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Padasas BT, Españo E, Kim SH, Song Y, Lee CK, Kim JK. COVID-19 Therapeutics: An Update on Effective Treatments Against Infection With SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Immune Netw 2023; 23:e13. [PMID: 37179752 PMCID: PMC10166656 DOI: 10.4110/in.2023.23.e13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is one of the most consequential global health crises in over a century. Since its discovery in 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to mutate into different variants and sublineages, rendering previously potent treatments and vaccines ineffective. With significant strides in clinical and pharmaceutical research, different therapeutic strategies continue to be developed. The currently available treatments can be broadly classified based on their potential targets and molecular mechanisms. Antiviral agents function by disrupting different stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection, while immune-based treatments mainly act on the human inflammatory response responsible for disease severity. In this review, we discuss some of the current treatments for COVID-19, their mode of actions, and their efficacy against variants of concern. This review highlights the need to constantly evaluate COVID-19 treatment strategies to protect high risk populations and fill in the gaps left by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erica Españo
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Youngcheon Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Korea
| | - Chong-Kil Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jeong-Ki Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong 30019, Korea
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Jesmani Y, Bozorgomid A, Shadmani FK, Dehbani A, Sayad B. Demographic and clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 patients admitted to a university hospital in the west of Iran: a retrospective study in the third wave. VACUNAS 2023; 24:S1576-9887(23)00007-9. [PMID: 36817340 PMCID: PMC9922569 DOI: 10.1016/j.vacun.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The characteristics of this infectious disease vary from a country to another and from one peak to the next. The aim of the present study was to describe the COVID-19 patients hospitalized in Kermanshah, a city in the west of Iran, in the third peak of the disease and to identify in-hospital mortality determinants in this disease. Methods: In this retrospective study, the clinical and demographic characteristics, laboratory findings, prescribed treatments and outcome of all COVID-19 patients (definitive, suspected, and probable) were collected from the medical records department of Farabi Hospital affiliated with Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran from 22 October to 20 November 2020. Results: In total, 665 COVID-19 patients (265 females and 400 males, mean age: 58.7 years) were enrolled, including 479 confirmed, 15 probable, and 30 suspected cases. About 84% of the patients presented with low oxygen saturation levels. The most common comorbidities were hypertension (15%), diabetes (10%), and cardiovascular disease (3%). The median (IQR) length of hospital stay was 6 (Nojomi et al., 2021; Flores-Vega et al., 2022; Fattahi et al., 2021; Cusinato et al., 2022; Avatef Fazeli et al., 2021 (4., 5., 6., 7., 8.)) and 7 (Javadi Mamaghani et al., 2021; Abdolahnejad et al., 2022; Nojomi et al., 2021; Flores-Vega et al., 2022; Fattahi et al., 2021; Cusinato et al., 2022; Avatef Fazeli et al., 2021; Sayad et al., 2021; Hesni et al., 2022; Buttenschøn et al., 2022; Smits et al., 2022; Rosenberger et al., 2021; Shi et al., 2022 (2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 11., 12., 13., 14.)) day in discharged and deceased patients, respectively. Eighty-two out of 655 patients admitted to the hospital and 39of the 60 patients admitted to the ICU died. In total, in-hospital mortality rate was 12.33%. Regarding lab variables, in the adjusted model, no significant difference was observed between discharged and deceased patients.The results of multivariable logistic regression showed that each one-unit increase in oxygen saturation (SPO2) increased the odds of survival by 0.88 times (aOR 0.88, 95% CI 0.78-0.99, p = 0.043). Moreover, each one-day increase in the length of ICU stay reduced the odds of mortality by 0.49 times (aOR 0.82, 95% CI 0.26-0.95, p = 0.035). Conclusion: Hospitalized COVID-19 patients were generally more ill during the third peak so that about 85% of the patients had SPO2 ≤ 93%. The in-hospital mortality rate was also high. Demographic and paraclinical variables (except SPO2 level) were not suitable predictors of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Jesmani
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Arezoo Bozorgomid
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Khosravi Shadmani
