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Sugiura K, Fujita H, Komine M, Yamanaka K, Akiyama M. The role of interleukin-36 in health and disease states. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2024. [PMID: 38779986 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.19935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-1 superfamily upregulates immune responses and maintains homeostasis between the innate and adaptive immune systems. Within the IL-1 superfamily, IL-36 plays a pivotal role in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Of the four IL-36 isoforms, three have agonist activity (IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ) and the fourth has antagonist activity (IL-36 receptor antagonist [IL-36Ra]). All IL-36 isoforms bind to the IL-36 receptor (IL-36R). Binding of IL-36α/β/γ to the IL-36R recruits the IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP) and activates downstream signalling pathways mediated by nuclear transcription factor kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathways. Antagonist binding of IL-36Ra to IL-36R inhibits recruitment of IL-1RAcP, blocking downstream signalling pathways. Changes in the balance within the IL-36 cytokine family can lead to uncontrolled inflammatory responses throughout the body. As such, IL-36 has been implicated in numerous inflammatory diseases, notably a type of pustular psoriasis called generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP), a chronic, rare, potentially life-threatening, multisystemic skin disease characterised by recurrent fever and extensive sterile pustules. In GPP, IL-36 is central to disease pathogenesis, and the prevention of IL-36-mediated signalling can improve clinical outcomes. In this review, we summarize the literature describing the biological functions of the IL-36 pathway. We also consider the evidence for uncontrolled activation of the IL-36 pathway in a wide range of skin (e.g., plaque psoriasis, pustular psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa, acne, Netherton syndrome, atopic dermatitis and pyoderma gangrenosum), lung (e.g., idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis), gut (e.g., intestinal fibrosis, inflammatory bowel disease and Hirschsprung's disease), kidney (e.g., renal tubulointerstitial lesions) and infectious diseases caused by a variety of pathogens (e.g., COVID-19; Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae infections), as well as in cancer. We also consider how targeting the IL-36 signalling pathway could be used in treating inflammatory disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumitsu Sugiura
- Department of Dermatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hideki Fujita
- Department of Dermatology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Komine
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Keiichi Yamanaka
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Masashi Akiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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2
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Qiao XR, Feng T, Zhang D, Zhi LL, Zhang JT, Liu XF, Pan Y, Xu JW, Cui WJ, Dong L. Luteolin alleviated neutrophilic asthma by inhibiting IL-36γ secretion-mediated MAPK pathways. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2023; 61:165-176. [PMID: 36604842 PMCID: PMC9828607 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2160770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Luteolin can affect multiple biological functions, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immune enhancement processes. Luteolin can inhibit inflammation of T2-high asthma, but its role in neutrophilic asthma has been insufficently studied. OBJECTIVE This study determines the effect of luteolin on IL-36γ secretion-mediated MAPK pathway signalling in neutrophilic asthma. MATERIALS AND METHODS The asthma model was established by using ovalbumin/lipopolysaccharide (OVA/LPS). Female 6-8-week-old C57BL/6 mice were divided into control, asthma, luteolin (20 mg/kg) and asthma + luteolin (20 mg/kg) groups. To explore the mechanism of anti-inflammatory effects of luteolin in neutrophilic asthma, Beas-2B cells were treated with luteolin (20 µmol/L), LPS (100 ng/mL), recombinant human IL-36γ protein (rhIL-36γ; 100 ng/mL) or IL-36γ siRNA. RESULTS IL-36γ secretion and MAPK/IL-1β signalling were significantly increased in the asthma mouse model compared with the control (p < 0.05). However, the levels of IL-36γ secretion and MAPK/IL-1β signalling were reduced by luteolin (p < 0.05). In addition, luteolin inhibited IL-36γ and MAPK/IL-1β levels after LPS (100 ng/mL) stimulation of Beas-2B cells (p < 0.05). We found that in Beas-2B cells, luteolin inhibited activation of the MAPK pathway and IL-1β secretion following stimulation with rhIL-36γ (100 ng/mL; p < 0.05). Finally, IL-1β and phosphorylated MAPK levels were found to be lower in the IL-36γ siRNA + LPS (100 ng/mL) group than in the nonspecific control (NC) siRNA + LPS group (p < 0.05). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Luteolin alleviated neutrophilic asthma by inhibiting IL-36γ secretion-mediated MAPK pathways. These findings provided a theoretical basis for the application of luteolin in the treatment of neutrophilic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-rui Qiao
- Department of Respiratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, China
- Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tao Feng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Li-li Zhi
- Department of Allergy, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Jin-tao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao-fei Liu
- Department of Respiratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Yun Pan
- Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jia-wei Xu
- Department of Respiratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Wen-Jing Cui
- Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Liang Dong
- Department of Respiratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, China
- Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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3
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Song X, Guo L, Zhang Q, Chen W, Fan W, Lv C, Tang P, Dong Z, Ye X, Ding Q. The diagnostic value of interleukin-36 cytokines in pleural effusions of varying etiologies. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 549:117533. [PMID: 37660939 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical management of pleural effusion (PE) poses challenges due to its diverse etiologies. The objective of this research was to investigate the concentrations of interleukin-36 (IL-36) cytokines in pleural fluid (PF) from different etiologies and assess their diagnostic efficacy in distinguishing the causes of PE. METHODS This study enrolled 89 patients with confirmed PE, comprising 11 cases classified as transudate, 24 cases as malignant pleural effusion (MPE), 24 cases as tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE), and 30 cases as parapneumonic pleural effusion (PPE). The PPE group was further subdivided into 20 cases of uncomplicated parapneumonic effusion (UPPE) and 10 cases of complicated parapneumonic effusion (CPPE)/empyema. The concentrations of IL-36 cytokines in the PF of all 89 patients were quantified by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS IL-36α exhibited excellent diagnostic accuracy in TPE, achieving a sensitivity of 91.7 % and specificity of 83.1 %, along with a cut-off value of 435.3 pg/ml. IL-36Ra also demonstrated relatively favorable diagnostic performance in PPE, with a sensitivity of 80.0 % and specificity of 76.3 %, along with a cut-off value of 390.8 pg/ml. Multivariable logistic regression models were successfully developed for both TPE and PPE, confirming their diagnostic utility. Furthermore, the levels of IL-36Ra were notably elevated in CPPE/empyema in comparison to UPPE. Moreover, in PF, IL-36γ exhibited positive associations with both IL-36α and IL-36Ra. CONCLUSION IL-36α and IL-36Ra may serve as novel biomarkers for diagnosing TPE and PPE, respectively. The multivariate models established significantly enhance the diagnostic efficacy of both TPE and PPE. Furthermore, IL-36Ra can function as an indicator for assessing the extent of pleural inflammation. Additionally, the interaction among IL-36 cytokines in PF may contribute to their expression modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuxiang Song
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
| | - Lun Guo
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Qipan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
| | - Weili Chen
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
| | - Chengna Lv
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
| | - Pan Tang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
| | - Zhaoxing Dong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ningbo Second Hospital, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Xudeng Ye
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Cixi Integration of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Medical & Health Group, Ningbo 315302, China.
| | - Qunli Ding
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China.
