1
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Wardhani SW, Tummaruk P, Piewbang C, Techangamsuwan S. Quantification of domestic cat hepadnavirus DNA in various body fluid specimens of cats: the potential viral shedding routes. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1248445. [PMID: 37732146 PMCID: PMC10507184 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1248445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Domestic cat hepadnavirus (DCH) belongs to the Hepadnaviridae family together with human hepatitis B virus (HBV) that remains to be a major health problem worldwide. The transmission of HBV infectious virion has been one of the essential factors that contribute to high number of HBV infection in humans. It has been long known that various body fluid specimens of human with chronic HBV infection contain HBV DNA and demonstrated to be infectious. In contrast to this knowledge, the detection of DCH in various body fluid specimens of cats, has not been reported. This study explored the detection of DCH DNA in various body fluid specimens of cats by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and investigated whether the detection of DCH DNA from broader routes was correlated with any genomic diversity by phylogenetic analysis. A total of 1,209 body fluid specimens were included, and DCH DNA was detected not only in 4.70% (25/532) of blood samples; but also in 12.5% (1/8), 1.14% (1/88), 2.54% (10/394), and 1.65% (3/182) of auricular swab (AS), nasal swab (NS), oral swab (OS), and rectal swab (RS) specimens, respectively. Furthermore, the level of DCH DNA detected in the blood was significantly correlated with DCH DNA detection in OS (P = 0.02) and RS (P = 0.04) specimens. Genomic analysis revealed that there was no notable genomic diversity within the complete genome sequences obtained in this study. In conclusion, this study highlighted the presence of DCH DNA in various body fluid specimens of cats, and the potential role of these specimens in DCH horizontal transmission within the cat population warrants further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Wahyu Wardhani
- The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Padet Tummaruk
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology, and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chutchai Piewbang
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somporn Techangamsuwan
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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2
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Gürpınar Tosun B, Karagözlü Akgül A, Almus E, Abidoğlu S, Turan S, Bereket A, Güran T. Non-hormonal Clitoromegaly due to Clitoral Priapism Caused by Appendicitis/Appendectomy. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2023; 15:324-328. [PMID: 34866370 PMCID: PMC10448556 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2021.2021-8-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Clitoromegaly usually develops due to hyperandrogenism. There are a few cases of clitoromegaly described without clinical and biochemical hyperandrogenism. Clitoromegaly due to clitoral priapism and clitoral priapism after appendectomy have not been reported previously. A 7-year-old girl was referred for enlargement of the clitoris. She reported having a mild, pulsating clitoral pain starting three days after an appendectomy operation. Subsequently, painful swelling and an increase in the size of the clitoris was observed. Her growth and physical examination were otherwise normal. Causes of the clitoromegaly due to androgen excess were excluded after a comprehensive work-up. Color Doppler ultrasound revealed a high peak systolic velocity and resistance in the cavernosal artery, consistent with clitoral priapism. The clitoromegaly and associated symptoms improved significantly with oral pseudoephedrine and intracavernosal aspiration. This unique case illustrates that clitoral priapism is a rare, non-hormonal cause of clitoromegaly and may occur after appendectomy. Pseudoephedrine treatment is helpful in alleviating the symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Büşra Gürpınar Tosun
- Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahsen Karagözlü Akgül
- Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Urology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Eda Almus
- Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Radiology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sadık Abidoğlu
- Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Urology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Serap Turan
- Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Bereket
- Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Tülay Güran
- Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, İstanbul, Turkey
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3
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Ohishi T, Ootsuki K, Kanno S, Ishiyama C, Kashima S, Maruyama K, Fushimi R. Adenosine phosphate-based detection of worker exposure to contaminated water during bathroom cleaning. Am J Infect Control 2023; 51:884-889. [PMID: 36417952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Workers who clean bathrooms at medical facilities may be regularly exposed to contaminated water harboring pathogenic microbes and should wear personal protective equipment (PPE) to prevent such exposure at medical facilities, which has not been quantitatively assessed. This study quantified the exposure risk from contaminated water when cleaning restrooms at medical facilities and clarified the importance of wearing PPE. METHODS Existing urinals, toilets, and handwashing sinks (16 each) in a hospital environment were coated with a simulated contaminant containing adenosine phosphate and cleaned with a brush or sponge by workers in PPE. Adenosine phosphate on the PPE, shelf near the toilet, and toilet paper cover was tested before and after cleaning to compare exposure status. RESULTS Adenosine phosphate on the worker's PPE, shelf near the toilet, and toilet paper cover was significantly higher after cleaning the urinal, toilet, and handwashing sink. More adenosine phosphate was disseminated from urinals and toilets when cleaning with a brush compared with a sponge. DISCUSSION Workers and the surrounding environment are exposed to contaminated water during bathroom cleaning. Wearing PPE while cleaning and wiping down the toilet environment after cleaning deserves further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Ohishi
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Saiseikai Yokoyama Eastern Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | | | - Sayaka Kanno
- WATAKYU SEIMOA Corporation, Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Ryo Fushimi
- WATAKYU SEIMOA Corporation, Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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4
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Saroya S, Kaur K, Saroya AS, Gurnani B, Morya AK. Commentary: Tonometry probes - Is sterilization mandatory with every reutilization? Indian J Ophthalmol 2023; 71:1937-1938. [PMID: 37203060 PMCID: PMC10391515 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_238_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shaina Saroya
- Vitreoretinal Services, Dr.Aggarwal Eye Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kirandeep Kaur
- Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Sadguru Netra Chikitsalaya, Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Arnav S Saroya
- Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Dr.Aggarwal Eye Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bharat Gurnani
- Cornea and Refractive Services, Sadguru Netra Chikitsalaya, Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Arvind K Morya
- Glaucoma, Refractive, Squint Paediatric Ophthalmology and Medical Retina Services, Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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5
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Mak LY, Beasley I, Kennedy PTF. Chronic Viral Hepatitis in Elite Athletes: Approaches to Risk Assessment, Prevention and Management. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:123. [PMID: 36192563 PMCID: PMC9530082 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00517-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Elite athletes who participate in contact sports are at risk of bleeding injuries, leading to transmission of blood-borne viruses including hepatitis type B, C and D (HBV, HCV and HDV) capable of causing chronic liver disease, liver failure and liver cancer. In view of the significant advances in the viral hepatitis field over the past decade, more structured approaches should be in place to screen for and manage viral hepatitis in elite athletes. HBV status should be assessed in all elite athletes, and those infected should receive nucleos(t)ide analogues for viral suppression, while uninfected individuals should receive HBV vaccination. The all-oral direct acting antivirals for HCV are highly effective and safe, thus the remaining challenge with hepatitis C is case identification and linkage to care. HDV is only found in HBV-infected individuals, which is characterized by rapid disease progression and higher rates of cirrhosis and liver cancer in infected subjects. Pegylated interferon was the mainstay of treatment for HDV infection until bulevirtide, a viral entry inhibitor, was recently approved by the European Union (EMA) and FDA in America, while multiple novel therapies are already in clinical trials as part of the HBV cure program. Overall, awareness of chronic viral hepatitis in athletes should be improved. Prevention remains the cornerstone of the management of viral hepatitis in sport coupled with rigorous disease assessment in infected individuals, and antiviral therapy where indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lung-Yi Mak
- grid.4868.20000 0001 2171 1133Department of Immunobiology, Barts Liver Centre, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK ,grid.194645.b0000000121742757Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China ,grid.194645.b0000000121742757State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ian Beasley
- grid.4868.20000 0001 2171 1133Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary College, London, UK
| | - Patrick T. F. Kennedy
- grid.4868.20000 0001 2171 1133Department of Immunobiology, Barts Liver Centre, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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6
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Current Trends and Challenges in Point-of-care Urinalysis of Biomarkers in Trace Amounts. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Zheng XQ, Li X, Liu J, Shi L, Wang HZ, Tian KG, Pan XB. Horizontal transmission might be a common route of hepatitis B virus exposure in highly endemic areas. J Med Virol 2022; 94:4983-4992. [PMID: 35652312 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a common viral pathogen that infects more than a third of the world's population; however, the transmission route remains to be further defined. The 18-year implementation of free HBV vaccine for children has greatly changed the prevalence of HBV infection in China, which presents a unique real-world model for assessing the pattern of HBV transmission. METHODS Cross-sectional data of HBV seromarkers between July 2019 and April 2020 were collected from 53,371 individuals aged 1-60 years in four areas of North to South in Eastern China. Longitudinal data of HBV seromarkers between 2007 and 2020 were collected from 177 adults in an area of South China. The regional- and age-specific changes in HBV seromarkers were analyzed. RESULTS Overall, positive rates of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) (from 3.44% to 15.1%) and antibody against HBV core antigen (anti-HBc) (from 7.6% to 44.0%) significantly increased from North to South. Among persons aged ≤18 years, the positive rates of antibody against HBsAg (anti-HBs) and anti-HBc (+) remained at low levels in the North, while they were increasing among persons aged >12 years in the South, despite higher positive rates of anti-HBs (+). Among persons aged >18 years, the anti-HBs (+) rates remained relatively stable (~60%), while anti-HBc (+) rates increased significantly with age. Up to ~80% of the anti-HBs (+) adults in the South was anti-HBc (+) while it was 13.6% in the North. In the longitudinal cohort, the anti-HBc (+) rate among adults in the South increased by 14.2% during 10 years of follow-up. CONCLUSION Horizontal transmission might be a common route in highly endemic areas, and may help to explain the high HBV exposure worldwide. The risk of horizontal transmission among children without seroprotective anti-HBs should be notified in highly endemic areas. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qun Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Immunoregulation, Key Laboratory of Aging and Cancer Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liang Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong-Zhi Wang