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Dehbani
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Babak Sayad
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Kelachayeh SMR, Shoushtari MH, Mehraban Z, Dargahi-Malamir M, Alizadehattar G, Raji H. The comparison of the mortality rates of plasmapheresis/hemoperfusion therapy with current treatment among Covid-19 patients. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11282. [PMID: 36310635 PMCID: PMC9597561 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is no definitive treatment for COVID-19. Hemoperfusion and plasmapheresis have only been studied in a few cases of COVID-19. In this study, plasmapheresis-hemoperfusion and current treatment for COVID-19 patients were compared for mortality. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 103 patients with COVID-19 underwent hemoperfusion, plasmapheresis, and conventional medical treatment in educational hospitals in Ahvaz, Iran. A census method was used to include the patients in the study. The data from the hospital file were used to complete a checklist containing demographic information, clinical findings, and paraclinical findings for all patients. Results There was not a statistically significant difference (P-value = 0.051) between the plasmapheresis group (78.8%), the hemoperfusion group (71.9%), and the current treatment group (52.6%) in mortality rates. Hemoperfusion had a median survival time of 18.9 days, plasmapheresis had a median survival time of 16.9 days, and current treatment had a median survival time of 13.5 days. In terms of patient survival time, there was no significant difference (P-value = 0.181). Multiple regression results showed that death rates in the hemoperfusion (P = 0.393) and plasmapheresis (P = 0.073) groups were not statistically different from those in the current treatment group. Conclusion As a result of this study, there were no differences between the treatment groups in regard to death rates or patient survival times.
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Ikegami C, Kanda T, Ishii T, Honda M, Yamana Y, Tanaka RS, Kumagawa M, Kanezawa S, Mizutani T, Yamagami H, Matsumoto N, Masuzaki R, Hayashi K, Nirei K, Takayama T, Moriyama M. COVID-19 After Treatment With Direct-acting Antivirals for HCV Infection and Decompensated Cirrhosis: A Case Report. In Vivo 2022; 36:1986-1993. [PMID: 35738621 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eradication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) from chronic HCV-infected patients could improve liver function and prevent hepatocarcinogenesis in the long term. Eradication of HCV by direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) also leads to dynamic immunological changes. We report a case of recurrent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that developed immediately after combination treatment with DAAs for HCV infection and decompensated cirrhosis. CASE REPORT A 55-year-old male was started on a 12-week treatment with combination of HCV NS5A inhibitor velpatasvir and HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitor sofosbuvir. HCV RNA became undetectable after six weeks of treatment and was undetectable at the end of the treatment (EOT). Twelve days after the EOT, we diagnosed the patient with COVID-19 pneumonia, admitted him to our hospital and he was discharged two weeks later. One week after his discharge, he visited our hospital again, was diagnosed with recurrent COVID-19 pneumonia readmitted for a second time. Four days after second admission, cardiac arrest occurred, however, he recovered from severe COVID-19 and achieved sustained virological response and his liver function improved. CONCLUSION In the COVID-19 era, while attention should be paid to the occurrence or exacerbation of infection, including COVID-19, interferon-free DAA combination therapy should be performed for HCV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Ikegami
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kanda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Ishii
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Honda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Yamana
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reina Sasaki Tanaka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Kumagawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shini Kanezawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taku Mizutani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yamagami
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Matsumoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Masuzaki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Hayashi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazushige Nirei
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadateru Takayama
