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Chen Y, Liu L, Guo Y, Chu J, Wang B, Sui Y, Wei H, Hao H, Huang L, Cheng G. Distribution and genetic characterization of fluoroquinolone resistance gene qnr among Salmonella strains from chicken in China. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0300023. [PMID: 38411972 PMCID: PMC10986518 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03000-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence and dissemination of the plasmid-mediated fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance gene qnr in Salmonella are considered serious public health concerns worldwide. So far, no comprehensive large-scale studies have focused on the prevalence and genetic characteristics of the qnr gene in Salmonella isolated from chickens. Herein, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns, and molecular characteristics of chicken-originated qnr-positive Salmonella strains from chicken farms, slaughterhouses, and markets in 12 provinces of China in 2020-2021. The overall prevalence of the qnr gene was 21.13% (56/265), with the highest prevalence in markets (36.11%, 26/72), followed in farms (17.95%, 21/117), and slaughterhouses (10.53%, 9/76). Only the qnrS and qnrB genes were detected, and the prevalence rate of the qnrS gene (19.25%, 51/265) was higher than that of the qnrB gene (1.89%, 5/265). Whole genome sequencing identified 37 distinct AMR genes and 15 plasmid replicons, and the most frequent mutation in quinolone resistance determining regions was parC (T57S; 91.49%, 43/47). Meanwhile, four different qnrS and two qnrB genetic environments were discovered among 47 qnr-positive Salmonella strains. In total, 21.28% (10/47) of the strains were capable of conjugative transfer, and all were qnrS1-positive strains, with the majority of transferable plasmids being IncHI2 types (n = 4). Overall, the prevalence of qnr-positive Salmonella strains from chickens in China and their carriage of multiple resistance and virulence genes and transferable plasmids is a major concern, which calls for continuous surveillance of qnr-positive Salmonella and the development of measures to control its prevalence and transmission.IMPORTANCESalmonella is a common foodborne pathogen responsible for 155,000 deaths annually worldwide. Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are used as first-line drugs for the treatment of Salmonella infections in several countries and regions. However, the emergence and increasing prevalence of the FQ-resistant gene qnr in Salmonella isolated from chickens have been widely reported. Gaining insight into the genetic mechanisms of AMR genes in chicken could lead to the development of preventive measures to control and reduce the risk of drug resistance. In this study, we identified qnr-positive Salmonellae isolated from chickens in different regions of China and their AMR patterns and genome-wide characteristics, providing a theoretical basis for further control of their prevalence and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lihui Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yali Guo
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jinhua Chu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bangjuan Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuxin Sui
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hanqi Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Haihong Hao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lingli Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guyue Cheng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Shang K, Kim JH, Park JY, Choi YR, Kim SW, Cha SY, Jang HK, Wei B, Kang M. Comparative Studies of Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Campylobacter Isolates from Broiler Chickens with and without Use of Enrofloxacin. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112239. [PMID: 37297483 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of enrofloxacin (ENR) administration on the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of E. coli, Salmonella, and Campylobacter isolated from broiler chickens under field conditions. The isolation rate of Salmonella was significantly lower (p < 0.05) on farms that administered ENR (6.4%) than on farms that did not (11.6%). The Campylobacter isolation rate was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in farms that administered ENR (6.7%) than in farms that did not (3.3%). The ratio of resistance to ENR was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in E. coli isolates from farms that used ENR (88.1%) than farms that did not (78.0%). The respective ratio of resistance to ampicillin (40.5% vs. 17.9%), chloramphenicol (38.0% vs. 12.5%), tetracycline (63.3% vs. 23.2%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (48.1% vs. 28.6%) and the ratio of intermediate resistance to ENR (67.1% vs. 48.2%) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in Salmonella isolates from the farms that used ENR than farms that did not. In conclusion, the use of ENR at broiler farms was an important factor in decreasing the prevalence of Salmonella but not Campylobacter and caused ENR resistance among E. coli and Salmonella but not Campylobacter. Exposure to ENR could have a co-selective effect on antimicrobial resistance in enteric bacteria in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Shang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Ji-Hyuk Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Yeol Park
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Ri Choi
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Kim
