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Gries R, Chhen J, van Gumpel E, Theobald SJ, Sonnenkalb L, Utpatel C, Metzen F, Koch M, Dallenga T, Djaout K, Baulard A, Dal Molin M, Rybniker J. Discovery of dual-active ethionamide boosters inhibiting the Mycobacterium tuberculosis ESX-1 secretion system. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:699-711.e6. [PMID: 38181799 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains a major public health concern requiring complementary approaches to standard anti-tuberculous regimens. Anti-virulence molecules or compounds that enhance the activity of antimicrobial prodrugs are promising alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Exploiting host cell-based drug discovery, we identified an oxadiazole compound (S3) that blocks the ESX-1 secretion system, a major virulence factor of Mtb. S3-treated mycobacteria showed impaired intracellular growth and a reduced ability to lyse macrophages. RNA sequencing experiments of drug-exposed bacteria revealed strong upregulation of a distinct set of genes including ethA, encoding a monooxygenase activating the anti-tuberculous prodrug ethionamide. Accordingly, we found a strong ethionamide boosting effect in S3-treated Mtb. Extensive structure-activity relationship experiments revealed that anti-virulence and ethionamide-boosting activity can be uncoupled by chemical modification of the primary hit molecule. To conclude, this series of dual-active oxadiazole compounds targets Mtb via two distinct mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Gries
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jason Chhen
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Edeltraud van Gumpel
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian J Theobald
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Lindsay Sonnenkalb
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 23845 Borstel, Germany; Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Christian Utpatel
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 23845 Borstel, Germany; Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Fabian Metzen
- Institute for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology, Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Manuel Koch
- Institute for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology, Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Tobias Dallenga
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 23845 Borstel, Germany; Cellular Microbiology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Kamel Djaout
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Alain Baulard
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Michael Dal Molin
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan Rybniker
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
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Park HE, Kim KM, Shin JI, Choi JG, An WJ, Trinh MP, Kang KM, Yoo JW, Byun JH, Jung MH, Lee KH, Kang HL, Baik SC, Lee WK, Shin MK. Prominent transcriptomic changes in Mycobacterium intracellulare under acidic and oxidative stress. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:376. [PMID: 38632539 PMCID: PMC11022373 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10292-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), including Mycobacterium intracellulare is a member of slow-growing mycobacteria and contributes to a substantial proportion of nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease in humans affecting immunocompromised and elderly populations. Adaptation of pathogens in hostile environments is crucial in establishing infection and persistence within the host. However, the sophisticated cellular and molecular mechanisms of stress response in M. intracellulare still need to be fully explored. We aimed to elucidate the transcriptional response of M. intracellulare under acidic and oxidative stress conditions. RESULTS At the transcriptome level, 80 genes were shown [FC] ≥ 2.0 and p < 0.05 under oxidative stress with 10 mM hydrogen peroxide. Specifically, 77 genes were upregulated, while 3 genes were downregulated. In functional analysis, oxidative stress conditions activate DNA replication, nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair, homologous recombination, and tuberculosis pathways. Additionally, our results demonstrate that DNA replication and repair system genes, such as dnaB, dinG, urvB, uvrD2, and recA, are indispensable for resistance to oxidative stress. On the contrary, 878 genes were shown [FC] ≥ 2.0 and p < 0.05 under acidic stress with pH 4.5. Among these genes, 339 were upregulated, while 539 were downregulated. Functional analysis highlighted nitrogen and sulfur metabolism pathways as the primary responses to acidic stress. Our findings provide evidence of the critical role played by nitrogen and sulfur metabolism genes in the response to acidic stress, including narGHIJ, nirBD, narU, narK3, cysND, cysC, cysH, ferredoxin 1 and 2, and formate dehydrogenase. CONCLUSION Our results suggest the activation of several pathways potentially critical for the survival of M. intracellulare under a hostile microenvironment within the host. This study indicates the importance of stress responses in M. intracellulare infection and identifies promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Eui Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Min Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ih Shin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Gyu Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Jun An
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Minh Phuong Trinh
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Min Kang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Wan Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Byun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Hwan Jung
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kon-Ho Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Lyun Kang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Cheol Baik
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Kon Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyoung Shin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Convergence of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea.