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Moriyama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Bozorgmehr R, Amiri F, Hosein Zadeh M, Ghorbani F, Khameneh Bagheri A, Yazdi E, Nekooghadam SM, Pourdowlat G, Fatemi A. Effect of Sofosbuvir on Length of Hospital Stay in Moderate COVID-19 Cases; a Randomized Controlled Trial. ARCHIVES OF ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2022; 10:e46. [PMID: 35765613 PMCID: PMC9206832 DOI: 10.22037/aaem.v10i1.1621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Efforts to control the COVID-19 pandemic are still on. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sofosbuvir on length of hospital stay and complications in COVID-19 cases with moderate severity. METHODS This randomized clinical trial was done on moderate COVID-19 cases, who were admitted to Shohadaye Tajrish Hospital, Tehran, Iran, from 4/2021 to 9/2021. Eligible patients were randomly allocated into two groups of intervention (sofosbuvir) and control, and their outcomes were compared regarding the length of hospital stay and complications. RESULTS 100 COVID-19 cases were randomly divided into two groups of 50 patients, as the intervention and control groups. The mean age of patients was 50.56 ± 12.23 and 57.1±14.1 years in the intervention and control groups, respectively (p = 0.02). The two groups were similar regarding distribution of gender (p = 0.15), underlying diseases (p = 0.08), the severity of COVID-19 (p = 0.80) at the time of admission, signs and symptoms (p > 0.05), and essential laboratory profile (p > 0.05). The length of hospital stay in the control and intervention groups was 7.7 ± 4.09 days and 4.7±1.6 days, respectively (p = 0.02). None of our patients needed ICU or mechanical ventilation. CONCLUSION Sofosbuvir may decrease the length of hospital stay of COVID-19 cases with moderate severity, without a significant effect on the rate of intensive care unit (ICU) need and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Bozorgmehr
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Shohada-e Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farbod Amiri
- Men’s Health and Reproductive Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: Farbod Amiri; Shohada-e Tajrish Hospital, Shahrdari St, Tehran, Iran. Postal Code: 19899 34148
| | - Mohammad Hosein Zadeh
- Department of internal medicine, Shohada-e Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Ghorbani
- Tracheal Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Khameneh Bagheri
- Department of Radiology, Shohada-e Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmat Yazdi
- Department of internal medicine, Shohada-e Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayyed Mojtaba Nekooghadam
- Department of internal medicine, Shohada-e Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Guitti Pourdowlat
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Fatemi
- Men’s Health and Reproductive Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Efficacy and safety of the sofosbuvir/velpatasvir combination for the treatment of patients with early mild to moderate COVID-19. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5771. [PMID: 35388092 PMCID: PMC8985058 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is still a health problem worldwide despite the availability of vaccines. Therefore, there is a need for effective and safe antiviral. SARS-CoV-2 and HCV necessitate RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) for replication; therefore, it has been hypothesized that RdRp inhibitors used to treat HCV may be effective treating SARS-CoV-2. Accordingly, we evaluated the effect of the sofosbuvir/velpatasvir (SOF/VEL) combination in early SARS-CoV-2 infection. A multicenter case-control study was conducted, enrolling 120 patients with mild or moderate COVID-19, of whom 30, HCV coinfected or not, received SOF/VEL tablets (400/100 mg) once daily for 9 days within a median of 6 days from the beginning of infection and 90 controls were treated with standard care. The primary endpoint was the effect on viral clearance, and the secondary endpoint was the improvement of clinical outcomes. Nasal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 by PCR were performed every 5-7 days. Between 5-14 days after starting SOF/VEL treatment, SAS-CoV-2 clearance was observed in 83% of patients, while spontaneous clearance in the control was 13% (p < 0.001). An earlier SARS-CoV-2 clearance was observed in the SOF/VEL group than in the control group (median 14 vs 22 days, respectively, p < 0.001) also when the first positivity was considered. None of the patients in the SOF/VEL group showed disease progression, while in the control group, 24% required more intensive treatment (high flow oxygen or noninvasive/invasive ventilation), and one patient died (p < 0.01). No significant side effects were observed in the SOF/VEL group. Early SOF/VEL treatment in mild/moderate COVID-19 seems to be safe and effective for faster elimination of SARS-CoV-2 and to prevent disease progression.