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Yeoun Cha
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Kwan Jang
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
- Bio Disease Control (BIOD) Co., Ltd., Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Bai Wei
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kang
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
- Bio Disease Control (BIOD) Co., Ltd., Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
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Kosznik-Kwaśnicka K, Podlacha M, Grabowski Ł, Stasiłojć M, Nowak-Zaleska A, Ciemińska K, Cyske Z, Dydecka A, Gaffke L, Mantej J, Myślińska D, Necel A, Pierzynowska K, Piotrowska E, Radzanowska-Alenowicz E, Rintz E, Sitko K, Topka-Bielecka G, Węgrzyn G, Węgrzyn A. Biological aspects of phage therapy versus antibiotics against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection of chickens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:941867. [PMID: 35992162 PMCID: PMC9385949 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.941867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phage therapy is a promising alternative treatment of bacterial infections in human and animals. Nevertheless, despite the appearance of many bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics, these drugs still remain important therapeutics used in human and veterinary medicine. Although experimental phage therapy of infections caused by Salmonella enterica was described previously by many groups, those studies focused solely on effects caused by bacteriophages. Here, we compared the use of phage therapy (employing a cocktail composed of two previously isolated and characterized bacteriophages, vB_SenM-2 and vB_Sen-TO17) and antibiotics (enrofloxacin and colistin) in chickens infected experimentally with S. enterica serovar Typhimurium. We found that the efficacies of both types of therapies (i.e. the use of antibiotics and phage cocktail) were high and very similar to one another when the treatment was applied shortly (one day) after the infection. Under these conditions, S. Typhimurium was quickly eliminated from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), to the amount not detectable by the used methods. However, later treatment (2 or 4 days after detection of S. Typhimurium in chicken feces) with the phage cocktail was significantly less effective. Bacteriophages remained in the GIT for up to 2-3 weeks, and then were absent in feces and cloaca swabs. Interestingly, both phages could be found in various organs of chickens though with a relatively low abundance. No development of resistance of S. Typhimurium to phages or antibiotics was detected during the experiment. Importantly, although antibiotics significantly changed the GIT microbiome of chickens in a long-term manner, analogous changes caused by phages were transient, and the microbiome normalized a few weeks after the treatment. In conclusion, phage therapy against S. Typhimurium infection in chickens appeared as effective as antibiotic therapy (with either enrofloxacin or colistin), and less invasive than the use the antibiotics as fewer changes in the microbiome were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kosznik-Kwaśnicka
- Laboratory of Phage Therapy, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Podlacha
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Łukasz Grabowski
- Laboratory of Phage Therapy, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Stasiłojć
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Alicja Nowak-Zaleska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Institute of Physical Culture, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Karolina Ciemińska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Cyske
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Dydecka
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Lidia Gaffke
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jagoda Mantej
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dorota Myślińska
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Necel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Karolina Pierzynowska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewa Piotrowska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Estera Rintz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Sitko
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Gracja Topka-Bielecka
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Alicja Węgrzyn
- Laboratory of Phage Therapy, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland
- *Correspondence: Alicja Węgrzyn,
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Shang K, Wei B, Kang M. Distribution and dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella in broiler farms with or without enrofloxacin use. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:257. [PMID: 30165845 PMCID: PMC6117923 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1590-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella is a major zoonotic food-borne pathogen that persists on poultry farms, and animals undergo reinfection with endemic strains. The present study aimed to investigate the characteristics and dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella within and between broiler farms that used enrofloxacin and those that did not. RESULTS Cloacal and environmental (litter, feed, and water) samples from two selected flocks in each of 12 farms owned by the same company were collected three times over a 30-day period of two production cycles during 2015-2016. The rate of Salmonella isolation was 7.8% (123/1584). Nine Salmonella serotypes (116 isolates) and seven untypable isolates were identified, and Salmonella Montevideo was the most prevalent serotype. Azithromycin-resistant (17.9%) and colistin-resistant (3.3%) isolates were detected, and multidrug-resistant isolates (43.1%) were also observed. No isolate was resistant to enrofloxacin or ciprofloxacin; however, intermediate resistance to enrofloxacin was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in farms that used enrofloxacin than in those that did not. The rate of multi-drug resistance among litter isolates (25/44, 56.8%) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that among cloacal swab (24/67, 35.8%) and feed (4/12, 33.3%) isolates. