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Su R, Zhang T, Wang H, Yan G, Wu R, Zhang X, Gao C, Li X, Wang C. New sights of low dose IL-2: Restoration of immune homeostasis for viral infection. Immunology 2024; 171:324-338. [PMID: 37985960 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infection poses a significant threat to human health. In addition to the damage caused by viral replication, the immune response it triggers often leads to more serious adverse consequences. After the occurrence of viral infection, in addition to the adverse consequences of infection, chronic infections can also lead to virus-related autoimmune diseases and tumours. At the same time, the immune response triggered by viral infection is complex, and dysregulated immune response may lead to the occurrence of immune pathology and macrophage activation syndrome. In addition, it may cause secondary immune suppression, especially in patients with compromised immune system, which could lead to the occurrence of secondary infections by other pathogens. This can often result in more severe clinical outcomes. Therefore, regarding the treatment of viral infections, restoring the balance of the immune system is crucial in addition to specific antiviral medications. In recent years, scientists have made an interesting finding that low dose IL-2 (ld-IL-2) could potentially have a crucial function in regulating the immune system and reducing the chances of infection, especially viral infection. Ld-IL-2 exerts immune regulatory effects in different types of viral infections by modulating CD4+ T subsets, CD8+ T cells, natural killer cells, and so on. Our review summarised the role of IL-2 or IL-2 complexes in viral infections. Ld-IL-2 may be an effective strategy for enhancing host antiviral immunity and preventing infection from becoming chronic; additionally, the appropriate use of it can help prevent excessive inflammatory response after infection. In the long term, it may reduce the occurrence of infection-related autoimmune diseases and tumours by promoting the restoration of early immune homeostasis. Furthermore, we have also summarised the application of ld-IL-2 in the context of autoimmune diseases combined with viral infections; it may be a safe and effective strategy for restoring immune homeostasis without compromising the antiviral immune response. In conclusion, focusing on the role of ld-IL-2 in viral infections may provide a new perspective for regulating immune responses following viral infections and improving prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Su
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Immunomicroecology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Immunomicroecology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Immunomicroecology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Gaofei Yan
- Second department, Hamony Long Stomatological Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ruihe Wu
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Immunomicroecology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Immunomicroecology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Chong Gao
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Children's Hospital Boston, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Immunomicroecology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Immunomicroecology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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2
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González-Granado LI, Martín-Nalda A, Alsina L, Neth O, Santamaría M, Soler-Palacín P. Infecciones por virus respiratorio sincitial que requieren hospitalización en pacientes con inmunodeficiencias primarias. An Pediatr (Barc) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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3
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Respiratory syncytial virus infections requiring hospitalization in patients with primary immunodeficiency. An Pediatr (Barc) 2022; 96:492-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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4
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Hervé PL, Dhelft V, Zuniga A, Ghasparian A, Rassek O, Yim KC, Donne N, Lambert PH, Benhamou PH, Sampson HA, Mondoulet L. Epicutaneous immunization using synthetic virus-like particles efficiently boosts protective immunity to respiratory syncytial virus. Vaccine 2021; 39:4555-4563. [PMID: 34154864 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.03.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite the substantial health and economic burden caused by RSV-associated illness, no vaccine is available. The sole licensed treatment (palivizumab), composed of a monoclonal neutralizing antibody, blocks the fusion of the virus to the host cell but does not prevent infection. The development of a safe and efficacious RSV vaccine is therefore a priority, but also a considerable challenge, and new innovative strategies are warranted. Most of the adult population encounter regular RSV infections and can elicit a robust neutralizing antibody response, but unfortunately it wanes over time and reinfections during subsequent seasons are common. One approach to protect the mother and young infant from RSV infection is to administer a vaccine capable of boosting preexisting RSV immunity during pregnancy, which would provide protection to the fetus through passive transfer of maternal antibodies, thus preventing primary RSV infection in newborns during their first months of life. Here, we describe the preclinical evaluation of an epicutaneous RSV vaccine booster that combines epicutaneous patches as a delivery platform and a Synthetic Virus-Like Particles (SVLP)-based vaccine displaying multiple RSV F-protein site II (FsII, palivizumab epitope) mimetic as antigen (V-306). We demonstrated in mice that epicutaneous immunization with V-306 efficiently boosts preexisting immunity induced by the homologous V-306 administered subcutaneously. This boosting was characterized by a significant increase in F- and FsII-specific antibodies capable of competing with palivizumab for its target antigen and neutralize RSV. More importantly, epicutaneous booster immunization with V-306 significantly decreased lung viral replication in experimental mice after intranasal RSV challenge, without inducing enhanced RSV disease. In conclusion, an epicutaneous booster vaccine based on V-306 is safe and efficacious in enhancing RSV preexisting immunity in mice. This needle-free vaccine candidate would be potentially suited as a booster vaccine for vulnerable populations such as young infants via pregnant women, and the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Louis Hervé
- DBV Technologies, 177-181 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, 92120 Montrouge, France.