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Akbari A, Razmi M, Sedaghat A, Alavi Dana SMM, Amiri M, Halvani AM, Yazdani S, Sahab-Negah S. Comparative effectiveness of pharmacological interventions on mortality and the average length of hospital stay of patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2022; 20:585-609. [PMID: 34694949 PMCID: PMC8787838 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2022.1997587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Up to now, numerous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have examined various drugs as possible treatments for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), but the results were diverse and occasionally even inconsistent with each other. To this point,we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the comparative effectiveness of pharmacological agents in published RCTs. AREAS COVERED A literature search was performed using PubMed, SCOPUS, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases. RCTs evaluating mortality and the average length of hospital stay to standard of care (SOC)/placebo/control were included. RCTs mainly were classified into five categories of drugs, including anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antiparasitic, antibody and antibiotics. Meta-analysis was done on 5 drugs classes and sub-group meta-analysis was done on single drugs and moderate or severe stage of disease. EXPERT OPINION Mortality and the average length of hospital stay of COVID-19 patients were significantly reduced with anti-inflammatory drugs (odds ratio [OR]: 0.77, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.69 to 0.85, P<0.00001, and mean difference [MD]: -1.41, CI:-1.75 to -1.07, P<0.00001, respectively) compared to SOC/control/placebo. Furthermore, antiparasitic was associated with reduced length of hospital stay (MD: -0.65, CI: -1.26 to -0.03, P<0.05) in comparison to SOC/placebo/control. However, no effectiveness was found in other pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Akbari
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahya Razmi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Sedaghat
- Lung Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Amiri
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Halvani
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Soroush Yazdani
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sajad Sahab-Negah
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
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Hesni E, Sayad B, Khosravi Shadmani F, Najafi F, Khodarahmi R, Rahimi Z, Bozorgomid A, Sayad N. Demographics, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of 27,256 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Kermanshah Province, Iran: a retrospective one-year cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:319. [PMID: 35361161 PMCID: PMC8969401 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07312-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the first official report of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Iran on 19 February 2020, our country has been one of the worst affected countries by the COVID-19 epidemic in the Middle East. In addition to demographic and clinical characteristics, the number of hospitalized cases and deaths is an important factor for evidence-based decision-making and disease control and preparing the healthcare system to face the future challenges of COVID-19. Therefore, this cohort study was conducted to determine the demographics, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Kermanshah Province, west of Iran. METHODS This multicenter retrospective cohort study included all suspected, probable, and confirmed cases of COVID-19 hospitalized in Kermanshah Province, Iran during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Demographics, clinical characteristics, outcomes and other additional information of hospitalized patients were collected from the COVID-19 database of the Medical Care Monitoring Center (MCMC) of Kermanshah Province. RESULTS Kermanshah Province experienced three waves of COVID-19 infection considering the hospitalization and mortality rates between February 20, 2020 and February 19, 2021. A total of 27,256 patients were included in the study: 5203 (19.09%) subjects were suspected, 9136(33.52%) were probable, and 12,917 (47.39%) were confirmed COVID-19 cases. The mean age of the patients was 53.34 ± 22.74 years and 14,648 (53.74%) were male. The median length of hospital stay among COVID-19 survivors and non-survivors patients were 4 (interquartile range [IQR] 1-6) and 4 (IQR 1-8) days, respectively. Among patients with COVID-19, 2646 (9.71%) died during hospitalization. A multivariable logistic regression revealed that odds of death among patients ≥ 85 years was significantly greater than among patients < 15 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 4.