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Sun H, Sheng G, Xu Y, Chu H, Cao T, Dai G, Tian N, Duan H, Sun Z. Efflux pump Rv1258c activates novel functions of the oxidative stress and via the VII secretion system ESX-3-mediated iron metabolic pathway in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbes Infect 2024; 26:105239. [PMID: 37863312 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and iron metabolism are essential for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) survival in host cells. The efflux pump Rv1258c belongs to the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) and can actively pump drugs to promote certain drug resistance in M.tb. In this study, we compared H37RvΔRv1258c with wild-type (WT) M.tb H37Rv. The qRT-PCR results suggested that Rv1258c is potentially involved in the iron metabolic pathway by regulating the expression of ESX-3, which is required for iron uptake. Protein-Protein Affinity Predictor (PPA-Pred2) and the artificial intelligence program AlphaFold 2 were used for prediction and showed that Rv1258c has direct interactions with PPE4 and EccD3 but weak interactions with EccB3. This was further determined via protein-protein interaction analysis of the yeast two-hybrid expression system. By comparing mutant H37RvΔRv1258c strains with WT strains, we discovered that the absence of Rv1258c led to elevated intracellular H+ potential and NAD+/NADH ratios in M.tb, thereby resulting in oxidative stress. We hypothesize that the efflux pump Rv1258c not only has the function of regulating drug resistance in M.tb but also has a novel function in activating oxidative stress and regulating ESX-3-associated iron metabolism in M.tb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sun
- Translational Medicine Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China, Beijing Key Laboratory in Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Gang Sheng
- Translational Medicine Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China, Beijing Key Laboratory in Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Yuhui Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Hongqian Chu
- Translational Medicine Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China, Beijing Key Laboratory in Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Tingming Cao
- Translational Medicine Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China, Beijing Key Laboratory in Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Guangming Dai
- Translational Medicine Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China, Beijing Key Laboratory in Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Na Tian
- Translational Medicine Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China, Beijing Key Laboratory in Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Huijuan Duan
- Translational Medicine Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China, Beijing Key Laboratory in Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Zhaogang Sun
- Translational Medicine Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China, Beijing Key Laboratory in Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, China.
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Campolattano N, D'Abrosca G, Russo L, De Siena B, Della Gala M, De Chiara I, Marasco R, Goff A, Waddell SJ, Sacco M, Muscariello L. Insight into the on/off switch that regulates expression of the MSMEG-3762/63 efflux pump in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20332. [PMID: 37989843 PMCID: PMC10663510 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47695-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is one of the most difficult challenges facing tuberculosis (TB) control. Drug efflux is among the mechanisms leading to drug resistance. In our previous studies, we partially characterized the ABC-type MSMEG-3762/63 efflux pump in Mycobacterium smegmatis, which shares high percentage of identity with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv1687/86c pump. MSMEG-3762/63 was shown to have extrusion activity for rifampicin and ciprofloxacin, used in first and second-line anti-TB treatments. Moreover, we described the functional role of the TetR-like MSMEG-3765 protein as a repressor of the MSMEG_3762/63/65 operon and orthologous Rv1687/86/85c in M. tuberculosis. Here we show that the operon is upregulated in the macrophage environment, supporting a previous observation of induction triggered by acid-nitrosative stress. Expression of the efflux pump was also induced by sub-inhibitory concentrations of rifampicin or ciprofloxacin. Both these drugs also prevented the binding of the MSMEG-3765 TetR repressor protein to its operator in the MSMEG_3762/63/65 operon. The hypothesis that these two drugs might be responsible for the induction of the efflux pump operon was assessed by bioinformatics analyses. Docking studies using a structural model of the regulator MSMEG-3765 showed that both antibiotics abolished the ability of this transcriptional repressor to recognize the efflux pump operon by interacting with the homodimer at different binding sites within the same binding pocket. Reduced binding of the repressor leads to induction of the efflux pump in M. smegmatis, and reduced efficacy of these two anti-mycobacterial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Campolattano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Gianluca D'Abrosca
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Luigi Russo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Barbara De Siena
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Milena Della Gala
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Ida De Chiara
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Rosangela Marasco
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Aaron Goff
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9PX, UK
| | - Simon J Waddell
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9PX, UK
| | - Margherita Sacco
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Lidia Muscariello
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy.
