1
|
Franco Acevedo A, Mack JJ, Valenzuela NM. The transcriptional repressor BCL6 regulates CXCR3 chemokine and HLA II expression in endothelial cells. Am J Transplant 2024:S1600-6135(24)00449-0. [PMID: 39074669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajt.2024.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
IFNγ induces an endothelial pro-immunogenic phenotype through the JAK/STAT1 pathway, which can shape the activation of alloreactive leukocytes in transplant rejection. In immune cells, the DNA binding protein BCL6 controls transcription of inflammatory genes. This study tested if BCL6 modulates IFNγ-induced gene expression in endothelial cells (EC). In vitro, BCL6 was IFNγ-inducible in primary human endothelium, along with CXCR3 chemokines and HLA. BCL6 was also increased in human cardiac transplants during acute rejection, as were HLA II and CXCL9. Knockdown of BCL6 augmented, while overexpression and BTB domain inhibitors (BCL6-BTBi) suppressed, HLA II and CXCR3 chemokine expression but not HLA I. Further, BCL6 had a greater effect on HLA-DR and DP, but was less involved in regulating HLA-DQ expression. The effect correlated with BCL6 binding motifs in or near affected genes. The BCL6 DNA recognition sequence was highly similar to that of STAT1, and BTBi reduced STAT1's transcriptional activity in vitro. Our results show for the first time that BCL6 selectively controls IFNγ-induced endothelial gene expression, advancing our understanding of the endogenous mechanisms regulating donor immunogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Franco Acevedo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Julia J Mack
- Department of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Nicole M Valenzuela
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kanemaru K, Nagasawa K, Kunugi Y, Tanaka A, Ikeoku S, Tai Y, Harada Y, Nakamura Y. Epidermal loss of Bcl6 exacerbates MC903-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin inflammation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 705:149745. [PMID: 38452514 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease where Th2-type immune responses are dominant. In the lesional skin of AD, keratinocytes show differentiation defects and secrete proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, amplifying Th2-type responses in AD. We previously reported that inducible loss of B-cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl6), a transcription repressor and a master transcriptional regulator of follicular helper T cells and germinal center B cells, in the whole body results in upregulation of Th2-related cytokines in mouse skin. However, the role of Bcl6 in keratinocytes remains to be clarified. Here, we observed that BCL6 positively regulates the expression of keratinocyte differentiation markers and plasma membrane localization of adherence junctional proteins in keratinocyte cell culture. Although keratinocyte-specific loss of Bcl6 alone did not induce AD-like skin inflammation, it aggravates MC903-induced AD-like skin inflammation in mice. In addition, Bcl6 expression is decreased in the epidermis of lesional skin from MC903-induced AD-like skin inflammation in mice. These results strongly suggest that Bcl6 downregulation in keratinocytes contributes to the development and aggravation of AD-like skin inflammation in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Kanemaru
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kento Nagasawa
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yuta Kunugi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Asahi Tanaka
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ikeoku
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yuki Tai
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Immunology, Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yohsuke Harada
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Immunology, Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan.
| | - Yoshikazu Nakamura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tai Y, Sakaida Y, Kawasaki R, Kanemaru K, Akimoto K, Brombacher F, Ogawa S, Nakamura Y, Harada Y. Foxp3 and Bcl6 deficiency synergistically induces spontaneous development of atopic dermatitis-like skin disease. Int Immunol 2023; 35:423-435. [PMID: 37279329 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxad018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic skin disease caused by immune dysfunction, specifically the hyperactivation of Th2 immunity. AD is a complex disease with multiple factors contributing to its development; however, the interaction between these factors is not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrated that the conditional deletion of both the forkhead box p3 (Foxp3) and B-cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl6) genes induced the spontaneous development of AD-like skin inflammation with hyperactivation of type 2 immunity, skin barrier dysfunction, and pruritus, which were not induced by the single deletion of each gene. Furthermore, the development of AD-like skin inflammation was largely dependent on IL-4/13 signaling but not on immunoglobulin E (IgE). Interestingly, we found that the loss of Bcl6 alone increased the expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and interleukin (IL)-33 in the skin, suggesting that Bcl6 controls Th2 responses by suppressing TSLP and IL-33 expression in epithelial cells. Our results suggest that Foxp3 and Bcl6 cooperatively suppress the pathogenesis of AD. Furthermore, these results revealed an unexpected role of Bcl6 in suppressing Th2 responses in the skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Tai
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Immunology, Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yuki Sakaida
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Immunology, Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Riyo Kawasaki
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Immunology, Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kaori Kanemaru
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kazunori Akimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Medical Science, Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Frank Brombacher
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component & Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - Shuhei Ogawa
- Division of Integrated Research, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Nakamura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yohsuke Harada
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Immunology, Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shabani K, Pigeon J, Benaissa Touil Zariouh M, Liu T, Saffarian A, Komatsu J, Liu E, Danda N, Becmeur-Lefebvre M, Limame R, Bohl D, Parras C, Hassan BA. The temporal balance between self-renewal and differentiation of human neural stem cells requires the amyloid precursor protein. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd5002. [PMID: 37327344 PMCID: PMC10275593 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add5002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis in the developing human cerebral cortex occurs at a particularly slow rate owing in part to cortical neural progenitors preserving their progenitor state for a relatively long time, while generating neurons. How this balance between the progenitor and neurogenic state is regulated, and whether it contributes to species-specific brain temporal patterning, is poorly understood. Here, we show that the characteristic potential of human neural progenitor cells (NPCs) to remain in a progenitor state as they generate neurons for a prolonged amount of time requires the amyloid precursor protein (APP). In contrast, APP is dispensable in mouse NPCs, which undergo neurogenesis at a much faster rate. Mechanistically, APP cell-autonomously contributes to protracted neurogenesis through suppression of the proneurogenic activator protein-1 transcription factor and facilitation of canonical WNT signaling. We propose that the fine balance between self-renewal and differentiation is homeostatically regulated by APP, which may contribute to human-specific temporal patterns of neurogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Shabani
- Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Julien Pigeon
- Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Marwan Benaissa Touil Zariouh
- Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Tengyuan Liu
- Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Azadeh Saffarian
- Scipio bioscience, iPEPS-ICM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Jun Komatsu
- Scipio bioscience, iPEPS-ICM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Elise Liu
- Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Natasha Danda
- Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Becmeur-Lefebvre
- Genetics and Foetopathology, Centre Hospitalier Regional d’Orleans–Hôpital de la Source, Orleans, France
| | - Ridha Limame
- Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Bohl
- Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Carlos Parras
- Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Bassem A. Hassan
- Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang P, Wang G. Progesterone Resistance in Endometriosis: Current Evidence and Putative Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086992. [PMID: 37108154 PMCID: PMC10138736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent disease characterized by the growth of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus. Progestins are currently the most commonly used treatment for endometriosis because of their excellent therapeutic effects and limited side effects. However, progestins have been unsuccessful in some symptomatic patients. The inability of the endometrium to respond properly to progesterone is known as progesterone resistance. An increasing body of evidence suggests the loss of progesterone signaling and the existence of progesterone resistance in endometriosis. The mechanisms of progesterone resistance have received considerable scholarly attention in recent years. Abnormal PGR signaling, chronic inflammation, aberrant gene expression, epigenetic alterations, and environmental toxins are considered potential molecular causes of progesterone resistance in endometriosis. The general objective of this review was to summarize the evidence and mechanisms of progesterone resistance. A deeper understanding of how these mechanisms contribute to progesterone resistance may help develop a novel therapeutic regimen for women with endometriosis by reversing progesterone resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Medical Integration and Practice Center, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Guoyun Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Louwen F, Kreis NN, Ritter A, Friemel A, Solbach C, Yuan J. BCL6, a key oncogene, in the placenta, pre-eclampsia and endometriosis. Hum Reprod Update 2022; 28:890-909. [PMID: 35640966 PMCID: PMC9629482 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmac027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The key oncogene B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) drives malignant progression by promoting proliferation, overriding DNA damage checkpoints and blocking cell terminal differentiation. However, its functions in the placenta and the endometrium remain to be defined. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE Recent studies provide evidence that BCL6 may play various roles in the human placenta and the endometrium. Deregulated BCL6 might be related to the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia (PE) as well as endometriosis. In this narrative review, we aimed to summarize the current knowledge regarding the pathophysiological role of BCL6 in these two reproductive organs, discuss related molecular mechanisms, and underline associated research perspectives. SEARCH METHODS We conducted a comprehensive literature search using PubMed for human, animal and cellular studies published until October 2021 in the following areas: BCL6 in the placenta, in PE and in endometriosis, in combination with its functions in proliferation, fusion, migration, invasion, differentiation, stem/progenitor cell maintenance and lineage commitment. OUTCOMES The data demonstrate that BCL6 is important in cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, migration and invasion of trophoblastic cells. BCL6 may have critical roles in stem/progenitor cell survival and differentiation in the placenta and the endometrium. BCL6 is aberrantly upregulated in pre-eclamptic placentas and endometriotic lesions through various mechanisms, including changes in gene transcription and mRNA translation as well as post-transcriptional/translational modifications. Importantly, increased endometrial BCL6 is considered to be a non-invasive diagnostic marker for endometriosis and a predictor for poor outcomes of IVF. These data highlight that BCL6 is crucial for placental development and endometrium homeostasis, and its upregulation is associated with the pathogenesis of PE, endometriosis and infertility. WIDER IMPLICATIONS The lesson learned from studies of the key oncogene BCL6 reinforces the notion that numerous signaling pathways and regulators are shared by tumors and reproductive organs. Their alteration may promote the progression of malignancies as well as the development of gestational and reproductive disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Louwen
- Division of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Frankfurt, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nina-Naomi Kreis
- Division of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Frankfurt, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Ritter
- Division of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Frankfurt, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexandra Friemel
- Division of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Frankfurt, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christine Solbach
- Division of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Frankfurt, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Juping Yuan
- Division of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Frankfurt, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
MacLean JA, Hayashi K. Progesterone Actions and Resistance in Gynecological Disorders. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040647. [PMID: 35203298 PMCID: PMC8870180 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen and progesterone and their signaling mechanisms are tightly regulated to maintain a normal menstrual cycle and to support a successful pregnancy. The imbalance of estrogen and progesterone disrupts their complex regulatory mechanisms, leading to estrogen dominance and progesterone resistance. Gynecological diseases are heavily associated with dysregulated steroid hormones and can induce chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, heavy bleeding, and infertility, which substantially impact the quality of women’s lives. Because the menstrual cycle repeatably occurs during reproductive ages with dynamic changes and remodeling of reproductive-related tissues, these alterations can accumulate and induce chronic and recurrent conditions. This review focuses on faulty progesterone signaling mechanisms and cellular responses to progesterone in endometriosis, adenomyosis, leiomyoma (uterine fibroids), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and endometrial hyperplasia. We also summarize the association with gene mutations and steroid hormone regulation in disease progression as well as current hormonal therapies and the clinical consequences of progesterone resistance.