| | - Véronique Dhelft
- DBV Technologies, 177-181 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, 92120 Montrouge, France
| | - Armando Zuniga
- Virometix AG, Wagisstrasse 14, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Arin Ghasparian
- Virometix AG, Wagisstrasse 14, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Rassek
- Virometix AG, Wagisstrasse 14, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Kevin C Yim
- Sigmovir Biosystems, Inc., 9610 Medical Center Drive, Suite #100, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Nathalie Donne
- DBV Technologies, 177-181 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, 92120 Montrouge, France
| | - Paul-Henri Lambert
- WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Hugh A Sampson
- DBV Technologies, 12 East 49th Street Tower 49, Suite 4001, New York, NY 10017, USA
| | - Lucie Mondoulet
- DBV Technologies, 177-181 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, 92120 Montrouge, France
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5
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Xie M, Yunis J, Yao Y, Shi J, Yang Y, Zhou P, Liang K, Wan Y, Mehdi A, Chen Z, Wang N, Xu S, Zhou M, Yu M, Wang K, Tao Y, Zhou Y, Li X, Liu X, Yu X, Wei Y, Liu Z, Sprent J, Yu D. High levels of soluble CD25 in COVID-19 severity suggest a divergence between anti-viral and pro-inflammatory T-cell responses. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1251. [PMID: 33614032 PMCID: PMC7883478 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We aimed to gain an understanding of the paradox of the immunity in COVID-19 patients with T cells showing both functional defects and hyperactivation and enhanced proliferation. Methods A total of 280 hospitalised patients with COVID-19 were evaluated for cytokine profiles and clinical features including viral shedding. A mouse model of acute infection by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) was applied to dissect the relationship between immunological, virological and pathological features. The results from the mouse model were validated by published data set of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of immune cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of COVID-19 patients. Results The levels of soluble CD25 (sCD25), IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-α were higher in severe COVID-19 patients than non-severe cases, but only sCD25 was identified as an independent risk factor for disease severity by multivariable binary logistic regression analysis and showed a positive association with the duration of viral shedding. In agreement with the clinical observation, LCMV-infected mice with high levels of sCD25 demonstrated insufficient anti-viral response and delayed viral clearance. The elevation of sCD25 in mice was mainly contributed by the expansion of CD25+CD8+ T cells that also expressed the highest level of PD-1 with pro-inflammatory potential. The counterpart human CD25+PD-1+ T cells were expanded in BALF of COVID-19 patients with severe disease compared to those with modest disease. Conclusion These results suggest that high levels of sCD25 in COVID-19 patients probably result from insufficient anti-viral immunity and indicate an expansion of pro-inflammatory T cells that contribute to disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases National Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease Wuhan China
| | - Joseph Yunis
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute Faculty of Medicine The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Yin Yao
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute Faculty of Medicine The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Jing Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases National Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease Wuhan China
| | - Yang Yang
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute Faculty of Medicine The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia.,Shandong Artificial Intelligence Institute Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan China
| | - Pengcheng Zhou
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute Faculty of Medicine The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease John Curtin School of Medical Research Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Kaili Liang
- China-Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology Shanghai Renji Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai
| | - Yanmin Wan
- Department of Infectious Diseases Huashan Hospital Fudan University Shanghai China.,Department of Radiology Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Ahmed Mehdi
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute Faculty of Medicine The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Zhian Chen
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute Faculty of Medicine The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Naiqi Wang
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute Faculty of Medicine The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Shuyun Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases National Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease Wuhan China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases National Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease Wuhan China
| | - Muqing Yu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases National Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease Wuhan China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases National Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease Wuhan China
| | - Yu Tao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases National Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease Wuhan China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases National Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease Wuhan China
| | - Xiaochen Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases National Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease Wuhan China
| | - Xiansheng Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases National Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease Wuhan China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Urology Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Yunbo Wei
- Shandong Artificial Intelligence Institute Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Jonathan Sprent
- Immunology Division Garvan Institute of Medical Research Darlinghurst NSW Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Di Yu
