98-103. [PMID: 32552923 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2020.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The link between schizophrenia and cigarette smoking has been well established through observational studies. However, the cause-effect relationship remains unclear. AIMS We conducted Mendelian randomisation analyses to assess any causal relationship between genetic variants related to four smoking-related traits and the risk of schizophrenia. METHOD We performed a two-sample Mendelian randomisation using summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of smoking-related traits and schizophrenia (7711 cases, 18 327 controls) in East Asian populations. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) correlated with smoking behaviours (smoking initiation, smoking cessation, age at smoking initiation and quantity of smoking) were investigated in relation to schizophrenia using the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method. Further sensitivity analyses, including Mendelian randomisation-Egger (MR-Egger), weighted median estimates and leave-one-out analysis, were used to test the consistency of the results. RESULTS The associated SNPs for the four smoking behaviours were not significantly associated with schizophrenia status. Pleiotropy did not inappropriately affect the results. CONCLUSIONS Cigarette smoking is a complex behaviour in people with schizophrenia. Understanding factors underlying the observed association remains important; however, our findings do not support a causal role of smoking in influencing risk of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University & Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University, Qingdao University; and Shanghai Clinical Research Centre for Mental Health, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; and Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, P. R. China; and Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Ruirui Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University & Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, P. R. China
| | - Siying Xiang
- Shanghai Clinical Research Centre for Mental Health, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, P. R. China
| | - Ningning Li
- Shanghai Clinical Research Centre for Mental Health, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, P. R. China
| | - Chengwen Gao
- Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University & Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, P. R. China
| | - Chuanhong Wu
- Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University & Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University & Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, P. R. China
| | - Yalin Zhao
- Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University & Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, P. R. China
| | - Yanhui Liao
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, P. R. China
| | - Robert Stewart
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Yifeng Xu
- Shanghai Clinical Research Centre for Mental Health, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, P. R. China
| | - Yongyong Shi
- Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University & Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University, Qingdao University; and Shanghai Clinical Research Centre for Mental Health, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; and Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing; and Shanghai Changning Mental Health Centre; and Department of Psychiatry, First Teaching Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University & Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University, Qingdao University; and Shanghai Clinical Research Centre for Mental Health, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; and Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, P. R. China
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24
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Ohi K, Nishizawa D, Muto Y, Sugiyama S, Hasegawa J, Soda M, Kitaichi K, Hashimoto R, Shioiri T, Ikeda K. Polygenic risk scores for late smoking initiation associated with the risk of schizophrenia. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2020; 6:36. [PMID: 33230172 PMCID: PMC7684279 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-020-00126-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia display characteristic smoking-related behaviors and genetic correlations between smoking behaviors and schizophrenia have been identified in European individuals. However, the genetic etiology of the association remains to be clarified. The present study investigated transethnic genetic overlaps between European-based smoking behaviors and the risk of Japanese schizophrenia by conducting polygenic risk score (PRS) analyses. Large-scale European genome-wide association study (GWAS) datasets (n = 24,114-74,035) related to four smoking-related intermediate phenotypes [(i) smoking initiation, (ii) age at smoking initiation, (iii) smoking quantity, and (iv) smoking cessation] were utilized as discovery samples. PRSs derived from these discovery GWASs were calculated for 332 Japanese subjects [schizophrenia patients, their unaffected first-degree relatives (FRs), and healthy controls (HCs)] as a target sample. Based on GWASs of European smoking phenotypes, we investigated the effects of PRSs on smoking phenotypes and the risk of schizophrenia in the Japanese population. Of the four smoking-related behaviors, the PRSs for age at smoking initiation in Europeans significantly predicted the age at smoking initiation (R2 = 0.049, p = 0.026) and the PRSs for smoking cessation significantly predicted the smoking cessation (R2 = 0.092, p = 0.027) in Japanese ever-smokers. Furthermore, the PRSs related to age at smoking initiation in Europeans were higher in Japanese schizophrenia patients than in the HCs and those of the FRs were intermediate between those of patients with schizophrenia and those of the HCs (R2 = 0.015, p = 0.015). In our target subjects, patients with schizophrenia had a higher mean age at smoking initiation (p = 0.018) and rate of daily smoking initiation after age 20 years (p = 0.023) compared with the HCs. A total of 60.6% of the patients started to smoke before the onset of schizophrenia. These findings suggest that genetic factors affecting late smoking initiation are associated with the risk of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Ohi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan. .,Department of General Internal Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Nishizawa