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4
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Guo L, Zhang Q, Lv C, Ma X, Song X, Huang J, Chen W, Li C, Ding Q. A novel biomarker for pleural effusion diagnosis: Interleukin-36γ in pleural fluid. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 37:e24799. [PMID: 36478612 PMCID: PMC9833963 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have described the critical importance of interleukin (IL) -36γ in host defense against lung infections, but it is unknown whether it plays a role in infectious pleural effusion (IPE). This study aimed to examine the levels of IL-36γ in pleural effusions of different etiologies and evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of IL-36γ in the differential diagnosis of IPE. METHODS A total of 112 individuals was enrolled in this research. IL-36γ levels in pleural fluids of all 112 patients were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We also characterized these markers' diagnostic values across various groups. RESULTS Patients with tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) and parapneumonic effusion (PPE) had exhibited markedly higher IL-36γ levels in their pleural fluid than the malignant pleural effusion (MPE) and transudative effusion patients. Furthermore, the IL-36γ concentrations in TPE patients were evidently higher than in uncomplicated parapneumonic effusion (UPPE) patients but significantly lower than in complicated parapneumonic effusion (CPPE)/empyema patients. Pleural fluid IL-36γ is a useful marker to differentiate TPE from UPPE, at a cut-off value for 657.5 pg/ml (area under the curve = 0.904, p < 0.0001) with 70.0% sensitivity and 95.7% specificity. CONCLUSIONS The elevated IL-36γ in pleural effusion may be used as a novel biomarker for infectious pleural effusion diagnosis, particularly in patients with CPPE/empyema, and is a potentially promising biomarker to differentiate between TPE and UPPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Guo
- School of MedicineNingbo UniversityNingboChina,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical SchoolNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Qipan Zhang
- School of MedicineNingbo UniversityNingboChina,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical SchoolNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Chengna Lv
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical SchoolNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Xudan Ma
- School of MedicineNingbo UniversityNingboChina,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical SchoolNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Xuxiang Song
- School of MedicineNingbo UniversityNingboChina,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical SchoolNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical CollegeNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Weili Chen
- School of MedicineNingbo UniversityNingboChina,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical SchoolNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Chaofen Li
- Department of laboratory medicineNingbo Ninth HospitalNingboChina
| | - Qunli Ding
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical SchoolNingbo UniversityNingboChina
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Prombutara P, Adriansyah Putra Siregar T, Laopanupong T, Kanjanasirirat P, Khumpanied T, Borwornpinyo S, Rai A, Chaiprasert A, Palittapongarnpim P, Ponpuak M. Host cell transcriptomic response to the multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clonal outbreak Beijing strain reveals its pathogenic features. Virulence 2022; 13:1810-1826. [PMID: 36242542 PMCID: PMC9578452 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2135268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The upsurge of multidrug-resistant infections has rendered tuberculosis the principal cause of death among infectious diseases. A clonal outbreak multidrug-resistant triggering strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was identified in Kanchanaburi Province, labelled "MKR superspreader," which was found to subsequently spread to other regions, as revealed by prior epidemiological reports in Thailand. Herein, we showed that the MKR displayed a higher growth rate upon infection into host macrophages in comparison with the H37Rv reference strain. To further elucidate MKR's biology, we utilized RNA-Seq and differential gene expression analyses to identify host factors involved in the intracellular viability of the MKR. A set of host genes function in the cellular response to lipid pathway was found to be uniquely up-regulated in host macrophages infected with the MKR, but not those infected with H37Rv. Within this set of genes, the IL-36 cytokines which regulate host cell cholesterol metabolism and resistance against mycobacteria attracted our interest, as our previous study revealed that the MKR elevated genes associated with cholesterol breakdown during its growth inside host macrophages. Indeed, when comparing macrophages infected with the MKR to H37Rv-infected cells, our RNA-Seq data showed that the expression ratio of IL-36RN, the negative regulator of the IL-36 pathway, to that of IL-36G was greater in macrophages infected with the MKR. Furthermore, the MKR's intracellular survival and increased intracellular cholesterol level in the MKR-infected macrophages were diminished with decreased IL-36RN expression. Overall, our results indicated that IL-36RN could serve as a new target against this emerging multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinidphon Prombutara
- Omics Sciences and Bioinformatics Center, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Microbiome Research Unit for Probiotics in Food and Cosmetics, Faculty of Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tegar Adriansyah Putra Siregar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Thanida Laopanupong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Tanawadee Khumpanied
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suparerk Borwornpinyo
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Awantika Rai
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Angkana Chaiprasert
- Drug-Resistance Tuberculosis Research Fund, Siriraj Foundation, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prasit Palittapongarnpim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Pornchai Matangkasombut Center for Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pratumthani, Thailand
| | - Marisa Ponpuak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Pornchai Matangkasombut Center for Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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6
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Dong H, Hao Y, Li W, Yang W, Gao P. IL-36 Cytokines: Their Roles in Asthma and Potential as a Therapeutic. Front Immunol 2022; 13:921275. [PMID: 35903102 PMCID: PMC9314646 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.921275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-36 cytokines are members of the IL-1 superfamily, which consists of three agonists (IL-36α, IL-36β and IL-36γ) and an IL-36 receptor antagonist (IL-36Ra). IL-36 cytokines are crucial for immune and inflammatory responses. Abnormal levels of IL-36 cytokine expression are involved in the pathogenesis of inflammation, autoimmunity, allergy and cancer. The present study provides a summary of recent reports on IL-36 cytokines that participate in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, and the potential mechanisms underlying their roles in asthma. Abnormal levels of IL-36 cytokines are associated with the pathogenesis of different types of asthma through the regulation of the functions of different types of cells. Considering the important role of IL-36 cytokines in asthma, these may become a potential therapeutic target for asthma treatment. However, existing evidence is insufficient to fully elucidate the specific mechanism underlying the action of IL-36 cytokines during the pathological process of asthma. The possible mechanisms and functions of IL-36 cytokines in different types of asthma require further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongna Dong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuqiu Hao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Peng Gao,