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.43-6.71, p≤ 0.001). Patients with one (aOR 1.38, 95% CI 1.21-1.59, p = 0.04), two (aOR 1.56, 95% CI 1.27-1.92, p = 0.001) or more (aOR 1.50, 95% CI 1.04-2.17, p = 0.03) comorbidities had higher odds of in-hospital death compared to those without comorbidities. The male sex (aOR 1.20, 95% CI 1.07- 1.35, p = 0.002), ICU admission (aOR 4.35, 95% CI 3.80-4.97, p < 0.001), intubation (aOR 11.09, 95% CI 9.58-12.84, p < 0.001), respiratory distress (aOR 1.40, 95% CI 1.22-1.61, p < 0.001), loss of consciousness (aOR 1.81, 95% CI 1.45-2.25, p < 0.001), anorexia (aOR 1.36, 95% CI 1.09-1.70, p = 0.006) and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) < 93(aOR 2.72, 95% CI 2.34-3.16, p < 0.001) on admission were associated with increased risk of death in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Having cough (aOR 0.82, 95% CI 0.72-0.93, p = 0.003) and headache (aOR 0.70, 95% CI 0.50-0.97, p = 0.03) decreased the odds of death. CONCLUSION The mortality rate of the patients admitted to the general wards and ICU can be a guide for allocating resources and making appropriate plans to provide better medical interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Several risk factors are associated with the in-hospital mortality of COVID-19, including advanced age, male sex, ICU admission, intubation, having comorbidity, SpO2 < 93, respiratory distress, loss of consciousness, headache, anorexia, and cough. These risk factors could help clinicians identify patients at high risk for death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezat Hesni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Babak Sayad
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Khosravi Shadmani
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farid Najafi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Reza Khodarahmi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zohreh Rahimi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Arezoo Bozorgomid
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Nazanin Sayad
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
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Kouznetsova VL, Zhang A, Miller MA, Tatineni M, Greenberg JP, Tsigelny IF. Potential SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein-ACE2 Interface Inhibitors: Repurposing FDA-approved Drugs. JOURNAL OF EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 7:17-29. [DOI: 10.14218/jerp.2021.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hsu CK, Chen CY, Chen WC, Lai CC, Hung SH, Lin WT. The effect of sofosbuvir-based treatment on the clinical outcomes of patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2022; 59:106545. [PMID: 35134505 PMCID: PMC8817946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2022.106545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the efficacy of sofosbuvir-based antiviral treatment against COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019). PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched from inception to 15 August 2021. Studies comparing the clinical efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir-based antiviral regimens (study group) with other antivirals or standard of care (control group) in patients with COVID-19 were included. Overall, 687 patients with COVID-19 were included, of which 377 patients received sofosbuvir-based treatment. Mortality was lower in the study group than in the control group [odds ratio (OR) = 0.49, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.30–0.79; I2 = 0%]. The overall clinical recovery rate was higher in the study group than in the control group (OR = 1.82, 95% CI 1.20–2.76; I2 = 28%). The study group presented a lower requirement for mechanical ventilation (OR = 0.33, 95% CI 0.13–0.89; I2 = 0%) and intensive care unit admission (OR = 0.42, 95% CI 0.25–0.70; I2 = 0%) than the control group. Furthermore, the study group exhibited a shorter hospital length of stay [mean deviation (MD), –1.49, 95% CI –2.62 to –0.37; I2 = 56%] and recovery time (MD, –1.34, 95% CI –2.29 to –0.38; I2 = 46%) than the control group. Sofosbuvir-based treatment may help reduce mortality in patients with COVID-19 and improve associated clinical outcomes. Furthermore, sofosbuvir-based treatment was as safe as the comparator in patients with COVID-19. However, further large-scale studies are warranted to validate these findings.
