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Yang Y, Song Y, Hou D. Obesity and COVID-19 Pandemics: Epidemiology, Mechanisms, and Management. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:4147-4156. [PMID: 38145256 PMCID: PMC10749174 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s441762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a principle causative factor of various metabolic dysfunctions, chronic inflammation, and multi-organ impairment. The global epidemic of obesity has constituted the greatest threat to global health. Emerging evidence has associated obesity with an increased risk of severe infection and poor outcomes from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). During current COVID-19 pandemic, the interaction between COVID-19 and obesity has exaggerated the disease burden of obesity more than ever before. Thus, there is an urgent need for consideration of universal measures to reduce the risk of complications and severe illness from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in obesity population. In this review, we first summarized the clinical evidence on the effect of obesity on susceptibility, severity, and prognosis of COVID-19. Then we discussed and the underlying mechanisms, including respiratory pathophysiology of obesity, dysregulated inflammation, upregulated angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression, hyperglycemia, and adipokines. Finally, we proposed recommendations on how to reduce the spread and pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 infection by prevention and treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanlin Song
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongni Hou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Richard SA, Scher AI, Rusiecki J, Byrne C, Berjohn CM, Fries AC, Lalani T, Smith AG, Mody RM, Ganesan A, Huprikar N, Colombo RE, Colombo CJ, Schofield C, Lindholm DA, Mende K, Morris MJ, Jones MU, Flanagan R, Larson DT, Ewers EC, Bazan SE, Saunders D, Maves RC, Livezey J, Maldonado CJ, Edwards MS, Rozman JS, O’Connell RJ, Simons MP, Tribble DR, Agan BK, Burgess TH, Pollett SD. Decreased Self-reported Physical Fitness Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection and the Impact of Vaccine Boosters in a Cohort Study. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad579. [PMID: 38130596 PMCID: PMC10733205 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The long-term effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on physical fitness are unclear, and the impact of vaccination on that relationship is uncertain. Methods We compared survey responses in a 1-year study of US military service members with (n = 1923) and without (n = 1591) a history of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. We fit Poisson regression models to estimate the association between history of SARS-CoV-2 infection and fitness impairment, adjusting for time since infection, demographics, and baseline health. Results The participants in this analysis were primarily young adults aged 18-39 years (75%), and 71.5% were male. Participants with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection were more likely to report difficulty exercising (38.7% vs 18.4%; P < .01), difficulty performing daily activities (30.4% vs 12.7%; P < .01), and decreased fitness test (FT) scores (42.7% vs 26.2%; P < .01) than those without a history of infection. SARS-CoV-2-infected participants were at higher risk of these outcomes after adjusting for other factors (unvaccinated: exercising: adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 3.99; 95% CI, 3.36-4.73; activities: aRR, 5.02; 95% CI, 4.09-6.16; FT affected: aRR, 2.55; 95% CI, 2.19-2.98). Among SARS-CoV-2-positive participants, full vaccination before infection was associated with a lower risk of post-COVID-19 fitness impairment (fully vaccinated: exercise: aRR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.70-0.95; activities: aRR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.64-0.91; FT: aRR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.76-1.00; boosted: exercise: aRR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.51-0.74; activities: aRR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.41-0.65; FT: aRR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.49-0.70). Conclusions In this study of generally young, healthy military service members, SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with lower self-reported fitness and exercise capacity; vaccination and boosting were associated with lower risk of self-reported fitness loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Richard
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ann I Scher
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer Rusiecki
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Celia Byrne
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Catherine M Berjohn
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Anthony C Fries
- US Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Wright-Patterson, Ohio, USA
| | - Tahaniyat Lalani
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Virginia, USA
| | - Alfred G Smith
- Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Virginia, USA
| | - Rupal M Mody
- William Beaumont Army Medical Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Anuradha Ganesan
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nikhil Huprikar
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rhonda E Colombo
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Madigan Army Medical Center, Joint Base Lewis McChord, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher J Colombo
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Madigan Army Medical Center, Joint Base Lewis McChord, Washington, USA
| | | | - David A Lindholm
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Katrin Mende
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael J Morris
- Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Milissa U Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, Translational Medicine Unit, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ryan Flanagan
- Department of Pediatrics, Translational Medicine Unit, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Derek T Larson
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
- Alexander T. Augusta Military Medical Center, Fort Belvoir, Virginia, USA
| | - Evan C Ewers
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Alexander T. Augusta Military Medical Center, Fort Belvoir, Virginia, USA
| | | | - David Saunders
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ryan C Maves
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeffrey Livezey
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Margaret Sanchez Edwards
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Julia S Rozman
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert J O’Connell
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark P Simons
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David R Tribble
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Brian K Agan
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Timothy H Burgess
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Simon D Pollett
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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3
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Andronescu LR, Richard SA, Laing ED, Pisanic N, Coggins SA, Rivera MG, Kruczynski K, Saperstein AK, Modi J, Fraser JA, Shaikh S, Broder CC, Burgess TH, Heaney CD, Pollett SD, Millar E, Coles CL, Simons MP. Evaluating SARS-CoV-2 Saliva and Dried Blood Spot Surveillance Strategies in a Congregate Population. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1925-1928. [PMID: 37579513 PMCID: PMC10461675 DOI: 10.3201/eid2909.230417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The optimal approach to COVID-19 surveillance in congregate populations remains unclear. Our study at the US Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, USA, assessed the concordance of antibody prevalence in longitudinally collected dried blood spots and saliva in a setting of frequent PCR-based testing. Our findings highlight the utility of salivary-based surveillance.