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7
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Peñaloza HF, van der Geest R, Ybe JA, Standiford TJ, Lee JS. Interleukin-36 Cytokines in Infectious and Non-Infectious Lung Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:754702. [PMID: 34887860 PMCID: PMC8651476 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.754702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The IL-36 family of cytokines were identified in the early 2000’s as a new subfamily of the IL-1 cytokine family, and since then, the role of IL-36 cytokines during various inflammatory processes has been characterized. While most of the research has focused on the role of these cytokines in autoimmune skin diseases such as psoriasis and dermatitis, recent studies have also shown the importance of IL-36 cytokines in the lung inflammatory response during infectious and non-infectious diseases. In this review, we discuss the biology of IL-36 cytokines in terms of how they are produced and activated, as well as their effects on myeloid and lymphoid cells during inflammation. We also discuss the role of these cytokines during lung infectious diseases caused by bacteria and influenza virus, as well as other inflammatory conditions in the lungs such as allergic asthma, lung fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis and cancer. Finally, we discuss the current therapeutic advances that target the IL-36 pathway and the possibility to extend these tools to treat lung inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán F Peñaloza
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Rick van der Geest
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Joel A Ybe
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Theodore J Standiford
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Janet S Lee
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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8
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Sheehan SA, Hamilton KL, Retzbach EP, Balachandran P, Krishnan H, Leone P, Lopez-Gonzalez M, Suryavanshi S, Kumar P, Russo R, Goldberg GS. Evidence that Maackia amurensis seed lectin (MASL) exerts pleiotropic actions on oral squamous cells with potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease progression. Exp Cell Res 2021; 403:112594. [PMID: 33823179 PMCID: PMC8019238 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 was declared an international public health emergency in January, and a pandemic in March of 2020. There are over 125 million confirmed COVID-19 cases that have caused over 2.7 million deaths worldwide as of March 2021. COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. SARS-CoV-2 presents a surface "spike" protein that binds to the ACE2 receptor to infect host cells. In addition to the respiratory tract, SARS-Cov-2 can also infect cells of the oral mucosa, which also express the ACE2 receptor. The spike and ACE2 proteins are highly glycosylated with sialic acid modifications that direct viral-host interactions and infection. Maackia amurensis seed lectin (MASL) has a strong affinity for sialic acid modified proteins and can be used as an antiviral agent. Here, we report that MASL targets the ACE2 receptor, decreases ACE2 expression and glycosylation, suppresses binding of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, and decreases expression of inflammatory mediators by oral epithelial cells that cause ARDS in COVID-19 patients. In addition, we report that MASL also inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection of kidney epithelial cells in culture. This work identifies MASL as an agent with potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 related inflammatory syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Sheehan
- Department of Molecular Biology, And Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, 08084, USA
| | - Kelly L. Hamilton
- Department of Molecular Biology, And Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, 08084, USA
| | - Edward P. Retzbach
- Department of Molecular Biology, And Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, 08084, USA
| | - Premalatha Balachandran
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Harini Krishnan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8661, USA
| | - Paola Leone
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Cell and Gene Therapy Center, And Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, 08084, USA
| | - Moises Lopez-Gonzalez
- Regional Bio-containment Laboratory, Center for COVID-19 Response and Pandemic Preparedness (CRP2), Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Shraddha Suryavanshi
- Regional Bio-containment Laboratory, Center for COVID-19 Response and Pandemic Preparedness (CRP2), Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Regional Bio-containment Laboratory, Center for COVID-19 Response and Pandemic Preparedness (CRP2), Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Riccardo Russo
- Regional Bio-containment Laboratory, Center for COVID-19 Response and Pandemic Preparedness (CRP2), Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Gary S. Goldberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, And Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, 08084, USA,Corresponding author. B307 Science Center, Molecular Biology, Rowan-SOM, Stratford, NJ, 08084, USA
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9
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Wang X, Yi P, Liang Y. The Role of IL-36 in Infectious Diseases: Potential Target for COVID-19? Front Immunol 2021; 12:662266. [PMID: 34054828 PMCID: PMC8155493 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.662266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-36 is a member of the interleukin 1 cytokine family, which is currently experiencing a renaissance due to the growing understanding of its context-dependent roles and advances in our understanding of the inflammatory response. The immunological role of IL-36 has revealed its profound and indispensable functional roles in psoriasis, as well as in several inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and cancer. More recently, an increasing body of evidence suggests that IL-36 plays a crucial role in viral, bacterial and fungal infections. There is a growing interest as to whether IL-36 contributes to host protective immune responses against infection as well as the potential implications of IL-36 for the development of new therapeutic strategies. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in understanding cellular expression, regulatory mechanisms and biological roles of IL-36 in infectious diseases, which suggest more specific strategies to maneuver IL-36 as a diagnostic or therapeutic target, especially in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis of Hunan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Panpan Yi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis of Hunan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuejin Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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10
