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Kaur A, Vaccari M. Exploring HIV Vaccine Progress in the Pre-Clinical and Clinical Setting: From History to Future Prospects. Viruses 2024; 16:368. [PMID: 38543734 PMCID: PMC10974975 DOI: 10.3390/v16030368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to pose a significant global health challenge, with millions of people affected and new cases emerging each year. While various treatment and prevention methods exist, including antiretroviral therapy and non-vaccine approaches, developing an effective vaccine remains the most crucial and cost-effective solution to combating the HIV epidemic. Despite significant advancements in HIV research, the HIV vaccine field has faced numerous challenges, and only one clinical trial has demonstrated a modest level of efficacy. This review delves into the history of HIV vaccines and the current efforts in HIV prevention, emphasizing pre-clinical vaccine development using the non-human primate model (NHP) of HIV infection. NHP models offer valuable insights into potential preventive strategies for combating HIV, and they play a vital role in informing and guiding the development of novel vaccine candidates before they can proceed to human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitinder Kaur
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
- School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
- School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Sánchez-Sampedro L, Perdiguero B, Mejías-Pérez E, García-Arriaza J, Di Pilato M, Esteban M. The evolution of poxvirus vaccines. Viruses 2015; 7:1726-803. [PMID: 25853483 PMCID: PMC4411676 DOI: 10.3390/v7041726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
After Edward Jenner established human vaccination over 200 years ago, attenuated poxviruses became key players to contain the deadliest virus of its own family: Variola virus (VARV), the causative agent of smallpox. Cowpox virus (CPXV) and horsepox virus (HSPV) were extensively used to this end, passaged in cattle and humans until the appearance of vaccinia virus (VACV), which was used in the final campaigns aimed to eradicate the disease, an endeavor that was accomplished by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1980. Ever since, naturally evolved strains used for vaccination were introduced into research laboratories where VACV and other poxviruses with improved safety profiles were generated. Recombinant DNA technology along with the DNA genome features of this virus family allowed the generation of vaccines against heterologous diseases, and the specific insertion and deletion of poxvirus genes generated an even broader spectrum of modified viruses with new properties that increase their immunogenicity and safety profile as vaccine vectors. In this review, we highlight the evolution of poxvirus vaccines, from first generation to the current status, pointing out how different vaccines have emerged and approaches that are being followed up in the development of more rational vaccines against a wide range of diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- History, 18th Century
- History, 19th Century
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Poxviridae/immunology
- Poxviridae/isolation & purification
- Smallpox/prevention & control
- Smallpox Vaccine/history
- Smallpox Vaccine/immunology
- Smallpox Vaccine/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Attenuated/history
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Synthetic/history
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Sánchez-Sampedro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Perdiguero
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
| | - Ernesto Mejías-Pérez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain
| | - Juan García-Arriaza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain
| | - Mauro Di Pilato
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
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Sui Y, Gordon S, Franchini G, Berzofsky JA. Nonhuman primate models for HIV/AIDS vaccine development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 102:12.14.1-12.14.30. [PMID: 24510515 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im1214s102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of HIV vaccines has been hampered by the lack of an animal model that can accurately predict vaccine efficacy. Chimpanzees can be infected with HIV-1 but are not practical for research. However, several species of macaques are susceptible to the simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) that cause disease in macaques, which also closely mimic HIV in humans. Thus, macaque-SIV models of HIV infection have become a critical foundation for AIDS vaccine development. Here we examine the multiple variables and considerations that must be taken into account in order to use this nonhuman primate (NHP) model effectively. These include the species and subspecies of macaques, virus strain, dose and route of administration, and macaque genetics, including the major histocompatibility complex molecules that affect immune responses, and other virus restriction factors. We illustrate how these NHP models can be used to carry out studies of immune responses in mucosal and other tissues that could not easily be performed on human volunteers. Furthermore, macaques are an ideal model system to optimize adjuvants, test vaccine platforms, and identify correlates of protection that can advance the HIV vaccine field. We also illustrate techniques used to identify different macaque lymphocyte populations and review some poxvirus vaccine candidates that are in various stages of clinical trials. Understanding how to effectively use this valuable model will greatly increase the likelihood of finding a successful vaccine for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Sui
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Shari Gordon
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Jay A Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.,These authors contributed equally
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Diwan B, Saxena R, Tiwari A. HIV-2 and its role in conglutinated approach towards Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Vaccine Development. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:7. [PMID: 23483108 PMCID: PMC3586397 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is one of the most critically acclaimed endemic diseases, caused by two lentiviruses HIV-1 and 2. HIV-2 displays intimate serological and antigenic resemblance to Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) along with less pathogenicity, lower infectivity and appreciable cross reactivity with HIV-1 antigens. The present era is confronted with the challenge to fabricate a vaccine effective against all clades of both the species of HIV. But vaccine development against HIV-1 has proven highly intricate, moreover the laborious and deficient conventional approaches has slackened the pace regarding the development of new vaccines. These concerns may be tackled with the development of HIV-2 vaccine as a natural control of HIV-1 that has been found in ancestors of HIV-2 i.e. African monkeys, mangabeys and macaques. Thereby, suggesting the notion of cross protection among HIV-2 and HIV-1. Assistance of bioinformatics along with vaccinomics strategy can bring about a quantum leap in this direction for surpassing the bottleneck in conventional approaches. These specifics together can add to our conception that HIV-2 vaccine design by in silico strategy will surely be a constructive approach for HIV-1 targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batul Diwan
- School of Biotechnology, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal, MP India
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The development of gene-based vectors for immunization. Vaccines (Basel) 2013. [PMCID: PMC7151937 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0090-5.00064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Antibodies with high avidity to the gp120 envelope protein in protection from simian immunodeficiency virus SIV(mac251) acquisition in an immunization regimen that mimics the RV-144 Thai trial. J Virol 2012; 87:1708-19. [PMID: 23175374 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02544-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The recombinant canarypox vector, ALVAC-HIV, together with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gp120 envelope glycoprotein, has protected 31.2% of Thai individuals from HIV acquisition in the RV144 HIV vaccine trial. This outcome was unexpected, given the limited ability of the vaccine components to induce CD8(+) T-cell responses or broadly neutralizing antibodies. We vaccinated macaques with an immunization regimen intended to mimic the RV144 trial and exposed them intrarectally to a dose of the simian immunodeficiency virus SIV(mac251) that transmits few virus variants, similar to HIV transmission to humans. Vaccination induced anti-envelope antibodies in all vaccinees and CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses. Three of the 11 macaques vaccinated with ALVAC-SIV/gp120 were protected from SIV(mac251) acquisition, but the result was not significant. The remaining vaccinees were infected and progressed to disease. The magnitudes of vaccine-induced SIV(mac251)-specific T-cell responses and binding antibodies were not significantly different between protected and infected animals. However, sera from protected animals had higher avidity antibodies to gp120, recognized the variable envelope regions V1/V2, and reduced SIV(mac251) infectivity in cells that express high levels of α(4)β(7) integrins, suggesting a functional role of antibodies to V2. The current results emphasize the utility of determining the titer of repeated mucosal challenge in the preclinical evaluation of HIV vaccines.