Collapse
|
8
|
Ishikawa C, Mori N. FX1, a BCL6 inhibitor, reactivates BCL6 target genes and suppresses HTLV-1-infected T cells. Invest New Drugs 2021; 40:245-254. [PMID: 34698964 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-021-01196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is responsible for adult T cell leukemia (ATL); however, molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying HTLV-1-induced leukemogenesis are unclear. BCL6 oncogene is involved in cancer progression and a preferred target of anti-cancer treatments. Here, we aimed to evaluate BCL6 expression and the effects of BCL6 inhibitor (FX1) on HTLV-1-infected T cell lines. BCL6 expression was higher in HTLV-1-infected T cell lines than that in uninfected T cell lines. BCL6 was localized mostly in the nucleus. The virus oncoprotein Tax induced BCL6 mRNA expression in T cells, whereas BCL6 knockdown reduced HTLV-1-infected T cell proliferation; thus, confirmed the association of BCL6 with cancer progression. Further, FX1 efficiently inhibited the cell growth and survival of HTLV-1-infected T cell lines in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The decreased levels of cell cycle regulatory proteins (phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein, cyclin-dependent kinase 4, cyclin D2 and c-Myc) and the increased levels of BCL6 target proteins (p21, p27 and p53) showed that FX1 arrested cell cycle at the G1 phase. Apoptosis was induced concomitantly with Bak upregulation and downregulation of survivin, Bcl-xL and Mcl-1, as well as with the activation of caspase-3, -8, -9 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. FX1 also inhibited NF-κB and Akt signaling pathways. These events were because of the induction of the activity of cell cycle checkpoint proteins and relief of direct repression of the targets of cell cycle checkpoint proteins. Thus, BCL6 might be considered a novel target for ATL treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chie Ishikawa
- Department of Microbiology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan.,Division of Health Sciences, Transdisciplinary Research Organization for Subtropics and Island Studies, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Naoki Mori
- Department of Microbiology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sansone AM, Hisrich BV, Young RB, Abel WF, Bowens Z, Blair BB, Funkhouser AT, Schammel DP, Green LJ, Lessey BA, Blenda AV. Evaluation of BCL6 and SIRT1 as Non-Invasive Diagnostic Markers of Endometriosis. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:1350-1360. [PMID: 34698105 PMCID: PMC8929102 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43030096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Endometriosis is characterized by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma outside of the uterus and is often associated with severe pelvic pain and infertility. Our study explored the utilization of B-Cell Lymphoma 6 (BCL6) and Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) as potential biomarkers in serum, plasma, urine, and cervical mucus for a non-invasive diagnostic test for endometriosis. BCL6 was chosen based on its previously reported elevated expression in endometrial biopsies, and SIRT1 is co-expressed and upregulated in the endometrium of women with endometriosis. (2) Methods: BCL6 and SIRT1 levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) in samples from 20 women with endometriosis (ten with stages I/II and ten with stages III/IV) and ten women without endometriosis. (3) Results: Levels of SIRT1 in sera showed a statistically significant elevation in advanced stages III/IV compared to controls and stages I/II. No significant differences were found in other bodily fluids for SIRT1 or any bodily fluids tested for BCL6. (4) Conclusions: These results suggest some potential of SIRT1 expression within serum as a predictor of advanced asymptomatic stages of endometriosis. Using immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining and H-SCORE values for the elevated BCL6 (and potentially SIRT1) levels in endometrial biopsy samples seems to have higher diagnostic potential based on the previously published studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison M. Sansone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, 607 Grove Rd., Greenville, SC 29605, USA; (A.M.S.); (B.V.H.); (R.B.Y.); (W.F.A.); (B.B.B.); (A.T.F.)
| | - Brooke V. Hisrich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, 607 Grove Rd., Greenville, SC 29605, USA; (A.M.S.); (B.V.H.); (R.B.Y.); (W.F.A.); (B.B.B.); (A.T.F.)
| | - R. Brandt Young
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, 607 Grove Rd., Greenville, SC 29605, USA; (A.M.S.); (B.V.H.); (R.B.Y.); (W.F.A.); (B.B.B.); (A.T.F.)
| | - William F. Abel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, 607 Grove Rd., Greenville, SC 29605, USA; (A.M.S.); (B.V.H.); (R.B.Y.); (W.F.A.); (B.B.B.); (A.T.F.)
| | - Zachary Bowens
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Prisma Health Upstate, 701 Grove Rd., Greenville, SC 29605, USA; (Z.B.); (L.J.G.)
| | - Bailey B. Blair
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, 607 Grove Rd., Greenville, SC 29605, USA; (A.M.S.); (B.V.H.); (R.B.Y.); (W.F.A.); (B.B.B.); (A.T.F.)
| | - Avery T. Funkhouser
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, 607 Grove Rd., Greenville, SC 29605, USA; (A.M.S.); (B.V.H.); (R.B.Y.); (W.F.A.); (B.B.B.); (A.T.F.)
| | - David P. Schammel
- Pathology Associates of Greenville, 701 Grove Rd., Greenville, SC 29605, USA;
| | - Lisa J. Green
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Prisma Health Upstate, 701 Grove Rd., Greenville, SC 29605, USA; (Z.B.); (L.J.G.)