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Dai C, Me R, Gao N, Su G, Wu X, Yu FSX. Role of IL-36γ/IL-36R Signaling in Corneal Innate Defense Against Candida albicans Keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:10. [PMID: 33970198 PMCID: PMC8114008 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.6.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Interleukin (IL)-36 cytokines have been shown to play either beneficial or detrimental roles in the infection of mucosal tissues in a pathogen-dependent manner, but their involvement in fungal keratitis remains elusive. We herein investigated their expression and function in mediating corneal innate immunity against Candida albicans infection. Methods Gene expression in mouse corneas with or without C. albicans infection was determined by regular RT- and real-time (q)-PCR, Western blot analysis, ELISA or proteome profile assay. The severity of C. albicans keratitis was assessed using clinical scoring, bacterial counting, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity as an indicator of neutrophil infiltration. IL36R knockout mice and IL-33-specific siRNA were used to assess the involvement IL-33 signaling in C. albicans-infected corneas. B6 CD11c-DTR mice and clodronate liposomes were used to define the involvement of dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages in IL-36R signaling and C. albicans keratitis, respectively. Results IL-36γ were up-regulated in C57BL6 mouse corneas in response to C. albicans infection. IL-36 receptor-deficient mice display increased severity of keratitis, with a higher fungal load, MPO, and IL-1β levels, and lower soluble sIL-1Ra and calprotectin levels. Exogenous IL-36γ prevented fungal keratitis pathogenesis with lower fungal load and MPO activity, higher expression of sIL-1Ra and calprotectin, and lower expression of IL-1β, at mRNA or protein levels. Protein array analysis revealed that the expression of IL-33 and REG3G were related to IL-36/IL36R signaling, and siRNA downregulation of IL-33 increased the severity of C. albicans keratitis. Depletion of dendritic cells or macrophages resulted in severe C. albicans keratitis and yet exhibited minimal effects on exogenous IL-36γ-induced protection against C. albicans infection in B6 mouse corneas. Conclusions IL-36/IL36R signaling plays a protective role in fungal keratitis by promoting AMP expression and by suppressing fungal infection-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines in a dendritic cell- and macrophage-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Dai
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Rao Me
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Nan Gao
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Guanyu Su
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Xinyi Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fu-Shin X. Yu
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
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11
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Liu S, Li H, Wang Y, Li H, Du S, Zou X, Zhang X, Cao B. High Expression of IL-36γ in Influenza Patients Regulates Interferon Signaling Pathway and Causes Programmed Cell Death During Influenza Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:552606. [PMID: 33193319 PMCID: PMC7642405 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.552606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As a severe complication of influenza infection, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has higher morbidity and mortality. Although IL-36γ has been proven to promote inflammation at epithelial sites and protect against specific pathogen infection, the detailed roles in severe influenza infection remain poorly understood. In this study, we have found that the expression of IL-36γ is higher in influenza-induced ARDS patients than healthy individuals. IL-36γ was induced in human lung epithelial cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells by Influenza A virus (IAV) infection, and its induction was synergistically correlated with initiation of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) axis. We also have found that expression of superficial IL-36R was elevated in severe influenza patients and in IAV-stimulated cells. Furthermore, although IL-36γ enhanced the induction of type I and III interferons (IFNs), which promoted IAV-mediated IFN-stimulated STAT1 and STAT2 phosphorylated inhibition in lung epithelial cells, the downstream interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) were not affected. Finally, we have revealed that IL-36γ treatment could promote apoptosis and inhibit autophagy in the early stages of IAV infection. Overall, these findings demonstrated IL-36γ is a critical host immune factor in response to IAV infection. It has potential activity in the regulation of the interferon signaling pathway and was involved in different types of programmed cell death in human airway epithelial cells as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Clinical Center for Pulmonary Infections, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Clinical Center for Pulmonary Infections, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yeming Wang
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Clinical Center for Pulmonary Infections, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haibo Li
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Clinical Center for Pulmonary Infections, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Sisi Du
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Clinical Center for Pulmonary Infections, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Zou
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Clinical Center for Pulmonary Infections, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xulong Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Cao
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Clinical Center for Pulmonary Infections, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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12
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Hiz P, Kanbur E, Demir N, Akalin H, Cagan E, Pashazadeh M, Bal SH, Tezcan G, Oral HB, Budak F. Roles of novel IL-1 family (IL-36, IL-37, and IL-38) members in chronic brucellosis. Cytokine 2020; 135:155211. [PMID: 32736334 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The secretion of interleukin (IL)-1 family cytokines is one of the most potent and earliest pro-inflammatory responses triggered by brucellosis. However, the roles of the most recently discovered IL-1 family members, IL-36, IL-37, and IL-38, in the transition into the chronic form of brucellos is remain largely unknown. Therefore, in this study, the roles of IL-36, IL-37, and IL-38 in brucella infections and their effects on the transition from the acute to chronic form of the disease were investigated. Using peripheral blood samples from 40 patients with acute brucellosis, 40 patients with chronic brucellosis, and 40 healthy control subjects, we analysed the serum concentrations of secreted IL-36, IL-37, and IL-38 using ELISA. The findings were confirmed by using RT-qPCR to analyse the mRNA levels of the genes encoding IL-36, IL-37, and IL-38 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 10 randomly selected patients from each of the three groups. Our results showed that serum IL-37 (p < 0.001) and IL-38 (p < 0.001) concentrations were lower in patients with brucellosis than in the healthy controls. In addition, serum IL-37 and IL-38 concentrations were higher in the chronic patient group than in the acute patient group. The mRNA expression levels of IL-37 and IL1F10, genes that encode IL-38, did not affect serum cytokine secretion levels. This result suggests that the high secretion levels of IL-37 and IL-38 may be related to the progression into the chronic form of brucellosis. Our findings will aid in clarifying the mechanism of the transition of brucellosis from the acute to the chronic form of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Hiz
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ertan Kanbur
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Demir
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Halis Akalin
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Eren Cagan
- Clinics of Child Infection, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Education and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Mehrdat Pashazadeh
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Salih Haldun Bal
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Gulcin Tezcan
- Department of Fundamental Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Haluk Barbaros Oral
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Ferah Budak
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey.