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Elena Gómez C, Perdiguero B, García-Arriaza J, Esteban M. Poxvirus vectors as HIV/AIDS vaccines in humans. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:1192-207. [PMID: 22906946 PMCID: PMC3579898 DOI: 10.4161/hv.20778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The RV144 phase III clinical trial with the combination of the poxvirus vector ALVAC and the HIV gp120 protein has taught us that a vaccine against HIV/AIDS is possible but further improvements are still needed. Although the HIV protective effect of RV144 was modest (31.2%), these encouraging results reinforce the use of poxvirus vectors as HIV/AIDS vaccine candidates. In this review we focus on the prophylactic clinical studies thus far performed with the more widely studied poxvirus vectors, ALVAC, MVA, NYVAC and fowlpox expressing HIV antigens. We describe the characteristics of each vector administered either alone or in combination with other vectors, with emphasis on the immune parameters evaluated in healthy volunteers, percentage of responders and triggering of humoral and T cell responses. Some of these immunogens induced broad, polyfunctional and long-lasting CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses to HIV-1 antigens in most volunteers, with preference for effector memory T cells, and neutralizing antibodies, immune parameters that might be relevant in protection. Finally, we consider improvements in immunogenicity of the poxvirus vectors by the selective deletion of viral immunomodulatory genes and insertion of host range genes in the poxvirus genome. Overall, the poxvirus vectors have proven to be excellent HIV/AIDS vaccine candidates, with distinct behavior among them, and the future implementation will be dictated by their optimized immune profile in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Elena Gómez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Perdiguero
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan García-Arriaza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); Madrid, Spain
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Potent and broadly reactive HIV-2 neutralizing antibodies elicited by a vaccinia virus vector prime-C2V3C3 polypeptide boost immunization strategy. J Virol 2010; 84:12429-36. [PMID: 20844029 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01102-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) infection affects about 1 to 2 million individuals, the majority living in West Africa, Europe, and India. As for HIV-1, new strategies for the prevention of HIV-2 infection are needed. Our aim was to produce new vaccine immunogens that elicit the production of broadly reactive HIV-2 neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). Native and truncated envelope proteins from the reference HIV-2ALI isolate were expressed in vaccinia virus or in bacteria. This source isolate was used due to its unique phenotype combining CD4 independence and CCR5 usage. NAbs were not elicited in BALB/c mice by single immunization with a truncated and fully glycosylated envelope gp125 (gp125t) or a recombinant polypeptide comprising the C2, V3, and C3 envelope regions (rpC2-C3). A strong and broad NAb response was, however, elicited in mice primed with gp125t expressed in vaccinia virus and boosted with rpC2-C3. Serum from these animals potently neutralized (median 50% neutralizing titer, 3,200) six of six highly divergent primary HIV-2 isolates. Coreceptor usage and the V3 sequence of NAb-sensitive isolates were similar to that of the vaccinating immunogen (HIV-2ALI). In contrast, NAbs were not reactive on three X4 isolates that displayed major changes in V3 loop sequence and structure. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that broadly reactive HIV-2 NAbs can be elicited by using a vaccinia virus vector-prime/rpC2-C3-boost immunization strategy and suggest a potential relationship between escape to neutralization and cell tropism.
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Vaccari M, Poonam P, Franchini G. Phase III HIV vaccine trial in Thailand: a step toward a protective vaccine for HIV. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:997-1005. [PMID: 20822342 PMCID: PMC7337582 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The large human efficacy trail in Thailand, RV144, was concluded in the summer of 2009. This is the first Phase III trial to show limited, but significant, efficacy in preventing HIV acquisition. This trial represents the first sign that a preventive vaccine for HIV may be feasible. The vaccine regimen tested in Thailand consisted of priming with a Canarypox vector carrying three synthetic HIV genes. The priming was followed by booster inoculations with two recombinant envelope proteins from HIV, clade B and E. The need to understand the role in protection from HIV acquisition of the new responses, induced by this vaccine combination, has brought together many researchers with the common goal of improving the development of a safe and effective vaccine for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Vaccari
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccine Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Poonam Poonam
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccine Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccine Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Hu N, Yu R, Shikuma C, Shiramizu B, Ostrwoski MA, Yu Q. Role of cell signaling in poxvirus-mediated foreign gene expression in mammalian cells. Vaccine 2009; 27:2994-3006. [PMID: 19428911 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.02.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Revised: 02/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Poxviruses have been extensively used as a promising vehicle to efficiently deliver a variety of antigens in mammalian hosts to induce immune responses against infectious diseases and cancer. Using recombinant vaccinia virus (VV) and canarypox virus (ALVAC) expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) or multiple HIV-1 gene products, we studied the role of four cellular signaling pathways, the phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase (PI3K), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), in poxvirus-mediated foreign gene expression in mammalian cells. In nonpermissive infection (human monocytes), activation of PI3K, ERK, p38 MAPK, and JNK was observed in both VV and ALVAC and blocking PI3K, p38 MAKP, and JNK pathways with their specific inhibitors significantly reduced viral and vaccine antigen gene expression. Whereas, blocking the ERK pathway had no significant effect. Among these cellular signaling pathways studied, PI3K was the most critical pathway involved in gene expression by VV- or ALVAC-infected monocytes. The important role of PI3K in poxvirus-mediated gene expression was further confirmed in mouse epidermal cells stably transfected with dominant-negative PI3K mutant, as poxvirus-mediated targeted gene expression was significantly decreased in these cells when compared with their parental cells. Signaling pathway activation influenced gene expression at the mRNA level rather than virus binding. In permissive mammalian cells, however, VV DNA copies were also significantly decreased in the absence of normal function of the PI3K pathway. Poxvirus-triggered activation of PI3K pathway could be completely abolished by atazanavir, a new generation of antiretroviral protease inhibitors (PIs). As a consequence, ALVAC-mediated EGFP or HIV-1 gag gene expression in infected primary human monocytes was significantly reduced in the presence of atazanavir. These findings implicate that antiretroviral therapy (ART), also known as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), may negatively impact the efficacy of live poxvirus vector-based vaccines and should be carefully considered when administering such live vaccines to individuals on ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningjie Hu
- Hawaii AIDS Clinical Research Program, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Leahi Hospital, Honolulu, HI 96816, USA
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Schoenly KA, Weiner DB. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vaccine development: recent advances in the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte platform "spotty business". J Virol 2008; 82:3166-80. [PMID: 17989174 PMCID: PMC2268479 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01634-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Schoenly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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13
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Nabel GJ. The development of gene-based vectors for immunization. Vaccines (Basel) 2008. [PMCID: PMC7310921 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3611-1.50066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