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5
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Krishnan V, Nath S, Nair P, Das B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its clever approaches to escape the deadly macrophage. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:300. [PMID: 37667129 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03735-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mt.b), a deadly disease causer, is a facultative parasite. This microorganism has developed several methods to defend itself, once internalized within specialised vacuoles in the macrophages. A wide array of receptors like the complement receptor mannose receptors, scavenger receptor assists the entry of the microbe within the phagocytic macrophages. However, Mt.b is clever enough to protect itself from the hostile environment of the macrophage thereby prevailing within it. The microbe can efficiently inhibit processes like phagosome-lysosome fusion, acidification of phagosomes, release of proinflammatory cytokines and stop crucial events like apoptosis. Additionally, it also adopts resistance to killing by reactive oxygen intermediates and reactive nitrogen intermediates. There are multiple genes both in host and the pathogen which are involved in this successful survival of Mt.b. The regulation of phagolysosome fusion is mediated by proteins such as Coronin, TlyA, SapM, PnkG, EsxH. The microbe has certain mechanisms to even acquire iron from the host cell, to withstand iron deprivation as a mode of host's defence mechanism. This review focuses on the various defensive adaptations acquired by Mt.b for fighting against the deprived conditions existing within the macrophages and their capability of proliferating successfully within it, thereby resulting in a diseased condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinaya Krishnan
- Department of Biotechnology, Mount Carmel College Autonomous, Bengaluru, 560052, India
| | | | - Preetha Nair
- Department of Biotechnology, Mount Carmel College Autonomous, Bengaluru, 560052, India
| | - Bannhi Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Mount Carmel College Autonomous, Bengaluru, 560052, India.
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Gorzynski M, De Ville K, Week T, Jaramillo T, Danelishvili L. Understanding the Phage-Host Interaction Mechanism toward Improving the Efficacy of Current Antibiotics in Mycobacterium abscessus. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051379. [PMID: 37239050 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary infections caused by Mycobacterium abscessus (MAB) have been increasing in incidence in recent years, leading to chronic and many times fatal infections due to MAB's natural resistance to most available antimicrobials. The use of bacteriophages (phages) in clinics is emerging as a novel treatment strategy to save the lives of patients suffering from drug-resistant, chronic, and disseminated infections. The substantial research indicates that phage-antibiotic combination therapy can display synergy and be clinically more effective than phage therapy alone. However, there is limited knowledge in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms in phage-mycobacteria interaction and the synergism of phage-antibiotic combinations. We generated the lytic mycobacteriophage library and studied phage specificity and the host range in MAB clinical isolates and characterized the phage's ability to lyse the pathogen under various environmental and mammalian host stress conditions. Our results indicate that phage lytic efficiency is altered by environmental conditions, especially in conditions of biofilm and intracellular states of MAB. By utilizing the MAB gene knockout mutants of the MAB_0937c/MmpL10 drug efflux pump and MAB_0939/pks polyketide synthase enzyme, we discovered the surface glycolipid diacyltrehalose/polyacyltrehalose (DAT/PAT) as one of the major primary phage receptors in mycobacteria. We also established a set of phages that alter the MmpL10 multidrug efflux pump function in MAB through an evolutionary trade-off mechanism. The combination of these phages with antibiotics significantly decreases the number of viable bacteria when compared to phage or antibiotic-alone treatments. This study deepens our understanding of phage-mycobacteria interaction mechanisms and identifies therapeutic phages that can lower bacterial fitness by impairing an antibiotic efflux function and attenuating the MAB intrinsic resistance mechanism via targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylene Gorzynski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Katalla De Ville
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Tiana Week
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Tiana Jaramillo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Lia Danelishvili
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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7