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ke-Gang Tian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Qingdao Central Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Ben Pan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Immunoregulation, Key Laboratory of Aging and Cancer Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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8
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Komatsu H, Inui A, Odmaa E, Ito Y, Hoshino H, Umetsu S, Tsunoda T, Fujisawa T. Signature of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in nails and hair. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:431. [PMID: 35509029 PMCID: PMC9066816 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07400-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is detected in extrahepatic tissues of individuals with HBV infection. Whether nails and hair contain HBV has been unknown. METHODS We examined two patient groups: those with chronic HBV infection alone (n = 71), and those with both chronic HBV and hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infections (n = 15). HBV DNA in the patients' fingernails and hair were measured by real-time PCR. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) of fingernails was evaluated by an enzyme immunoassay. HDV RNA in fingernails was measured by real-time PCR. Immunochemical staining was performed on nails. We used chimeric mice with humanized livers to evaluate the infectivity of nails. RESULTS Of the 71 pairs of HBV-alone nail and hair samples, 70 (99%) nail and 60 (85%) hair samples were positive for β-actin DNA. Of those 70 nail samples, 65 (93%) were HBV DNA-positive. Of the 60 hair samples, 49 (82%) were HBV DNA-positive. The serum HBV DNA level of the nail HBV DNA-positive patients was significantly higher than that of the nail HBV DNA-negative patients (p < 0.001). The hair HBV DNA-positive patients' serum HBV DNA level was significantly higher compared to the hair HBV DNA-negative patients (p < 0.001). The nail HBV DNA level was significantly higher than the hair HBV DNA level (p < 0.001). The nails and hair HBV DNA levels were correlated (r = 0.325, p < 0.05). A phylogenetic tree analysis of the complete genome sequence of HBV isolated from nails and hair identified the infection source. Of the 64 nail samples, 38 (59%) were HBsAg-positive. All 15 pairs of chronic HBV/HDV infection nail and hair samples were β-actin DNA-positive. However, nail HBV DNA was detected in two patients (13%). None of the 15 patients were positive for hair HBV DNA. Nail HDV RNA was detected in three patients (20%). Of the 15 patients, eight (53%) were nail HBsAg-positive. HBsAg and hepatitis delta (HD) antigen were detected in the nails by immunochemical staining. Chimeric mice were not infected with PBS containing HBsAg and HBV DNA elucidated from nails. CONCLUSIONS Nails and hair were the reservoir of HBV DNA. Moreover, nails can contain HBsAg, HDV RNA, and HD antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Komatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Toho University, Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu Sakura, Chiba, 285-8741, Japan.
| | - Ayano Inui
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Eastern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Yoshinori Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hoshino
- Department of Pediatrics, Toho University, Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu Sakura, Chiba, 285-8741, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Umetsu
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Eastern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Tsunoda
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Eastern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoo Fujisawa
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Eastern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Huang H, Ning M, Feng J, Chen J, Dai Y, Hu Y, Zhou YH. Hepatitis B Viral Markers in the Human Milk of HBsAg-Positive Mothers: An Observational Study. J Hum Lact 2022; 38:298-308. [PMID: 34496651 DOI: 10.1177/08903344211043066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantification of viral antigens and viral loads in human milk samples from mothers infected with hepatitis B virus is largely unknown. RESEARCH AIM The aim of the study was to quantitatively measure the levels of viral antigens and deoxyribonucleic acid of hepatitis B virus in human milk from mothers infected with hepatitis B virus. METHODS Fifty-five pairs of milk and serum samples from mothers with positive hepatitis B surface antigen, including 11 hepatitis B e antigen positive, were quantitatively tested to measure viral antigens by microparticle enzyme immunoassay and viral loads by real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. RESULTS The median level of hepatitis B surface antigen in the human milk samples of mothers with positive or negative hepatitis B e antigen was each lower than that in the sera, respectively (1.10 vs. 4.32 log10 IU/ml, t = 10.693, p < .001; -0.77 vs. 2.53 log10 IU/ml, t = -25.135, p < .001). The titers of hepatitis B surface antigen or hepatitis B e antigen in the human milk samples were each correlated with that in maternal serum. The detectable level of deoxyribonucleic acid of hepatitis B virus in human milk ranged from 1.42-5.27 log10 IU/ml, whereas that in maternal sera was 1.44-8.66 log10 IU/ml. The viral level in human milk was not correlated with that in maternal circulation. CONCLUSION The present study data illustrate the relatively low titers of viral markers in the milk of mothers with positive hepatitis B surface antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingzhe Ning
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yimin Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yali Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi-Hua Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
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10
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Sugawara H, Nakayama Y, Kato S, Kurasawa S, Nishimura Y, Murakami S, Tanaka Y. A case of child-to-father transmission of hepatitis B virus in Japan: a rare infection route. Clin J Gastroenterol 2021; 14:1706-1710. [PMID: 34514528 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-021-01512-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This report describes a rare horizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) from an unvaccinated 6-year-old boy to his father. The father had been diagnosed with acute hepatitis B 1 month earlier; therefore, when the child visited the clinic with fever, he was screened for HBV markers and diagnosed as an asymptomatic carrier. Neither the child nor his father was vaccinated against HBV, whereas the child's mother and sister, having received the HBV vaccination as they were medical staff and a nursing student, respectively, tested negative for the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and positive for anti-HBs. We performed a phylogenetic analysis of HBV in the child and his father, and identified 100% homologous strains of identical genotype C. At diagnosis, the father tested positive for IgM anti-hepatitis B core with a high titer, whereas the child tested negative for this marker. These data strongly indicated a child-to-father transmission. In this case, the HBV infection route was speculated as close contact including saliva-based transmission between the child and father, mainly attributed to their daily food habits. When clinicians diagnose patients with acute or chronic HBV infection, the household members should have been examined for HBV markers immediately. If some household members are susceptible to HBV infection, all members should be vaccinated against HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoshiko Nakayama
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Sawako Kato
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Shingo Kurasawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | | | - Shuko Murakami
- Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Abstract
The review presents the data on characteristic features of the new coronavirus infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 and the possibility of its transmission through the eye surface and lacrimal fluid, analyzes the information on eye damage caused by COVID-19, and provides the results of a systematic meta-analysis on the subject. The author describes the system for organizing ophthalmological care in the settings of unfavorable epidemiological situation associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, and considers the preventive measures of infection transmission between patients and medical personnel. The article also gives recommendations for sterilizing medical equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- N I Kurysheva
- Medical-Biological University of Innovation and Continuing Education of the A.I. Burnazyan Federal Medical and Biophysical Center, Moscow, Russia.,Ophthalmological Center of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
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12
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Campos-Valdez M, Monroy-Ramírez HC, Armendáriz-Borunda J, Sánchez-Orozco LV. Molecular Mechanisms during Hepatitis B Infection and the Effects of the Virus Variability. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061167. [PMID: 34207116 PMCID: PMC8235420 DOI: 10.3390/v13061167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunopathogenesis and molecular mechanisms involved during a hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection have made the approaches for research complex, especially concerning the patients’ responses in the course of the early acute stage. The study of molecular bases involved in the viral clearance or persistence of the infection is complicated due to the difficulty to detect patients at the most adequate points of the disease, especially in the time lapse between the onset of the infection and the viral emergence. Despite this, there is valuable data obtained from animal and in vitro models, which have helped to clarify some aspects of the early immune response against HBV infection. The diversity of the HBV (genotypes and variants) has been proven to be associated not only with the development and outcome of the disease but also with the response to treatments. That is why factors involved in the virus evolution need to be considered while studying hepatitis B infection. This review brings together some of the published data to try to explain the immunological and molecular mechanisms involved in the different stages of the infection, clinical outcomes, viral persistence, and the impact of the variants of HBV in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Campos-Valdez
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, México; (M.C.-V.); (H.C.M.-R.); (J.A.-B.)