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11
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Vegivinti CTR, Evanson KW, Lyons H, Akosman I, Barrett A, Hardy N, Kane B, Keesari PR, Pulakurthi YS, Sheffels E, Balasubramanian P, Chibbar R, Chittajallu S, Cowie K, Karon J, Siegel L, Tarchand R, Zinn C, Gupta N, Kallmes KM, Saravu K, Touchette J. Efficacy of antiviral therapies for COVID-19: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:107. [PMID: 35100985 PMCID: PMC8802260 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to pose a significant threat to public health worldwide. The purpose of this study was to review current evidence obtained from randomized clinical trials on the efficacy of antivirals for COVID-19 treatment. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed to identify randomized controlled trials published up to September 4, 2021 that examined the efficacy of antivirals for COVID-19 treatment. Studies that were not randomized controlled trials or that did not include treatment of COVID-19 with approved antivirals were excluded. Risk of bias was assessed using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) method. Due to study heterogeneity, inferential statistics were not performed and data were expressed as descriptive statistics. RESULTS Of the 2,284 articles retrieved, 31 (12,440 patients) articles were included. Overall, antivirals were more effective when administered early in the disease course. No antiviral treatment demonstrated efficacy at reducing COVID-19 mortality. Sofosbuvir/daclatasvir results suggested clinical improvement, although statistical power was low. Remdesivir exhibited efficacy in reducing time to recovery, but results were inconsistent across trials. CONCLUSIONS Although select antivirals have exhibited efficacy to improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients, none demonstrated efficacy in reducing mortality. Larger RCTs are needed to conclusively establish efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charan Thej Reddy Vegivinti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1400 Pelham Pkwy S, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Kirk W Evanson
- Superior Medical Experts, 1425 Minnehaha Ave E, P.O. Box 6000545, St Paul, MN, 55106, USA
| | - Hannah Lyons
- Nested Knowledge, 1430 Avon Street N, Saint Paul, MN, 55117, USA
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, 6775 Bobcat Way, Dublin, OH, 43016, USA
| | - Izzet Akosman
- Nested Knowledge, 1430 Avon Street N, Saint Paul, MN, 55117, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Averi Barrett
- Nested Knowledge, 1430 Avon Street N, Saint Paul, MN, 55117, USA
| | - Nicole Hardy
- Nested Knowledge, 1430 Avon Street N, Saint Paul, MN, 55117, USA
| | - Bernadette Kane
- Superior Medical Experts, 1425 Minnehaha Ave E, P.O. Box 6000545, St Paul, MN, 55106, USA
| | - Praneeth Reddy Keesari
- Kamineni Academy of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500068, India
| | | | - Erin Sheffels
- Superior Medical Experts, 1425 Minnehaha Ave E, P.O. Box 6000545, St Paul, MN, 55106, USA.
| | - Prasanth Balasubramanian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1400 Pelham Pkwy S, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Richa Chibbar
- Department of Medicine, Lakeridge Health, 1 Hospital Crt, Oshawa, ON, L1G 2B9, Canada
| | | | - Kathryn Cowie
- Nested Knowledge, 1430 Avon Street N, Saint Paul, MN, 55117, USA
| | - J Karon
- Nested Knowledge, 1430 Avon Street N, Saint Paul, MN, 55117, USA
| | - Lauren Siegel
- Nested Knowledge, 1430 Avon Street N, Saint Paul, MN, 55117, USA
| | - Ranita Tarchand
- Nested Knowledge, 1430 Avon Street N, Saint Paul, MN, 55117, USA
| | - Caleb Zinn
- Nested Knowledge, 1430 Avon Street N, Saint Paul, MN, 55117, USA
| | - Nitin Gupta
- Department of Infectious Disease, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
- Manipal Center for Infectious Diseases, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Kevin M Kallmes
- Nested Knowledge, 1430 Avon Street N, Saint Paul, MN, 55117, USA
| | - Kavitha Saravu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
- Manipal Center for Infectious Diseases, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Jillienne Touchette
- Superior Medical Experts, 1425 Minnehaha Ave E, P.O. Box 6000545, St Paul, MN, 55106, USA
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12