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13
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Gardner JK, Swaims-Kohlmeier A, Herbst-Kralovetz MM. IL-36γ Is a Key Regulator of Neutrophil Infiltration in the Vaginal Microenvironment and Limits Neuroinvasion in Genital HSV-2 Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 203:2655-2664. [PMID: 31578266 PMCID: PMC9978960 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
HSV-2 is a neurotropic virus that causes a persistent, lifelong infection that increases risk for other sexually transmitted infections. The vaginal epithelium is the first line of defense against HSV-2 and coordinates the immune response through the secretion of immune mediators, including the proinflammatory cytokine IL-36γ. Previously, we showed that IL-36γ treatment promoted transient polymorphonuclear cell infiltration to the vaginal cavity and protected against lethal HSV-2 challenge. In this report, we reveal that IL-36γ specifically induces transient neutrophil infiltration but does not impact monocyte and macrophage recruitment. Using IL-36γ-/- mice in a lethal HSV-2 challenge model, we show that neutrophil counts are significantly reduced at 1 and 2 d postinfection and that KC-mediated mature neutrophil recruitment is impaired in IL-36γ-/- mice. Additionally, IL-36γ-/- mice develop genital disease more rapidly, have significantly reduced survival time, and exhibit an increased incidence of hind limb paralysis that is linked to productive HSV-2 infection in the brain stem. IL-36γ-/- mice also exhibit a significant delay in clearance of the virus from the vaginal epithelium and a more rapid spread of HSV-2 to the spinal cord, bladder, and colon. We further show that the decreased survival time and increased virus spread observed in IL-36γ-/- mice are not neutrophil-dependent, suggesting that IL-36γ may function to limit HSV-2 spread in the nervous system. Ultimately, we demonstrate that IL-36γ is a key regulator of neutrophil recruitment in the vaginal microenvironment and may function to limit HSV-2 neuroinvasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameson K. Gardner
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Alison Swaims-Kohlmeier
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Melissa M. Herbst-Kralovetz
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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14
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Kaipilyawar V, Salgame P. Infection resisters: targets of new research for uncovering natural protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 31602294 PMCID: PMC6774050 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.19805.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
“Infection resisters” are broadly defined as individuals who despite significant exposure to
Mycobacterium tuberculosis remain persistently unreactive to conventional detection assays, suggesting that they remain uninfected or rapidly clear their infection early on following exposure. In this review, we highlight recent studies that point to underlying host immune mechanisms that could mediate this natural resistance. We also illustrate some additional avenues that are likely to be differently modulated in resisters and possess the potential to be targeted, ranging from early mycobacterial sensing leading up to subsequent killing. Emerging research in this area can be harnessed to provide valuable insights into the development of novel therapeutic and vaccine strategies against
M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi Kaipilyawar
- Center for Emerging Pathogens, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, 225 Warren St, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Padmini Salgame
- Center for Emerging Pathogens, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, 225 Warren St, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
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15
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Joo YH, Kim HK, Hak Choi I, Han HM, Lee KJ, Kim TH, Lee SH. Increased expression of interleukin 36 in chronic rhinosinusitis and its contribution to chemokine secretion and increased epithelial permeability. Cytokine 2019; 125:154798. [PMID: 31430658 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-36 family, a recently reported member of the IL-1 cytokine family, plays an essential role in nonspecific innate immune response to infection. This study aims at investigating the expression of IL-36 family members (α, β, and γ) in normal and inflammatory sinus mucosa of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), their effects on chemokine secretion and on the barrier function of epithelial and endothelial cells, and the effect of Toll-like receptors on the expression of IL-36 in epithelial cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS The expression of IL-36 family in normal and inflammatory sinus mucosa, the production of chemokines or the expression levels of IL-36 family in epithelial cells treated with IL-36 family members or stimulated with TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, or TLR7/8 agonists were measured with real time PCR, ELISA, immunohistochemistry, or Western blot. The epithelial and endothelial permeability, and transendothelial leukocyte migration were investigated using cultured epithelial and endothelial cells. RESULTS IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ were localized in epithelial cells of sinonasal mucosa. Their levels increased in inflammatory mucosa of CRS patients and are up-regulated by TLR3, TLR4, or TLR5 agonists. IL-36α, or IL-36γ induced CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL3 production. Epithelial and endothelial permeability, transendothelial leukocyte migration were increased in cells treated with IL-36α, IL-36β, or IL-36γ. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ localized in superficial epithelium may act as a responder to microbial and nonmicrobial elements through TLR and subsequently produce CXC chemokines, playing an interplay between innate and adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ho Joo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ha Kyun Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In Hak Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hae Min Han
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki Jeong Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Hag Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
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16
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Gao Y, Wen Q, Hu S, Zhou X, Xiong W, Du X, Zhang L, Fu Y, Yang J, Zhou C, Zhang Z, Li Y, Liu H, Huang Y, Ma L. IL-36γ Promotes Killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Macrophages via WNT5A-Induced Noncanonical WNT Signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:922-935. [PMID: 31235551 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which primarily infects mononuclear phagocytes, remains the leading bacterial cause of enormous morbidity and mortality because of bacterial infections in humans throughout the world. The IL-1 family of cytokines is critical for host resistance to M. tuberculosis As a newly discovered subgroup of the IL-1 family, although IL-36 cytokines have been proven to play roles in protection against M. tuberculosis infection, the antibacterial mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that IL-36γ conferred to human monocyte-derived macrophages bacterial resistance through activation of autophagy as well as induction of WNT5A, a reported downstream effector of IL-1 involved in several inflammatory diseases. Further studies showed that WNT5A could enhance autophagy of monocyte-derived macrophages by inducing cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and in turn decrease phosphorylation of AKT/mTOR via noncanonical WNT signaling. Consistently, the underlying molecular mechanisms of IL-36γ function are also mediated by the COX-2/AKT/mTOR signaling axis. Altogether, our findings reveal a novel activity for IL-36γ as an inducer of autophagy, which represents a critical inflammatory cytokine that control the outcome of M. tuberculosis infection in human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchi Gao
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qian Wen