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis of strains of the same serotype was conducted to determine their epidemiological relationship. The PFGE types were classified into 31 groups with a 100% correlation cutoff in dendrograms for Salmonella Montevideo isolates, which showed 100% genomic identity based on age, sample type, flock, and production cycle within and between farms. CONCLUSION The present study highlights the occurrence of horizontal transmission and cyclic contamination with antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella in broiler farms owned by the same company. Litter may be a good indicator of indoor environmental contamination with antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella on farms. Additionally, enrofloxacin use may be one of the factors promoting resistance towards it in Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Shang
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, 54596 South Korea
| | - Bai Wei
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, 54596 South Korea
| | - Min Kang
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, 54596 South Korea
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Schwarz S, Enne VI, van Duijkeren E. 40 years of veterinary papers inJAC– what have we learnt? J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:2681-90. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Randall L, Ridley A, Lemma F, Hale C, Davies R. In vitro investigations into the use of antimicrobials in combination to maintain efficacy of fluoroquinolones in poultry. Res Vet Sci 2016; 108:47-53. [PMID: 27663369 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine if apramycin, colistin or lincomycin-spectinomycin, in combination with enrofloxacin, was able prevent the emergence of mutants with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolone antibiotics in vitro. MICs were determined for enrofloxacin alone and in combination for panels of Campylobacter (n=37), Escherichia coli (n=52) and Salmonella (n=52) isolates. MIC results suggested that apramycin, colistin and lincomycin-spectinomycin worked in an additive/indifferent way when each was combined with enrofloxacin. Apramycin was considered the most promising antibiotic for combination-therapy in conjunction with enrofloxacin, and further evaluations (MBCs, MPCs and time-kill-curves) were performed for this combination for selected isolates. Results suggest combination-therapy of enrofloxacin with apramycin increases the efficacy, as well as decreasing the emergence and survival of bacteria with mutational resistance to fluoroquinolone antibiotics. Such combination-therapy, minimising the development of mutational resistance, may have relevance for Campylobacter, E. coli and Salmonella infections in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Randall
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Anne Ridley
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Fabrizio Lemma
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Carol Hale
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Rob Davies
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
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Chen Y, Sun J, Liao XP, Shao Y, Li L, Fang LX, Liu YH. Impact of enrofloxacin and florfenicol therapy on the spread of OqxAB gene and intestinal microbiota in chickens. Vet Microbiol 2016; 192:1-9. [PMID: 27527758 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Horizontal transfer of plasmid-encoded multidrug-resistant determinants is a major health problem and has attracted much public attention. We studied the dissemination of the efflux pump gene oqxAB located on transferable plasmid pHXY0908 between Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli in the gut of chickens. After an inoculation with Salmonella Typhimurium harboring oqxAB-bearing plasmid pHXY0908, chickens were treated with enrofloxacin and florfenicol. Inoculated, but non-treated chickens were included as a control group. Our results revealed that commensal E. coli isolates from the gut of chickens acquired the oqxAB-bearing plasmid in both treated and non-treated groups. Additionally, in the florfenicol treatment group, the average isolation rate of oqxAB-positive E. coli was significantly higher than that in the non-treated group. PFGE analysis showed that oqxAB-positive E. coli strains belonged to different patterns with one predominating. Moreover, multilocus sequence typing analysis revealed that E. coli ST533 was closely associated with the spread of oqxAB gene. qPCR analysis indicated that antibiotic administration provided selective advantages for sustaining a significantly high level of oqxAB gene from the DNA extracted from the feces. There was also a fluctuation in the intestinal microbiota with antibiotic therapy. In conclusion, the present study indicates that the oqxAB gene could be readily spread within the intestinal microflora. This could be enhanced by administrated with clinical doses of florfenicol and enrofloxacin, resulting in the enlargement of resistance gene reservoirs. In addition, ST533 E. coli isolates were found to contribute to transfer of the oqxAB gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jian Sun