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute Faculty of Medicine The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia.,Shandong Artificial Intelligence Institute Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan China.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease John Curtin School of Medical Research Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia.,China-Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology Shanghai Renji Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai
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6
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Acute Conditioning of Antigen-Expanded CD8 + T Cells via the GSK3β-mTORC Axis Differentially Dictates Their Immediate and Distal Responses after Antigen Rechallenge. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123766. [PMID: 33327544 PMCID: PMC7765077 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Expanded, antigen-experienced CD8+ T cells are utilized in immunotherapy to treat infections and cancers. Antigen rechallenge of these cells leads to their re-expansion. The effector functions of re-expanded CD8+ T cells are critical for their therapeutic efficacy. We found that acute conditioning of the cells, before antigen rechallenge, impacts their effector function after re-expansion. Our data showed that acute pharmacological modulation of the GSK3β-mTORC axis with TWS119 or rapamycin, but not Torin1, before antigen rechallenge promotes the effector functions of re-expanded CD8+ T cells. These findings suggest that acute conditioning of the GSK3β-mTORC axis in expanded CD8+ T cells, before antigen rechallenge, can promote the therapeutic performance of re-expanded CD8+ T cells. Abstract CD8+ T cells protect against tumors and intracellular pathogens. The inflammatory cytokines IL-2, IL-15, and IL-7 are necessary for their expansion. However, elevated serum levels of these cytokines are often associated with cancer, poorer prognosis of cancer patients, and exhaustion of antigen-expanded CD8+ T cells. The impact of acute conditioning of antigen-expanded CD8+ T cells with these cytokines is unknown. Here, we generated antigen-expanded CD8+ T cells using dendritic cells and PC-3 cells. The cells were acutely (18–24 h) conditioned with IL-2 and either the GSK3β inhibitor TWS119, the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin, or the mTORC1/2 inhibitor Torin1, then their immediate and post-re-expansion (distal) cytokine responses after antigen rechallenge were evaluated. We found that acute IL-2 conditioning upregulated the immediate antigen-induced cytokine response of the tested cells. Following their re-expansion, however, the cells showed a decreased cytokine response. These IL-2 conditioning-mediated impacts were counteracted with TWS119 or rapamycin but not with Torin1. Our data revealed that the acute conditioning of antigen-expanded CD8+ T cells with IL-2 modulates the GSK3β-mTORC signaling axis. This modulation differentially affected the immediate and distal cytokine responses of the cells. The acute targeting of this signaling axis could, therefore, represent a novel strategy for the modulation of antigen-expanded CD8+ T cells.
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7
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Sananez I, Raiden S, Holgado MP, Seery V, De Lillo L, Davenport C, Ferrero F, Peeples ME, Geffner J, Arruvito L. Upregulation of CD32 in T Cells from Infants with Severe Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease: A New Costimulatory Pathway? Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 63:133-136. [PMID: 32609012 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0025le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Inés Sananez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvina Raiden
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina.,Hospital General de Niños "Pedro de Elizalde"Buenos Aires, Argentinaand
| | - María P Holgado
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vanesa Seery
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonardo De Lillo
- Hospital General de Niños "Pedro de Elizalde"Buenos Aires, Argentinaand
| | | | - Fernando Ferrero
- Hospital General de Niños "Pedro de Elizalde"Buenos Aires, Argentinaand
| | - Mark E Peeples
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's HospitalColumbus, Ohio
| | - Jorge Geffner
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lourdes Arruvito
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina
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8
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Roberts NJ. Respiratory syncytial virus suppression of the antiviral immune response: Implications for evaluation of candidate vaccines. Vaccine 2019; 37:7451-7454. [PMID: 31607601 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.09.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus infections recur throughout life despite induction of immunity by the first natural infection. Results of an extensive series of studies indicate that the virus adversely affects the human antiviral recall response to challenge, although subsequent infections are less severe than the initial illness. The observations suggest that candidate vaccines for respiratory syncytial virus should not be expected to prevent clinical illness upon subsequent exposure. Candidate vaccines may be considered effective if they render a subsequent natural infection less severe. This is what would be expected from an initial and commonly more severe natural infection and sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert J Roberts
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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9
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Soni B, Singh S. Cytokine Milieu in Infectious Disease: A Sword or a Boon? J Interferon Cytokine Res 2019; 40:24-32. [PMID: 31553263 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2019.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines have a myriad role in an infectious disease, whether being pathogenic, bacterial, or viral. All proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine biological function are dependent on its concentration, followed by combination with the other cytokines and the stage of the disease. Plasticity in switching off from one phenotype to the other of these regulatory mediators in congruence with the traditional concept of inhibitory and stimulatory effects on immune system is dealt with. This review highlights the dual functionality of some of these cytokines and cytokine-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavnita Soni
- Department of Pathogenesis and Cellular Response, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - Shailza Singh
- Department of Pathogenesis and Cellular Response, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
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