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Kow CS, Javed A, Ramachandram D, Hasan SS. Clinical outcomes of sofosbuvir-based antivirals in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2021; 20:567-575. [PMID: 34719324 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2022.2000861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several randomized trials have evaluated the effects of sofosbuvir-based direct-acting antivirals on the clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. METHODS A systematic literature search with no language restrictions was performed on electronic databases and preprint repositories to identify eligible randomized trials published up to 8 July 2021. A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled odds ratio (OR) for outcomes of interest with the use of sofosbuvir combined with direct-acting antiviral agents relative to the nonuse of sofosbuvir-based direct-acting antiviral agents at 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS The meta-analysis of 11 trials (n = 2,161) revealed statistically significant reduction in the odds of mortality (pooled odds ratio = 0.59; 95% confidence interval 0.36 to 0.99) but no statistically significant difference in the odds of development of composite endpoint of severe illness (pooled odds ratio = 0.79; 95% confidence interval 0.43 to 1.44) with the administration of sofosbuvir-based direct-acting antiviral agents among patients with COVID-19, relative to non-administration of sofosbuvir-based direct-acting antiviral agents.Subgroup analysis with seven trials involving sofosbuvir-daclatasvir revealed no significant mortality benefit (pooled odds ratio = 0.77; 95% confidence interval 0.48 to 1.22). CONCLUSION Sofosbuvir-based direct-acting antiviral agents have no protective effects against the development of severe illness in patients with COVID-19 with the current dosing regimen. Whether sofosbuvir-based direct-acting antiviral agents could offer mortality benefits would require further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia Siang Kow
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Amaan Javed
- University College of Medical Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | - Syed Shahzad Hasan
- School of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
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Abbass S, Kamal E, Salama M, Salman T, Sabry A, Abdel-Razek W, Helmy S, Abdelgwad A, Sakr N, Elgazzar M, Einar M, Farouk M, Saif M, Shehab I, El-Hosieny E, Mansour M, Mahdi D, Tharwa ES, Salah M, Elrouby O, Waked I. Efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir plus daclatasvir or ravidasvir in patients with COVID-19: A randomized controlled trial. J Med Virol 2021; 93:6750-6759. [PMID: 34379337 PMCID: PMC8426808 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Only a few treatments are approved for coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) infections, with continuous debate about their clinical impact. Repurposing antiviral treatments might prove the fastest way to identify effective therapy. This trial aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir (SOF) plus daclatasvir (DCV) or ravidasvir (RDV) added to standard care (SOC) for patients with moderate and severe COVID‐19 infection. Multicentre parallel randomized controlled open‐label trial. One hundred and twenty eligible patients with moderate and severe COVID‐19 infection were randomized to one of the study arms. Ten days of treatment with SOF plus DCV or RDV in addition to the standard of care compared to SOC. Follow up in 7 days. Sum of the counted symptoms at 7 and 10 days, mean change in oxygen saturation level, viral negativity, and rate of intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Compared to SOC, the SOF‐DCV group experienced a significantly lower sum of the counted symptoms (fever, headache, generalized aches, or respiratory distress) combined with no evidence of deterioration (ICU admission and mechanical ventilation) on Days 7 and 10 of treatment. Oxygen saturation also significantly improved among the SOF‐DCV group compared to SOC starting from Day 4. The study also showed positive trends regarding the efficacy of SOF‐DCV with a lower incidence of mortality. On the other hand, adding SOF‐RDV to SOC did not show significant improvements in endpoints. The results support the efficacy and safety of SOF‐DCV as an add‐on to SOC for the treatment of moderate to severe COVID‐19 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Abbass
- National Liver Institute, Shebeen El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Ehab Kamal
- Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohsen Salama
- National Liver Institute, Shebeen El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Tary Salman
- National Liver Institute, Shebeen El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Alyaa Sabry
- National Liver Institute, Shebeen El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | | | | | | | - Neamt Sakr
- National Liver Institute, Shebeen El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Imam Waked
- National Liver Institute, Shebeen El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt
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