| | - Hugo C. Monroy-Ramírez
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, México; (M.C.-V.); (H.C.M.-R.); (J.A.-B.)
| | - Juan Armendáriz-Borunda
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, México; (M.C.-V.); (H.C.M.-R.); (J.A.-B.)
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Guadalajara, Zapopan 45201, Jalisco, México
| | - Laura V. Sánchez-Orozco
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, México; (M.C.-V.); (H.C.M.-R.); (J.A.-B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-33-3954-5677
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Technical Report: Guidelines for Handling of Multipatient Contact Lenses in the Clinical Setting. Optom Vis Sci 2021; 97:544-548. [PMID: 32769840 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000001547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Standardized guidelines that are clinically practical are needed to assist the prescriber in minimizing the risk of conveying infection through multiuse diagnostic contact lens use and reuse.Contact lens prescribers face the specter of transferring potential pathogens from one patient to another when reusing diagnostic (trial) contact lenses on multiple patients because infectious organisms have been recovered from worn contact lenses, although there is no evidence of transmission through this mechanism. These pathogens can be introduced into the system from one patient to another, or they may be introduced by clinician lens handling, storage, or both. These pathogens can cause acute or chronic systemic or ocular infection that can lead to significant morbidity (temporary or permanent) that includes vision loss.
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14
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Adigal SS, Rayaroth NV, John RV, Pai KM, Bhandari S, Mohapatra AK, Lukose J, Patil A, Bankapur A, Chidangil S. A review on human body fluids for the diagnosis of viral infections: scope for rapid detection of COVID-19. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2021; 21:31-42. [PMID: 33523770 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2021.1874355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The unprecedented outbreaks of corona virus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) have highlighted the necessity of readily available, reliable, precise, and faster techniques for its detection. Nasopharyngeal swab has been the gold standard for the diagnosis of COVID-19. However, it is not an ideal screening procedure for massive screening as it implicates the patient's stay in the hospital or at home until diagnosis, thus causing crowding of the specimen at the diagnostic centers. Present study deal with the exploration of potential application of different body fluids using certain highly objective techniques (Optical and e-Nose) for faster detection of molecular markers thereby diagnosing viral infections.Areas covered: This report presents an evaluation of different body fluids, and their advantages for the rapid detection of COVID-19, coupled with highly sensitive optical techniques for the detection of molecular biomarkers.Expert opinion: Tears, saliva, and breath samples can provide valuable information about viral infections. Our brief review strongly recommends the application of saliva/tears and exhaled breath as clinical samples using technics such as high-performance liquid chromatography-laser-induced fluorescence, photoacoustic spectroscopy, and e-Nose, respectively, for the fast diagnosis of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sphurti S Adigal
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academic of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Nidheesh V Rayaroth
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academic of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Reena V John
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academic of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Keerthilatha M Pai
- Department Oral Medicine and Radiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academic of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sulatha Bhandari
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academic of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Aswini Kumar Mohapatra
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academic of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Jijo Lukose
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academic of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Ajeetkumar Patil
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academic of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Aseefhali Bankapur
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academic of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Santhosh Chidangil
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academic of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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15
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Capozza P, Lanave G, Diakoudi G, Stasi F, Ghergo P, Ricci D, Santo G, Arena G, Grillo I, Delle Donne E, Di Lisio F, Zini E, Callegari C, Valente L, Camero M, Di Martino B, Beatty J, Barrs VR, Buonavoglia C, Martella V. A longitudinal observational study in two cats naturally-infected with hepadnavirus. Vet Microbiol 2021; 254:108999. [PMID: 33524809 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.108999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of liver disease in humans including chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Domestic cat hepadnavirus (DCH), a novel HBV-like hepadnavirus, was identified in domestic cats in 2018. From 6.5 %-10.8 % of pet cats are viremic for DCH and altered serological markers suggestive of liver damage have been identified in 50 % of DCH-infected cats. DCH DNA has been detected in association with characteristic lesions of chronic hepatitis and with hepatocellular carcinoma in cats, suggesting a possible association. In this study longitudinal molecular screening of cats infected with DCH was performed to determine if DCH can cause chronic infections in cats. Upon re-testing of sera from five DCH-positive animals, 2-10 months after the initial diagnosis, three cats tested negative for DCH on two consecutive occasions using quantitative PCR. Two other cats remained DCH-positive, including an 8-month-old female cat re-tested four months after the initial positive result, and a 9-year-old male cat, which tested positive for DCH on six occasions over an 11-month period. The latter had a history of chronic hepatopathy with jaundice, lethargy and elevated serum alanine transaminase levels (ALT). During the period of observation, DCH titers ranged between 1.64 × 105 and 2.09 × 106 DNA copies/mL and ALT was persistently elevated, suggesting chronic infection. DCH DNA was not detected in oral, conjunctival, preputial and rectal swabs from the two animals collected at several time points. Long-term (chronic) infection would be consistent with the relatively high number of viremic cats identified in epidemiological investigations, with the possible association of DCH with chronic hepatic pathologies and with what described with HBV in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Capozza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Georgia Diakoudi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric Zini
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Granozzo con Monticello, Italy; Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Carolina Callegari
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Granozzo con Monticello, Italy; IDEXX Laboratories, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Michele Camero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | | | - Julia Beatty
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Vanessa R Barrs
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Canio Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy.