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Yimcharoen M, Saikaew S, Wattananandkul U, Phunpae P, Intorasoot S, Tayapiwatana C, Butr-Indr B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Adaptation in Response to Isoniazid Treatment in a Multi-Stress System That Mimics the Host Environment. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050852. [PMID: 37237755 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoniazid (INH) is an antibiotic that is widely used to treat tuberculosis (TB). Adaptation to environmental stress is a survival strategy for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is associated with antibiotic resistance development. Here, mycobacterial adaptation following INH treatment was studied using a multi-stress system (MS), which mimics host-derived stress. Mtb H37Rv (drug-susceptible), mono-isoniazid resistant (INH-R), mono-rifampicin resistant (RIF-R), and multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains were cultivated in the MS with or without INH. The expression of stress-response genes (hspX, tgs1, icl1, and sigE) and lipoarabinomannan (LAM)-related genes (pimB, mptA, mptC, dprE1, dprE2, and embC), which play important roles in the host-pathogen interaction, were measured using real-time PCR. The different adaptations of the drug-resistant (DR) and drug-susceptible (DS) strains were presented in this work. icl1 and dprE1 were up-regulated in the DR strains in the MS, implying their roles as markers of virulence and potential drug targets. In the presence of INH, hspX, tgs1, and sigE were up-regulated in the INH-R and RIF-R strains, while icl1 and LAM-related genes were up-regulated in the H37Rv strain. This study demonstrates the complexity of mycobacterial adaptation through stress response regulation and LAM expression in response to INH under the MS, which could potentially be applied for TB treatment and monitoring in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manita Yimcharoen
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sukanya Saikaew
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Usanee Wattananandkul
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Ponrut Phunpae
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sorasak Intorasoot
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Chatchai Tayapiwatana
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Bordin Butr-Indr
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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8
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Stelitano G, Cocorullo M, Mori M, Villa S, Meneghetti F, Chiarelli LR. Iron Acquisition and Metabolism as a Promising Target for Antimicrobials (Bottlenecks and Opportunities): Where Do We Stand? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076181. [PMID: 37047161 PMCID: PMC10094389 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) infections is one of the most crucial challenges currently faced by the scientific community. Developments in the fundamental understanding of their underlying mechanisms may open new perspectives in drug discovery. In this review, we conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, to collect information on innovative strategies to hinder iron acquisition in bacteria. In detail, we discussed the most interesting targets from iron uptake and metabolism pathways, and examined the main chemical entities that exhibit anti-infective activities by interfering with their function. The mechanism of action of each drug candidate was also reviewed, together with its pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and toxicological properties. The comprehensive knowledge of such an impactful area of research will hopefully reflect in the discovery of newer antibiotics able to effectively tackle the antimicrobial resistance issue.
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Shankaran D, Arumugam P, Vasanthakumar RP, Singh A, Bothra A, Gandotra S, Rao V. Modern Clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosisStrains Leverage Type I IFN Pathway for a Proinflammatory Response in the Host. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 209:1736-1745. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ma R, Farrell D, Gonzalez G, Browne JA, Nakajima C, Suzuki Y, Gordon SV. The TbD1 Locus Mediates a Hypoxia-Induced Copper Response in Mycobacterium bovis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:817952. [PMID: 35495699 PMCID: PMC9048740 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.817952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) contains the causative agents of tuberculosis (TB) in mammals. The archetypal members of the MTBC, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis, cause human tuberculosis and bovine tuberculosis, respectively. Although M. tuberculosis and M. bovis share over 99.9% genome identity, they show distinct host adaptation for humans and animals; hence, while the molecular basis of host adaptation is encoded in their genomes, the mechanistic basis of host tropism is still unclear. Exploration of the in vitro phenotypic consequences of known genetic difference between M. bovis and M. tuberculosis offers one route to explore genotype–phenotype links that may play a role in host adaptation. The TbD1 (“Mycobacterium tuberculosis deletion 1 region”) locus encompasses the mmpS6 and mmpL6 genes. TbD1 is absent in M. tuberculosis “modern” lineages (Lineages 2, 3, and 4) but present in “ancestral” M. tuberculosis (Lineages 1 and 7), Mycobacterium africanum lineages (Lineages 5 and 6), newly identified M. tuberculosis lineages (Lineages 8 and 9), and animal adapted strains, such as M. bovis. The function of TbD1 has previously been investigated in M. tuberculosis, where conflicting data has emerged on the role of TbD1 in sensitivity to oxidative stress, while the underlying mechanistic basis of such a phenotype is unclear. In this study, we aimed to shed further light on the role of the TbD1 locus by exploring its function in M. bovis. Toward this, we constructed an M. bovis TbD1 knockout (ΔTbD1) strain and conducted comparative transcriptomics to define global gene expression profiles of M. bovis wild-type (WT) and the ΔTbD1 strains under in vitro culture conditions (rolling and standing cultures). This analysis revealed differential induction of a hypoxia-driven copper response in WT and ΔTbD1 strains. In vitro phenotypic assays demonstrated that the deletion of TbD1 sensitized M. bovis to H2O2 and hypoxia-specific copper toxicity. Our study provides new information on the function of the TbD1 locus in M. bovis and its role in stress responses in the MTBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyao Ma