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liao
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yang Shao
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Liang Li
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Liang-Xing Fang
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ya-Hong Liu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Gopinath S, Carden S, Monack D. Shedding light on Salmonella carriers. Trends Microbiol 2012; 20:320-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Aarestrup FM, Wegener HC, Collignon P. Resistance in bacteria of the food chain: epidemiology and control strategies. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2008; 6:733-50. [PMID: 18847409 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.6.5.733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria have evolved multiple mechanisms for the efficient evolution and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Modern food production facilitates the emergence and spread of resistance through the intensive use of antimicrobial agents and international trade of both animals and food products. The main route of transmission between food animals and humans is via food products, although other modes of transmission, such as direct contact and through the environment, also occur. Resistance can spread as resistant pathogens or via transferable genes in different commensal bacteria, making quantification of the transmission difficult. The exposure of humans to antimicrobial resistance from food animals can be controlled by either limiting the selective pressure from antimicrobial usage or by limiting the spread of the bacteria/genes. A number of control options are reviewed, including drug licensing, removing financial incentives, banning or restricting the use of certain drugs, altering prescribers behavior, improving animal health, improving hygiene and implementing microbial criteria for certain types of resistant pathogens for use in the control of trade of both food animals and food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank M Aarestrup
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen V, Denmark.
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Webber MA, Randall LP, Cooles S, Woodward MJ, Piddock LJV. Triclosan resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 62:83-91. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkn137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Ramlachan N, Anderson RC, Andrews K, Laban G, Nisbet DJ. Characterization of an antibiotic resistant Clostridium hathewayi strain from a continuous-flow exclusion chemostat culture derived from the cecal contents of a feral pig. Anaerobe 2007; 13:153-60. [PMID: 17468020 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2007.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The chemostat model has been an important tool in studying intestinal microflora. To date, several competitive exclusion products have been developed from such studies as prophylactic treatment against pathogenic bacteria. A continuous-flow chemostat model of a feral pig was developed using inocula from the cecal contents of a wild boar caught in East Texas. Several strains of antibiotic-sensitive bacteria were isolated including Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus and Clostridium sp. This study reports on the characterization of a multidrug-resistant Clostridium hathewayi strain that was isolated from this feral pig's cecal contents maintained in a continuous-flow chemostat system showing high resistance to carbapenems and macrolides (including the growth promoter tylosin). Clostridium hathewayi has been documented to be pathogenic to both humans and animals. Feral pigs may be an important source of pathogenic and antibiotic resistant bacteria and may pose potential risk to domestic species. Further work is needed to elucidate the prevalence of these reservoirs and assess the contribution these may play in the spread of disease and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ramlachan
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food & Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA
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Randall LP, Cooles SW, Coldham NC, Stapleton KS, Piddock LJV, Woodward MJ. Modification of enrofloxacin treatment regimens for poultry experimentally infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 to minimize selection of resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:4030-7. [PMID: 17030564 PMCID: PMC1694010 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00525-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Revised: 07/02/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that higher doses of fluoroquinolones for a shorter duration could maintain efficacy (as measured by reduction in bacterial count) while reducing selection in chickens of bacteria with reduced susceptibility. Chicks were infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 and treated 1 week later with enrofloxacin at the recommended dose for 5 days (water dose adjusted to give 10 mg/kg of body weight of birds or equivalence, i.e., water at 50 ppm) or at 2.5 or 5 times the recommended dose for 2 days