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16
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Effect of Intraocular Pressure on Aerosol Density Generated by Noncontact Tonometer Measurement. J Glaucoma 2020; 29:1001-1005. [PMID: 32941321 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000001669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PRECIS Aerosols generated by a noncontact tonometer (NCT) were quantified. There was a positive correlation between aerosols and intraocular pressure (IOP), and the concentration of aerosols beside the air jet port was the highest. PURPOSE To investigate the effects of IOP on the aerosol density generated during the use of an NCT and provide references and suggestions for daily protection of ophthalmic medical staff during the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) outbreak. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS This cross-sectional clinical trial included 214 eyes of 140 patients from a hospital in Wenzhou city, Zhejiang Province. All subjects' IOPs were measured by an NCT (39 eyes with low IOP, 90 eyes with normal IOP, 37 eyes with moderately high IOP, and 48 eyes with very high IOP) between March 7 and June 17, 2020. The density of particulate matter (PM) 2.5 and PM10 generated during the process of IOP measurement with an NCT was analyzed. IOP values were recorded simultaneously. The aerosols generated during different IOP measurements were plotted in scatter plots. RESULTS PM2.5 was generated more at the air jet port of the tonometer during the process of IOP measurement (H=2.731, P=0.019). Larger quantities of PM2.5 and PM10 were generated when the IOP was higher, and these differences were statistically significant (PM2.5: H=119.476, P<0.001; PM10: H=160.801, P<0.001). Linear correlation analysis with one variable demonstrated that IOP had significantly positive correlations with PM2.5 (r=0.756, P<0.001) and PM10 (r=0.864, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Aerosols can be generated while using an NCT to measure IOP, and aerosols and IOP are positively correlated. Patients with moderately high IOP or very high IOP tend to generate more aerosols during the IOP measurement. The concentration of aerosols beside the air jet port was the highest.
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17
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Relationship between detection of hepatitis B virus in saliva and periodontal disease in hepatitis B virus carriers in Japan. J Infect Chemother 2020; 27:492-496. [PMID: 33183962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2020.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although hepatitis B virus infection is well-described, the additional risk posed by oral bleeding in individuals with chronic hepatitis B virus infection has not been determined. This study aimed to determine the quantity of hepatitis B virus in the saliva of carriers in Japan, as a means of understanding the potential risk for horizontal transmission. METHODS Saliva samples from 48 confirmed hepatitis B virus carriers were included in the analysis. Hepatitis B virus concentrations and the presence of occult blood as periodontal disease were evaluated in each sample. RESULTS Hepatitis B surface antigen was identified in 46 of the 48 samples (98%), with hepatitis B virus DNA identified in 19 of the 48 saliva samples (40%). Occult blood was detected in 32 (67%) samples with the prevalence increasing as a function of age (r = 0.413; P = 0.003). There was a significantly positive correlation between hepatitis B virus DNA levels in the serum and saliva specimens (r = 0.895; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Occult blood in saliva was detected in most participants. The detection of hepatitis B virus DNA correlated positively with hepatitis B virus in the serum and occult blood in the saliva. Therefore, improved care of periodontal disease among older people is important for preventing horizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus.
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18
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Okereafor K, Ekong I, Okon Markson I, Enwere K. Fingerprint Biometric System Hygiene and the Risk of COVID-19 Transmission. JMIR BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.2196/19623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biometric systems use scanners to verify the identity of human beings by measuring the patterns of their behavioral or physiological characteristics. Some biometric systems are contactless and do not require direct touch to perform these measurements; others, such as fingerprint verification systems, require the user to make direct physical contact with the scanner for a specified duration for the biometric pattern of the user to be properly read and measured. This may increase the possibility of contamination with harmful microbial pathogens or of cross-contamination of food and water by subsequent users. Physical contact also increases the likelihood of inoculation of harmful microbial pathogens into the respiratory tract, thereby triggering infectious diseases. In this viewpoint, we establish the likelihood of infectious disease transmission through touch-based fingerprint biometric devices and discuss control measures to curb the spread of infectious diseases, including COVID-19.
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19
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Takata K, Yamauchi E, Shakado S, Uehara Y, Fukuda H, Yamauchi R, Tsuchiya N, Kunimoto H, Tanaka T, Yokoyama K, Morihara D, Takeyama Y, Sakisaka S, Hirai F. Horizontal Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus Genotype C Among Members of a Wrestling Club in Japan. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2020; 21:e925044. [PMID: 32863382 PMCID: PMC7483542 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.925044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Case series Patients: Male, 19-year-old • Male, 21-year-old • Male, 20-year-old Final Diagnosis: HBV infection Symptoms: Malaise Medication: — Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: Infectious Diseases • Sports Medicine
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhide Takata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eri Yamauchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shakado
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Uehara
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, Japan.,Center for Preventive, Anti-Aging, and Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiromi Fukuda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamauchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoaki Tsuchiya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideo Kunimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keiji Yokoyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Morihara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Takeyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shotaro Sakisaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fumihito Hirai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, Japan
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20
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Adekanle O, Komolafe AO, Olowookere SA, Ijarotimi O, Ndububa DA. Hepatitis B Infection: A Mixed Methods of Disclosure Pattern and Social Problems in the Nigerian Family. J Patient Exp 2020; 7:208-216. [PMID: 32851142 PMCID: PMC7427354 DOI: 10.1177/2374373519827965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has a high prevalence rate in Nigeria. Disclosure of infection status to close partner and the public attracts support for infected people. This study looks at disclosure and social challenges of infected persons. Methods Mixed methods of patients' administered questionnaire and an in-depth interview conducted on HBV-infected respondents in a hospital in Nigeria were used. The study recruited all participants who satisfied the inclusion criteria. Data were entered into SPSS version 20 and analyzed using simple and inferential statistics and content analysis for the in-depth interview. Results A total of 205 participants completed the questionnaire study. Mean (standard deviation) age was 35.3 (±11.0) years. There were 121 married, 37 singles with noncohabiting partners and 47 singles without partners with disclosure rates being 96.7% versus 97.9% versus 89.2%, respectively. Singles disclosed infection more to their parents while married respondents disclosed infection more to their spouses. Singles had high rate of denial of sexual relationship (22.6%), emotional trauma (34.5%), broken relationships (11.4%), and surreptitious use of contraception for protection (67.6%). Married respondents had the highest rate of HBV vaccination of their family members (40.1%). Infection prevention and allaying fears of family members were their counseling needs. In-depth interview revealed that infected respondents usually expressed shock and depression at a positive test leading to fear and deception that put close associates at risk. Conclusion Hepatitis B virus-infected respondents have high rate of disclosure. Family problems of these people can therefore be solved through public enlightenment and individual counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusegun Adekanle
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
- Olusegun Adekanle, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Obafemi Awolwo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.