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4
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Yu EA, Jackman RP, Glesby MJ, Narayan KV. Bidirectionality between Cardiometabolic Diseases and COVID-19: Role of Humoral Immunity. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:1145-1158. [PMID: 37302794 PMCID: PMC10256583 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiometabolic diseases and abnormalities have recently emerged as independent risk factors of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity, including hospitalizations, invasive mechanical ventilation, and mortality. Determining whether and how this observation translates to more effective long-term pandemic mitigation strategies remains a challenge due to key research gaps. Specific pathways by which cardiometabolic pathophysiology affects humoral immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and vice versa, remain unclear. This review summarizes current evidence of the bidirectional influences between cardiometabolic diseases (diabetes, adiposity, hypertension, CVDs) and SARS-CoV-2 antibodies induced from infection and vaccination based on human studies. Ninety-two studies among >408,000 participants in 37 countries on 5 continents (Europe, Asia, Africa, and North and South America) were included in this review. Obesity was associated with higher neutralizing antibody titers following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Most studies conducted prior to vaccinations found positive or null associations between binding antibodies (levels, seropositivity) and diabetes; after vaccinations, antibody responses did not differ by diabetes. Hypertension and CVDs were not associated with SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Findings underscore the importance of elucidating the extent that tailored recommendations for COVID-19 prevention, vaccination effectiveness, screening, and diagnoses among people with obesity could reduce disease burden caused by SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine A Yu
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.
| | - Rachael P Jackman
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Marshall J Glesby
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Km Venkat Narayan
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Emory Global Diabetes Research Center of Woodruff Health Sciences Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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5
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Richard SA, Epsi NJ, Lindholm DA, Malloy AMW, Maves RC, Berjohn CM, Lalani T, Smith AG, Mody RM, Ganesan A, Huprikar N, Colombo RE, Colombo CJ, Madar C, Jones MU, Larson DT, Ewers EC, Bazan S, Fries AC, Maldonado CJ, Simons MP, Rozman JS, Andronescu L, Mende K, Tribble DR, Agan BK, Burgess TH, Pollett SD, Powers JH. COVID-19 patient reported symptoms using FLU-PRO Plus in a cohort study: associations with infecting genotype, vaccine history, and return-to-health. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac275. [PMID: 35873301 PMCID: PMC9214183 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Patient reported outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection are an important measure of the full burden of COVID. Here, we examine how 1) infecting genotype and COVID-19 vaccination correlate with FLU-PRO Plus score, including by symptom domains, and 2) FLU-PRO Plus scores predict return to usual activities and health.
Methods
The EPICC study was implemented to describe the short- and long-term consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a longitudinal, observational cohort. Multivariable linear regression models were run with FLU-PRO Plus scores as the outcome variable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models evaluated effects of FLU-PRO Plus scores on return to usual health or activities.
Results
Among the 764 participants included in this analysis, 63% were 18-44 years old, 40% were female, and 51% were white. Being fully vaccinated was associated with lower total scores (β=-0.39 (95% confidence interval (CI) -0.57, -0.21)). The Delta variant was associated with higher total scores (β=0.25 (95% CI 0.05, 0.45)). Participants with higher FLU-PRO Plus scores were less likely to report returning to usual health and activities (Health: hazard ratio (HR) 0.46 (95% CI 0.37, 0.57); Activities: HR 0.56 (95% CI 0.47, 0.67)). Fully vaccinated participants were more likely to report returning to usual activities (HR 1.24 (95% CI 1.04, 1.48)).
