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Yu B, Wang L, Chu Y. Gut microbiota shape B cell in health and disease settings. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:271-281. [PMID: 33974295 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr0321-660r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent accumulating evidence supports the hypothesis that the intricate interaction between gut microbiota and the immune system profoundly affects health and disease in humans and mice. In this context, microbiota plays an important role in educating and shaping the host immune system which, in turn, regulates gut microbiota diversity and function to maintain homeostasis. Studies have demonstrated that intestinal microbiota participates in shaping B cells in health and disease settings. Herein, we review the recent progress in understanding how microbiota regulates B-cell development, focusing on early-life B-cell repertoire generation in GALT and how microbial products, including microbial antigens and metabolites, affect B-cell activation and differentiation to ultimately regulate B-cell function. We also discuss the interaction between gut microbiota and B cells under pathogenic conditions and highlight new approaches that can be applied to treat various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baichao Yu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Luman Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Chu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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2
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Seshadri S, Allan DSJ, Carlyle JR, Zenewicz LA. Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin negatively modulates ILC3 function through perturbation of IL-23-mediated MAPK signaling. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006690. [PMID: 29059238 PMCID: PMC5695638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, secretes lethal toxin that down-regulates immune functions. Translocation of B. anthracis across mucosal epithelia is key for its dissemination and pathogenesis. Group 3 innate lymphocytes (ILC3s) are important in mucosal barrier maintenance due to their expression of the cytokine IL-22, a critical regulator of tissue responses and repair during homeostasis and inflammation. We found that B. anthracis lethal toxin perturbed ILC3 function in vitro and in vivo, revealing an unknown IL-23-mediated MAPK signaling pathway. Lethal toxin had no effects on the canonical STAT3-mediated IL-23 signaling pathway. Rather lethal toxin triggered the loss of several MAP2K kinases, which correlated with reduced activation of downstream ERK1/2 and p38, respectively. Inhibition studies showed the importance of MAPK signaling in IL-23-mediated production of IL-22. Our finding that MAPK signaling is required for optimal IL-22 production in ILC3s may lead to new approaches for targeting IL-22 biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarshan Seshadri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - David S. J. Allan
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James R. Carlyle
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren A. Zenewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
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3
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Goossens PL, Tournier JN. Crossing of the epithelial barriers by Bacillus anthracis: the Known and the Unknown. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1122. [PMID: 26500645 PMCID: PMC4598578 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax, caused by Bacillus anthracis, a Gram-positive spore-forming bacterium, is initiated by the entry of spores into the host body. There are three types of human infection: cutaneous, inhalational, and gastrointestinal. For each form, B. anthracis spores need to cross the cutaneous, respiratory or digestive epithelial barriers, respectively, as a first obligate step to establish infection. Anthrax is a toxi-infection: an association of toxemia and rapidly spreading infection progressing to septicemia. The pathogenicity of Bacillus anthracis mainly depends on two toxins and a capsule. The capsule protects bacilli from the immune system, thus promoting systemic dissemination. The toxins alter host cell signaling, thereby paralyzing the immune response of the host and perturbing the endocrine and endothelial systems. In this review, we will mainly focus on the events and mechanisms leading to crossing of the respiratory epithelial barrier, as the majority of studies have addressed inhalational infection. We will discuss the critical gaps of knowledge that need to be addressed to gain a comprehensive view of the initial steps of inhalational anthrax. We will then discuss the few data available on B. anthracis crossing the cutaneous and digestive epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre L Goossens
- Pathogénie des Toxi-Infections Bactériennes, Institut Pasteur , Paris, France
| | - Jean-Nicolas Tournier
- Pathogénie des Toxi-Infections Bactériennes, Institut Pasteur , Paris, France ; Unité Interactions Hôte-Agents Pathogènes, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées , Brétigny-sur-Orge, France ; Ecole du Val-de-Grâce , Paris, France
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Impact of Gastrointestinal Bacillus anthracis Infection on Hepatic B Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:3805-17. [PMID: 26402706 PMCID: PMC4591657 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7093805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ingestion of Bacillus anthracis results in rapid gastrointestinal (GI) infection, known as GI anthrax. We previously showed that during GI anthrax, there is swift deterioration of intestinal barrier function leading to translocation of gut-associated bacteria into systemic circulation. Additionally, we described dysfunction in colonic B cells. In concordance with our previous studies, here, we report early migration of the Sterne strain of B. anthracis along with other gut-resident bacteria into the infected murine liver. Additionally, despite a global decrease in the B cell population, we observed an increase in both B-1a and marginal zone (MZ)-like B cells. Both of these cell types are capable of producing immunoglobulins against common pathogens and commensals, which act as a general antibody barrier before an antigen-specific antibody response. Accumulation of these cells in the liver was associated with an increase in chemokine expression. These data suggest that the presence of Sterne and other commensals in the liver trigger migration of MZ-like B cells from the spleen to the liver to neutralize systemic spread. Further research is required to evaluate the possible cause of their failure to clear the infection within the liver, including the potential role of dysfunctional mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling.