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Damien Farrell
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gabriel Gonzalez
- Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - John A. Browne
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Bioresources, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Bioresources, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Stephen V. Gordon
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Stephen V. Gordon,
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11
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Willemse D, Moodley C, Mehra S, Kaushal D. Transcriptional Response of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to Cigarette Smoke Condensate. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:744800. [PMID: 34721344 PMCID: PMC8554204 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.744800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking is known to be an added risk factor for tuberculosis (TB), with nearly a quarter of the TB cases attributed to cigarette smokers in the 22 countries with the highest TB burden. Many studies have indicated a link between risk of active TB and cigarette smoke. Smoking is also known to significantly decrease TB cure and treatment completion rate and increase mortality rates. Cigarette smoke contains thousands of volatile compounds including carcinogens, toxins, reactive solids, and oxidants in both particulate and gaseous phase. Yet, to date, limited studies have analyzed the impact of cigarette smoke components on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of TB. Here we report the impact of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) on survival, mutation frequency, and gene expression of Mtb in vitro. We show that exposure of virulent Mtb to cigarette smoke increases the mutation frequency of the pathogen and strongly induces the expression of the regulon controlled by SigH—a global transcriptional regulator of oxidative stress. SigH has previously been shown to be required for Mtb to respond to oxidative stress, survival, and granuloma formation in vivo. A high-SigH expression phenotype is known to be associated with greater virulence of Mtb. In patients with pulmonary TB who smoke, these changes may therefore play an important, yet unexplored, role in the treatment efficacy by potentially enhancing the virulence of tubercle bacilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danicke Willemse
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Chivonne Moodley
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
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12
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Székely R, Rengifo-Gonzalez M, Singh V, Riabova O, Benjak A, Piton J, Cimino M, Kornobis E, Mizrahi V, Johnsson K, Manina G, Makarov V, Cole ST. 6,11-Dioxobenzo[ f]pyrido[1,2- a]indoles Kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Targeting Iron-Sulfur Protein Rv0338c (IspQ), A Putative Redox Sensor. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:3015-3025. [PMID: 32930569 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Screening of a diversity-oriented compound library led to the identification of two 6,11-dioxobenzo[f]pyrido[1,2-a]indoles (DBPI) that displayed low micromolar bactericidal activity against the Erdman strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro. The activity of these hit compounds was limited to tubercle bacilli, including the nonreplicating form, and to Mycobacterium marinum. On hit expansion and investigation of the structure activity relationship, selected modifications to the dioxo moiety of the DBPI scaffold were either neutral or led to reduction or abolition of antimycobacterial activity. To find the target, DBPI-resistant mutants of M. tuberculosis Erdman were raised and characterized first microbiologically and then by whole genome sequencing. Four different mutations, all affecting highly conserved residues, were uncovered in the essential gene rv0338c (ispQ) that encodes a membrane-bound protein, named IspQ, with 2Fe-2S and 4Fe-4S centers and putative iron-sulfur-binding reductase activity. With the help of a structural model, two of the mutations were localized close to the 2Fe-2S domain in IspQ and another in transmembrane segment 3. The mutant genes were recessive to the wild type in complementation experiments and further confirmation of the hit-target relationship was obtained using a conditional knockdown mutant of rv0338c in M. tuberculosis H37Rv. More mechanistic insight was obtained from transcriptome analysis, following exposure of M. tuberculosis to two different DBPI; this revealed strong upregulation of the redox-sensitive SigK regulon and genes induced by oxidative and thiol-stress. The findings of this investigation pharmacologically validate a novel target in tubercle bacilli and open a new vista for tuberculosis drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Székely