Conclusions
Full SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is associated with decreased severity of patient-reported symptoms across multiple domains, which in turn is likely to be associated with earlier return to usual activities. In addition, infection with the Delta variant was associated with higher FLU-PRO Plus scores than previous variants, even after controlling for vaccination status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Richard
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nusrat J. Epsi
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David A. Lindholm
- Brooke Army Medical Center , Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Ryan C. Maves
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD, USA
- Naval Medical Center San Diego , San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Catherine M. Berjohn
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD, USA
- Naval Medical Center San Diego , San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tahaniyat Lalani
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. , Bethesda, MD, USA
- Naval Medical Center Portsmouth , Portsmouth, VA, USA
| | | | - Rupal M. Mody
- William Beaumont Army Medical Center , El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Anuradha Ganesan
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. , Bethesda, MD, USA
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nikhil Huprikar
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD, USA
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rhonda E. Colombo
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. , Bethesda, MD, USA
- Madigan Army Medical Center , Joint Base Lewis McChord, WA, USA
| | - Christopher J. Colombo
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD, USA
- Madigan Army Medical Center , Joint Base Lewis McChord, WA, USA
| | | | - Milissa U. Jones
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD, USA
- Tripler Army Medical Center , Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Derek T. Larson
- Naval Medical Center San Diego , San Diego, CA, USA
- Fort Belvoir Community Hospital , Fort Belvoir, VA, USA
| | - Evan C. Ewers
- Fort Belvoir Community Hospital , Fort Belvoir, VA, USA
| | - Samantha Bazan
- Carl R. Darnall Army Medical Center , Fort Hood, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Mark P. Simons
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julia S. Rozman
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Liana Andronescu
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katrin Mende
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. , Bethesda, MD, USA
- Brooke Army Medical Center , Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - David R. Tribble
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brian K. Agan
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Timothy H. Burgess
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Simon D. Pollett
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John H Powers
- Clinical Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research , Frederick, MD, USA
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Skarzynski M, McAuley EM, Maier EJ, Fries AC, Voss JD, Chapleau RR. SARS-CoV-2 Genome-Based Severity Predictions Correspond to Lower qPCR Values and Higher Viral Load. Glob Health Epidemiol Genom 2022; 2022:6499217. [PMID: 35707747 PMCID: PMC9173902 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6499217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has demonstrated the importance of predicting, identifying, and tracking mutations throughout a pandemic event. As the COVID-19 global pandemic surpassed one year, several variants had emerged resulting in increased severity and transmissibility. Here, we used PCR as a surrogate for viral load and consequent severity to evaluate the real-world capabilities of a genome-based clinical severity predictive algorithm. Using a previously published algorithm, we compared the viral genome-based severity predictions to clinically derived PCR-based viral load of 716 viral genomes. For those samples predicted to be "severe" (probability of severe illness >0.5), we observed an average cycle threshold (Ct) of 18.3, whereas those in in the "mild" category (severity probability <0.5) had an average Ct of 20.4 (P=0.0017). We also found a nontrivial correlation between predicted severity probability and cycle threshold (r = -0.199). Finally, when divided into severity probability quartiles, the group most likely to experience severe illness (≥75% probability) had a Ct of 16.6 (n = 10), whereas the group least likely to experience severe illness (<25% probability) had a Ct of 21.4 (n = 350) (P=0.0045). Taken together, our results suggest that the severity predicted by a genome-based algorithm can be related to clinical diagnostic tests and that relative severity may be inferred from diagnostic values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anthony C. Fries
- US Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA
| | - Jameson D. Voss
- US Air Force Medical Readiness Agency, Falls Church, VA 22042, USA
| | - Richard R. Chapleau
- US Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA
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7
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Epsi NJ, Richard SA, Lindholm DA, Mende K, Ganesan A, Huprikar N, Lalani T, Fries AC, Maves RC, Colombo RE, Larson DT, Smith A, Chi SW, Maldonado CJ, Ewers EC, Jones MU, Berjohn CM, Libraty DH, Edwards MS, English C, Rozman JS, Mody RM, Colombo CJ, Samuels EC, Nwachukwu P, Tso MS, Scher AI, Byrne C, Rusiecki J, Simons MP, Tribble D, Broder CC, Agan BK, Burgess TH, Laing ED, Pollett SD. Understanding "Hybrid Immunity": Comparison and Predictors of Humoral Immune Responses to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection (SARS-CoV-2) and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccines. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 76:e439-e449. [PMID: 35608504 PMCID: PMC9213853 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comparison of humoral responses in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccinees, those with SARS-CoV-2 infection, or combinations of vaccine/ infection ("hybrid immunity") may clarify predictors of vaccine immunogenicity. METHODS We studied 2660 US Military Health System beneficiaries with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection-alone (n = 705), vaccination-alone (n = 932), vaccine-after-infection (n = 869), and vaccine-breakthrough-infection (n = 154). Peak anti-spike-immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses through 183 days were compared, with adjustment for vaccine product, demography, and comorbidities. We excluded those with evidence of clinical or subclinical SARS-CoV-2 reinfection from all groups. RESULTS Multivariable regression results indicated that vaccine-after-infection anti-spike-IgG responses were higher than infection-alone (P < .01), regardless of prior infection severity. An increased time between infection and vaccination was associated with greater post-vaccination IgG response (P < .01). Vaccination-alone elicited a greater IgG response but more rapid waning of IgG (P < .01) compared with infection-alone (P < .01). BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccine-receipt was associated with greater IgG responses compared with JNJ-78436735 vaccine-receipt (P < .01), regardless of infection history. Those with vaccine-after-infection or vaccine-breakthrough-infection had a more durable anti-spike-IgG response compared to infection-alone (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS Vaccine-receipt elicited higher anti-spike-IgG responses than infection-alone, although IgG levels waned faster in those vaccinated (compared to infection-alone). Vaccine-after-infection elicits a greater humoral response compared with vaccine or infection alone; and the timing, but not disease severity, of prior infection predicted these post-vaccination IgG responses. While differences between groups were small in magnitude, these results offer insights into vaccine immunogenicity variations that may help inform vaccination timing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat J Epsi
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephanie A Richard
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David A Lindholm
- Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA,Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Katrin Mende
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Anuradha Ganesan
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nikhil Huprikar
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tahaniyat Lalani
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Virginia, USA
| | - Anthony C Fries
- US Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Ryan C Maves
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rhonda E Colombo
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Madigan Army Medical Center, Joint Base Lewis McChord, Washington, USA
| | - Derek T Larson
- Fort Belvoir Community Hospital, Fort Belvoir, Virginia, USA,Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Alfred Smith
- Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Virginia, USA
| | - Sharon W Chi
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Evan C Ewers
- Fort Belvoir Community Hospital, Fort Belvoir, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Catherine M Berjohn
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Daniel H Libraty
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Margaret Sanchez Edwards
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Caroline English
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Julia S Rozman
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rupal M Mody
- William Beaumont Army Medical Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Christopher J Colombo
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Madigan Army Medical Center, Joint Base Lewis McChord, Washington, USA
| | - Emily C Samuels
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Princess Nwachukwu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marana S Tso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ann I Scher
- Department of Preventive Medicine & Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Celia Byrne
- Department of Preventive Medicine & Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer Rusiecki
- Department of Preventive Medicine & Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark P Simons
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David Tribble
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher C Broder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Brian K Agan
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Timothy H Burgess
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric D Laing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Simon D Pollett
- Correspondence: Simon Pollett, MBBS, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Suite 250, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA ()
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Low-grade inflammation, CoVID-19, and obesity: clinical aspect and molecular insights in childhood and adulthood. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:1254-1261. [PMID: 35393519 PMCID: PMC8988546 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-022-01111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The new 2019 coronavirus 19 disease (CoVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses a serious threat to health systems. As a global health problem, this pandemic poses a huge threat to people and is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. On the other hand, obesity has also reached epidemic proportions and poses another challenge to the healthcare system. There is increasing evidence of a strong association between obesity and CoVID-19 disease, but the mechanisms underlying the link between the two remain unclear and the role of obesity also remains to be elucidated. In particular obesity-related low-grade inflammation has been hypothesized as the Achille's heel that could predispose subjects with obesity to a more severe CoVID-19 compared to subjects with normal weight. Hence, we summarized recent evidence on the role of low-grade inflammation in clinical aspects of CoVID-19 in subjects with obesity in both childhood and adulthood. Further, we provide molecular insights to explain this link.
