Nitric Oxide-Producing Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils Confer Protection Against Chlamydia psittaci in Mouse Lung Infection

STAT1 Employs Myeloid Cell-Extrinsic Mechanisms to Regulate the Neutrophil Response and Provide Protection against Invasive Klebsiella pneumoniae Lung Infection

Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) is an extracellular Gram-negative bacterium that causes infections in the lower respiratory and urinary tracts and the bloodstream. STAT1 is a master transcription factor that acts to maintain T cell quiescence under homeostatic conditions. Although STAT1 helps defend against systemic spread of acute KP intrapulmonary infection, whether STAT1 regulation of T cell homeostasis impacts pulmonary host defense during acute bacterial infection and injury is less clear. Using a clinical KP respiratory isolate and a pneumonia mouse model, we found that STAT1 deficiency led to an early neutrophil-dominant transcriptional profile and neutrophil recruitment in the lung preceding widespread bacterial dissemination and lung injury development. Yet, myeloid cell STAT1 was dispensable for control of KP proliferation and dissemination, because myeloid cell-specific STAT1-deficient (LysMCre/WT;Stat1fl/fl) mice showed bacterial burden in the lung, liver, and kidney similar to that of their wild-type littermates. Surprisingly, IL-17-producing CD4+ T cells infiltrated Stat1-/- murine lungs early during KP infection. The increase in Th17 cells in the lung was not due to preexisting immunity against KP and was consistent with circulating rather than tissue-resident CD4+ T cells. However, blocking global IL-17 signaling with anti-IL-17RC administration led to increased proliferation and dissemination of KP, suggesting that IL-17 provided by other innate immune cells is essential in defense against KP. Contrastingly, depletion of CD4+ T cells reduced Stat1-/- murine lung bacterial burden, indicating that early CD4+ T cell activation in the setting of global STAT1 deficiency is pathogenic. Altogether, our findings suggest that STAT1 employs myeloid cell-extrinsic mechanisms to regulate neutrophil responses and provides protection against invasive KP by restricting nonspecific CD4+ T cell activation and immunopathology in the lung.