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Preclinical primate studies of HIV-1-envelope-based vaccines: towards human clinical trials. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2006; 1:336-43. [DOI: 10.1097/01.coh.0000232350.61650.f0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Yu Q, Jones B, Hu N, Chang H, Ahmad S, Liu J, Parrington M, Ostrowski M. Comparative analysis of tropism between canarypox (ALVAC) and vaccinia viruses reveals a more restricted and preferential tropism of ALVAC for human cells of the monocytic lineage. Vaccine 2006; 24:6376-91. [PMID: 16859816 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Revised: 06/07/2006] [Accepted: 06/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The poxviruses including canarypox (ALVAC) and vaccinia viruses are promising vaccine vectors in humans, but little is known about their biology in human cells. Using recombinant enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP)-expressing ALVAC and vaccinia viruses, we have focused here on a side-by-side comparison of ALVAC and vaccinia virus tropism for cells from human peripheral blood and bone marrow. Both ALVAC and vaccinia viruses showed a strong bias towards monocyte infection. ALVAC minimally infected CD19+ B cells and was unable to infect ex vivo NK cells and T lymphocytes, whereas vaccinia virus could infect B lymphocytes and NK cell populations. Vaccinia virus was also able to infect T lymphocytes at low, but detectable levels that could be enhanced upon their activation. The observed preferential infection of ALVAC or vaccinia virus to monocytes was the result of preferential binding to this population, rather than lineage-specific differences in the expression of viral genes. Moreover, the level of CD14 expression on monocytes correlated with their preference to be infected with ALVAC or vaccinia virus. Both ALVAC and vaccinia viruses could infect immature monocyte derived dendritic cells (MDDCs), but only ALVAC infection induced their subsequent maturation. Vaccinia virus, however, showed greater tropism for mature MDDCs compared to ALVAC. Infection in human bone marrow cultures showed that ALVAC infection was restricted to a myelomonocytoid cell-specific CD33(+) cell population, while vaccinia virus showed a strong, but not exclusive, preference for these cells. These findings have implications in terms of choosing optimal pox virus derived vectors as vaccines in terms of reducing clinical reactogenicity and inducing dendritic cell (DC) maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qigui Yu
- Hawaii AIDS Clinical Research Program, Department of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
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16
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Pal R, Venzon D, Santra S, Kalyanaraman VS, Montefiori DC, Hocker L, Hudacik L, Rose N, Nacsa J, Edghill-Smith Y, Moniuszko M, Hel Z, Belyakov IM, Berzofsky JA, Parks RW, Markham PD, Letvin NL, Tartaglia J, Franchini G. Systemic immunization with an ALVAC-HIV-1/protein boost vaccine strategy protects rhesus macaques from CD4+ T-cell loss and reduces both systemic and mucosal simian-human immunodeficiency virus SHIVKU2 RNA levels. J Virol 2006; 80:3732-42. [PMID: 16571790 PMCID: PMC1440474 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.8.3732-3742.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) occurs primarily via the mucosal route, suggesting that HIV-1 vaccines may need to elicit mucosal immune responses. Here, we investigated the immunogenicity and relative efficacy of systemic immunization with two human ALVAC-HIV-1 recombinant vaccines expressing Gag, Pol, and gp120 (vCP250) or Gag, Pol, and gp160 (vCP1420) in a prime-boost protocol with their homologous vaccine native Env proteins. The relative efficacy was measured against a high-dose mucosal exposure to the pathogenic neutralization-resistant variant SHIV(KU2) (simian-human immunodeficiency virus). Systemic immunization with both vaccine regimens decreased viral load levels not only in blood but unexpectedly also in mucosal sites and protected macaques from peripheral CD4+ T-cell loss. This protective effect was stronger when the gp120 antigen was included in the vaccine. Inclusion of recombinant Tat protein in the boosting phase along with the Env protein did not contribute further to the preservation of CD4+ T cells. Thus, systemic immunization with ALVAC-HIV-1 vaccine candidates elicits anti-HIV-1 immune responses able to contain virus replication also at mucosal sites in macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranajit Pal
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Kensington, Maryland 20895, USA
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17
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Andersson S, Larsen O, Da Silva Z, Linder H, Norrgren H, Dias F, Thorstensson R, Aaby P, Biberfeld G. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-2-specific T lymphocyte proliferative responses in HIV-2-infected and in HIV-2-exposed but uninfected individuals in Guinea-Bissau. Clin Exp Immunol 2005; 139:483-9. [PMID: 15730394 PMCID: PMC1809326 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02723.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-2-specific T lymphocyte proliferative responses were determined in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-2-exposed uninfected individuals, HIV-2-infected individuals and HIV-negative controls in Guinea-Bissau. Increased HIV-2-specific T lymphocyte proliferative responses were detected in both groups compared to HIV-negative controls (healthy HIV-uninfected individuals without known exposure to an HIV-infected person); five out of 29 of the HIV-2-exposed uninfected and half (16 of 32) of the HIV-2-infected individuals had stimulation indexes >2, compared to one out of 49 of the HIV-negative controls (P = 0.003 and P < 0.0001, respectively). The exposed uninfected individuals had reactivity to a HIV-2 V3-peptide corresponding to amino acids 311-326 of the envelope glycoprotein, while the HIV-2-infected people reacted mainly to HIV-2 whole viral lysate. Thus, this study demonstrates a high degree of HIV-2-specific T helper cell activity, as measured by lymphocyte proliferation, in HIV-2-exposed uninfected individuals as well as in HIV-2-infected subjects. These immune responses could be important for resistance to the infection and for the control of established infection and, thus, play a role in the lower transmission and progression of HIV-2 compared to HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Andersson
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control and the Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Leuchte N, Berry N, Köhler B, Almond N, LeGrand R, Thorstensson R, Titti F, Sauermann U. MhcDRB-sequences from cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) of different origin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 63:529-37. [PMID: 15140028 DOI: 10.1111/j.0001-2815.2004.0222.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cynomolgus macaques are frequently used in biomedical research. However, in contrast to their closest relative, the rhesus macaque, little is known about their Mhc genes except for the DQB1 locus. In this study, 33 DRB-sequences belonging to 17 allelic lineages were detected in a total of 68 macaques, 58 originating from Mauritius and 10 from China. The majority of the sequences were detected in the few macaques from China, confirming the low degree of genetic variation in macaques from Mauritius. In summary, the DRB region in cynomolgus macaques is polymorphic. The sequences belong in general to the same allelic lineages as in their closest relative, the rhesus macaque. Two exon 2 DNA sequences were identical in both species and may represent a trans-species origin. In addition, protein sequences of members of the DRB*W1 lineage seem to be rather conserved in the three macaque species examined so far. Six DRB-haplotypes were detected in the macaques from Mauritius. While single DRB-alleles or some protein sequences seemed to be conserved among macaque species, we could not detect any evidence for a trans-species conservation of a complete DRB region. Overall, the data indicate that reorganization of the DRB region by recombination is a major force in creating diversity in cynomolgus macaques as it is in rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Leuchte
- German Primate Center, Department Virology and Immunology Göttingen, Germany
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- John G McNeil
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, and 2Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC 20307, USA.