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9
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Muena NA, García-Salum T, Pardo-Roa C, Avendaño MJ, Serrano EF, Levican J, Almonacid LI, Valenzuela G, Poblete E, Strohmeier S, Salinas E, Muñoz A, Haslwanter D, Dieterle ME, Jangra RK, Chandran K, González C, Riquelme A, Krammer F, Tischler ND, Medina RA. Induction of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies by CoronaVac and BNT162b2 vaccines in naïve and previously infected individuals. EBioMedicine 2022; 78:103972. [PMID: 35366624 PMCID: PMC8965458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major challenge of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is to better define "protective thresholds" to guide the global response. We aimed to characterize the longitudinal dynamics of the antibody responses in naturally infected individuals in Chile and compared them to humoral responses induced after immunization with CoronaVac-based on an inactivated whole virus -or the BNT162b2- based on mRNA-vaccines. We also contrasted them with the respective effectiveness and efficacy data available for both vaccines. METHODS We determined and compared the longitudinal neutralizing (nAb) and anti-nucleocapsid (anti-N) antibody responses of 74 COVID-19 individuals (37 outpatient and 37 hospitalized) during the acute disease and convalescence. We also assessed the antibody boosting of 36 of these individuals who were immunized after convalescence with either the CoronaVac (n = 30) or the BNT162b2 (n = 6) vaccines. Antibody titres were also measured for 50 naïve individuals immunized with two doses of CoronaVac (n = 35) or BNT162b2 (n = 15) vaccines. The neutralizing level after vaccination was compared to those of convalescent individuals and the predicted efficacy was estimated. FINDINGS SARS-CoV-2 infection induced robust nAb and anti-N antibody responses lasting >9 months, but showing a rapid nAb decay. After convalescence, nAb titres were significantly boosted by vaccination with CoronaVac or BNT162b2. In naïve individuals, the calculated mean titre induced by two doses of CoronaVac or BNT162b2 was 0·2 times and 5.2 times, respectively, that of convalescent individuals, which has been proposed as threshold of protection. CoronaVac induced no or only modest anti-N antibody responses. Using two proposed logistic models, the predicted efficacy of BNT162b2 was estimated at 97%, in close agreement with phase 3 efficacy studies, while for CoronaVac it was ∼50% corresponding to the lowest range of clinical trials and below the real-life data from Chile (from February 2 through May 1, 2021 during the predominant circulation of the Gamma variant), where the estimated vaccine effectiveness to prevent COVID-19 was 62·8-64·6%. INTERPRETATION The decay of nAbs titres in previously infected individuals over time indicates that vaccination is needed to boost humoral memory responses. Immunization of naïve individuals with two doses of CoronaVac induced nAbs titres that were significantly lower to that of convalescent patients, and similar to vaccination with one dose of BTN162b2. The real life effectiveness for CoronaVac in Chile was higher than estimated; indicating that lower titres and additional cellular immune responses induced by CoronaVac might afford protection in a highly immunized population. Nevertheless, the lower nAb titre induced by two doses of CoronaVac as compared to the BTN162b2 vaccine in naïve individuals, highlights the need of booster immunizations over time to maintain protective levels of antibody, particularly with the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants. FUNDING FONDECYT 1161971, 1212023, 1181799, FONDECYT Postdoctorado 3190706 and 3190648, ANID Becas/Doctorado Nacional 21212258, PIA ACT 1408, CONICYT REDES180170, Centro Ciencia & Vida, FB210008, Financiamiento Basal para Centros Científicos y Tecnológicos de Excelencia grants from the Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID) of Chile; NIH-NIAD grants U19AI135972, R01AI132633 and contracts HHSN272201400008C and 75N93019C00051; the JPB Foundation, the Open Philanthropy Project grant 2020-215611 (5384); and by anonymous donors. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás A Muena
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Fundación Ciencia and Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tamara García-Salum
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Advanced Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation Register (AIRR) - COVID-19 Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina Pardo-Roa
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Advanced Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation Register (AIRR) - COVID-19 Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María José Avendaño
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eileen F Serrano
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Levican
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonardo I Almonacid
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Valenzuela
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Advanced Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation Register (AIRR) - COVID-19 Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Estefany Poblete
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Shirin Strohmeier
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erick Salinas
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Advanced Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation Register (AIRR) - COVID-19 Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andres Muñoz
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Denise Haslwanter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Eugenia Dieterle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rohit K Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Claudia González
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation Register (AIRR) - COVID-19 Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Arnoldo Riquelme
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation Register (AIRR) - COVID-19 Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicole D Tischler
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Fundación Ciencia and Vida, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Rafael A Medina
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Advanced Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation Register (AIRR) - COVID-19 Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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10
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Pandemics of the 21st Century: The Risk Factor for Obese People. Viruses 2021; 14:v14010025. [PMID: 35062229 PMCID: PMC8779521 DOI: 10.3390/v14010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of obese adults and children is increasing worldwide, with obesity now being a global epidemic. Around 2.8 million people die annually from clinical overweight or obesity. Obesity is associated with numerous comorbid conditions including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and cancer, and even the development of severe disease after infection with viruses. Over the past twenty years, a number of new viruses has emerged and entered the human population. Moreover, influenza (H1N1)pdm09 virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have caused pandemics. During pandemics, the number of obese patients presents challenging and complex issues in medical and surgical intensive care units. Morbidity amongst obese individuals is directly proportional to body mass index. In this review, we describe the impact of obesity on the immune system, adult mortality, and immune response after infection with pandemic influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we address the effect of obesity on vaccination.