| | - Akinwumi Oluwole Komolafe
- Department of Morbid Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Samuel A Olowookere
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwasegun Ijarotimi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Dennis Amajuoyi Ndububa
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
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21
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Shabto JM, De Moraes CG, Cioffi GA, Liebmann JM. Review of Hygiene and Disinfection Recommendations for Outpatient Glaucoma Care: A COVID Era Update. J Glaucoma 2020; 29:409-416. [PMID: 32332334 PMCID: PMC7217134 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000001540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on best practices and recommendations for hygiene and disinfection to limit exposure and transmission of infection in outpatient glaucoma clinics during the current COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - George A. Cioffi
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Jeffrey M. Liebmann
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
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22
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Pan XB, Yu J, Li HJ, Wu N, Zhang GW, Wu T, Liao JY, Liu WP, Qu XW, Si P, Shi WY, Li ST, Lv X, Liu P, Zhao R, Song YJ, Yang Z, Mo WN, Wang HZ, Liu YF, Zhou ZW, Ge LY, Zhu H, Zheng YQ, Zhang WL, Yang ZL, Zheng XQ. Young Chinese children without seroprotective hepatitis B surface antibody could be at risk of hepatitis B virus infection through horizontal transmission. J Viral Hepat 2020; 27:456-460. [PMID: 31785059 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ben Pan
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Immunoregulation, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hong-Juan Li
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Immunoregulation, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Wei Zhang
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Immunoregulation, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Yi Liao
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Panzhihua College, Panzhihua, China
| | - Wen-Pei Liu
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wang Qu
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Ping Si
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, Tianjin Children's Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen-Yuan Shi
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Chenzhou, Chenzhou, China
| | - Sheng-Tao Li
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Chenzhou, Chenzhou, China
| | - Xin Lv
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shangdong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shangdong University, Jinan, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Shanxi and Women's Hospital of Shanxi, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yu-Jing Song
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Shanxi and Women's Hospital of Shanxi, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zheng Yang
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wu-Ning Mo
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hong-Zhi Wang
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Yun-Feng Liu
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Wen Zhou
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Yan Ge
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu-Qiang Zheng
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen-Li Zhang
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, Urumqi Children's Hospital, Urumqi, China
| | - Zhi-Li Yang
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, Maternal and Child Health Centre of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, China
| | - Xiao-Qun Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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23
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Jourdain G, Ngo-Giang-Huong N, Khamduang W. Current progress in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B and resulting clinical and programmatic implications. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:977-987. [PMID: 31118703 PMCID: PMC6499137 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s171695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently no cure for hepatitis B chronic infections. Because new hepatitis B infections result mainly from perinatal transmission, preventing mother-to-child transmission is essential to reach by 2030 the goal of hepatitis B elimination set by the World Health Organization. The universal administration of hepatitis B vaccine to all infants, regardless of maternal status, starting with the birth dose, is the cornerstone of the strategy for elimination. Additional interventions, such as hepatitis B immune globulin administered to newborns and antiviral prophylaxis administered to hepatitis B infected pregnant women, may contribute to reaching the goal earlier. Hepatitis B immune globulin may remain out for reach of many pregnant women in low- and middle-income countries due to cost and logistic issues, but antivirals are cheap and do not require a cold chain for distribution. However, it has been observed that some viruses harbor mutations associated with escape from vaccine-elicited antibodies following immunization or administration of hepatitis B immune globulin. Also, resistance associated mutations have been described for several drugs used for treatment of hepatitis B infected patients as well as for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission. Whether these mutations have the potential to compromise the prevention of mother-to-child transmission or future treatment of the mother is a question of importance. We propose a review of important recent studies assessing tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission, and provides detailed information on the mutations possibly relevant in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzague Jourdain
- Unit 174-PHPT, Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Marseille, France.,Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole Ngo-Giang-Huong
- Unit 174-PHPT, Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Marseille, France.,Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Woottichai Khamduang
- Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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24
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Cruz HM, Barbosa JR, Baima Colares JK, de Moraes Neto AHA, Alencar MDFL, Bastos FI, da Mota JC, Carvalho-Costa FA, Ivantes CAP, Lewis-Ximenez LL, Villar LM. Cross-sectional study to determine viral hepatitis knowledge in different urban populations in Brazil. World J Hepatol 2018; 10:867-876. [PMID: 30533187 PMCID: PMC6280162 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v10.i11.867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate viral hepatitis knowledge among individuals from different resource areas and health conditions to identify possible gaps.
METHODS A cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out among 447 individuals from five distinct populations in Brazil: Southeast Viral Hepatitis Ambulatory (n = 100), South (n = 89) and Northeast (n = 114) Health Center, Southeast (n = 77) and Northeast (n = 67) low resource areas. All individuals answered a questionnaire assessing sociodemographic characteristics and viral hepatitis awareness. The perception was scored based on the average number of correct answers of all participants and categorized as “low” (0-28 correct answers) or “desirable” (29-46 correct answers). Associations between sociodemographic characteristics and perception were also evaluated.
RESULTS A low level of knowledge was observed in individuals from Northeast Health Center, Northeast and Southeast low resource areas while desirable knowledge was observed in individuals from Viral Hepatitis Ambulatory and South Health Center. According to sociodemographic characteristics, desirable scores were more common among those with secondary education (47.1%), those who declared themselves as white (46.3%), and those who lived in houses with three individuals (25.5%). Multivariate analysis showed an association between viral hepatitis perception and type of population.
CONCLUSION The results demonstrated high level of knowledge among study participants from health clinics from the Southeast region of Brazil and the importance of education programs in increasing the level of knowledge in low resource areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Medina Cruz
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040360, Brazil
| | - Jakeline Ribeiro Barbosa
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040360, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará 60020181, Brazil
| | - Jeová Keny Baima Colares
- Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará 60020181, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, University of Fortaleza, Ceará 60430160, Brazil
| | | | - Maria de Fátima Leal Alencar
- Laboratory of Innovations in Therapies, Teaching and Bioproducts, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040360, Brazil
| | - Francisco Inácio Bastos
- Institute of Communication and Scientific Information and Technology for Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040900, Brazil
| | - Jurema Corrêa da Mota
- Institute of Communication and Scientific Information and Technology for Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040900, Brazil
| | - Filipe Aníbal Carvalho-Costa
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040900, Brazil
| | | | - Lia Laura Lewis-Ximenez
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040360, Brazil
| | - Livia Melo Villar
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040360, Brazil
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Okamoto S, Yamasaki K, Komori A, Abiru S, Nagaoka S, Saeki A, Hashimoto S, Bekki S, Okamoto H, Yatsuhashi H. Dynamics of hepatitis B virus serum markers in an acute hepatitis B patient in the incubation phase. Clin J Gastroenterol 2018; 12:218-222. [PMID: 30465320 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-018-0925-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Patients with acute hepatitis B (AHB) usually present after developing symptoms; therefore, the temporal kinetics of viral markers during the incubation period have not been documented clearly. We describe an AHB infection before the onset of hepatitis, throughout the course of the disease and without anti-viral therapy. The patient initially visited our hospital for immunization against HBV and was found to be positive for viral markers: 0.0 IU/mL of anti-HBs, 0.06 S/CO of anti-HBc and 2.93 IU/mL of HBsAg. During the 14 days after his first visit, HBsAg, HBV DNA, HBe antigen and HBV core-related antigen, but not anti-HBc or anti-HBs, levels increased. On day 22, he developed acute hepatitis. The period of logarithmic viral replication was estimated to be 7.0 days. HBV genomic sequencing and phylogenetic analysis indicated transmission from the patient's wife. Although sexual intercourse could not be ruled, another possible route of transmission was the unusual occurrence of kissing his wife when she had macroscopic bleeding after tooth brushing, 2 months before his positive HBsAg result; the day of the episode being consistent with the calculated HBV replication velocity. This study reveals the temporal kinetics of viral markers during the incubation period of AHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Okamoto
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Nagasaki Medical Center, 2-1001-1 Kubara, Omura, Nagasaki, 856-8562, Japan
| | - Kazumi Yamasaki
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Nagasaki Medical Center, 2-1001-1 Kubara, Omura, Nagasaki, 856-8562, Japan.