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20
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Fultz PN, Stallworth J, Porter D, Novak M, Anderson MJ, Morrow CD. Immunogenicity in pig-tailed macaques of poliovirus replicons expressing HIV-1 and SIV antigens and protection against SHIV-89.6P disease. Virology 2003; 315:425-37. [PMID: 14585346 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00546-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the search for an effective vaccine against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), novel ways to deliver viral antigens are being evaluated. One such approach is the use of nonreplicating viral vectors encoding HIV and/or SIV genes that are expressed after infection of host cells. Nonreplicating poliovirus vectors, termed replicons, that expressed HIV-1/HXB2 and SIVmac239 gag and various HIV-1 env genes from different clades were tested for immunogenicity and protective efficacy against intravenous challenge of pig-tailed macaques with SHIV-89.6P. To maximize both cellular and humoral immune responses, a prime-boost regimen was used. Initially, macaques were immunized four times over 35 weeks by either the intranasal and intrarectal or the intramuscular (im) route with mixtures of poliovirus replicons expressing HIV-1 gag and multiple env genes. Immunization with replicons alone induced both serum antibodies and lymphocyte proliferative responses. After boosting with purified Env protein, neutralizing antibodies to SHIV-89.6P were induced in four of five immunized animals. In a second experiment, four macaques were immunized im three times over 27 weeks with replicons expressing the SIVmac239 gag and HIV-1/HXB2 env genes. All immunized animals were then boosted twice with purified HIV-1-89.6 rgp140-Env and SIVmac239 p55-Gag proteins. Four control animals received only the two protein inoculations. Immunized and control animals were then challenged intravenously with the pathogenic SHIV-89.6P. After challenge the animals were monitored for virus isolation from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and plasma viremia and for changes in virus-specific antibody titers. Naïve pig-tailed macaques experienced rapid loss of CD4(+) T cells and died between 38 and 62 weeks after infection. In contrast, macaques immunized with replicons and proteins rapidly cleared plasma virus and did not experience sustained loss of CD4(+) lymphocytes. Furthermore, two of the four macaques that were immunized only with purified proteins maintained high viral burdens and lost greater than 95% of their CD4(+) lymphocytes within 2 to 4 weeks after challenge. Thus, poliovirus replicons expressing HIV-1 and SIV antigens were immunogenic in pig-tailed macaques and appeared to enhance the protective effects observed after administration of purified proteins alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia N Fultz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama School of Medicine Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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21
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Abstract
This article gives an overview about the development of an HIV-1 vaccine. Tremendous numbers of papers have been published on this topic during the last 10 years, and this article can only touch on the different directions taken toward the development of an HIV-1 vaccine, and not give a complete overview of the entire field.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P McGettigan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Dorrance H. Hamilton Laboratories, Center for Human Virology, Philadelphia, PA 19107-6799, USA
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22
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Nilsson C, Sutter G, Walther-Jallow L, Ten Haaft P, Åkerblom L, Heeney J, Erfle V, Böttiger P, Biberfeld G, Thorstensson R. Immunization with recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara can modify mucosal simian immunodeficiency virus infection and delay disease progression in macaques. J Gen Virol 2002; 83:807-818. [PMID: 11907330 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-83-4-807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a recombinant vaccinia virus-based simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccine, given alone or in combination with a protein boost, were investigated. Cynomolgus macaques were immunized intramuscularly with modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) expressing the SIVsm env and gag-pol genes (MVA-SIVsm) at 0 and 3 months (n=4), at 0, 3 and 8 months (n=4) or at 0 and 3 months followed by purified native SIVsm gp148 and recombinant SIVmac p27 in immunostimulatory complexes at 8 months (n=4). One month after the last immunization, the vaccinees, together with four naive control monkeys and four monkeys immunized with wild-type MVA, were challenged intrarectally with 10 MID50 SIVsm. At the time of challenge, antibody titres to SIV Env and lymphocyte proliferation responses to whole viral antigen were highest in vaccinees receiving MVA-SIVsm in combination with protein immunizations. Following rectal challenge, one of these vaccinees was completely protected. A prolonged survival time was observed in two of four monkeys in each of the groups immunized with MVA-SIVsm, in two monkeys given MVA-SIVsm followed by protein and in three of four monkeys given wild-type MVA, compared with naive controls. In conclusion, one monkey given the combined vaccine was protected completely against SIVsm infection. Furthermore, immunization with MVA-SIVsm, as well as wild-type MVA alone, seemed to delay disease progression after mucosal SIV infection in a proportion of the monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotta Nilsson
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden1
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Molecular Virology, GSF - National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Trogerstr. 4b, 81675 Munich, Germany2
| | - Lilian Walther-Jallow
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden1
| | - Peter Ten Haaft
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands3
| | - Lennart Åkerblom
- Department of Virology, The National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden4
| | - Jonathan Heeney
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands3
| | - Volker Erfle
- Institute for Molecular Virology, GSF - National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Trogerstr. 4b, 81675 Munich, Germany2
| | - Per Böttiger
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden1
| | - Gunnel Biberfeld
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden1
| | - Rigmor Thorstensson
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden1
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23
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Pal R, Venzon D, Letvin NL, Santra S, Montefiori DC, Miller NR, Tryniszewska E, Lewis MG, VanCott TC, Hirsch V, Woodward R, Gibson A, Grace M, Dobratz E, Markham PD, Hel Z, Nacsa J, Klein M, Tartaglia J, Franchini G. ALVAC-SIV-gag-pol-env-based vaccination and macaque major histocompatibility complex class I (A*01) delay simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac-induced immunodeficiency. J Virol 2002; 76:292-302. [PMID: 11739694 PMCID: PMC135699 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.1.292-302.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell-mediated immune effector mechanisms play an important role in the containment of human immunodeficiency virus/simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV/SIV) replication after infection. Both vaccination- and infection-induced T-cell responses are dependent on the host major histocompatibility complex classes I and II (MHC-I and MHC-II) antigens. Here we report that both inherent, host-dependent immune responses to SIVmac251 infection and vaccination-induced immune responses to viral antigens were able to reduce virus replication and/or CD4+ T-cell loss. Both the presence of the MHC-I Mamu-A*01 genotype and vaccination of rhesus macaques with ALVAC-SIV-gag-pol-env (ALVAC-SIV-gpe) contributed to the restriction of SIVmac251 replication during primary infection, preservation of CD4+ T cells, and delayed disease progression following intrarectal challenge exposure of the animals to SIV(mac251 (561)). ALVAC-SIV-gpe immunization induced cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses cumulatively in 67% of the immunized animals. Following viral challenge, a significant secondary virus-specific CD8+ T-cell response was observed in the vaccinated macaques. In the same immunized macaques, a decrease in virus load during primary infection (P = 0.0078) and protection from CD4 loss during both acute and chronic phases of infection (P = 0.0099 and P = 0.03, respectively) were observed. A trend for enhanced survival of the vaccinated macaques was also observed. Neither boosting the ALVAC-SIV-gpe with gp120 immunizations nor administering the vaccine by the combination of mucosal and systemic immunization routes increased significantly the protective effect of the ALVAC-SIV-gpe vaccine. While assessing the role of MHC-I Mamu-A*01 alone in the restriction of viremia following challenge of nonvaccinated animals with other SIV isolates, we observed that the virus load was not significantly lower in Mamu-A*01-positive macaques following intravenous challenge with either SIV(mac251 (561)) or SIV(SME660). However, a significant delay in CD4+ T-cell loss was observed in Mamu-A*01-positive macaques in each group. Of interest, in the case of intravenous or intrarectal challenge with the chimeric SIV/HIV strains SHIV(89.6P) or SHIV(KU2), respectively, MHC-I Mamu-A*01-positive macaques did not significantly restrict primary viremia. The finding of the protective effect of the Mamu-A*01 molecule parallels the protective effect of the B*5701 HLA allele in HIV-1-infected humans and needs to be accounted for in the evaluation of vaccine efficacy against SIV challenge models.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pal
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Kensington, Maryland 20895, USA
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24
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Nilsson C, Mäkitalo B, Berglund P, Bex F, Liljeström P, Sutter G, Erfle V, ten Haaft P, Heeney J, Biberfeld G, Thorstensson R. Enhanced simian immunodeficiency virus-specific immune responses in macaques induced by priming with recombinant Semliki Forest virus and boosting with modified vaccinia virus Ankara. Vaccine 2001; 19:3526-36. [PMID: 11348720 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The immunogenicity of two vector-based vaccines, either given alone or in a prime-boost regimen, was investigated. Cynomolgus macaques were immunised with modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)macJ5 env, gag-pol, nef, rev, and tat genes (MVA-SIVmac) or primed with a Semliki forest virus (SFV) vaccine expressing the same genes (SFV-SIVmac) and boosted with MVA-SIVmac. Generally, antibody responses, T-cell proliferative responses and cytotoxic T-cell responses remained low or undetectable in vaccinees receiving MVA-SIVmac or SFV-SIVmac alone. In contrast, monkeys who first received SFV-SIVmac twice and then were boosted with MVA-SIVmac showed increased antibody responses as well as high T-cell proliferative responses. Three of these vaccinees had cytotoxic T-lymphocytes directed against three or four of the gene products. No evidence of protection was seen against an intrarectal heterologous SIVsm challenge given 3 months after the last immunisation. The study demonstrates a prime-boost strategy that efficiently induces both humoral and cellular immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nilsson
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, SE-171 82, Solna, Sweden.