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukimasa Muto
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Sugiyama
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Junko Hasegawa
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Midori Soda
- Department of Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kiyoyuki Kitaichi
- Department of Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan.,Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiki Shioiri
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ikeda
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Wei S, Wang D, Wei G, Wang J, Zhou H, Xu H, Xia L, Tian Y, Dai Q, Zhu R, Wang W, Chen D, Xiu M, Wang L, Zhang XY. Association of cigarette smoking with cognitive impairment in male patients with chronic schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:3409-3416. [PMID: 32757027 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05621-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that patients with schizophrenia have higher smoking rates and worse cognitive function than healthy controls. However, there is no consistent conclusion about the relationship between smoking and cognitive impairment. OBJECTIVES The main purpose of this study was to explore the effects of smoking on cognitive function by using MATRICS Cognitive Consensus Battery (MCCB) in Chinese male patients with schizophrenia. METHODS There were 164 patients with chronic schizophrenia and 82 healthy controls. All subjects were interviewed about smoking status. The cognitive function was assessed by MCCB and Stroop tests. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used to assess the clinical symptoms of the patients. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, patients had lower MCCB scores in all of its domain scores (all p < 0.05). In the patients, the scores of spatial span test (42.3 ± 11.6), digital sequence test (42.9 ± 10.6), and Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (42.2 ± 10.1) were lower in smokers than those in nonsmokers (all p < 0.05, effect size: 0.28-0.45). Logistic regression analysis showed that the smoking status of the patients was correlated with digital sequence score (p < 0.05, OR = 1.072, 95%CI: 1.013-1.134). Multivariate regression analysis showed that the spatial span total score (β = - 0.26, t = - 2.74, p < 0.001) was associated with the duration of smoking in patients with schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that smoking patients with chronic schizophrenia exhibit more severe cognitive impairment than nonsmoking patients, especially in working memory and executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuochi Wei
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Gaoxia Wei
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jiesi Wang
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Huixia Zhou
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hang Xu
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Luyao Xia
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yang Tian
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qilong Dai
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Rongrong Zhu
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wenjia Wang
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Dachun Chen
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Meihong Xiu
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiang Yang Zhang
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
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26
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Prevalence and Epidemiological Profile of Smokers in the Psychiatric Population and General Population: Smokers in Psychiatric Population. J Addict Nurs 2020; 31:E13-E24. [PMID: 32868617 DOI: 10.1097/jan.0000000000000353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to estimate the prevalence of smokers living in Brazil who use outpatient and hospital psychiatric services and outpatient services in primary health care services. It also aims to identify the sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with current smoking in these samples. This is a cross-sectional study with 378 participants from a Brazilian city: P1, persons from the mental health outpatient service; and P2, persons from the psychiatric hospital; P3, general population from the primary healthcare center. A Poisson multiple regression model for current smoking was adjusted. The prevalence of smokers was greater in the psychiatric population than those in the primary health care population (mental health outpatient service = 27%, psychiatric hospital = 60.3%, primary healthcare center = 19%). Current smoking is associated with younger groups (15-29 years old: PRadjusted = 3.35; 30-39 years old: PRadjusted = 2.28), Roman Catholicism (PRadjusted = 1.60), not having a religion (PRadjusted = 2.45), severe psychiatric illness (PRadjusted = 3.04), anxiety disorders/other disorders (PRadjusted = 3.96), and the previous and current use of alcohol (PRadjusted = 2.27 and 2.25, respectively) and illicit substances (PRadjusted = 1.81 and 2.00, respectively). In conclusion, the independent factors associated with current smoking are age, religion, psychiatric diagnosis, and use of alcohol/illicit substances.