| | - Atsumasa Komori
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Nagasaki Medical Center, 2-1001-1 Kubara, Omura, Nagasaki, 856-8562, Japan
| | - Seigo Abiru
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Nagasaki Medical Center, 2-1001-1 Kubara, Omura, Nagasaki, 856-8562, Japan
| | - Shinya Nagaoka
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Nagasaki Medical Center, 2-1001-1 Kubara, Omura, Nagasaki, 856-8562, Japan
| | - Akira Saeki
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Nagasaki Medical Center, 2-1001-1 Kubara, Omura, Nagasaki, 856-8562, Japan
| | - Satoru Hashimoto
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Nagasaki Medical Center, 2-1001-1 Kubara, Omura, Nagasaki, 856-8562, Japan
| | - Shigemune Bekki
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Nagasaki Medical Center, 2-1001-1 Kubara, Omura, Nagasaki, 856-8562, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi-Ken, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yatsuhashi
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Nagasaki Medical Center, 2-1001-1 Kubara, Omura, Nagasaki, 856-8562, Japan
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Pfaender S, Helfritz FA, Siddharta A, Todt D, Behrendt P, Heyden J, Riebesehl N, Willmann W, Steinmann J, Münch J, Ciesek S, Steinmann E. Environmental Stability and Infectivity of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) in Different Human Body Fluids. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:504. [PMID: 29636728 PMCID: PMC5881408 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a hepatotropic, blood-borne virus, but in up to one-third of infections of the transmission route remained unidentified. Viral genome copies of HCV have been identified in several body fluids, however, non-parental transmission upon exposure to contaminated body fluids seems to be rare. Several body fluids, e.g., tears and saliva, are renowned for their antimicrobial and antiviral properties, nevertheless, HCV stability has never been systematically analyzed in those fluids. Methods: We used state of the art infectious HCV cell culture techniques to investigate the stability of HCV in different body fluids to estimate the potential risk of transmission via patient body fluid material. In addition, we mimicked a potential contamination of HCV in tear fluid and analyzed which impact commercially available contact lens solutions might have in such a scenario. Results: We could demonstrate that HCV remains infectious over several days in body fluids like tears, saliva, semen, and cerebrospinal fluid. Only hydrogen-peroxide contact lens solutions were able to efficiently inactivate HCV in a suspension test. Conclusion: These results indicate that HCV, once it is present in various body fluids of infected patients, remains infective and could potentially contribute to transmission upon direct contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Pfaender
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabian A Helfritz
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anindya Siddharta
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE-Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infections Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
| | - Daniel Todt
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE-Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infections Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany.,Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Patrick Behrendt
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE-Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infections Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Julia Heyden
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE-Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infections Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
| | - Nina Riebesehl
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE-Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infections Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
| | - Wiebke Willmann
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE-Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infections Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
| | - Joerg Steinmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Hygiene, Medical Microbiology and Clinical Infectiology, Paracelsus Medical Private University, Nürnberg Hospital, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sandra Ciesek
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE-Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infections Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany.,Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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27
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Jain S, Su YH, Su YP, McCloud S, Xue R, Lee TJ, Lin SC, Lin SY, Song W, Steffen JD, Hu CT. Characterization of the hepatitis B virus DNA detected in urine of chronic hepatitis B patients. BMC Gastroenterol 2018; 18:40. [PMID: 29548283 PMCID: PMC5857095 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-018-0767-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Detection of human hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in the urine of patients with chronic hepatitis B infection (CHB) has been reported previously, suggesting urine could provide a potential route of horizontal HBV transmission. However, it is not clear whether the HBV DNA detected in urine is indeed full-length, infectious viral DNA. The aim of this study is to assess the potential infectivity of urine from patients with CHB and to correlate HBV DNA detection in urine with clinical parameters, such as serum viral load and HBeAg status. Methods Urine from 60 CHB patients with serum viral loads ranging from undetectable to 108 IU/mL were analyzed for HBV DNA and serum immune markers. HBV DNA was detected from total urine DNA and size-fractionated urine DNA (separated into ≤1 kb and > 1 kb fractions) by PCR analysis of six regions of the HBV genome. Results Twenty-seven of 59 (45.7%) patients with HBV serum viral load (≥20 IU/mL) contained at least 20 copies per mL of fragmented HBV DNA in urine detected in at least 1 of the 6 PCR assay regions. Only one patient contained HBV DNA detected by all six regions, and was found to have evidence of blood in the urine. Sixteen of 25 urine samples with high viral load (> 105 IU/mL) and 11 of 34 urine samples with low viral load (< 105 IU/mL) contained detectable HBV DNA. Twelve of 27 (44.44%) patients with detectable HBV DNA in urine were HBeAg positive, and only 5 of these HBeAg positive patients were in the group of 33 (15.15%) patients with no detectable HBV DNA in urine. By Fishers’ exact test, HBV DNA in urine is significantly associated with high serum viral load (P = 0.0197) and HBeAg (P = 0.0203). Conclusions We conclude that urine from CHB patients with healthy kidney function should not contain full-length HBV DNA, and therefore should not be infectious. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12876-018-0767-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Jain
- JBS Science, Inc., Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - Ying-Hsiu Su
- The Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - Yih-Ping Su
- The Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | | | - Ruixia Xue
- The Second Hospital of Yuncheng, Yuncheng, Shanxi Province, 044000, China
| | - Tai-Jung Lee
- The Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - Shu-Chuan Lin
- Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, 707, Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd, Hualien, 970, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | | | - Wei Song
- JBS Science, Inc., Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA.,U-Screen Dx Inc., Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - Jamin D Steffen
- JBS Science, Inc., Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA.,Hepron Molecular Lab, Inc., Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - Chi-Tan Hu
- Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, 707, Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd, Hualien, 970, Taiwan, R.O.C..
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28
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Atkins N, Hodge W, Li B. A Systematic Review Regarding Tonometry and the Transmission of Infectious Diseases. J Clin Med Res 2018; 10:159-165. [PMID: 29416571 PMCID: PMC5798259 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr3294w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tonometry has been identified as a common method for measuring the intraocular pressure in patients. The direct contact between the tonometer and the eye may contribute to the risk of cross infection, especially of viral particles, from one patient to another. A systematic review was undertaken to address the likelihood of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and prion diseases transmission through the use of tonometers. Additionally, a comparison of the current tonometer disinfection methods is provided to assist with identifying which technique effectively reduces the risk of disease transmission. An electronic literature search was conducted using the following databases: Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, SCOPUS, Biosis Previews, Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Dissertation indexes were also searched, and these included: Dissertations and Abstracts, and Dissertations and Abstracts - UK/Ireland. Additionally, the Clinicaltrials.gov trial registry was searched to identify any other relevant literature. Two independent reviewers critically appraised the articles retrieved through the literature search. In total, 11 unique studies were deemed relevant for this systematic review. The available evidence demonstrated that the use of tonometers contributes to the transmission of these infectious diseases in vitro. The results also demonstrated variability in determining the most effective tonometer sterilization technique against these infectious diseases in vitro. There was limited evidence available regarding the transmission of HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and prion diseases through the use of tonometers. Additionally, due to the variability regarding the most effective sterilization techniques, it is difficult to identify which sterilization technique is most effective or adequately effective against these infectious diseases. Future research studies regarding infectious disease transmission through tonometry and sterilization techniques should be completed to more adequately inform infectious disease control guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Atkins
- Public Health Program, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - William Hodge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Bruce Li
- Medical Sciences Program, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
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29
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Cruz HM, de Paula VS, Villar LM. A Cross-Sectional Study of Viral Hepatitis Perception among Residents from Southeast and North Regions of Brazil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15020189. [PMID: 29364166 PMCID: PMC5858262 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15020189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Few data are available regarding viral hepatitis perception among the general global population. The present study aims to estimate the perception of viral hepatitis in a cohort of individuals living in two geographical regions of Brazil: North (Manaus city (MA)) and Southeast (Rio de Janeiro city (RJ)). A cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out among 287 subjects recruited in MA (134) and RJ (153). All individuals answered a questionnaire assessing socio-demographic characteristics and viral hepatitis awareness. Participants’ responses were scored and divided using interquartile values. Associations between socio-demographic characteristics and knowledge were also evaluated. Interquartile analysis scored 0–21 correct answers as “Very Weak”; 22–27 as “Weak”; 28–31 as “Intermediate”; and 32–47 as “Desirable”. Mean ± standard deviations (SD) of correct responses were weak in both MA (24.1 ± 7.0) and RJ (26.3 ± 7.3). Bivariate analysis showed an association between viral hepatitis awareness and both education level (p < 0.001) and family income (p < 0.01). Desirable scores were more common in female participants (61%), those aged between 21–30 years (40%), those with a secondary education (51.7%), those who received high income (31.6%), and those from RJ (70.0%). Health education campaigns in these cities are recommended to increase knowledge and reduce the transmission of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Medina Cruz
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 210360-040, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Salete de Paula
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Helio and Peggy Pereira Pavillion-Ground Floor, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 210360-040, Brazil.
| | - Livia Melo Villar
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 210360-040, Brazil.