| | - Bruce A. Lessey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University Baptist Hospital, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA;
| | - Anna V. Blenda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, 607 Grove Rd., Greenville, SC 29605, USA; (A.M.S.); (B.V.H.); (R.B.Y.); (W.F.A.); (B.B.B.); (A.T.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shi W, Yang B, Sun Q, Meng J, Zhao X, Du S, Li X, Jiao S. PD-1 regulates CXCR5 + CD4 T cell-mediated proinflammatory functions in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 82:106295. [PMID: 32087496 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PD-1 inhibitors have been used to revive exhausted T cell responses in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and other malignancies. CXCR5+ T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are characterized by constitutive high PD-1 expression and have been associated with the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures and implicated in antitumor immunity. In this study, we investigated the effect of PD-1 and PD-1 inhibition on CXCR5+ CD4 T cells. Data showed that CXCR5+ CD4 T cells in both healthy subjects and NSCLC patients presented markedly higher PD-1 expression than CXCR5- CD4 T cells. Both CXCR5- and CXCR5+ CD4 T cells from NSCLC patients presented higher PD-1 expression than their counterparts in healthy subjects. PD-1+ CXCR5+ CD4 T cells were functional, could express IL-21, IL-10, and CXCL13 upon stimulation, demonstrated auxiliary effects toward CD8 T cell-mediated IFN-γ production and proliferation, and promoted IgM and IgG production. However, the potency of PD-1+ CXCR5+ CD4 T cells was lower than the potency of PD-1- CXCR5+ CD4 T cells. PD-1 blocking could significantly enhance the effector functions of PD-1+ CXCR5+ CD4 T cells. Overall, this study demonstrated that PD-1+ CXCR5+ CD4 T cells could promote CD8 T cell and B cell inflammation and could be modulated by PD-1 inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Shi
- Department of Oncology, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Oncology, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Sun
- Department of Oncology, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Meng
- Department of Oncology, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Zhao
- Department of Oncology, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Sicheng Du
- Department of Oncology, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Shunchang Jiao
- Department of Oncology, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Schmidt F, Kern F, Schulz MH. Integrative prediction of gene expression with chromatin accessibility and conformation data. Epigenetics Chromatin 2020; 13:4. [PMID: 32029002 PMCID: PMC7003490 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-020-0327-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enhancers play a fundamental role in orchestrating cell state and development. Although several methods have been developed to identify enhancers, linking them to their target genes is still an open problem. Several theories have been proposed on the functional mechanisms of enhancers, which triggered the development of various methods to infer promoter-enhancer interactions (PEIs). The advancement of high-throughput techniques describing the three-dimensional organization of the chromatin, paved the way to pinpoint long-range PEIs. Here we investigated whether including PEIs in computational models for the prediction of gene expression improves performance and interpretability. RESULTS We have extended our [Formula: see text] framework to include DNA contacts deduced from chromatin conformation capture experiments and compared various methods to determine PEIs using predictive modelling of gene expression from chromatin accessibility data and predicted transcription factor (TF) motif data. We designed a novel machine learning approach that allows the prioritization of TFs binding to distal loop and promoter regions with respect to their importance for gene expression regulation. Our analysis revealed a set of core TFs that are part of enhancer-promoter loops involving YY1 in different cell lines. CONCLUSION We present a novel approach that can be used to prioritize TFs involved in distal and promoter-proximal regulatory events by integrating chromatin accessibility, conformation, and gene expression data. We show that the integration of chromatin conformation data can improve gene expression prediction and aids model interpretability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schmidt
- High-throughput Genomics & Systems Biology, Cluster of Excellence on Multimodal Computing and Interaction, Saarland Informatics Campus, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Computational Biology & Applied Algorithmics, Max-Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore, 138672 Singapore
| | - Fabian Kern
- High-throughput Genomics & Systems Biology, Cluster of Excellence on Multimodal Computing and Interaction, Saarland Informatics Campus, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marcel H. Schulz
- High-throughput Genomics & Systems Biology, Cluster of Excellence on Multimodal Computing and Interaction, Saarland Informatics Campus, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Computational Biology & Applied Algorithmics, Max-Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Rhein-Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Haberman AM, Gonzalez DG, Wong P, Zhang TT, Kerfoot SM. Germinal center B cell initiation, GC maturation, and the coevolution of its stromal cell niches. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:10-27. [PMID: 30874342 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the developing GC response, B cell survival and fate choices made at the single cell level are dependent on signals received largely through interactions with other cells, often with cognate T cells. The type of signals that a given B cell can encounter is dictated by its location within tissue microarchitecture. The focus of this review is on the initiation and evolution of the GC response at the earliest time points. Here, we review the key factors influencing the progression of GC B cell differentiation that are both stage and context dependent. Finally, we describe the coevolution of niches within and surrounding the GC that influence the outcome of the GC response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Haberman
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - David G Gonzalez
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Patrick Wong
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ting-Ting Zhang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Steven M Kerfoot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Haines RR, Scharer CD, Lobby JL, Boss JM. LSD1 Cooperates with Noncanonical NF-κB Signaling to Regulate Marginal Zone B Cell Development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:1867-1881. [PMID: 31492745 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Marginal zone B cells (MZB) are a mature B cell subset that rapidly respond to blood-borne pathogens. Although the transcriptional changes that occur throughout MZB development are known, the corresponding epigenetic changes and epigenetic modifying proteins that facilitate these changes are poorly understood. The histone demethylase LSD1 is an epigenetic modifier that promotes plasmablast formation, but its role in B cell development has not been explored. In this study, a role for LSD1 in the development of B cell subsets was examined. B cell-conditional deletion of LSD1 in mice resulted in a decrease in MZB whereas follicular B cells and bone marrow B cell populations were minimally affected. LSD1 repressed genes in MZB that were normally upregulated in the myeloid and follicular B cell lineages. Correspondingly, LSD1 regulated chromatin accessibility at the motifs of transcription factors known to regulate splenic B cell development, including NF-κB motifs. The importance of NF-κB signaling was examined through an ex vivo MZB development assay, which showed that both LSD1-deficient and NF-κB-inhibited transitional B cells failed to undergo full MZB development. Gene expression and chromatin accessibility analyses of in vivo- and ex vivo-generated LSD1-deficient MZB indicated that LSD1 regulated the downstream target genes of noncanonical NF-κB signaling. Additionally LSD1 was found to interact with the noncanonical NF-κB transcription factor p52. Together, these data reveal that the epigenetic modulation of the noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathway by LSD1 is an essential process during the development of MZB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Haines
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Christopher D Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Jenna L Lobby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Jeremy M Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Marquardt RM, Kim TH, Shin JH, Jeong JW. Progesterone and Estrogen Signaling in the Endometrium: What Goes Wrong in Endometriosis? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3822. [PMID: 31387263 PMCID: PMC6695957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the healthy endometrium, progesterone and estrogen signaling coordinate in a tightly regulated, dynamic interplay to drive a normal menstrual cycle and promote an embryo-receptive state to allow implantation during the window of receptivity. It is well-established that progesterone and estrogen act primarily through their cognate receptors to set off cascades of signaling pathways and enact large-scale gene expression programs. In endometriosis, when endometrial tissue grows outside the uterine cavity, progesterone and estrogen signaling are disrupted, commonly resulting in progesterone resistance and estrogen dominance. This hormone imbalance leads to heightened inflammation and may also increase the pelvic pain of the disease and decrease endometrial receptivity to embryo implantation. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms governing progesterone and estrogen signaling supporting endometrial function and how they become dysregulated in endometriosis. Understanding how these mechanisms contribute to the pelvic pain and infertility associated with endometriosis will open new avenues of targeted medical therapies to give relief to the millions of women suffering its effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Marquardt
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Jung-Ho Shin
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guro Hospital, Korea University Medical Center, Seoul 08318, Korea
| | - Jae-Wook Jeong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Maternal Antibodies Inhibit Neonatal and Infant Responses to Vaccination by Shaping the Early-Life B Cell Repertoire within Germinal Centers. Cell Rep 2019; 28:1773-1784.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
16
|
Gonzalez DG, Cote CM, Patel JR, Smith CB, Zhang Y, Nickerson KM, Zhang T, Kerfoot SM, Haberman AM. Nonredundant Roles of IL-21 and IL-4 in the Phased Initiation of Germinal Center B Cells and Subsequent Self-Renewal Transitions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:3569-3579. [PMID: 30446568 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We examined the unique contributions of the cytokines IL-21 and IL-4 on germinal center (GC) B cell initiation and subsequent maturation in a murine model system. Similar to other reports, we found T follicular helper cell expression of IL-21 begins prior to T follicular helper cell migration into the B cell follicle and precedes that of IL-4. Consistent with this timing, IL-21 signaling has a greater influence on the perifollicular pre-GC B cell transition to the intrafollicular stage. Notably, Bcl6hi B cells can form in the combined absence of IL-21R- and STAT6-derived signals; however, these nascent GC B cells cease to proliferate and are more prone to apoptosis. When B cells lack either IL-21R or STAT6, aberrant GCs form atypical centroblasts and centrocytes that differ in their phenotypic maturation and costimulatory molecule expression. Thus, IL-4 and IL-21 play nonredundant roles in the phased progression of GC B cell development that can initiate in the combined absence of these cytokine signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David G Gonzalez
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519.,Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - Christine M Cote
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - Jaymin R Patel
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - Colin B Smith
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - Kevin M Nickerson
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - Steven M Kerfoot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada; and
| | - Ann M Haberman