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27
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Kataoka Y, Shimada T, Koide Y, Okubo H, Uehara T, Shioiri T, Kawasaki Y, Ohi K. Differences in executive function among patients with schizophrenia, their unaffected first-degree relatives and healthy participants. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 23:pyaa052. [PMID: 32692837 PMCID: PMC7745249 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyaa052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) display impaired executive functions compared with healthy controls (HCs). Furthermore, unaffected first-degree relatives (FRs) of patients with SCZ independently perform worse executive functions than do HCs. However, few studies have investigated the differences in executive functions assessed among patients with SCZ, FRs, and HCs, and the findings are inconsistent. METHODS We investigated diagnostic differences in executive functions, namely, (i) numbers of categories achieved (CA), (ii) total errors (TE) and (iii) %perseverative errors of Nelson types (%PEN), using the Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST) among patients with SCZ (n=116), unaffected FRs (n=62) and HCs (n=146) at a single institute. Correlations between these executive functions and clinical variables were investigated. RESULTS Significant differences existed in all executive functions among diagnostic groups (CA, F2,319=15.5, p=3.71×10-7; TE, F2,319=16.2, p=2.06×10-7; and %PEN, F2,319=21.3, p=2.15×10-9). Patients with SCZ had fewer CA and more TE and %PEN than those of HCs (CA, Cohen's d=-0.70, p=5.49×10-8; TE, d=0.70, p=5.62×10-8; and %PEN, d=0.82, p=2.85×10-10) and FRs (TE, d=0.46, p=3.73×10-3 and %PEN, d=0.38, p=0.017). Of the three executive functions, CA and %PEN of FRs were intermediately impaired between patients with SCZ and HCs (CA, d=-0.41, p=0.011 and %PEN, d=0.41, p=0.012). In contrast, no significant difference in TE existed between FRs and HCs (d=0.22, p=0.18). Although CA and TE were affected by the duration of illness (p<0.017), %PEN was not affected by any clinical variable in patients with SCZ (p>0.017). CONCLUSIONS Executive function, particularly %PEN, could be a useful intermediate phenotype for understanding the genetic mechanisms implicated in SCZ pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuru Kataoka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Shimada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yoko Koide
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okubo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Uehara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Toshiki Shioiri
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kawasaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ohi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
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28
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Ohi K, Nishizawa D, Shimada T, Kataoka Y, Hasegawa J, Shioiri T, Kawasaki Y, Hashimoto R, Ikeda K. Polygenetic Risk Scores for Major Psychiatric Disorders Among Schizophrenia Patients, Their First-Degree Relatives, and Healthy Participants. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 23:157-164. [PMID: 31900488 PMCID: PMC7171929 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyz073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic etiology of schizophrenia (SCZ) overlaps with that of other major psychiatric disorders in samples of European ancestry. The present study investigated transethnic polygenetic features shared between Japanese SCZ or their unaffected first-degree relatives and European patients with major psychiatric disorders by conducting polygenic risk score (PRS) analyses. METHODS To calculate PRSs for 5 psychiatric disorders (SCZ, bipolar disorder [BIP], major depressive disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) and PRSs differentiating SCZ from BIP, we utilized large-scale European genome-wide association study (GWAS) datasets as discovery samples. PRSs derived from these GWASs were calculated for 335 Japanese target participants [SCZ patients, FRs, and healthy controls (HCs)]. We took these PRSs based on GWASs of European psychiatric disorders and investigated their effect on risk in Japanese SCZ patients and unaffected first-degree relatives. RESULTS The PRSs obtained from European SCZ and BIP patients were higher in Japanese SCZ patients than in HCs. Furthermore, PRSs differentiating SCZ patients from European BIP patients were higher in Japanese SCZ patients than in HCs. Interestingly, PRSs related to European autism spectrum disorder were lower in Japanese first-degree relatives than in HCs or SCZ patients. The PRSs of autism spectrum disorder were positively correlated with a young onset age of SCZ. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that polygenic factors related to European SCZ and BIP and the polygenic components differentiating SCZ from BIP can transethnically contribute to SCZ risk in Japanese people. Furthermore, we suggest that reduced levels of an ASD-related genetic factor in unaffected first-degree relatives may help protect against SCZ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Ohi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
- Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nishizawa
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Shimada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Kataoka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Junko Hasegawa
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Shioiri
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kawasaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
- Molecular Research Center for Children’s Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ikeda
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Higuchi Y, Fujiwara M, Nakaya N, Fujimori M, Hayashibara C, So R, Shinkawa I, Sato K, Yada Y, Kodama M, Takenaka H, Kishi Y, Kakeda K, Uchitomi Y, Yamada N, Inagaki M. Change in smoking cessation stage over 1 year in patients with schizophrenia: a follow up study in Japan. BMC Psychiatry 2019; 19:367. [PMID: 31752799 PMCID: PMC6873402 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2351-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We performed a follow up study about willingness and behaviors to quit smoking among smokers with schizophrenia in Japan. METHODS Participants were outpatients with schizophrenia aged 20-69 years who had been visiting the hospital for ≥1 year as of April 1, 2016, and had visited the hospital more than once in the previous 6 months. A baseline survey on smoking behaviors including current smoking status and smoking cessation stage, was administered in 420 participants that were randomly extracted from a patient pool (n = 680) in 2016, and a follow-up survey was administered in 2017. We calculated the distribution and change in smoking cessation stage, number of smokers and nonsmokers after 1 year, and quitting rate from a naturalistic 1-year smoking-cessation follow up. RESULTS The number of baseline respondents was 350; 113 current smokers and 68 former smokers. Among the 113 current smokers, 104 (92.0%) were followed for 1 year, 79 (70.0%) were interested in smoking cessation, and only 7 had received smoking cessation treatments at baseline. Among the tracked 104 participants, only 6 (5.8%) stopped smoking after 1 year. Among the 25 participants who had intentions to quit smoking within 6 months at baseline, 6 (24.0%) maintained their intention to quit smoking for 1 year, and 16 (64.0%) did not maintain their intention to quit smoking. CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed that many smokers with schizophrenia were interested in quitting smoking, but few patients received treatment and actually quit smoking. Timely intervention, including the option to receive smoking cessation treatment, is necessary for those patients with schizophrenia who smoke. TRIAL REGISTRATION UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN000023874, registered on August 31, 2016).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Higuchi
- Taiyo Hills Hospital, 2200 Abe, Ochiaicho, Takahashi City, Okayama, 716-0061 Japan
| | - Masaki Fujiwara
- 0000 0004 0631 9477grid.412342.2Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558 Japan
| | - Naoki Nakaya
- 0000 0001 2248 6943grid.69566.3aDepartment of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo, Sendai, 980-8573 Japan
| | - Maiko Fujimori
- 0000 0001 2168 5385grid.272242.3Division of Health Care Research, Behavioral Sciences and Survivorship Research and Division of Cohort Consortium Research, Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
| | - Chinatsu Hayashibara
- grid.443236.4Division of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Care and Rehabilitation, Seijoh University, 2-172 Fukinodai, Tokai City, Aichi 476-8588 Japan
| | - Ryuhei So
- grid.474879.1Okayama Psychiatric Medical Center, 3-16 Shikatahon-machi, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0915 Japan
| | - Ikuta Shinkawa
- grid.474879.1Okayama Psychiatric Medical Center, 3-16 Shikatahon-machi, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0915 Japan
| | - Kojiro Sato
- grid.474879.1Okayama Psychiatric Medical Center, 3-16 Shikatahon-machi, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0915 Japan