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11
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Lantry FJ, Epsi N, Pollett S, Simons MP, Lindholm DA, Colombo RE, Fries AC, Maves RC, Ganesan A, Utz GC, Lalani T, Smith AG, Mody RM, Colombo CJ, Chi SW, Madar C, Huprikar N, Larson DT, Bazan S, Broder C, Laing E, English C, Lanteri C, Mende K, Tribble DR, Agan BK, Burgess TH, Richard SA. Anatomical site, viral RNA abundance, and time of sampling correlate with molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 during infection. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 9:ofab623. [PMID: 35141345 PMCID: PMC8689744 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs are the standard for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis. If less invasive alternatives to NP swabs (eg, oropharyngeal [OP] or nasal swabs [NS]) are comparably sensitive, the use of these techniques may be preferable in terms of comfort, convenience, and safety. Methods This study compared the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in swab samples collected on the same day among participants with at least one positive PCR test. Results Overall, 755 participants had at least one set of paired swabs. Concordance between NP and other swab types was 75% (NS), 72% (OP), 54% (rectal swabs [RS]), and 78% (NS/OP combined). Kappa values were moderate for the NS, OP, and NS/OP comparisons (0.50, 0.45, and 0.54, respectively). Highest sensitivity relative to NP (0.87) was observed with a combination of NS/OP tests (positive if either NS or OP was positive). Sensitivity of the non-NP swab types was highest in the first week postsymptom onset and decreased thereafter. Similarly, virus RNA quantity was highest in the NP swabs as compared with NS, OP, and RS within two weeks postsymptom onset. OP and NS performance decreased as virus RNA quantity decreased. No differences were noted between NS specimens collected at home or in clinic. Conclusions NP swabs detected more SARS-CoV-2 cases than non-NP swabs, and the sensitivity of the non-NP swabs decreased with time postsymptom onset. While other swabs may be simpler to collect, NP swabs present the best chance of detecting SARS-CoV-2 RNA, which is essential for clinical care as well as genomic surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Julian Lantry
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nusrat Epsi
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Simon Pollett
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark P Simons
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David A Lindholm
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rhonda E Colombo
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
- Madigan Army Medical Center, Joint Base Lewis McChord, WA, USA
| | - Anthony C Fries
- U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Wright-Patterson, OH, USA
| | - Ryan C Maves
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anuradha Ganesan
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gregory C Utz
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
- Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tahaniyat Lalani
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
- Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Portsmouth, VA, USA
| | | | - Rupal M Mody
- William Beaumont Army Medical Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | | | - Sharon W Chi
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
- Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | | | - Nikhil Huprikar
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Fort Belvoir Community Hospital, Fort Belvoir, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Eric Laing
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Caroline English
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Charlotte Lanteri
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katrin Mende
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
- William Beaumont Army Medical Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - David R Tribble
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brian K Agan
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Timothy H Burgess
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie A Richard
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
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12
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Lewis AM, Zhang X, Brestoff JR. Editorial: COVID-19 severity in obese patients may be linked to viral load and immune response. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:1449-1451. [PMID: 34331761 PMCID: PMC8385843 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Lewis
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xinya Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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