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25
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Walther-Jallow L, Nilsson C, Söderlund J, Ten Haaft P, Mäkitalo B, Biberfeld P, Böttiger P, Heeney J, Biberfeld G, Thorstensson R. Cross-protection against mucosal simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVsm) challenge in human immunodeficiency virus type 2-vaccinated cynomolgus monkeys. J Gen Virol 2001; 82:1601-1612. [PMID: 11413371 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-82-7-1601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we compared the efficacy of live attenuated human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) vaccine alone versus boosting with live non-pathogenic HIV-2 following priming with ALVAC HIV-2 (recombinant canarypox virus expressing HIV-2 env, gag and pol). Six monkeys were first inoculated intravenously with live HIV-2(SBL-6669) and 7 to 10 months later were challenged intrarectally with 10 MID(50) of cell-free simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) strain SIVsm. One monkey was completely protected against SIV infection and all five monkeys that became SIV-infected showed a lower virus replication and an initial lower virus load as compared with a parallel group of six control animals. In another experiment five monkeys were immunized either three times with ALVAC HIV-2 alone or twice with ALVAC HIV-2 and once with purified native HIV-2 gp125. The monkeys were then challenged with HIV-2 given intravenously and finally with pathogenic SIVsm given intrarectally. After challenge with SIVsm, three of five monkeys were completely protected against SIVsm infection whereas the remaining two macaques became SIV-infected but with limited virus replication. In conclusion, vaccination with an ALVAC HIV-2 vaccine followed by exposure to live HIV-2 could induce cross-protection against mucosal infection with SIVsm and seemed to be more efficient than immunization with a live HIV-2 vaccine only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Walther-Jallow
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Microbiology and Tumour Biology Centre, Karolinska Institute, SE-17182 Solna, Sweden1
| | - Charlotta Nilsson
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Microbiology and Tumour Biology Centre, Karolinska Institute, SE-17182 Solna, Sweden1
| | - Johan Söderlund
- Immunopathology Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, SE-10401 Stockholm, Sweden2
| | - Peter Ten Haaft
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands3
| | - Barbro Mäkitalo
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Microbiology and Tumour Biology Centre, Karolinska Institute, SE-17182 Solna, Sweden1
| | - Peter Biberfeld
- Immunopathology Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, SE-10401 Stockholm, Sweden2
| | - Per Böttiger
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Microbiology and Tumour Biology Centre, Karolinska Institute, SE-17182 Solna, Sweden1
| | - Jonathan Heeney
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands3
| | - Gunnel Biberfeld
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Microbiology and Tumour Biology Centre, Karolinska Institute, SE-17182 Solna, Sweden1
| | - Rigmor Thorstensson
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Microbiology and Tumour Biology Centre, Karolinska Institute, SE-17182 Solna, Sweden1
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26
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Hirsch VM, Lifson JD. Simian immunodeficiency virus infection of monkeys as a model system for the study of AIDS pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2001; 49:437-77. [PMID: 11013771 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(00)49034-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
As presented in this review, there are a number of different models of both natural and experimental infection of monkeys with primate lentiviruses. There are numerous different viruses and multiple different monkey species, making for a potentially large number of different combinations. The fact that each different combination of virus isolate and host macaque species may show different behavior underscores the need to understand the different models and their key features. On the one hand, this diversity of systems underscores the need to provide some standardization of the systems used for certain kinds of studies, such as vaccine evaluations, in order to facilitate the comparison of results obtained in different experiments, but in essentially the same experimental system. On the other hand, the rich diversity of different systems, with different features and behaviors, represents a tremendous resource, among other things allowing the investigator to select the system that best recapitulates particular aspects of human HIV infection for study in a relevant nonhuman primate model. Such studies have provided, and may be expected to continue to provide, important insights to guide HIV treatment and vaccine development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Hirsch
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
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27
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Ignatius R, Marovich M, Mehlhop E, Villamide L, Mahnke K, Cox WI, Isdell F, Frankel SS, Mascola JR, Steinman RM, Pope M. Canarypox virus-induced maturation of dendritic cells is mediated by apoptotic cell death and tumor necrosis factor alpha secretion. J Virol 2000; 74:11329-38. [PMID: 11070033 PMCID: PMC113238 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.23.11329-11338.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant avipox viruses are being widely evaluated as vaccines. To address how these viruses, which replicate poorly in mammalian cells, might be immunogenic, we studied how canarypox virus (ALVAC) interacts with primate antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs). When human and rhesus macaque monocyte-derived DCs were exposed to recombinant ALVAC, immature DCs were most susceptible to infection. However, many of the infected cells underwent apoptotic cell death, and dying infected cells were engulfed by uninfected DCs. Furthermore, a subset of DCs matured in the ALVAC-exposed DC cultures. DC maturation coincided with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) secretion and was significantly blocked in the presence of anti-TNF-alpha antibodies. Interestingly, inhibition of apoptosis with a caspase 3 inhibitor also reduced some of the maturation induced by exposure to ALVAC. This indicates that both TNF-alpha and the presence of primarily apoptotic cells contributed to DC maturation. Therefore, infection of immature primate DCs with ALVAC results in apoptotic death of infected cells, which can be internalized by noninfected DCs driving DC maturation in the presence of the TNF-alpha secreted concomitantly by exposed cells. This suggests an important mechanism that may influence the immunogenicity of avipox virus vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ignatius