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519; .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nahari E, Razi M. Silymarin amplifies apoptosis in ectopic endometrial tissue in rats with endometriosis; implication on growth factor GDNF, ERK1/2 and Bcl-6b expression. Acta Histochem 2018; 120:757-767. [PMID: 30195499 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The present prospective study was done to evaluate the effect of silymarin (SMN) on endometriotic-like legions establishment and growth in experimentally-induced endometriosis. For this purpose, the experimental endometriosis was induced in 12 rats and then the animals subdivided into endometriosis-sole and SMN (50 mg kg-1, orally)+endometriosis groups. Following 28 days, the legions establishment, size, Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), gfrα1, B Cell Lymphoma 6 (Bcl-6b), Bcl-2, extracellular regulator kinase (ERK1/2) expression ratios, angiogenesis, the apoptosis and fibrosis indices were investigated. The SMN significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the enometriotic-like legions establishment and size, decreased mRNA levels of GDNF, gfrα1, Bcl-6b and Bcl-2 and remarkably diminished GDNF, gfrα1, Bcl-6b and Bcl-2-positive cells distribution/mm2 of tissue versus endometriosis-sole group. The SMN + endometriosis group exhibited a significant (P < 0.05) enhancement in ERK1/2 expression and represented diminished vascularized area and increased apoptosis and fibrosis indices, as well. In conclusion, the SMN by down-regulating GDNF and its receptor gfrα1 expression inhibits GDNF-gfrα1 complex generation and consequently suppresses Bcl-6b expression. Moreover, the SMN by enhancing the ERK1/2 expression and by suppressing the Bcl-2 expression promotes the apoptosis pathway. Finally, the SMN by down-regulating the angiogenesis ratio accelerates apoptosis and consequently induces severe fibrosis in endometriotic-like legions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Nahari
- Department of Biology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mazdak Razi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. BOC: 1177, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ogasawara T, Kohashi Y, Ikari J, Taniguchi T, Tsuruoka N, Watanabe-Takano H, Fujimura L, Sakamoto A, Hatano M, Hirata H, Fukushima Y, Fukuda T, Kurasawa K, Tatsumi K, Tokuhisa T, Arima M. Allergic T H2 Response Governed by B-Cell Lymphoma 6 Function in Naturally Occurring Memory Phenotype CD4 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:750. [PMID: 29696026 PMCID: PMC5904433 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional repressor B-cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl6) appears to regulate TH2 immune responses in allergies, but its precise role is unclear. We previously reported that Bcl6 suppressed IL-4 production in naïve CD4+ T cell-derived memory TH2 cells. To investigate Bcl6 function in allergic responses in naturally occurring memory phenotype CD4+ T (MPT) cells and their derived TH2 (MPTH2) cells, Bcl6-manipulated mice, highly conserved intron enhancer (hcIE)-deficient mice, and reporter mice for conserved noncoding sequence 2 (CNS2) 3′ distal enhancer region were used to elucidate Bcl6 function in MPT cells. The molecular mechanisms of Bcl6-mediated TH2 cytokine gene regulation were elucidated using cellular and molecular approaches. Bcl6 function in MPT cells was determined using adoptive transfer to naïve mice, which were assessed for allergic airway inflammation. Bcl6 suppressed IL-4 production in MPT and MPTH2 cells by suppressing CNS2 enhancer activity. Bcl6 downregulated Il4 expression in MPTH2 cells, but not MPT cells, by suppressing hcIE activity. The inhibitory functions of Bcl6 in MPT and MPTH2 cells attenuated allergic responses. Bcl6 is a critical regulator of IL-4 production by MPT and MPTH2 cells in TH2 immune responses related to the pathogenesis of allergies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ogasawara
- Department of Respirology (B2), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuko Kohashi
- Department of Biomedical Science (M14), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jun Ikari
- Department of Respirology (B2), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshibumi Taniguchi
- Department of Biomedical Science (M14), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuhide Tsuruoka
- Department of Reproductive Medicine (G4), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Haruko Watanabe-Takano
- Department of Biomedical Science (M14), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Lisa Fujimura
- Biomedical Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akemi Sakamoto
- Department of Biomedical Science (M14), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahiko Hatano
- Department of Biomedical Science (M14), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hirokuni Hirata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Dokkyo Medical University Koshigaya Hospital, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Yasutsugu Fukushima
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Dokkyo Medical University Koshigaya Hospital, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fukuda
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kurasawa
- Department of Rheumatology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tatsumi
- Department of Respirology (B2), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tokuhisa
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masafumi Arima
- Department of Biomedical Science (M14), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Rheumatology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
IL4 and IL21 cooperate to induce the high Bcl6 protein level required for germinal center formation. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:925-932. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
20
|
Abnormal Pathways in Endometriosis in Relation to Progesterone Resistance: A Review. JOURNAL OF ENDOMETRIOSIS AND PELVIC PAIN DISORDERS 2017. [DOI: 10.5301/jeppd.5000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent disorder, and recent studies suggest that progesterone resistance may contribute to the development and pathophysiology of the disorder. Based on this, identification of genetic and molecular perturbations in the endometrium of women with endometriosis is an important step towards understanding the pathogenesis of the disease, and the development of novel treatment and diagnostic strategies. Methods A systematic literature search in PubMed and Embase was performed, and 118 articles were identified for further screening. Two reviewers performed article screening independently using Covidence, and 16 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the quality of these studies. Results This review presents data from eutopic endometrial biopsies from women with and without endometriosis. Several biomarkers related to a downregulated progesterone response were identified and discussed in detail. Conclusions Our review demonstrates significant results concerning the biomarkers investigated, which may substantiate the theory of progesterone resistance in women with endometriosis. However, further research is necessary to determine their specific role and relevance.
Collapse
|
21
|
Yoo JY, Kim TH, Fazleabas AT, Palomino WA, Ahn SH, Tayade C, Schammel DP, Young SL, Jeong JW, Lessey BA. KRAS Activation and over-expression of SIRT1/BCL6 Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Endometriosis and Progesterone Resistance. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6765. [PMID: 28754906 PMCID: PMC5533722 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04577-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is an inflammatory condition that is associated with progesterone resistance and cell proliferation, resulting in pain, infertility and pregnancy loss. We previously demonstrated phosphorylation of STAT3 in eutopic endometrium of infertile women with this disorder leading to over-expression of the oncogene BCL6 and stabilization of hypoxia-induced factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α). Here we report coordinated activation of KRAS and over-expression of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a histone deacetylase and gene silencer, in the eutopic endometrium from women with endometriosis throughout the menstrual cycle. The mice with conditional activation of KRAS in the PGR positive cells reveal an increase of SIRT1 expression in the endometrium compared to control mice. The expression of progesterone receptor target genes including the Indian Hedgehog pathway genes are significantly down-regulated in the mutant mice. SIRT1 co-localizes with BCL6 in the nuclei of affected individuals and both proteins bind to and suppress the promoter of GLI1, a critical mediator of progesterone action in the Indian Hedgehog pathway, by ChIP analysis. In eutopic endometrium, GLI1 expression is reduced in women with endometriosis. Together, these data suggest that KRAS, SIRT1 and BCL6 are coordinately over-expressed in eutopic endometrium of women with endometriosis and likely participate in the pathogenesis of endometriosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yoon Yoo
- Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Asgerally T Fazleabas
- Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
- Department of Women's Health, Spectrum Health System, Grand Rapids, MI, 49341, USA
| | - Wilder A Palomino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Soo Hyun Ahn
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queens University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Chandrakant Tayade
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queens University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - David P Schammel
- Pathology Associates, Greenville Hospital System, Greenville, SC, 29605, USA
| | - Steven L Young
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Jae-Wook Jeong
- Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA.
- Department of Women's Health, Spectrum Health System, Grand Rapids, MI, 49341, USA.
| | - Bruce A Lessey
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Greenville Health System, Greenville, SC, 29605, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Papoudou-Bai A, Hatzimichael E, Barbouti A, Kanavaros P. Expression patterns of the activator protein-1 (AP-1) family members in lymphoid neoplasms. Clin Exp Med 2016; 17:291-304. [PMID: 27600282 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-016-0436-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The activator protein-1 (AP-1) is a dimeric transcription factor composed of proteins belonging to the Jun (c-Jun, JunB and JunD), Fos (c-Fos, FosB, Fra1 and Fra2) and activating transcription factor protein families. AP-1 is involved in various cellular events including differentiation, proliferation, survival and apoptosis. Deregulated expression of AP-1 transcription factors is implicated in the pathogenesis of various lymphomas such as classical Hodgkin lymphomas, anaplastic large cell lymphomas, diffuse large B cell lymphomas and adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma. The main purpose of this review is the analysis of the expression patterns of AP-1 transcription factors in order to gain insight into the histophysiology of lymphoid tissues and the pathology of lymphoid malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexandra Barbouti
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Kanavaros
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Evans-Hoeker E, Lessey BA, Jeong JW, Savaris RF, Palomino WA, Yuan L, Schammel DP, Young SL. Endometrial BCL6 Overexpression in Eutopic Endometrium of Women With Endometriosis. Reprod Sci 2016; 23:1234-41. [PMID: 27222232 PMCID: PMC5933165 DOI: 10.1177/1933719116649711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine B-cell CLL/lymphoma 6 (BCL6) expression in human eutopic endometrium across the menstrual cycle in women with and without endometriosis and to establish a cutoff for future studies. This design was a series of case-control studies in tertiary University teaching hospitals. We examined BCL6 expression by messenger RNA and immunohistochemically in prospectively collected samples in both the proliferative (P) and the secretory phases. BCL6 is minimally increased in the mid-secretory phase of the menstrual cycle compared to the P phase in normal patients. BCL6 protein expression was significantly higher in the secretory phase of patients with endometriosis (n = 29) versus fertile controls without endometriosis at laparoscopy (n = 20; P < .0001). Normal fertile controls (n = 28) recruited for endometrial biopsy also had low levels of secretory phase BCL6 expression compared to women with unexplained infertility (UI; n = 119). A receiving-operator characteristic analysis of these data revealed an area under the curve of 94% (95% confidence interval 85%-100%; P < .0001) with an HSCORE cutoff of 1.4 to differentiate cases with and without endometriosis. Using this cutoff value, BCL6 was positive in 88% of cases with UI. Laparoscopic examination of a subset of 65 patients confirmed abnormalities in 98% of cases; 61 (93.8%) were found to have endometriosis, 3 (4.6%) with hydrosalpinx, and 1 (1.5%) with a normal pelvis. These data suggest that BCL6 is a promising candidate as a single diagnostic biomarker for detection of endometriosis in women with otherwise UI and may be associated with endometrial dysfunction, including progesterone resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Evans-Hoeker