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shengfeng Hu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xinying Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wenjing Xiong
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xialin Du
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yuling Fu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jiahui Yang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chaoying Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zelin Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yanfen Li
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Honglin Liu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yulan Huang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Li Ma
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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17
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Mawatwal S, Behura A, Mishra A, Singh R, Dhiman R. Calcimycin induced IL-12 production inhibits intracellular mycobacterial growth by enhancing autophagy. Cytokine 2018; 111:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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18
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Gardner JK, Herbst-Kralovetz MM. IL-36γ induces a transient HSV-2 resistant environment that protects against genital disease and pathogenesis. Cytokine 2018; 111:63-71. [PMID: 30118914 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) causes a persistent, lifelong infection that increases risk for sexually transmitted infection acquisition. Both the lack of a vaccine and the need for chronic suppressive therapies to control infection presents the need to further understand immune mechanisms in response to acute HSV-2 infection. The IL-36 cytokines are recently identified members of the IL-1 family and function as inflammatory mediators at epithelial sites. Here, we first used a well-characterized three-dimensional (3-D) human vaginal epithelial cell (VEC) model to understand the role of IL-36γ in the context of HSV-2 infection. In 3-D VEC, IL-36γ is induced by HSV-2 infection, and pretreatment with exogenous IL-36γ significantly reduced HSV-2 replication. To assess the impact of IL-36γ treatment on HSV-2 disease pathogenesis, we employed a lethal genital infection model. We showed that IL-36γ treatment in mice prior to lethal intravaginal challenge significantly limited vaginal viral replication, delayed disease onset, decreased disease severity, and significantly increased survival. We demonstrated that IL-36γ treatment transiently induced pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and antimicrobial peptides in murine lower female reproductive tract (FRT) tissue and vaginal lavages. Induction of the chemokines CCL20 and KC in IL-36γ treated mice also corresponded with increased polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte infiltration observed in vaginal smears. Altogether, these studies demonstrate that IL-36γ drives the transient production of immune mediators and promotes PMN recruitment in the vaginal microenvironment that increases resistance to HSV-2 infection and disease. Our data indicate that IL-36γ may participate as a key player in host defense mechanisms against invading pathogens in the FRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameson K Gardner
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Melissa M Herbst-Kralovetz
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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19
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Verma AH, Zafar H, Ponde NO, Hepworth OW, Sihra D, Aggor FEY, Ainscough JS, Ho J, Richardson JP, Coleman BM, Hube B, Stacey M, McGeachy MJ, Naglik JR, Gaffen SL, Moyes DL. IL-36 and IL-1/IL-17 Drive Immunity to Oral Candidiasis via Parallel Mechanisms. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 201:627-634. [PMID: 29891557 PMCID: PMC6039262 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Protection against microbial infection by the induction of inflammation is a key function of the IL-1 superfamily, including both classical IL-1 and the new IL-36 cytokine families. Candida albicans is a frequent human fungal pathogen causing mucosal infections. Although the initiators and effectors important in protective host responses to C. albicans are well described, the key players in driving these responses remain poorly defined. Recent work has identified a central role played by IL-1 in inducing innate Type-17 immune responses to clear C. albicans infections. Despite this, lack of IL-1 signaling does not result in complete loss of immunity, indicating that there are other factors involved in mediating protection to this fungus. In this study, we identify IL-36 cytokines as a new player in these responses. We show that C. albicans infection of the oral mucosa induces the production of IL-36. As with IL-1α/β, induction of epithelial IL-36 depends on the hypha-associated peptide toxin Candidalysin. Epithelial IL-36 gene expression requires p38-MAPK/c-Fos, NF-κB, and PI3K signaling and is regulated by the MAPK phosphatase MKP1. Oral candidiasis in IL-36R-/- mice shows increased fungal burdens and reduced IL-23 gene expression, indicating a key role played by IL-36 and IL-23 in innate protective responses to this fungus. Strikingly, we observed no impact on gene expression of IL-17 or IL-17-dependent genes, indicating that this protection occurs via an alternative pathway to IL-1-driven immunity. Thus, IL-1 and IL-36 represent parallel epithelial cell-driven protective pathways in immunity to oral C. albicans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash H Verma
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Hanna Zafar
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole O Ponde
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Olivia W Hepworth
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Diksha Sihra
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Felix E Y Aggor
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Joseph S Ainscough
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Jemima Ho
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P Richardson
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Bianca M Coleman
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University, D-07737 Jena, Germany; and
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Stacey
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Mandy J McGeachy
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Julian R Naglik
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L Gaffen
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261;
| | - David L Moyes
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom;
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
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20
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Mahil SK, Catapano M, Di Meglio P, Dand N, Ahlfors H, Carr IM, Smith CH, Trembath RC, Peakman M, Wright J, Ciccarelli FD, Barker JN, Capon F. An analysis of IL-36 signature genes and individuals with IL1RL2 knockout mutations validates IL-36 as a psoriasis therapeutic target. Sci Transl Med 2018; 9:9/411/eaan2514. [PMID: 29021166 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aan2514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ are innate mediators of acute epithelial inflammation. We sought to demonstrate that these cytokines are also required for the pathogenesis of plaque psoriasis, a common and chronic skin disorder, caused by abnormal T helper 17 (TH17) cell activation. To investigate this possibility, we first defined the genes that are induced by IL-36 cytokines in primary human keratinocytes. This enabled us to demonstrate a significant IL-36 signature among the transcripts that are up-regulated in plaque psoriasis and the susceptibility loci associated with the disease in genome-wide studies. Next, we investigated the impact of in vivo and ex vivo IL-36 receptor blockade using a neutralizing antibody or a recombinant antagonist. Both inhibitors had marked anti-inflammatory effects on psoriatic skin, demonstrated by statistically significant reductions in IL-17 expression, keratinocyte activation, and leukocyte infiltration. Finally, we explored the potential safety profile associated with IL-36 blockade by phenotyping 12 individuals carrying knockout mutations of the IL-36 receptor gene. We found that normal immune function was broadly preserved in these individuals, suggesting that IL-36 signaling inhibition would not substantially compromise host defenses. These observations, which integrate the results of transcriptomics and model system analysis, pave the way for early-stage clinical trials of IL-36 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satveer K Mahil