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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28
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Patterson LJ, Peng B, Abimiku AG, Aldrich K, Murty L, Markham PD, Kalyanaraman VS, Alvord WG, Tartaglia J, Franchini G, Robert-Guroff M. Cross-protection in NYVAC-HIV-1-immunized/HIV-2-challenged but not in NYVAC-HIV-2-immunized/SHIV-challenged rhesus macaques. AIDS 2000; 14:2445-55. [PMID: 11101054 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200011100-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Immunization with attenuated poxvirus-HIV-1 recombinants followed by protein boosting had protected four of eight rhesus macaques from HIV-2SBL6669 challenge. The present study was designed to confirm this result and to conduct the reciprocal cross-protection experiment. METHODS Twenty-four macaques were primed with NYVAC (a genetically attenuated Copenhagen vaccinia strain) recombinants with HIV-1 and HIV-2 env and gag-pol or NYVAC vector alone and boosted with homologous, oligomeric gp160 proteins or adjuvant only. Binding and neutralizing antibodies, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) and CD8 T cell antiviral activity (CD8AA) were evaluated. One half of each immunization and control group were intravenously challenged with SHIV(HXB2) the other half was challenged with HIV-2SBL6669,. Protective outcome was assessed by monitoring virus isolation, proviral DNA and plasma viral RNA. RESULTS Both immunization groups developed homologous binding antibodies; however, homologous neutralizing antibodies were only observed in NYVAC-HIV-2-immunized macaques. While no cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies were detected, both immunization groups displayed cross-reactive CTL. Significant CD8AA was observed for only one NYVAC-HIV-2-immunized macaque. Virological assessments verified that both NYVAC-HIV-1 and NYVAC-HIV-2 immunization significantly reduced viral burdens and partially protected against HIV-2 challenge, although cross-protection was not at the level that had been previously reported. Humoral antibody and/or CTL and CD8AA were associated with protection against homologous HIV-2 challenge, while cellular immune responses seemed more important for cross-protection. No significant protection was observed in the SHIV-challenged macaques, although NYVAC-HIV-1 immunization resulted in significantly lower viral burdens compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Further delineation of cross-reactive mechanisms may aid in the development of a broadly protective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Patterson
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-5055, USA
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29
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Verrier F, Burda S, Belshe R, Duliege AM, Excler JL, Klein M, Zolla-Pazner S. A human immunodeficiency virus prime-boost immunization regimen in humans induces antibodies that show interclade cross-reactivity and neutralize several X4-, R5-, and dualtropic clade B and C primary isolates. J Virol 2000; 74:10025-33. [PMID: 11024131 PMCID: PMC102041 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.21.10025-10033.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine that will be useful in diverse geographic regions will need to induce a broad immune response characterized by cross-clade immunity. To test whether a clade B-based HIV candidate vaccine could induce interclade humoral responses, including neutralizing activity against primary HIV-1 isolates, sera were tested from recipients of a vaccine consisting of recombinant canarypox virus vCP205 and recombinant gp120(SF2). Serum antibodies exhibited strong immunochemical cross-reactivity with V3 peptides from clades B, C, and F, with weaker activity for several V3 peptides from clades A, D, G, and H; essentially no reactivity could be demonstrated with V3 peptides from clades E and O. Extensive cross-clade reactivity was also documented by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with all nine recombinant HIV envelope glycoproteins tested from clades B, D, and E. In addition, vaccinees' sera displayed significant neutralizing activity against 5 of 14 primary isolates tested, including one X4 virus and two dualtropic viruses (from clade B) and two R5 viruses (from clades B and C). This is the first demonstration of the induction by a candidate HIV vaccine constructed from clade B laboratory strains of HIV of neutralizing activity against R5 and clade C primary isolates. The data suggest that, by virtue of their ability to induce cross-clade immune responses, appropriately formulated HIV vaccines based on a finite number of HIV isolates may ultimately be able to protect against the wide range of HIV isolates affecting the populations of many geographic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Verrier
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010, USA
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30
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Mäkitalo B, Böttiger1 P, Biberfeld G, Thorstensson R. Cell-mediated immunity to low doses of SIVsm in cynomolgus macaques did not confer protection against mucosal rechallenge. Vaccine 2000; 19:298-307. [PMID: 10930685 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of macaques is a useful model for studies of the roles of different immune responses against viruses that cause (AIDS). In this study, six cynomolgus macaques were inoculated intrarectally with subinfectious or infectious doses of SIVsm to assess the SIV specific immunity, in particular protective immunity against subsequent challenge with a higher dose of SIVsm. Following the first inoculation with SIVsm, the two monkeys given the highest doses of cell-free SIVsm stock and one monkey given the intermediate dose became infected. In the three remaining animals, one animal inoculated with an intermediate dose and two animals given low doses of SIVsm, no overt infection occurred. Nevertheless, SIV specific cytotoxic T-cells against Gag/Pol and Nef proteins and T-cell proliferative responses against HIV-2 whole viral lysate, native HIV-2 gp125, recombinant SIV gp140 and SIV Env synthetic peptides were detected. After intrarectal rechallenge of the uninfected macaques with a higher dose of SIVsm all the animals became infected. These results demonstrate that cell mediated immunity can occur in the absence of detectable infection in monkeys inoculated with a low dose of SIVsm. Despite the presence of cellular immune responses, the animals were not protected when challenged with a higher dose of virus later.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mäkitalo
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Microbiology Tumour Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 82, Solna, Sweden.