| | - Yuji Yada
- grid.474879.1Okayama Psychiatric Medical Center, 3-16 Shikatahon-machi, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0915 Japan
| | - Masafumi Kodama
- grid.474879.1Okayama Psychiatric Medical Center, 3-16 Shikatahon-machi, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0915 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takenaka
- grid.474879.1Okayama Psychiatric Medical Center, 3-16 Shikatahon-machi, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0915 Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kishi
- grid.474879.1Okayama Psychiatric Medical Center, 3-16 Shikatahon-machi, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0915 Japan
| | - Kyoko Kakeda
- 0000 0001 0659 9825grid.278276.eDepartment of Neuropsychiatry, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505 Japan
| | - Yosuke Uchitomi
- 0000 0001 2168 5385grid.272242.3Innovation Center for Supportive, Palliative and Psychosocial Care, National Cancer Center Hospital and Behavioral Sciences and Survivorship Research, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
| | - Norihito Yamada
- 0000 0001 1302 4472grid.261356.5Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Science, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558 Japan
| | - Masatoshi Inagaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent epidemiology, biological and clinical findings correlate high cigarette consumption in patients with schizophrenia, impeding both treatment strategies and the effectiveness of antipsychotics. RECENT FINDINGS New data suggests that despite world-wide efforts to curb cigarette consumption, smoking in patients with schizophrenia was still high. Recent reports could not confirm earlier findings regarding smoking's beneficial effects on cognitive dysfunction, however, the association between smoking, positive symptoms and suicidal behavior was revealed. As some patients smoked in an attempt to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) and negative symptoms, the molecular studies shared genetic roots correlating smoking and schizophrenia, revealing that smoking may increase the risk of developing schizophrenia. Preclinical and clinical studies clarified the complex relationship between schizophrenia's pathology and nicotine's effects on the human brain. SUMMARY Cigarette smoking continues to adversely affect the health of individuals with schizophrenia. Both smoking and heavy nicotine dependence, given the complex biological findings, might influence symptom severity in patients with schizophrenia. Regardless, ceasing smoking activities is strongly advocated to replace 'self-medication by nicotine' with safer and more effective medications.
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Intelligence decline between present and premorbid IQ in schizophrenia: Schizophrenia Non-Affected Relative Project (SNARP). Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 29:653-661. [PMID: 30885440 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia patients (SCZ) display widespread cognitive deficits that are strongly associated with functional outcomes. Cognitive impairments occur along a genetic continuum among SCZ, their unaffected first-degree relatives (FRs) and healthy controls (HCs). Although SCZ impairs the premorbid intelligence quotient (IQ) and causes a subsequent intelligence decline (ID), a decrease in present IQ from the premorbid level, it remains unclear when during the illness course these impairments develop. Differences in premorbid and present IQ and ID were investigated among 125 SCZ, 61 FRs and 107 HCs, using analysis of covariance and a paired t-test. Furthermore, these subjects were classified into preserved and deteriorated IQ groups based on the degree of ID, and we investigated which factors contribute to this classification. We found significant differences in premorbid and present IQ among the diagnostic groups. Compared with HCs, SCZ and FRs displayed lower premorbid and present IQ. There was no significant difference in premorbid IQ between SCZ and FRs, but SCZ had a significantly lower present IQ than FRs. Only SCZ showed a significant ID. As most FRs and HCs did not display an ID, there were fewer subjects with deteriorated IQ among FRs and HCs than among SCZ. Subjects with preserved IQ showed higher educational attainment than those with deteriorated IQ among SCZ and FRs. These findings suggest that the impairment of premorbid IQ and the ID in SCZ become evident before and around the time of onset, respectively, and different pathophysiological mechanisms might be related to these impairments.
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