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Marika Catapano
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.,Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Paola Di Meglio
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.,AhRimmunity Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Nick Dand
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Helena Ahlfors
- UCL Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Ian M Carr
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Catherine H Smith
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Richard C Trembath
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Mark Peakman
- Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Francesca D Ciccarelli
- Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK.,Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Jonathan N Barker
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Francesca Capon
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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21
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Gao N, Me R, Dai C, Seyoum B, Yu FSX. Opposing Effects of IL-1Ra and IL-36Ra on Innate Immune Response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection in C57BL/6 Mouse Corneas. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:688-699. [PMID: 29891552 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis is characterized by severe corneal ulceration and may lead to blindness if not treated properly in a timely manner. Although the roles of the IL-1 subfamily of cytokines are well established, as a newly discovered subfamily, IL-36 cytokine regulation, immunological relevance, and relation with IL-1 cytokines in host defense remain largely unknown. In this study, we showed that P. aeruginosa infection induces the expression of IL-36α and IL-36γ, as well as IL-1β and secreted IL-1Ra (sIL-1Ra), but not IL-36Ra. Downregulation of IL-1Ra increases, whereas downregulation of IL-36Ra decreases the severity of P. aeruginosa keratitis. IL-1R and IL-36Ra downregulation have opposing effects on the expression of IL-1β, sIL-1Ra, IL-36γ, S100A8, and CXCL10 and on the infiltration of innate immune cells. Administration of recombinant IL-1Ra improved, whereas IL-36Ra worsened the outcome of P. aeruginosa keratitis. Local application of IL-36γ stimulated the expression of innate defense molecules S100A9, mouse β-defensin 3, but suppressed IL-1β expression in B6 mouse corneas. IL-36γ diminished the severity of P. aeruginosa keratitis, and its protective effects were abolished in the presence of S100A9 neutralizing Ab and partially affected by CXCL10 and CXCR3 neutralizations. Thus, our data reveal that IL-1Ra and IL-36Ra have opposing effects on the outcome of P. aeruginosa keratitis and suggest that IL-36 agonists may be used as an alternative therapeutic to IL-1β-neutralizing reagents in controlling microbial keratitis and other mucosal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Rao Me
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Chenyang Dai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201.,Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250014, China; and
| | - Berhane Seyoum
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Fu-Shin X Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201; .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
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22
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Swindell WR, Beamer MA, Sarkar MK, Loftus S, Fullmer J, Xing X, Ward NL, Tsoi LC, Kahlenberg MJ, Liang Y, Gudjonsson JE. RNA-Seq Analysis of IL-1B and IL-36 Responses in Epidermal Keratinocytes Identifies a Shared MyD88-Dependent Gene Signature. Front Immunol 2018; 9:80. [PMID: 29434599 PMCID: PMC5796909 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-36 cytokines have recently emerged as mediators of inflammation in autoimmune conditions including psoriasis vulgaris (PsV) and generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP). This study used RNA-seq to profile the transcriptome of primary epidermal keratinocytes (KCs) treated with IL-1B, IL-36A, IL-36B, or IL-36G. We identified some early IL-1B-specific responses (8 h posttreatment), but nearly all late IL-1B responses were replicated by IL-36 cytokines (24 h posttreatment). Type I and II interferon genes exhibited time-dependent response patterns, with early induction (8 h) followed by no response or repression (24 h). Altogether, we identified 225 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with shared responses to all 4 cytokines at both time points (8 and 24 h). These involved upregulation of ligands (IL1A, IL1B, and IL36G) and activating proteases (CTSS) but also upregulation of inhibitors such as IL1RN and IL36RN. Shared IL-1B/IL-36 DEGs overlapped significantly with genes altered in PsV and GPP skin lesions, as well as genes near GWAS loci linked to autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases (e.g., PsV, psoriatic arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and primary biliary cholangitis). Inactivation of MyD88 adapter protein using CRISPR/Cas9 completely abolished expression responses of such DEGs to IL-1B and IL-36G stimulation. These results provide a global view of IL-1B and IL-36 expression responses in epidermal KCs with fine-scale characterization of time-dependent and cytokine-specific response patterns. Our findings support an important role for IL-1B and IL-36 in autoimmune or autoinflammatory conditions and show that MyD88 adaptor protein mediates shared IL-1B/IL-36 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Swindell
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Maria A Beamer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Mrinal K Sarkar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Shannon Loftus
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Joseph Fullmer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Xianying Xing
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Nicole L Ward
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Lam C Tsoi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Michelle J Kahlenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yun Liang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Johann E Gudjonsson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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23
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Ahsan F, Maertzdorf J, Guhlich-Bornhof U, Kaufmann SHE, Moura-Alves P. IL-36/LXR axis modulates cholesterol metabolism and immune defense to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1520. [PMID: 29367626 PMCID: PMC5784124 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19476-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a life-threatening pathogen in humans. Bacterial infection of macrophages usually triggers strong innate immune mechanisms, including IL-1 cytokine secretion. The newer member of the IL-1 family, IL-36, was recently shown to be involved in cellular defense against Mtb. To unveil the underlying mechanism of IL-36 induced antibacterial activity, we analyzed its role in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism, together with the involvement of Liver X Receptor (LXR) in this process. We report that, in Mtb-infected macrophages, IL-36 signaling modulates cholesterol biosynthesis and efflux via LXR. Moreover, IL-36 induces the expression of cholesterol-converting enzymes and the accumulation of LXR ligands, such as oxysterols. Ultimately, both IL-36 and LXR signaling play a role in the regulation of antimicrobial peptides expression and in Mtb growth restriction. These data provide novel evidence for the importance of IL-36 and cholesterol metabolism mediated by LXR in cellular host defense against Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadhil Ahsan
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Jeroen Maertzdorf
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Ute Guhlich-Bornhof
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, 10117, Germany.
| | - Pedro Moura-Alves
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, 10117, Germany.