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30
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Portilho MM, Mendonça A, Marques VA, Nabuco LC, Villela-Nogueira CA, Ivantes C, Lewis-Ximenez LL, Lampe E, Villar LM. Comparison of oral fluid collection methods for the molecular detection of hepatitis B virus. Oral Dis 2017; 23:1072-1079. [PMID: 28544047 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to compare the efficiency of four oral fluid collection methods (Salivette, FTA Card, spitting and DNA-Sal) to detect HBV DNA by qualitative PCR. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy-four individuals (32 HBV reactive and 42 with no HBV markers) donated serum and oral fluid. In-house qualitative PCR to detect HBV was used for both samples and commercial quantitative PCR for serum. RESULTS HBV DNA was detected in all serum samples from HBV-infected individuals, and it was not detected in control group. HBV DNA from HBV group was detected in 17 samples collected with Salivette device, 16 samples collected by FTA Card device, 16 samples collected from spitting and 13 samples collected by DNA-Sal device. Samples that corresponded to a higher viral load in their paired serum sample could be detected using all oral fluid collection methods, but Salivette collection device yielded the largest numbers of positive samples and had a wide range of viral load that was detected. CONCLUSION It was possible to detect HBV DNA using all devices tested, but higher number of positive samples was observed when samples were collected using Salivette device, which shows high concordance to viral load observed in the paired serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Portilho
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Acf Mendonça
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - V A Marques
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - L C Nabuco
- Clementino Fraga Filho Hospital, University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - C A Villela-Nogueira
- Clementino Fraga Filho Hospital, University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cap Ivantes
- Center of Guidance and Advisor (COA), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - L L Lewis-Ximenez
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E Lampe
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - L M Villar
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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31
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Lian KY, Napper G, Stapleton FJ, Kiely PM. Infection control guidelines for optometrists 2016. Clin Exp Optom 2017; 100:341-356. [PMID: 28597930 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper provides an updated version of the paper: Infection control guidelines for optometrists 2007. METHODS Information from peer-reviewed journal articles, guidelines from professional societies, and government health department and other websites and instructions from equipment manufacturers were considered in determining infection risk factors in optometric practice. They were used to revise the recommendations on disinfection, sterilisation and reprocessing procedures for instrumentation and other equipment used in optometric practice as well as personal infection control measures to be undertaken by staff. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Optometrists and optometric practice staff should adopt measures to minimise the risk of transmission of infection. These include appropriate hand-washing, staff vaccinations, single use instruments/equipment, appropriate disposal of waste, appropriate methods of reprocessing where items are reused, routine employment of standard infection control precautions and application of more rigorous procedures for individuals who are known to be infected or immuno-suppressed. Information provided to patients regarding infection control procedures in topical drug administration, contact lens wear and use of eye make-up are additional considerations for optometrists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Yee Lian
- EyeQ Optometrists Camberwell, Camberwell, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Fiona J Stapleton
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Patricia M Kiely
- Optometry Australia, South Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
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32
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Pfaender S, von Hahn T, Steinmann J, Ciesek S, Steinmann E. Prevention strategies for blood-borne viruses-in the Era of vaccines, direct acting antivirals and antiretroviral therapy. Rev Med Virol 2016; 26:330-9. [PMID: 27185010 PMCID: PMC5084801 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Blood-borne viruses, such as hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and the facultative blood-borne hepatitis E virus, are considered a major public health problem given that they are accountable for millions of deaths each year. Treatment options, including effective vaccine design, development of antiviral strategies and the implementation of antiretroviral therapy have improved substantially over the last couple of years and contribute to successful treatment and prevention of these infectious diseases. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge and concepts in prevention of transmission of these blood-borne viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Pfaender
- Institute for Experimental Virology, Twincore, and Hannover Medical School Hannover, Germany, and Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland, Federal Department of Home Affairs, Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3012 Bern and 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas von Hahn
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) - Hannover-Braunschweig Site
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Joerg Steinmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sandra Ciesek
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Institute for Experimental Virology, Twincore, and Hannover Medical School Hannover, Germany, and Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
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33
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Komatsu H, Inui A, Fujisawa T. The Role of Body Fluids in the Horizontal Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus via Household/Close Contact. EUROPEAN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.33590/emj/10311375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection commonly occurs through horizontal transmission via household/close contact. Although the body fluids of patients infected with HBV are likely to play a significant role in horizontal transmission, the precise mechanism remains unclear. In the 1970s, the infectivity of body fluids including saliva, urine, and faeces was assessed for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Over the last decade, the HBV DNA in the body fluids of chronically infected patients was quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Chimpanzee, gibbon, and chimeric mice with human livers have also been used to investigate the infectivity of body fluids. HBsAg levels, HBV DNA levels, and animal experiments have indicated that saliva and tears are able to transmit HBV. Urine and faeces do not lead to horizontal transmission. The infectivity of the remaining body fluids remains controversial. Horizontal transmission is related to both virus and host factors; thus, evaluations of HBsAg and HBV DNA levels provide insufficient data to determine the infectivity of body fluids. Universal hepatitis B vaccination has been implemented worldwide (with the exception of Northern Europe); an understanding of the role that body fluids play in horizontal transmission will contribute to the eradication of HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Komatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ayano Inui
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Eastern Yokohama Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoo Fujisawa
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Eastern Yokohama Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
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34
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François-Souquière S, Makuwa M, Bisvigou U, Kazanji M. Epidemiological and molecular features of hepatitis B and hepatitis delta virus transmission in a remote rural community in central Africa. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 39:12-21. [PMID: 26747245 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis delta virus (HDV) occur worldwide and are prevalent in both urban and remote rural communities. In a remote village in Gabon, central Africa, we observed a high prevalence of HBsAg carriage and HDV infection, particularly in children and adolescents. The prevalence of HBsAg differed significantly by gender and age, females being more likely than males to carry the HBsAg during the first 10 years of life, while the prevalence was higher among males than females aged 11-20 years. We also characterised HBV and HDV strains circulating in the village. The principal HBV strains belonged to genotype HBV-E and subgenotype QS-A3. Complete genome analysis revealed for the first time the presence of the HBV-D genotype in Gabon, in the form of an HBV-D/E recombinant. Molecular analysis of HDV strains and their complete genomic characterisation revealed two distinct groups within the dominant HDV clade 8. Molecular analysis of HBV and HDV strains did not reveal vertical transmission within the families studied but rather horizontal, intrafamilial transmission among children aged 0-10 years. Our findings indicate that HBV is transmitted in early childhood by body fluids rather than by sexual contact. Health education adapted to the different age groups might therefore help to reduce HBV transmission. Young children should be vaccinated to control HBV infection in areas of extremely high prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine François-Souquière
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Maria Makuwa
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Ulrich Bisvigou
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon; Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, French Guiana, France.