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carilion Clinic, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Bruce A Lessey
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Greenville Health System, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Jae Wook Jeong
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology of Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA Department of Women's Health, Spectrum Health System, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Ricardo F Savaris
- Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetricia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Wilder A Palomino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Research, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lingwen Yuan
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David P Schammel
- Pathology Associates, Greenville Health System, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Steven L Young
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bhatt S, Sarosiek KA, Lossos IS. Interleukin 21 - its potential role in the therapy of B-cell lymphomas. Leuk Lymphoma 2016; 58:17-29. [PMID: 27405876 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2016.1201568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21), a member of IL-2 cytokine family, has pleotropic biological effects on lymphoid and myeloid cells. During the past 15 years, since the discovery of IL-21, great advances have been made regarding its biological activity and the mechanisms controlling IL-21-mediated cellular responses, especially in hematological malignancies. Preclinical studies have shown that IL-21R is expressed on healthy and neoplastic B-cells and exogenous IL-21 can induce direct apoptosis of IL-21R expressing B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL), making it a potentially attractive anti-lymphoma therapy. However, in some hematological malignancies such as multiple myeloma, Hodgkin lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma, IL-21 can induce proliferation of neoplastic B-cells. In NHL, the underlying mechanism of cell death was found to be different between the various subtypes, including activation of different JAK/STAT signal transduction pathways or other factors. Immunomodulatory effects of IL-21 have also been reported to contribute to its anti-tumor effects as described by earlier studies in solid tumors and B-cell associated malignancies. These effects are predominantly mediated by IL-21's ability to activate cytolytic activities by NK-cells and CD4+/CD8+ T-cells. In this review, we provide an overview of IL-21's effects in NHL, results from clinical trials utilizing IL-21, and propose how IL-21 can be therapeutically exploited for treating these lymphomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Bhatt
- a Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | | | - Izidore S Lossos
- b Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA.,c Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology , Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Win-Shwe TT, Fujimaki H. Activation of transcription factors in a mouse lung following exposure to environmental chemical and biological agents. J Toxicol Sci 2016; 40:559-68. [PMID: 26354372 DOI: 10.2131/jts.40.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Environmental biological and chemical agents can modulate innate and acquired immunity in the lung via the stimulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). To investigate the effect of environmental chemical agents on the activation of NF-κB and activator protein (AP)-1 subunits and the role of TLR4 signaling in the lung, C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ (TLR4-defective) mice were exposed to 0 or 50 ppm of toluene for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 6 weeks. Some groups of mice were also stimulated with OVA or LPS as a biological agent. The DNA-binding activities of the NF-κB subunits (p50, p52, p65 and RelB) and AP-1 family members (FosB, c-Fos, +c-Jun, JunD) were compared using TransAM ELISA kits. Exposure to toluene alone produced no significant changes in both mice. Although stimulation with OVA or LPS alone significantly increased the DNA binding activities of p50 and p52 in C3H/HeN mice, there were no interactions between biological factors and toluene. In the C3H/HeJ mice, stimulation with OVA or LPS increased p65 and p52 binding activity and the combination of exposure to toluene and OVA significantly increased the DNA binding activities of the p65 and p52 in the lung. During AP-1 activation, co-exposure to toluene and OVA increased JunD binding activity in C3H/HeJ mice, while co-exposure to toluene and LPS influenced c-Fos binding activity in C3H/HeN mice. These results indicate that TLR4 may play an important role in activation of NF-κB or AP-1 family following exposure to environmental biological and chemical agents.
Collapse
|
26
|
Bcl6 middle domain repressor function is required for T follicular helper cell differentiation and utilizes the corepressor MTA3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:13324-9. [PMID: 26460037 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1507312112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are essential providers of help to B cells. The transcription factor B-cell CLL/lymphoma 6 (Bcl6) is a lineage-defining regulator of Tfh cells and germinal center B cells. In B cells, Bcl6 has the potential to recruit distinct transcriptional corepressors through its BTB domain or its poorly characterized middle domain (also known as RDII), but in Tfh cells the roles of the Bcl6 middle domain have yet to be clarified. Mimicked acetylation of the Bcl6 middle domain (K379Q) in CD4 T cells results in significant reductions in Tfh differentiation in vivo. Blimp1 (Prdm1) is a potent inhibitor of Tfh cell differentiation. Although Bcl6 K379Q still bound to the Prdm1 cis-regulatory elements in Tfh cells, Prdm1 expression was derepressed. This was a result of the failure of Bcl6 K379Q to recruit metastasis-associated protein 3 (MTA3). The loss of Bcl6 function in Bcl6 K379Q-expressing CD4 T cells could be partially rescued by abrogating Prdm1 expression. In addition to Prdm1, we found that Bcl6 recruits MTA3 to multiple genes involved in Tfh cell biology, including genes important for cell migration, cell survival, and alternative differentiation pathways. Thus, Bcl6 middle domain mediated repression is a major mechanism of action by which Bcl6 controls CD4 T-cell fate and function.
Collapse
|
27
|
Meguro K, Suzuki K, Hosokawa J, Sanayama Y, Tanaka S, Furuta S, Ikeda K, Takatori H, Suto A, Sakamoto A, Ohara O, Nakajima H. Role of Bcl-3 in the Development of Follicular Helper T Cells and in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:2651-60. [DOI: 10.1002/art.39266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kotaro Suzuki
- Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba Japan
| | | | | | - Shigeru Tanaka
- Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba Japan
| | | | - Kei Ikeda
- Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba Japan
| | | | - Akira Suto
- Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba Japan
| | - Akemi Sakamoto
- Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Papoudou-Bai A, Goussia A, Batistatou A, Stefanou D, Malamou-Mitsi V, Kanavaros P. The expression levels of JunB, JunD and p-c-Jun are positively correlated with tumor cell proliferation in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 57:143-50. [PMID: 25813203 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2015.1034704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the expression of Jun family in relation to CD30 expression, cell proliferation and B-cell differentiation immunophenotypes [Germinal Center and non-Germinal Center] in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL). Expression and high expression of phosphorylated-c-Jun (p-c-Jun), JunB, JunD and CD30 (cut-off scores 20% and 50%, respectively) was found in 18/103, 49/103, 72/101 and 26/102 cases, respectively, and in 6/103, 27/103, 60/101 and 21/102 cases, respectively. The following significant positive correlations were observed: (a) JunB with cyclin A (p = 0.046), cyclin B1 (p = 0.033), cyclin E (p = 0.003), MUM-1 (p = 0.002) and CD30 (p < 0.001), (b) JunD with Ki67 (p = 0.002) and cyclin E (p = 0.014), (c) p-c-Jun with CD30 (p = 0.015), and (d) high p-c-Jun with cyclin A (p = 0.034). The positive correlation between expression of JunB, JunD and p-c-Jun and tumor cell proliferation in DLBCL, suggests that increased JunB, JunD and p-c-Jun expression may be involved in the pathogenesis of DLBCL by increasing tumor cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Goussia
- a Department of Pathology , Medical Faculty , University of Ioannina, Ioannina , Greece
| | - Anna Batistatou
- a Department of Pathology , Medical Faculty , University of Ioannina, Ioannina , Greece
| | - Dimitrios Stefanou
- a Department of Pathology , Medical Faculty , University of Ioannina, Ioannina , Greece
| | | | - Panagiotis Kanavaros
- b Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology , Medical Faculty , University of Ioannina, Ioannina , Greece
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Haery L, Thompson RC, Gilmore TD. Histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases in B- and T-cell development, physiology and malignancy. Genes Cancer 2015; 6:184-213. [PMID: 26124919 PMCID: PMC4482241 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of B and T cells from hematopoietic precursors and the regulation of the functions of these immune cells are complex processes that involve highly regulated signaling pathways and transcriptional control. The signaling pathways and gene expression patterns that give rise to these developmental processes are coordinated, in part, by two opposing classes of broad-based enzymatic regulators: histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). HATs and HDACs can modulate gene transcription by altering histone acetylation to modify chromatin structure, and by regulating the activity of non-histone substrates, including an array of immune-cell transcription factors. In addition to their role in normal B and T cells, dysregulation of HAT and HDAC activity is associated with a variety of B- and T-cell malignancies. In this review, we describe the roles of HATs and HDACs in normal B- and T-cell physiology, describe mutations and dysregulation of HATs and HDACs that are implicated lymphoma and leukemia, and discuss HAT and HDAC inhibitors that have been explored as treatment options for leukemias and lymphomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Haery
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Collins CM, Speck SH. Interleukin 21 signaling in B cells is required for efficient establishment of murine gammaherpesvirus latency. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004831. [PMID: 25875847 PMCID: PMC4395336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gammaherpesviruses take advantage of normal B cell differentiation pathways to establish life-long infection in memory B cells. Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) infection of laboratory strains of mice also leads to life-long infection in memory B cells. To gain access to the memory B cell population, MHV68 infected B cells pass through the germinal center reaction during the onset of latency and require signals from T follicular helper (TFH) cells for proliferation. Interleukin 21 (IL-21), one of the secreted factors produced by TFH cells, plays an important role in both the maintenance of the germinal center response as well as in the generation of long-lived plasma cells. Using IL-21R deficient mice, we show that IL-21 signaling is required for efficient establishment of MHV68 infection. In the absence of IL-21 signaling, fewer infected splenocytes are able to gain access to either the germinal center B cell population or the plasma cell population – the latter being a major site of MHV68 reactivation. Furthermore, the germinal center B cell population in IL-21R-/- mice is skewed towards the non-proliferating centrocyte phenotype, resulting in reduced expansion of infected B cells. Additionally, the reduced frequency of infected plasma cells results in a significant reduction in the frequency of splenocytes capable of reactivating virus. This defect in establishment of MHV68 infection is intrinsic to B cells, as MHV68 preferentially establishes infection in IL-21R sufficient B cells in mixed bone marrow chimeric mice. Taken together, these data indicate that IL-21 signaling plays multiple roles during establishment of MHV68 infection, and identify IL-21 as a critical TFH cell-derived factor for efficient establishment of gammaherpesvirus B cell latency. Gammaherpesviruses establish life-long infection in B cells by taking advantage of the host immune response that is generated during primary infection. During initial infection, the immune system responds by inducing rapid proliferation of responding B cells during the germinal center reaction. This response is highly coordinated and relies on the interplay of multiple cell types. CD4 T helper cells are an important component of the germinal center reaction in that they communicate with B cells by providing both proliferation and survival signals. Gammaherpesviruses infect B cells that receive these signals, resulting in proliferation and survival of infected cells, allowing the virus to establish life-long infection. Here we show that interleukin 21 (IL-21), one of the signaling factors produced by CD4 T cells, is required for efficient establishment of infection in a mouse model of gammaherpesvirus infection. In the absence of IL-21 signaling, the viral load is markedly reduced and the composition of the infected cell population is altered to cell types that are less proliferative and produce less virus. These results demonstrate how gammaherpesviruses are able to take advantage of the immune response being generated against it to establish lifelong infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Collins