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24
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Aoyagi T, Newstead MW, Zeng X, Nanjo Y, Peters-Golden M, Kaku M, Standiford TJ. Interleukin-36γ and IL-36 receptor signaling mediate impaired host immunity and lung injury in cytotoxic Pseudomonas aeruginosa pulmonary infection: Role of prostaglandin E2. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006737. [PMID: 29166668 PMCID: PMC5718565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative pathogen that can lead to severe infection associated with lung injury and high mortality. The interleukin (IL)-36 cytokines (IL-36α, IL-36β and IL-36γ) are newly described IL-1 like family cytokines that promote inflammatory response via binding to the IL-36 receptor (IL-36R). Here we investigated the functional role of IL-36 cytokines in the modulating of innate immune response against P. aeruginosa pulmonary infection. The intratracheal administration of flagellated cytotoxic P. aeruginosa (ATCC 19660) upregulated IL-36α and IL-36γ, but not IL-36β, in the lungs. IL-36α and IL-36γ were expressed in pulmonary macrophages (PMs) and alveolar epithelial cells in response to P. aeruginosa in vitro. Mortality after bacterial challenge in IL-36 receptor deficient (IL-36R-/-) mice and IL-36γ deficient (IL-36γ-/-) mice, but not IL-36α deficient mice, was significantly lower than that of wild type mice. Decreased mortality in IL-36R-/- mice and IL-36γ-/- mice was associated with reduction in bacterial burden in the alveolar space, bacterial dissemination, production of inflammatory cytokines and lung injury, without changes in lung leukocyte influx. Interestingly, IL-36γ enhanced the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) during P. aeruginosa infection in vivo and in vitro. Treatment of PMs with recombinant IL-36γ resulted in impaired bacterial killing via PGE2 and its receptor; EP2. P. aeruginosa infected EP2 deficient mice or WT mice treated with a COX-2-specific inhibitor showed decreased bacterial burden and dissemination, but no change in lung injury. Finally, we observed an increase in IL-36γ, but not IL-36α, in the airspace and plasma of patients with P. aeruginosa-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. Thus, IL-36γ and its receptor signal not only impaired bacterial clearance in a possible PGE2 dependent fashion but also mediated lung injury during P. aeruginosa infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuji Aoyagi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Diagnostics, Internal Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael W. Newstead
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Xianying Zeng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yuta Nanjo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marc Peters-Golden
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Mitsuo Kaku
- Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Diagnostics, Internal Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Theodore J. Standiford
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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25
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Reuschl AK, Edwards MR, Parker R, Connell DW, Hoang L, Halliday A, Jarvis H, Siddiqui N, Wright C, Bremang S, Newton SM, Beverley P, Shattock RJ, Kon OM, Lalvani A. Innate activation of human primary epithelial cells broadens the host response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the airways. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006577. [PMID: 28863187 PMCID: PMC5605092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Early events in the human airways determining whether exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) results in acquisition of infection are poorly understood. Epithelial cells are the dominant cell type in the lungs, but little is known about their role in tuberculosis. We hypothesised that human primary airway epithelial cells are part of the first line of defense against Mtb-infection and contribute to the protective host response in the human respiratory tract. We modelled these early airway-interactions with human primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs) and alveolar macrophages. By combining in vitro infection and transwell co-culture models with a global transcriptomic approach, we identified PBECs to be inert to direct Mtb-infection, yet to be potent responders within an Mtb-activated immune network, mediated by IL1β and type I interferon (IFN). Activation of PBECs by Mtb-infected alveolar macrophages and monocytes increased expression of known and novel antimycobacterial peptides, defensins and S100-family members and epithelial-myeloid interactions further shaped the immunological environment during Mtb-infection by promoting neutrophil influx. This is the first in depth analysis of the primary epithelial response to infection and offers new insights into their emerging role in tuberculosis through complementing and amplifying responses to Mtb. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent of tuberculosis, which remains a major public health burden today. In the majority of cases, infection is acquired by inhalation of aerosolised bacteria. Mtb is thought to target alveolar macrophages in the lower airways to establish infection. However, the cells predominantly lining the respiratory tract are epithelial cells and thus are likely crucial during the early host-pathogen interactions. We recovered primary human bronchial epithelial cells from healthy volunteers to assess their global transcriptomic response to direct Mtb-exposure and exposure to Mtb-infected myeloid cells. Our analysis revealed that, while being inert to direct Mtb-infection, epithelial cells were highly responsive to soluble mediators released by infected macrophages. The epithelial response induced by this cellular cross-talk, promoted neutrophil influx in vitro as well as the increase of antimycobaterial host responses. Our data provide novel and unexpected insights into the role of the primary human airway epithelium and define a non-redundant role for epithelial cells in shaping the local immunological environment at the site of initial Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Reuschl
- Tuberculosis Research Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R. Edwards
- Department of Cytopathology, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Parker
- Tuberculosis Research Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Connell
- Tuberculosis Research Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Long Hoang
- Tuberculosis Research Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Halliday
- Tuberculosis Research Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Jarvis
- Tuberculosis Research Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nazneen Siddiqui
- Tuberculosis Research Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Corrina Wright
- Respiratory Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Bremang
- Tuberculosis Research Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra M. Newton
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, St Mary’s Campus, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Beverley
- Tuberculosis Research Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin J. Shattock
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Onn Min Kon
- Tuberculosis Research Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ajit Lalvani
- Tuberculosis Research Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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26
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Thomi R, Kakeda M, Yawalkar N, Schlapbach C, Hunger RE. Increased expression of the interleukin-36 cytokines in lesions of hidradenitis suppurativa. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 31:2091-2096. [PMID: 28602023 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a recalcitrant chronic skin disease with poorly understood immunopathogenic mechanisms. Previous studies reported that the interleukin-36 (IL-36) cytokines [IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ and IL-36 receptor antagonists (IL-36RA)] are important players in the pathogenesis of psoriasis (PS). OBJECTIVE We aim to determine whether the IL-36 cytokines are upregulated in patients with HS. For this purpose, we analysed local expression and systemic levels of the IL-36 cytokines in patients with HS and compared the results to healthy donors and patients with PS. METHODS Skin biopsies from healthy donors and HS and PS patients were analysed for expression of the IL-36 cytokines by immunohistochemistry and semiquantitative real-time PCR. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure systemic levels of the IL-36 cytokines in the serum of the three donor groups. RESULTS The agonists IL-36α, IL-36β and IL-36γ were found to be upregulated in HS both systemically and lesionally, while the IL-36RA was not differently regulated in comparison to healthy donors. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the agonistic IL-36 isoforms are upregulated in HS. The relevance of the enhanced production of IL-36 cytokines in HS pathogenesis remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Thomi
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Kakeda
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Dermatology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - N Yawalkar
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - C Schlapbach
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - R E Hunger
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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27
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Jensen LE. Interleukin-36 cytokines may overcome microbial immune evasion strategies that inhibit interleukin-1 family signaling. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/492/eaan3589. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aan3589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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28
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IL-36γ Induced by the TLR3-SLUG-VDR Axis Promotes Wound Healing via REG3A. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:2620-2629. [PMID: 28774595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.07.820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
IL-36 family members are highly expressed in hyperproliferative keratinocytes and play an important role in the pathogenesis of skin diseases such as psoriasis. However, whether and how IL-36 cytokines are induced to promote wound healing remains unknown. Here we showed that skin injury increased the expression of IL-36γ to promote wound healing. Mechanistically, the expression of IL-36γ was induced by RNAs from damaged cells via the activation of toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing IFN-β (TRIF) followed by the induction of a zinc finger protein SLUG to abrogate the inhibitory effect of vitamin D receptor (VDR) on the promoter of IL-36γ gene. IL-36γ acted back on keratinocytes to induce REG3A, which regulated keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, thus promoting wound re-epithelialization. These observations show that skin injury increases IL-36γ via the activation of TLR3-SLUG-VDR axis and that IL-36γ induces REG3A to promote wound healing. These findings also provide insights into pathways contributing to wound repair.
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