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Monica Rengifo-Gonzalez
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vinayak Singh
- MRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit & DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine & Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - Olga Riabova
- FRC Fundamentals of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Science, 119071 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrej Benjak
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérémie Piton
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mena Cimino
- Microbial Individuality and Infection, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Etienne Kornobis
- Biomics, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, USR 3756 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Valerie Mizrahi
- MRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit & DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine & Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - Kai Johnsson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Manina
- Microbial Individuality and Infection, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Vadim Makarov
- FRC Fundamentals of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Science, 119071 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Stewart T. Cole
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Microbial Individuality and Infection, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
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13
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Kostyuk AI, Panova AS, Kokova AD, Kotova DA, Maltsev DI, Podgorny OV, Belousov VV, Bilan DS. In Vivo Imaging with Genetically Encoded Redox Biosensors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8164. [PMID: 33142884 PMCID: PMC7662651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox reactions are of high fundamental and practical interest since they are involved in both normal physiology and the pathogenesis of various diseases. However, this area of research has always been a relatively problematic field in the context of analytical approaches, mostly because of the unstable nature of the compounds that are measured. Genetically encoded sensors allow for the registration of highly reactive molecules in real-time mode and, therefore, they began a new era in redox biology. Their strongest points manifest most brightly in in vivo experiments and pave the way for the non-invasive investigation of biochemical pathways that proceed in organisms from different systematic groups. In the first part of the review, we briefly describe the redox sensors that were used in vivo as well as summarize the model systems to which they were applied. Next, we thoroughly discuss the biological results obtained in these studies in regard to animals, plants, as well as unicellular eukaryotes and prokaryotes. We hope that this work reflects the amazing power of this technology and can serve as a useful guide for biologists and chemists who work in the field of redox processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I. Kostyuk
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiya S. Panova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandra D. Kokova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria A. Kotova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry I. Maltsev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Federal Center for Cerebrovascular Pathology and Stroke, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg V. Podgorny
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vsevolod V. Belousov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Federal Center for Cerebrovascular Pathology and Stroke, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Georg August University Göttingen, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dmitry S. Bilan
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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14
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Arora G, Bothra A, Prosser G, Arora K, Sajid A. Role of post-translational modifications in the acquisition of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. FEBS J 2020; 288:3375-3393. [PMID: 33021056 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the primary causes of deaths due to infectious diseases. The current TB regimen is long and complex, failing of which leads to relapse and/or the emergence of drug resistance. There is a critical need to understand the mechanisms of resistance development. With increasing drug pressure, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) activates various pathways to counter drug-related toxicity. Signaling modules steer the evolution of Mtb to a variant that can survive, persist, adapt, and emerge as a form that is resistant to one or more drugs. Recent studies reveal that about 1/3rd of the annotated Mtb proteome is modified post-translationally, with a large number of these proteins being essential for mycobacterial survival. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and pupylation play a salient role in mycobacterial virulence, pathogenesis, and metabolism. The role of many other PTMs is still emerging. Understanding the signaling pathways and PTMs may assist clinical strategies and drug development for Mtb. In this review, we explore the contribution of PTMs to mycobacterial physiology, describe the related cellular processes, and discuss how these processes are linked to drug resistance. A significant number of drug targets, InhA, RpoB, EmbR, and KatG, are modified at multiple residues via PTMs. A better understanding of drug-resistance regulons and associated PTMs will aid in developing effective drugs against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Arora
- Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ankur Bothra
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gareth Prosser
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, UK
| | - Kriti Arora
- Proteus Digital Health, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Andaleeb Sajid
- Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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15
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Henke NA, Austermeier S, Grothaus IL, Götker S, Persicke M, Peters-Wendisch P, Wendisch VF. Corynebacterium glutamicum CrtR and Its Orthologs in Actinobacteria: Conserved Function and Application as Genetically Encoded Biosensor for Detection of Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5482. [PMID: 32751941 PMCID: PMC7432914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoid biosynthesis in Corynebacteriumglutamicum is controlled by the MarR-type regulator CrtR, which represses transcription of the promoter of the crt operon (PcrtE) and of its own gene (PcrtR). Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), and to a lesser extent other isoprenoid pyrophosphates, interfere with the binding of CrtR to its target DNA in vitro, suggesting they act as inducers of carotenoid biosynthesis. CrtR homologs are encoded in the genomes of many other actinobacteria. In order to determine if and to what extent the function of CrtR, as a metabolite-dependent transcriptional repressor of carotenoid biosynthesis genes responding to GGPP, is conserved among actinobacteria, five CrtR orthologs were characterized in more detail. EMSA assays showed that the CrtR orthologs from Corynebacteriumcallunae, Acidipropionibacteriumjensenii, Paenarthrobacternicotinovorans, Micrococcusluteus and Pseudarthrobacterchlorophenolicus bound to the intergenic region between their own gene and the divergently oriented gene, and that GGPP inhibited these interactions. In turn, the CrtR protein from C. glutamicum bound to DNA regions upstream of the orthologous crtR genes that contained a 15 bp DNA sequence motif conserved between the tested bacteria. Moreover, the CrtR orthologs functioned in C. glutamicum in vivo at least partially, as they complemented the defects in the pigmentation and expression of a PcrtE_gfpuv transcriptional fusion that were observed in a crtR deletion mutant to varying degrees. Subsequently, the utility of the PcrtE_gfpuv transcriptional fusion and chromosomally encoded CrtR from C. glutamicum as genetically encoded biosensor for GGPP was studied. Combined FACS and LC-MS analysis demonstrated a correlation between the sensor fluorescent signal and the intracellular GGPP concentration, and allowed us to monitor intracellular GGPP concentrations during growth and differentiate between strains engineered to accumulate GGPP at different concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja A. Henke
- Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (N.A.H.); (S.A.); (I.L.G.); (S.G.); (P.P.-W.)
| | - Sophie Austermeier
- Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (N.A.H.); (S.A.); (I.L.G.); (S.G.); (P.P.-W.)
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Isabell L. Grothaus
- Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (N.A.H.); (S.A.); (I.L.G.); (S.G.); (P.P.-W.)
- Faculty of Production Engineering, Bremen University, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Susanne Götker
- Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (N.A.H.); (S.A.); (I.L.G.); (S.G.); (P.P.-W.)
| | - Marcus Persicke
- Faculty of CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany;
| | - Petra Peters-Wendisch
- Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (N.A.H.); (S.A.); (I.L.G.); (S.G.); (P.P.-W.)
| | - Volker F. Wendisch
- Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (N.A.H.); (S.A.); (I.L.G.); (S.G.); (P.P.-W.)
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16
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Melly G, Purdy GE. MmpL Proteins in Physiology and Pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7030070. [PMID: 30841535 PMCID: PMC6463170 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains an important human pathogen. The Mtb cell envelope is a critical bacterial structure that contributes to virulence and pathogenicity. Mycobacterial membrane protein large (MmpL) proteins export bulky, hydrophobic substrates that are essential for the unique structure of the cell envelope and directly support the ability of Mtb to infect and persist in the host. This review summarizes recent investigations that have enabled insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying MmpL substrate export and the role that these substrates play during Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoff Melly
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Georgiana E Purdy
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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