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35
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Motayo BO, Akpa OM, Ezeani I, Faneye AO, Udo UA, Onoja B. Seroprevalence rates of hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody and hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAG) in blood donors in a Southwestern Nigerian city. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2015; 36:91-9. [PMID: 24628383 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2014.899256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B and C have been identified as major causes of Transfusion transmitted infections, in Nigeria. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) in prospective blood donors in Abeokuta, Nigeria. 305 blood donors were screened for the presence of Hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) and HCV using a rapid immunochromatographic kit (DiaSpot®). Demographic information was also collected. Males constituted 96.4%, singles were the majority with 65%. Prevalence of HBsAg was 9.8%, HCV 1.3%, and dual positivity 0.3%. Prevalence of HBsAg and HCV among males was 10.2% and 1.4%, while females recorded 0.0% for HCV and HBsAg. Dual positivity was recorded in a male (0.33%). Analysis of the study variables revealed that only educational status was statistically associated with positivity of HBsAg [Formula: see text], HCV prevalence was highest in the illiterate group it was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). We report the prevalence rates of anti-HCV Ab and HBsAg in blood donors from Ogun State, Nigeria. Our results reveals higher rate of HBsAg and evidence of co-infection with both viruses, illiteracy was the only variable associated with HBV infection. We advocate for the inclusion of anti-HBc or HBeAg in donor screening in our environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babatunde O Motayo
- a Microbiology Unit , Pathology Department, Federal Medical Centre , Abeokuta , Nigeria
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Komatsu H, Inui A, Murano T, Tsunoda T, Sogo T, Fujisawa T. Lack of infectivity of HBV in feces from patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection, and infection using chimeric mice. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:366. [PMID: 26289533 PMCID: PMC4545881 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1337-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body fluids such as saliva and tears from patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are known as infectious agents. The infectivity of feces from patients with HBV infection has not been established. The aim of this study was to determine whether feces from HBV carriers can be a source of HBV infection. METHODS Thirty-three children and 17 adults (ages 0-49 years, median age 13 years) who were chronically infected with HBV were enrolled. The levels of HBV DNA in the feces from these patients were quantified by real-time PCR, and the levels of fecal HBsAg were measured. Isolated human hepatocytes from chimeric mice with humanized livers were co-cultured with serum, tears and feces from the HBV carriers. Four chimeric mice were inoculated intravenously with sterilized feces from HBV carriers. RESULTS HBV DNA was detected in the feces of 37 (74%) of the 50 patients. The fecal HBV DNA levels ranged from 2.8 to 8.4 log copies/mL (mean ± SD = 5.6 ± 1.2 log copies/mL). A significant correlation was observed in the levels of HBV DNA between serum and feces (r = 0.54, p < 0.05). Of the 13 HBV carries, 7 (54%) were positive for fecal HBsAg. The fecal HBsAg levels ranged from 0.06 to 1.0 IU/mL (median 0.28 IU/mL). Immunogold electron microscopy showed Dane particles in feces. HBV DNA was detected in the human hepatocytes co-cultured with serum and tears, but not in those co-cultured with feces. HBV DNA was not detected in the serum of the chimeric mice after oral or intravenous inoculation with sterilized fecal samples, which contained 5 log copies/mL of HBV DNA levels. CONCLUSIONS Although the positive rate of fecal HBV DNA was high, the fecal HBsAg levels were extremely low. The chimeric mice were not infected with HBV after oral or intravenous inoculation with sterilized fecal samples. Therefore, feces from HBV carriers seem not to serve as an infectious vehicle for the transmission of HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Komatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu Sakura, Chiba, Japan. .,Department of Pediatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Eastern Yokohama Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Ayano Inui
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Eastern Yokohama Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Takeyoshi Murano
- Department of Research and Development, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Tomoyuki Tsunoda
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Eastern Yokohama Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Sogo
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Eastern Yokohama Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Tomoo Fujisawa
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Eastern Yokohama Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Mawatari S, Uto H, Moriuchi A, Tabu K, Muromachi K, Tabu E, Oda K, Imanaka D, Oshige A, Nakazawa J, Kumagai K, Tamai T, Okamoto H, Tsubouchi H, Ido A. Horizontal transmission of de novo hepatitis B between spouses: A case report. Hepatol Res 2015; 45:933-938. [PMID: 25211282 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report a female patient with acute hepatitis B due to horizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus from her husband, who suffered from de novo hepatitis B. A 48-year-old man underwent peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) for adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Nine months after the initial treatment, he was referred to our hospital because of jaundice. Laboratory data showed elevated serum aminotransferase levels and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity. We diagnosed de novo hepatitis B because a pre-PBSCT serum sample was negative for HBsAg and positive for anti-hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb). His liver function improved with entecavir therapy. Two months after his diagnosis of hepatitis B, his 31-year-old wife was admitted with fever and appetite loss. She was diagnosed with acute hepatitis B because of increased serum aminotransferase levels and HBsAg and immunoglobulin M HBcAb positivity. Sequencing of HBV DNA in the serum obtained from both patients showed 99.9% homology. Therefore, we diagnosed her acute hepatitis B as due to horizontal transmission of de novo hepatitis B from her husband. HBV derived from de novo hepatitis B should be considered a potential source of infection, although intrafamilial transmission of de novo hepatitis B is rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Mawatari
- Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Department of Human and Environmental Sciences, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Uto
- Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Department of Human and Environmental Sciences, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Akihiro Moriuchi
- Department of HGF Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Tabu
- Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Department of Human and Environmental Sciences, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kaori Muromachi
- Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Department of Human and Environmental Sciences, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Eriko Tabu
- Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Department of Human and Environmental Sciences, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kohei Oda
- Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Department of Human and Environmental Sciences, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Dai Imanaka
- Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Department of Human and Environmental Sciences, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Akihiko Oshige
- Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Department of Human and Environmental Sciences, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Junichi Nakazawa
- Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Department of Human and Environmental Sciences, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kotaro Kumagai
- Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Department of Human and Environmental Sciences, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Tamai
- Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Department of Human and Environmental Sciences, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hirohito Tsubouchi
- Department of HGF Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.,Kagoshima City Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Akio Ido
- Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Department of Human and Environmental Sciences, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.,Department of HGF Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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Bae SK, Yatsuhashi H, Takahara I, Tamada Y, Hashimoto S, Motoyoshi Y, Ozawa E, Nagaoka S, Yanagi K, Abiru S, Komori A, Ishibashi H. Sequential occurrence of acute hepatitis B among members of a high school Sumo wrestling club. Hepatol Res 2014; 44:E267-72. [PMID: 24007264 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A 17-year-old male was admitted to our hospital and diagnosed with acute hepatitis B. Six weeks later, a 15-year-old male was admitted with acute hepatitis B as well. They were Sumo wrestling players in the same club. A detailed survey in the club revealed that a 28-year-old male coach was a hepatitis B surface antigen carrier with high-level viremia. The consistency of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in the infected players was revealed by analyzing the complete HBV genome sequences. Sumo players are more likely to get injured, including cuts and bleeding, compared with players of other sports because of the characteristic wrestling style. Several past reports have suggested that highly viremic HBV carriers have high HBV DNA titers in both their blood and other body fluids such as sweat. In our cases, percutaneous HBV transmission through the bleeding wounds was the most probable infection route. We conclude that a universal HBV immunization program should be introduced urgently in Japan, similar to those implemented in other countries worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Kwan Bae
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization (NHO), Nagasaki Medical Center, Kubara Omura, Nagasaki, Japan
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Reverse vertical transmission of hepatitis-B from transfusion-infected children to biological mothers. Indian Pediatr 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13312-014-0493-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Amado Leon LA. Saliva specimen sampling: a noninvasive method for diagnosis and basic investigation of viral hepatitis A, B and C. Future Virol 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.13.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Saliva is a biological fluid that is easy to collect and manipulate. Collection of saliva samples is less expensive, noninvasive and painless compared with blood collection. Due to these advantages, saliva has been investigated as an alternative fluid to serum for diagnostic and epidemiological purposes. The aim of this article was to the review research on salivary biomarkers of viral hepatitis A, B and C, highlighting their current use, collection devices, and potential applications for diagnosis and epidemiological studies. This paper also explores recent findings of saliva as a possible source of viral hepatitis transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane Almeida Amado Leon
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Institute Oswaldo Cruz – Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, 21045-900, Brazil
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