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Samuel H. Speck
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang W, Xu Z, Fu L, Liu W, Li X. Pathogenesis analysis of pituitary adenoma based on gene expression profiling. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:2423-2430. [PMID: 25360166 PMCID: PMC4214395 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to investigate the pathogenesis of pituitary adenoma through screening of the differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) and proteins in normal pituitary and pituitary adenoma tissues, and analyzing the interactions among them. Following the acquisition of gene expression profiling data from a public functional genomics data repository, Gene Expression Omnibus, DEGs were screened in normal pituitary and pituitary adenoma tissues. Upregulated and downregulated DEGs were further identified through gene ontology functional enrichment analysis. Subsequently, the DEGs were mapped to the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes database, and the protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks of the upregulated and downregulated DEGs were constructed. Finally, the functional modules of the PPI network of the downregulated DEGs were analyzed. In total, 211 upregulated and 413 downregulated DEGs were screened between the normal pituitary and pituitary adenoma samples. Downregulated DEGs were associated with certain functions, including the immune response, hormone regulation and cell proliferation. Upregulated genes were associated with cation transport functions. Five modules were acquired from the PPI network of the downregulated DEGs. Transcription factors, including signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), interleukin 6 (IL-6), B-cell lymphoma 6 protein, early growth response 1, POU1F1, jun B proto-oncogene and FOS were the core nodes in the functional modules. In summary, the DEGs and proteins were identified through screening gene expression profiling and PPI networks. The results of the present study indicated that low expression levels of hormone- and immune-related genes facilitated the occurrence of pituitary adenoma. Low expression levels of IL-6 and STAT3 were significant in the dysimmunity of pituitary adenoma. Furthermore, the low expression level of POU1F1 contributed to the reduction in pituitary hormone secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Wang
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China ; Department of Neurosurgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Zhiming Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Li Fu
- Department of General Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Xingang Li
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China ; Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Grötsch B, Brachs S, Lang C, Luther J, Derer A, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Bozec A, Fillatreau S, Berberich I, Hobeika E, Reth M, Wagner EF, Schett G, Mielenz D, David JP. The AP-1 transcription factor Fra1 inhibits follicular B cell differentiation into plasma cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:2199-212. [PMID: 25288397 PMCID: PMC4203943 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20130795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Grötsch et al. find that the AP-1 transcription factor Fra-1 limits the generation of antibody-producing plasma cells. Absence of Fra1 in B cells results in abnormally high numbers of plasma cells and increased antibody responses after vaccination. The cornerstone of humoral immunity is the differentiation of B cells into antibody-secreting plasma cells. This process is tightly controlled by a regulatory gene network centered on the transcriptional repressor B lymphocyte–induced maturation protein 1 (Blimp1). Proliferation of activated B cells is required to foster Blimp1 expression but needs to be terminated to avoid overshooting immune reactions. Activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factors become quickly up-regulated upon B cell activation. We demonstrate that Fra1, a Fos member of AP-1, enhances activation-induced cell death upon induction in activated B cells. Moreover, mice with B cell–specific deletion of Fra1 show enhanced plasma cell differentiation and exacerbated antibody responses. In contrast, transgenic overexpression of Fra1 blocks plasma cell differentiation and immunoglobulin production, which cannot be rescued by Bcl2. On the molecular level, Fra1 represses Blimp1 expression and interferes with binding of the activating AP-1 member c-Fos to the Blimp1 promoter. Conversely, overexpression of c-Fos in Fra1 transgenic B cells releases Blimp1 repression. As Fra1 lacks transcriptional transactivation domains, we propose that Fra1 inhibits Blimp1 expression and negatively controls plasma cell differentiation through binding to the Blimp1 promoter. In summary, we demonstrate that Fra1 negatively controls plasma cell differentiation by repressing Blimp1 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Grötsch
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus Fiebiger Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Ophthalmology, Department Kopfklinik, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, D91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brachs
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus Fiebiger Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Ophthalmology, Department Kopfklinik, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, D91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christiane Lang
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus Fiebiger Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Ophthalmology, Department Kopfklinik, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, D91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Luther
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus Fiebiger Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Ophthalmology, Department Kopfklinik, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, D91054 Erlangen, Germany Institute for Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anja Derer
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus Fiebiger Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Ophthalmology, Department Kopfklinik, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, D91054 Erlangen, Germany Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus Fiebiger Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Ophthalmology, Department Kopfklinik, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, D91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ursula Schlötzer-Schrehardt
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus Fiebiger Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Ophthalmology, Department Kopfklinik, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, D91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aline Bozec
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus Fiebiger Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Ophthalmology, Department Kopfklinik, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, D91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Fillatreau
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, D10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingolf Berberich
- Institute for Virology und Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, D97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Elias Hobeika
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, Faculty for Biology, and Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, University of Freiburg, D79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Reth
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, Faculty for Biology, and Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, University of Freiburg, D79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Erwin F Wagner
- Spanish National Cancer Center, Genes, Development and Disease Group, E28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Georg Schett
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus Fiebiger Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Ophthalmology, Department Kopfklinik, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, D91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus Fiebiger Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Ophthalmology, Department Kopfklinik, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, D91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jean-Pierre David
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus Fiebiger Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Ophthalmology, Department Kopfklinik, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, D91054 Erlangen, Germany Institute for Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D20246 Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Deng XM, Yan SX, Wei W. IL-21 acts as a promising therapeutic target in systemic lupus erythematosus by regulating plasma cell differentiation. Cell Mol Immunol 2014; 12:31-9. [PMID: 25088225 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma cells, which secrete auto-antibodies, are considered to be the arch-criminal of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, but there are many cytokines involved in inducing the differentiation of B-cell subsets into plasma cells. Here, we emphasize IL-21, which has emerged as the most potent inducer of plasma cell differentiation. In this review, we focused on the promoting effects of IL-21 on plasma cell differentiation and discuss how these effects contribute to B cell-mediated autoimmune disease.
Collapse
|
34
|
Hu J, Havenar-Daughton C, Crotty S. Modulation of SAP dependent T:B cell interactions as a strategy to improve vaccination. Curr Opin Virol 2013; 3:363-70. [PMID: 23743125 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Generating long-term humoral immunity is a crucial component of successful vaccines and requires interactions between T cells and B cells in germinal centers (GC). In GCs, a specialized subset of CD4+ helper T cells, called T follicular helper cells (Tfh), provide help to B cells; this help directs the magnitude and quality of the antibody response. Tfh cell help influences B cell survival, proliferation, somatic hypermutation, class switch recombination, and differentiation. Sustained contact between Tfh cells and B cells is necessary for the provision of help to B cells. SAP (Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein, encoded by Sh2d1a) regulates the duration of T:B cell interactions and is required for long-term humoral immunity in animal models and in humans. SAP binds to SLAM family receptors and mediates signaling that affects cell adhesion, cytokine secretion, and TCR signaling strength. Therefore, the modulation of SAP and SLAM family receptor expression represents a major axis by which the quality and duration of an antibody response is controlled after vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Hu
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Various molecules participate in different phases of allergic reactions. This means that many genes are encoding molecules related to allergic reactions, such as cytokines, chemokines, and their receptors as effect or molecules. The transcriptional repressor BCL6 has emerged as a multifunctional regulator of lymphocyte differentiation and immune responses. BCL6-deficient (BCL6) mice display T helper type 2 (Th2)-type inflammation, which is caused by abnormality of both lymphoid cells and nonlymphoid cells. Thus, BCL6 apparently contributes to negative regulation of various central molecules such as cytokines, in particular Th2 cytokines, CC chemokines, and immunoglobulin E in allergic diseases. Therefore, BCL6 may be a molecular target for Th2-type allergic diseases.