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31
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Seth A, Ourmanov I, Schmitz JE, Kuroda MJ, Lifton MA, Nickerson CE, Wyatt L, Carroll M, Moss B, Venzon D, Letvin NL, Hirsch VM. Immunization with a modified vaccinia virus expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag-Pol primes for an anamnestic Gag-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response and is associated with reduction of viremia after SIV challenge. J Virol 2000; 74:2502-9. [PMID: 10684264 PMCID: PMC111738 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.6.2502-2509.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/1999] [Accepted: 12/08/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) recombinant expressing the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag-Pol proteins (MVA-gag-pol) was explored in rhesus monkeys expressing the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I allele, MamuA*01. Macaques received four sequential intramuscular immunizations with the MVA-gag-pol recombinant virus or nonrecombinant MVA as a control. Gag-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses were detected in all MVA-gag-pol-immunized macaques by both functional assays and flow cytometric analyses of CD8(+) T cells that bound a specific MHC complex class I-peptide tetramer, with levels peaking after the second immunization. Following challenge with uncloned SIVsmE660, all macaques became infected; however, viral load set points were lower in MVA-gag-pol-immunized macaques than in the MVA-immunized control macaques. MVA-gag-pol-immunized macaques exhibited a rapid and substantial anamnestic CTL response specific for the p11C, C-M Gag epitope. The level at which CTL stabilized after resolution of primary viremia correlated inversely with plasma viral load set point (P = 0.03). Most importantly, the magnitude of reduction in viremia in the vaccinees was predicted by the magnitude of the vaccine-elicited CTL response prior to SIV challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Seth
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Ourmanov I, Brown CR, Moss B, Carroll M, Wyatt L, Pletneva L, Goldstein S, Venzon D, Hirsch VM. Comparative efficacy of recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag-Pol and/or Env in macaques challenged with pathogenic SIV. J Virol 2000; 74:2740-51. [PMID: 10684290 PMCID: PMC111764 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.6.2740-2751.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/1999] [Accepted: 12/23/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior studies demonstrated that immunization of macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag-Pol and Env recombinants of the attenuated poxvirus modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) provided protection from high levels of viremia and AIDS following challenge with a pathogenic strain of SIV (V. M. Hirsch et al., J. Virol. 70:3741-3752, 1996). This MVA-SIV recombinant expressed relatively low levels of the Gag-Pol portion of the vaccine. To optimize protection, second-generation recombinant MVAs that expressed high levels of either Gag-Pol (MVA-gag-pol) or Env (MVA-env), alone or in combination (MVA-gag-pol-env), were generated. A cohort of 24 macaques was immunized with recombinant or nonrecombinant MVA (four groups of six animals) and was challenged with 50 times the dose at which 50% of macaques are infected with uncloned pathogenic SIVsmE660. Although all animals became infected postchallenge, plasma viremia was significantly reduced in animals that received the MVA-SIV recombinant vaccines as compared with animals that received nonrecombinant MVA (P = 0.0011 by repeated-measures analysis of variance). The differences in the degree of virus suppression achieved by the three MVA-SIV vaccines were not significant. Most importantly, the reduction in levels of viremia resulted in a significant increase in median (P < 0.05 by Student's t test) and cumulative (P = 0.010 by log rank test) survival. These results suggest that recombinant MVA has considerable potential as a vaccine vector for human AIDS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- CD4 Lymphocyte Count
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Line
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Fusion Proteins, gag-pol/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, gag-pol/immunology
- Gene Expression
- Gene Products, env/biosynthesis
- Gene Products, env/genetics
- Gene Products, env/immunology
- Gene Products, gag/biosynthesis
- Gene Products, gag/genetics
- Gene Products, gag/immunology
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/biosynthesis
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/immunology
- Macaca mulatta
- Membrane Glycoproteins
- Recombination, Genetic
- SAIDS Vaccines/genetics
- SAIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/blood
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/virology
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/ultrastructure
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccinia virus/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins
- Viral Load
- Viral Matrix Proteins/biosynthesis
- Viral Matrix Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ourmanov
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
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Ramsay AJ, Kent SJ, Strugnell RA, Suhrbier A, Thomson SA, Ramshaw IA. Genetic vaccination strategies for enhanced cellular, humoral and mucosal immunity. Immunol Rev 1999; 171:27-44. [PMID: 10582164 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we describe several novel genetic vaccination strategies designed to facilitate the development of different types of immune responses. These include: i) the consecutive use of DNA and fowlpoxvirus vectors in "prime-boost" strategies which induce greatly enhanced and sustained levels of both cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity, including mucosal responses; ii) the co-expression of genes encoding cytokines and cell-surface receptors, and the use of immunogenic carrier molecules, for immune modulation and/or improved targeting of vector-expressed vaccine antigens; and iii) the expression of minimal immunogenic amino acid sequences, particularly cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell determinants, in "polytope" vector vaccines. The capacity to modulate and enhance specific immune responses by the use of approaches such as these may underpin the development of vaccines against diseases for which no effective strategies are currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Ramsay
- Division of Immunology and Cell Biology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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34
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Nilsson C, Mäkitalo B, Thorstensson R, Norley S, Binninger-Schinzel D, Cranage M, Rud E, Biberfeld G, Putkonen P. Live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)mac in macaques can induce protection against mucosal infection with SIVsm. AIDS 1998; 12:2261-70. [PMID: 9863867 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-199817000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether vaccination of macaques with attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)macC8 could induce long-term protective immunity against rectal exposure to SIVsm and intravenous exposure to the more divergent HIV-2. DESIGN AND METHODS Eight months after vaccination with live attenuated SIVmacC8, four cynomolgus monkeys were challenged with SIVsm intrarectally and another four vaccinated monkeys were challenged with HIV-2 intravenously. Sixteen months after SIVmacC8 vaccination, another two monkeys were challenged with SIVsm across the rectal mucosa. Two vaccinees shown to be protected against SIVsm were rechallenged 8 months after the first challenge. Ten naive animals were used as controls. Serum antigenaemia, virus isolation, antibody responses, cell-mediated immunity and CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subpopulations were monitored. PCR-based assays were used to distinguish between virus populations. RESULTS At the time of challenge, eight out of 10 vaccinees were PCR-positive for SIVmacC8 DNA but no virus could be isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. After SIVsm challenge, three out of six vaccinees were repeatedly SIVsm PCR-negative. In one of the three infected monkeys, the challenge virus was initially suppressed but the monkey ultimately developed AIDS after increased replication of the pathogenic virus. Rechallenged monkeys remained protected. All HIV-2-challenged vaccinees became superinfected. All controls became infected with either SIVsm or HIV-2. At the time of challenge the vaccinees had neutralizing antibodies to SIVmac but no demonstrable cross-neutralizing antibodies to SIVsm or HIV-2. Titres of antigen-binding or neutralizing antibodies did not correlate with protection. Cytotoxic T-cell responses to SIV Gag/Pol and virus-specific T-cell proliferative responses were low. CONCLUSION The live attenuated SIVmacC8 vaccine was able to induce long-term protection against heterologous intrarectal SIVsm challenge in a proportion of macaques but not against the more divergent HIV-2, which was given intravenously.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nilsson
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Microbiology and Tumourbiology Centre, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm
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35
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Putkonen P, Quesada-Rolander M, Leandersson AC, Schwartz S, Thorstensson R, Okuda K, Wahren B, Hinkula J. Immune responses but no protection against SHIV by gene-gun delivery of HIV-1 DNA followed by recombinant subunit protein boosts. Virology 1998; 250:293-301. [PMID: 9792840 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1998.9379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of combining immunization with human immunodeficiency vitus type 1 (HIV-1) DNA and HIV-1 recombinant proteins to obtain protection from chimeric simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) was determined. Four cynomolgus monkeys received four gene-gun immunizations intraepidermally of plasmid DNA encoding HIV-1lai env (gp160), gag, tat, nef, and rev proteins. Ten micrograms of DNA was used per immunization. The animals were boosted twice intramuscularly with 50 microgram of HIV-1lai Env (MicroGeneSys), Gag, Tat, Nef, and Rev recombinant proteins mixed in Ribi adjuvant. The antibody responses were amplified following the administration of the recombinant subunit boosts. One month after the final subunit immunization, the vaccinated animals together with four control animals were challenged intravenously with 10 monkey infectious doses of SHIV that expresses the env, tat and rev genes of HIV-1 and gag and nef from SIV. However, only low titers of neutralizing antibodies were present at the day of challenge. The consecutive HIV-1 DNA and recombinant protein immunizations induced B- and T-cell responses but not protection against SHIV replication nor reduction of the viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Putkonen
- Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, S-105 21, Sweden
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36
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Wang R, Doolan DL, Charoenvit Y, Hedstrom RC, Gardner MJ, Hobart P, Tine J, Sedegah M, Fallarme V, Sacci JB, Kaur M, Klinman DM, Hoffman SL, Weiss WR. Simultaneous induction of multiple antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in nonhuman primates by immunization with a mixture of four Plasmodium falciparum DNA plasmids. Infect Immun 1998; 66:4193-202. [PMID: 9712767 PMCID: PMC108505 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.9.4193-4202.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/1998] [Accepted: 06/04/1998] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells have been implicated as critical effector cells in protective immunity against malaria parasites developing within hepatocytes. A vaccine that protects against malaria by inducing CD8(+) T cells will probably have to include multiple epitopes on the same protein or different proteins, because of parasite polymorphism and genetic restriction of T-cell responses. To determine if CD8(+) T-cell responses against multiple P. falciparum proteins can be induced in primates by immunization with plasmid DNA, rhesus monkeys were immunized intramuscularly with a mixture of DNA plasmids encoding four P. falciparum proteins or with individual plasmids. All six monkeys immunized with PfCSP DNA, seven of nine immunized with PfSSP2 DNA, and five of six immunized with PfExp-1 or PfLSA-1 DNA had detectable antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) after in vitro restimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. CTL activity was genetically restricted and dependent on CD8(+) T cells. By providing the first evidence for primates that immunization with a mixture of DNA plasmids induces CD8(+) T-cell responses against all the components of the mixture, these studies provide the foundation for multigene immunization of humans.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Protozoan/immunology
- Antigens, Protozoan/genetics
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- DNA, Protozoan/immunology
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Macaca mulatta
- Malaria Vaccines/genetics
- Malaria Vaccines/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/genetics
- Malaria, Falciparum/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/prevention & control
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Plasmids
- Plasmodium falciparum/immunology
- Primates
- Protozoan Proteins/genetics
- Protozoan Proteins/immunology
- RNA, Messenger
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/parasitology
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wang
- Malaria Program, Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20889, USA
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37
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Benson J, Chougnet C, Robert-Guroff M, Montefiori D, Markham P, Shearer G, Gallo RC, Cranage M, Paoletti E, Limbach K, Venzon D, Tartaglia J, Franchini G. Recombinant vaccine-induced protection against the highly pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus SIV(mac251): dependence on route of challenge exposure. J Virol 1998; 72:4170-82. [PMID: 9557706 PMCID: PMC109646 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.5.4170-4182.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/1997] [Accepted: 02/06/1998] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine protection from infection and/or disease induced by highly pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) strain SIV(mac251) in the rhesus macaque model is a challenging task. Thus far, the only approach that has been reported to protect a fraction of macaques from infection following intravenous challenge with SIV(mac251) was the use of a live attenuated SIV vaccine. In the present study, the gag, pol, and env genes of SIV(K6W) were expressed in the NYVAC vector, a genetically engineered derivative of the vaccinia virus Copenhagen strain that displays a highly attenuated phenotype in humans. In addition, the genes for the alpha and beta chains of interleukin-12 (IL-12), as well as the IL-2 gene, were expressed in separate NYVAC vectors and inoculated intramuscularly, in conjunction with or separate from the NYVAC-SIV vaccine, in 40 macaques. The overall cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response was greater, at the expense of proliferative and humoral responses, in animals immunized with NYVAC-SIV and NYVAC-IL-12 than in animals immunized with the NYVAC-SIV vaccine alone. At the end of the immunization regimen, half of the animals were challenged with SIV(mac251) by the intravenous route and the other half were exposed to SIV(mac251) intrarectally. Significantly, five of the eleven vaccinees exposed mucosally to SIV(mac251) showed a transient peak of viremia 1 week after viral challenge and subsequently appeared to clear viral infection. In contrast, all 12 animals inoculated intravenously became infected, but 5 to 6 months after viral challenge, 4 animals were able to control viral expression and appeared to progress to disease more slowly than control animals. Protection did not appear to be associated with any of the measured immunological parameters. Further modulation of immune responses by coadministration of NYVAC-cytokine recombinants did not appear to influence the outcome of viral challenge. The fact that the NYVAC-SIV recombinant vaccine appears to be effective per se in the animal model that best mirrors human AIDS supports the idea that the development of a highly attenuated poxvirus-based vaccine candidate can be a valuable approach to significantly decrease the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection by the mucosal route.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Benson
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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38
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Berglund P, Quesada-Rolander M, Putkonen P, Biberfeld G, Thorstensson R, Liljeström P. Outcome of immunization of cynomolgus monkeys with recombinant Semliki Forest virus encoding human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope protein and challenge with a high dose of SHIV-4 virus. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1997; 13:1487-95. [PMID: 9390747 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1997.13.1487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection of macaques with chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) allows evaluation of HIV-1 envelope vaccines. SHIV-4 is based on SIVmac239 but carries the env, tat, and rev genes of HIV-1IIIB. In this study we used Semliki Forest virus (SFV) RNA vectors to express the envelope protein gp160 of HIV-1IIIB in cynomolgus macaques. Monkeys were immunized four times with recombinant suicide SFV. Whereas two of four monkeys showed T cell-proliferative responses, only one monkey had demonstrable levels of antibodies to HIV-1 gp41 and gp120 as shown by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot. The vaccinated monkeys and four control animals were challenged with 10,000 MID100 (100% minimum infectious doses) of cell-free monkey cell-grown SHIV-4 virus. As demonstrated by virus isolation, all macaques became infected after challenge. All vaccinated monkeys showed an HIV-1-specific anamnestic T cell-proliferative response. Three of four vaccines had developed HIV-1-Env-specific antibodies 2 weeks after challenge whereas none of the four controls showed any detectable immune response at this time point. Furthermore, three of four vaccinated monkeys had no demonstrable viral antigenemia and low viral load as opposed to one of the four naive control animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Berglund
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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39
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Abstract
Recombinant viruses have been investigated as candidate vaccines, and have also been used extensively as immunological tools. Recent advances in this area include the following: the construction and testing of a recombinant simian immunodeficiency virus encoding human interferon-gamma; the development of new vectors such as recombinant poliovirus; and the generation of polyepitope vaccines. Basic immunological research has benefited from the use of recombinant viruses to further understand the role of molecules such as CD40 ligand, nitric oxide and interleukin-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Rolph
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Monbijoustrasse 2, D-10117, Berlin, Germany.
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40
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Putkonen P, Mäkitalo B, Böttiger D, Biberfeld G, Thorstensson R. Protection of human immunodeficiency virus type 2-exposed seronegative macaques from mucosal simian immunodeficiency virus transmission. J Virol 1997; 71:4981-4. [PMID: 9188561 PMCID: PMC191729 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.7.4981-4984.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
At present it is not known which form of immunity would be most effective against infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). To evaluate the possible role of cellular immunity, we examined whether four HIV type 2-exposed but seronegative macaques developed cellular immune responses and determined whether these exposed macaques were resistant to mucosal transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Following intrarectal challenge with SIV, 2 monkeys were protected against detectable SIV replication and another showed suppressed viral replication compared to 14 persistently infected controls. The two protected monkeys demonstrated SIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes before as well as after SIV challenge. Here we provide evidence that activation of the cell-mediated arm of the immune system only, without antibody formation, can control SIV replication in macaques. The results imply that vaccines that stimulate a strong and broad cellular immune response could prevent mucosal HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Putkonen
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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