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Halim TYF. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells in disease. Int Immunol 2015; 28:13-22. [PMID: 26306498 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) are now recognized as an important innate source of type-2 effector cytokines. Although initially associated with mucosal tissues, it is clear that ILC2 are present in diverse anatomical locations. The function of ILC2 at these sites is equally varied, and although ILC2 represent a relatively minor population, they are fundamentally important regulators of innate and adaptive immune processes. As such, there is much interest to understand the role of ILC2 in diseases with a type-2 inflammatory component. This review explores the known roles of ILC2 in disease, and the diseases that show associations or other strong evidence for the involvement of ILC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timotheus Y F Halim
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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Kempsell KE, Kidd SP, Lewandowski K, Elmore MJ, Charlton S, Yeates A, Cuthbertson H, Hallis B, Altmann DM, Rogers M, Wattiau P, Ingram RJ, Brooks T, Vipond R. Whole genome protein microarrays for serum profiling of immunodominant antigens of Bacillus anthracis. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:747. [PMID: 26322022 PMCID: PMC4534840 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A commercial Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax) whole genome protein microarray has been used to identify immunogenic Anthrax proteins (IAP) using sera from groups of donors with (a) confirmed B. anthracis naturally acquired cutaneous infection, (b) confirmed B. anthracis intravenous drug use-acquired infection, (c) occupational exposure in a wool-sorters factory, (d) humans and rabbits vaccinated with the UK Anthrax protein vaccine and compared to naïve unexposed controls. Anti-IAP responses were observed for both IgG and IgA in the challenged groups; however the anti-IAP IgG response was more evident in the vaccinated group and the anti-IAP IgA response more evident in the B. anthracis-infected groups. Infected individuals appeared somewhat suppressed for their general IgG response, compared with other challenged groups. Immunogenic protein antigens were identified in all groups, some of which were shared between groups whilst others were specific for individual groups. The toxin proteins were immunodominant in all vaccinated, infected or other challenged groups. However, a number of other chromosomally-located and plasmid encoded open reading frame proteins were also recognized by infected or exposed groups in comparison to controls. Some of these antigens e.g., BA4182 are not recognized by vaccinated individuals, suggesting that there are proteins more specifically expressed by live Anthrax spores in vivo that are not currently found in the UK licensed Anthrax Vaccine (AVP). These may perhaps be preferentially expressed during infection and represent expression of alternative pathways in the B. anthracis “infectome.” These may make highly attractive candidates for diagnostic and vaccine biomarker development as they may be more specifically associated with the infectious phase of the pathogen. A number of B. anthracis small hypothetical protein targets have been synthesized, tested in mouse immunogenicity studies and validated in parallel using human sera from the same study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sue Charlton
- Public Health England Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | | | | | | | - Daniel M Altmann
- Department of Medicine, University College London, Hammersmith Hospital London, UK
| | - Mitch Rogers
- Public Health England Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Pierre Wattiau
- Department of Bacterial Diseases, CODA-CERVA (Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre) Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rebecca J Ingram
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast Belfast, UK
| | - Tim Brooks
- Public Health England Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
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Owen JL, Yang T, Mohamadzadeh M. New insights into gastrointestinal anthrax infection. Trends Mol Med 2014; 21:154-63. [PMID: 25577136 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infections are the primary cause of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders in both developing and developed countries, and are particularly dangerous for infants and children. Bacillus anthracis is the 'archetype zoonotic' pathogen; no other infectious disease affects such a broad range of species, including humans. Importantly, there are more case reports of GI anthrax infection in children than inhalational disease. Early diagnosis is difficult and widespread systemic disease develops rapidly. This review highlights new findings concerning the roles of the gut epithelia, commensal microbiota, and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in initiation of disease and systemic dissemination in animal models of GI anthrax, the understanding of which is crucial to designing alternative therapies that target the establishment of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Owen
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Mansour Mohamadzadeh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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