Collapse
|
36
|
Karnowski A, Chevrier S, Belz GT, Mount A, Emslie D, D'Costa K, Tarlinton DM, Kallies A, Corcoran LM. B and T cells collaborate in antiviral responses via IL-6, IL-21, and transcriptional activator and coactivator, Oct2 and OBF-1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:2049-64. [PMID: 23045607 PMCID: PMC3478936 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20111504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional activator Oct2 and cofactor OBF-1 regulate B cell IL-6 to induce T cell production of IL-21, to support Tfh cell development in antiviral immunity. A strong humoral response to infection requires the collaboration of several hematopoietic cell types that communicate via antigen presentation, surface coreceptors and their ligands, and secreted factors. The proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 has been shown to promote the differentiation of activated CD4+ T cells into T follicular helper cells (TFH cells) during an immune response. TFH cells collaborate with B cells in the formation of germinal centers (GCs) during T cell–dependent antibody responses, in part through secretion of critical cytokines such as IL-21. In this study, we demonstrate that loss of either IL-6 or IL-21 has marginal effects on the generation of TFH cells and on the formation of GCs during the response to acute viral infection. However, mice lacking both IL-6 and IL-21 were unable to generate a robust TFH cell–dependent immune response. We found that IL-6 production in follicular B cells in the draining lymph node was an important early event during the antiviral response and that B cell–derived IL-6 was necessary and sufficient to induce IL-21 from CD4+ T cells in vitro and to support TFH cell development in vivo. Finally, the transcriptional activator Oct2 and its cofactor OBF-1 were identified as regulators of Il6 expression in B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Karnowski
- Molecular Immunology Division and 2 Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zotos D, Tarlinton DM. Determining germinal centre B cell fate. Trends Immunol 2012; 33:281-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
38
|
Patodia S, Raivich G. Role of transcription factors in peripheral nerve regeneration. Front Mol Neurosci 2012; 5:8. [PMID: 22363260 PMCID: PMC3277281 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2012.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Following axotomy, the activation of multiple intracellular signaling cascades causes the expression of a cocktail of regeneration-associated transcription factors which interact with each other to determine the fate of the injured neurons. The nerve injury response is channeled through manifold and parallel pathways, integrating diverse inputs, and controlling a complex transcriptional output. Transcription factors form a vital link in the chain of regeneration, converting injury-induced stress signals into downstream protein expression via gene regulation. They can regulate the intrinsic ability of axons to grow, by controlling expression of whole cassettes of gene targets. In this review, we have investigated the functional roles of a number of different transcription factors - c-Jun, activating transcription factor 3, cAMP response element binding protein, signal transducer, and activator of transcription-3, CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins β and δ, Oct-6, Sox11, p53, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell, and ELK3 - in peripheral nerve regeneration. Studies involving use of conditional mutants, microarrays, promoter region mapping, and different injury paradigms, have enabled us to understand their distinct as well as overlapping roles in achieving anatomical and functional regeneration after peripheral nerve injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Patodia
- Centre for Perinatal Brain Protection and Repair, University College London London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Johnston RJ, Choi YS, Diamond JA, Yang JA, Crotty S. STAT5 is a potent negative regulator of TFH cell differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:243-50. [PMID: 22271576 PMCID: PMC3281266 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20111174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 2, STAT5, and Blimp-1 work together to suppress differentiation of follicular helper T cells in mice. Follicular helper T cells (TFH cells) constitute the CD4+ T cell subset that is specialized to provide help to germinal center (GC) B cells and, consequently, mediate the development of long-lived humoral immunity. TFH cell differentiation is driven by the transcription factor Bcl6, and recent studies have identified cytokine and cell–cell signals that drive Bcl6 expression. However, although TFH dysregulation is associated with several major autoimmune diseases, the mechanisms underlying the negative regulation of TFH cell differentiation are poorly understood. In this study, we show that STAT5 inhibits TFH cell differentiation and function. Constitutive STAT5 signaling in activated CD4+ T cells selectively blocked TFH cell differentiation and GCs, and IL-2 signaling was a primary inducer of this pathway. Conversely, STAT5-deficient CD4+ T cells (mature STAT5fl/fl CD4+ T cells transduced with a Cre-expressing vector) rapidly up-regulated Bcl6 expression and preferentially differentiated into TFH cells during T cell priming in vivo. STAT5 signaling failed to inhibit TFH cell differentiation in the absence of the transcription factor Blimp-1, a direct repressor of Bcl6 expression and TFH cell differentiation. These results demonstrate that IL-2, STAT5, and Blimp-1 collaborate to negatively regulate TFH cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Johnston
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Type I interferons directly down-regulate BCL-6 in primary and transformed germinal center B cells: differential regulation in B cell lines derived from endemic or sporadic Burkitt's lymphoma. Cytokine 2011; 57:360-71. [PMID: 22204827 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN) exert multiple effects on both the innate and adaptive immune system in addition to their antiviral and antiproliferative activities. Little is known, however about the direct effects of type I IFNs on germinal center (GC) B cells, the central components of adaptive B cell responses. We used Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) lines, as a model system of normal human GC B cells, to examine the effect of type I IFNs on the expression of BCL-6, the major regulator of the GC reaction. We show that type I IFNs, but not IFNγ, IL-2 and TNFα rapidly down-regulate BCL-6 protein and mRNA expression, in cell lines derived from endemic, but not from sporadic BL. IFNα-induced down-regulation is specific for BCL-6, independent of Epstein-Barr virus and is not accompanied by IRF-4 up-regulation. IFNα-induced BCL-6 mRNA down-regulation does not require de novo protein synthesis and is specifically inhibited by piceatannol. The proteasome inhibitor MG132 non-specifically prevents, while inhibitors of alternate type I IFN signaling pathways do not inhibit IFNα-induced BCL-6 protein downregulation. We validate our results with showing that IFNα rapidly down-regulates BCL-6 mRNA in purified mouse normal GC B cells. Our results identify type I IFNs as the first group of cytokines that can down-regulate BCL-6 expression directly in GC B cells.
Collapse
|
41
|
Jones SA, White CA, Robb L, Alexander WS, Tarlinton DM. SOCS3 deletion in B cells alters cytokine responses and germinal center output. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:6318-26. [PMID: 22075701 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
B cell behavior is fine-tuned by internal regulatory mechanisms and external cues such as cytokines and chemokines. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) is a key regulator of STAT3-dependent cytokine responses in many cell types and has been reported to inhibit CXCL12-induced retention of immature B cells in the bone marrow. Using mice with SOCS3 exclusively deleted in the B cell lineage (Socs3(Δ/Δ)mb1cre(+)), we analyzed the role of SOCS3 in the response of these cells to CXCL12 and the STAT3-inducing cytokines IL-6 and IL-21. Our findings refute a B cell-intrinsic role for SOCS3 in B cell development, because SOCS3 deletion in the B lineage did not affect B cell populations in naive mice. SOCS3 was strongly induced in B cells stimulated with IL-21 and in plasma cells exposed to IL-6. Its deletion permitted excessive and prolonged STAT3 signaling following IL-6 stimulation of plasma cells and, in a T cell-dependent immunization model, reduced the number of germinal center B cells formed and altered the production of Ag-specific IgM and IgE. These data demonstrate a novel regulatory signal transduction circuit in plasma cells, providing, to our knowledge, the first evidence of how these long-lived, sessile cells respond to the external signals that mediate their longevity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Jones
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Seto T, Yoshitake M, Ogasawara T, Ikari J, Sakamoto A, Hatano M, Hirata H, Fukuda T, Kuriyama T, Tatsumi K, Tokuhisa T, Arima M. Bcl6 in pulmonary epithelium coordinately controls the expression of the CC-type chemokine genes and attenuates allergic airway inflammation. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 41:1568-78. [PMID: 21801248 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is synteny in the CC-type chemokine gene clusters between humans (CCL2/MCP-1, CCL7MCP-3, CCL11/eotaxin, CCL8/MCP-2, CCL13/MCP-4, and CCL1/I-309) and mice (CCL2, CCL7, CCL11, CCL12/MCP-5, CCL8, and CCL1). OBJECTIVE As many putative Bcl6/STAT-binding sequences are observed in the clusters, we examined the roles of a transcriptional repressor Bcl6 and the regional histone modification in the expression of these chemokine genes in pulmonary epithelium. METHODS We generated transgenic (Tg) mice carrying the Bcl6 or the dominant-negative (DN)-Bcl6 gene under the control of the surfactant protein C (SPC) promoter that induces the exogenous gene expression in the distal lung epithelium. For in vitro studies, A549, alveolar type II-like epithelial cell line transfected with the SPC-DN-Bcl6 gene were stimulated with IL-4+TNF-α, and Bcl6 or STAT6 binding to and histone modification of the cluster in the transfectants were analysed by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Tg mice sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) were challenged with OVA inhalation. The amounts of mRNAs in each sample were analysed by quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS The amount of Bcl6 bound to the cluster decreased in A549 cells stimulated with IL-4 and TNF-α, whereas STAT6 binding increased in association with regional histone H3-K9/14 acetylation and H3-K4 methylation. The expression of all chemokine genes in the gene cluster was augmented in activated A549 cells transfected with the DN-Bcl6 gene. We also induced allergic airway inflammation in Tg mice. Expression of the chemokine genes and infiltrated cell numbers in the lungs of these Tg mice with allergic airway inflammation were inversely correlated with the amount of Bcl6 in the lungs. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Expression of the pulmonary epithelium-derived CC-type chemokine genes in the cluster is orchestrated by the conserved machinery related to Bcl6. Thus, Bcl6 in pulmonary epithelium may be a critical regulator for pathogenesis of various pulmonary inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Seto
- Department of Developmental Genetics (H2), Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Effective humoral immunity depends on B cells, plasma cells and follicular helper T cells (TFH) and secreted high-affinity antibodies. The differentiation of mature B cell into plasma cells is ultimately hardwired in a regulatory network of transcription factors. This circuitry is responding to extracellular stimuli, which leads to production of higher-affinity antibodies after germinal centre (GC) reaction. The understanding of the transcriptional regulation of GCs and the initiation of plasma cell differentiation is becoming increasingly clear. It is evident that transcriptional repressor Blimp-1 can drive the plasma cell differentiation, but the initiation of plasma cell differentiation in GCs is likely coupled to the loss of B cell characteristics maintained by transcription factors Pax5 and Bcl6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Alinikula
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
T cell help to B cells is a fundamental aspect of adaptive immunity and the generation of immunological memory. Follicular helper CD4 T (T(FH)) cells are the specialized providers of B cell help. T(FH) cells depend on expression of the master regulator transcription factor Bcl6. Distinguishing features of T(FH) cells are the expression of CXCR5, PD-1, SAP (SH2D1A), IL-21, and ICOS, among other molecules, and the absence of Blimp-1 (prdm1). T(FH) cells are important for the formation of germinal centers. Once germinal centers are formed, T(FH) cells are needed to maintain them and to regulate germinal center B cell differentiation into plasma cells and memory B cells. This review covers T(FH) differentiation, T(FH) functions, and human T(FH) cells, discussing recent progress and areas of uncertainty or disagreement in the literature, and it debates the developmental relationship between T(FH) cells and other CD4 T cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17, iTreg).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shane Crotty
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, California 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Genomic analysis reveals pre- and postchallenge differences in a rhesus macaque AIDS vaccine trial: insights into mechanisms of vaccine efficacy. J Virol 2010; 85:1099-116. [PMID: 21068249 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01522-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We have employed global transcriptional profiling of whole blood to identify biologically relevant changes in cellular gene expression in response to alternative AIDS vaccine strategies with subsequent viral challenge in a rhesus macaque vaccine model. Samples were taken at day 0 (prechallenge), day 14 (peak viremia), and week 12 (set point) from animals immunized with replicating adenovirus type 5 host range (Ad5hr) recombinant viruses expressing human immunodeficiency virus HIV(env)(89.6P), simian immunodeficiency virus SIV(gag)(239), or SIV(nef)(239) alone or in combination with two intramuscular boosts with HIV(89.6P)gp140ΔCFI protein (L. J. Patterson et al., Virology 374:322-337, 2008), and each treatment resulted in significant control of viremia following simian-human immunodeficiency virus SHIV(89.6P) challenge (six animals per group plus six controls). At day 0, 8 weeks after the last treatment, the microarray profiles revealed significant prechallenge differences between treatment groups; data from the best-protected animals led to identification of a network of genes related to B cell development and lymphocyte survival. At peak viremia, expression profiles of the immunized groups were extremely similar, and comparisons to control animals reflected immunological differences other than effector T cell functions. Suggested protective mechanisms for vaccinated animals included upregulation of interleukin-27, a cytokine known to inhibit lentivirus replication, and increased expression of complement components, which may synergize with vaccine-induced antibodies. Divergent expression profiles at set point for the immunized groups implied distinct immunological responses despite phenotypic similarities in viral load and CD4(+) T cell levels. Data for the gp140-boosted group provided evidence for antibody-dependent, cell-mediated viral control, whereas animals immunized with only the replicating Ad5hr recombinants exhibited a different evolution of the B cell compartment even at 3 months postchallenge. This study demonstrates the sensitivity and discrimination of gene expression profiling of whole blood as an analytical tool in AIDS vaccine trials, providing unique insights into in vivo mechanisms and potential correlates of protection.
Collapse
|
46
|
Schaeferhoff K, Michalakis S, Tanimoto N, Fischer MD, Becirovic E, Beck SC, Huber G, Rieger N, Riess O, Wissinger B, Biel M, Seeliger MW, Bonin M. Induction of STAT3-related genes in fast degenerating cone photoreceptors of cpfl1 mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:3173-86. [PMID: 20467778 PMCID: PMC11115765 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0376-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cone dystrophies are genetic diseases characterized by loss of cone photoreceptor function and severe impairment of daylight vision. Loss of function is accompanied by a progressive degeneration of cones limiting potential therapeutic interventions. In this study we combined microarray-based gene-expression analysis with electroretinography and immunohistochemistry to characterize the pathological processes in the cone photoreceptor function loss 1 (cpfl1) mouse model. The cpfl1-mouse is a naturally arising mouse mutant with a loss-of-function mutation in the cone-specific Pde6c gene. Cpfl1-mice displayed normal rod-specific light responses while cone-specific responses were strongly diminished. Despite the lack of a general retinal degeneration, the cone-specific functional defect resulted in a marked activation of GFAP, a hallmark of Müller-cell gliosis. Microarray-based network-analysis confirmed activation of Müller-glia-specific transcripts. Unexpectedly, we found up-regulation of the cytokine LIF and the anti-apoptotic transcription factor STAT3 in cpfl1 cone photoreceptors. We postulate that STAT3-related pathways are induced in cpfl1 cone photoreceptors to counteract degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Schaeferhoff
- Microarray Facility, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstr. 7, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Oracki SA, Walker JA, Hibbs ML, Corcoran LM, Tarlinton DM. Plasma cell development and survival. Immunol Rev 2010; 237:140-59. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00940.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
48
|
Abstract
As more states of CD4 T cell differentiation are uncovered, their flexibility is also beginning to be recognized. Components that control the plasticity of CD4 T cell populations include cellular conditions, clonality, transcriptional circuitry and chromatin modifications. Appearance of cellular flexibility may arise from truly flexible genetic programs or, alternatively, from heterogeneous populations. New tools will be needed to define the rules that allow or prohibit cellular transitions.
Collapse
|
49
|
Kasten-Jolly J, Heo Y, Lawrence DA. Impact of developmental lead exposure on splenic factors. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 247:105-15. [PMID: 20542052 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is known to alter the functions of numerous organ systems, including the hematopoietic and immune systems. Pb can induce anemia and can lower host resistance to bacterial and viral infections. The anemia is due to Pb's inhibition of hemoglobin synthesis and Pb's induction of membrane changes, leading to early erythrocyte senescence. Pb also increases B-cell activation/proliferation and skews T-cell help (Th) toward Th2 subset generation. The specific mechanisms for many of the Pb effects are, as yet, not completely understood. Therefore, we performed gene expression analysis, via microarray, on RNA from the spleens of developmentally Pb-exposed mice, in order to gain further insight into these Pb effects. Splenic RNA microarray analysis indicated strong up-regulation of genes coding for proteolytic enzymes, lipases, amylase, and RNaseA. The data also showed that Pb affected the expression of many genes associated with innate immunity. Analysis of the microarray results via GeneSifter software indicated that Pb increased apoptosis, B-cell differentiation, and Th2 development. Direct up-regulation by Pb of expression of the gene encoding the heme-regulated inhibitor (HRI) suggested that Pb can decrease erythropoiesis by blocking globin mRNA translation. Pb's high elevation of digestive/catabolizing enzymes could generate immunogenic self peptides. With Pb's potential to induce new self-peptides and to enhance the expression of caspases, cytokines, and other immunomodulators, further evaluation of Pb's involvement in autoimmune phenomena, especially Th2-mediated autoantibody production, and alteration of organ system activities is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Kasten-Jolly
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology and Immunology, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Shao Y, Kim SY, Shin D, Kim MS, Suh HW, Piao ZH, Jeong M, Lee SH, Yoon SR, Lim BH, Kim WH, Ahn JK, Choi I. TXNIP regulates germinal center generation by suppressing BCL-6 expression. Immunol Lett 2010; 129:78-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|