or 1 day, respectively. The dose was delivered continuously (ppm) or pulsed in the water (mg/kg) or by gavage (mg/kg). In vitro in sera, increasing concentrations of 0.5 to 8 microg/ml enrofloxacin correlated with increased activity. In vivo, the efficacy of the 1-day treatment was significantly less than that of the 2- and 5-day treatments. The 2-day treatments showed efficacy similar to that of the 5-day treatment in all but one repeat treatment group and significantly (P < 0.01) reduced the Salmonella counts. Dosing at 2.5x the recommended dose and pulsed dosing both increased the peak antibiotic concentrations in cecal contents, liver, lung, and sera as determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography. There was limited evidence that shorter treatment regimens (in particular the 1-day regimen) selected for fewer strains with reduced susceptibility. In conclusion, the 2-day treatment would overall require a shorter withholding time than the 5-day treatment and, in view of the increased peak antibiotic concentrations, may give rise to improved efficacy, in particular for treating respiratory and systemic infections. However, it would be necessary to validate the 2-day regimen in a field situation and in particular against respiratory and systemic infections to validate or refute this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke P Randall
- Department of Food and Environmental Safety, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
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Raymond MJ, Wohrle RD, Call DR. Assessment and promotion of judicious antibiotic use on dairy farms in Washington State. J Dairy Sci 2006; 89:3228-40. [PMID: 16840641 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72598-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to describe antibiotic use and biosecurity practices among Washington State dairy producers and to evaluate the effectiveness of a collaborative approach to promoting judicious antibiotic use on dairy farms. In collaboration with a statewide industry group, Washington State dairy producers participated in a written, self-administered survey in 2003. They were then provided several educational interventions followed by a second written survey in 2005. Sixty-five percent (381) of dairy producers completed the 2003 survey. The most commonly cited drugs used for disease treatment were penicillin, ceftiofur, and oxytetracycline. Participants also indicated significant preventive uses with 28% using medicated milk replacer. Most producers appeared to consider intramammary infusion at dry-off to be a treatment rather than a preventative practice. Twenty-three percent of initial respondents indicated at least one extra-label use of antibiotics, yet only half routinely consulted with a veterinarian when doing so. Most agreed that using written protocols for disease treatment could reduce errors, but less than one-third had protocols. After the educational intervention there was a tendency toward reduced use of antibiotic medicated milk replacer: 51% of producers who originally reported using medicated milk replacer discontinued this practice, whereas 12% of producers began using medicated milk replacer between the 2003 and 2005 surveys. Most reported that the resources and educational materials were useful. Areas where additional work is needed include reducing the use of medicated milk replacer, increasing veterinary involvement in antibiotic use decisions, implementing treatment protocols, enhancing biosecurity, and ensuring optimal cow and calf immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Raymond
- Communicable Disease Control Program, Tacoma-Pierce County Health Department, Tacoma, WA 98418, USA
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Randall LP, Coldham NG, Woodward MJ. Detection of mutations in Salmonella enterica gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE genes by denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) using standard HPLC instrumentation. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 56:619-23. [PMID: 16141278 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dki293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Quinolone antibiotics are the agents of choice for treating systemic Salmonella infections. Resistance to quinolones is usually mediated by mutations in the DNA gyrase gene gyrA. Here we report the evaluation of standard HPLC equipment for the detection of mutations (single nucleotide polymorphisms; SNPs) in gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE by denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC). METHODS A panel of Salmonella strains was assembled which comprised those with known different mutations in gyrA (n = 8) and fluoroquinolone-susceptible and -resistant strains (n = 50) that had not been tested for mutations in gyrA. Additionally, antibiotic-susceptible strains of serotypes other than Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strains were examined for serotype-specific mutations in gyrB (n = 4), parC (n = 6) and parE (n = 1). Wild-type (WT) control DNA was prepared from Salmonella Typhimurium NCTC 74. The DNA of respective strains was amplified by PCR using Optimase proofreading DNA polymerase. Duplex DNA samples were analysed using an Agilent A1100 HPLC system with a Varian Helix DNA column. Sequencing was used to validate mutations detected by DHPLC in the strains with unknown mutations. RESULTS Using this HPLC system, mutations in gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE were readily detected by comparison with control chromatograms. Sequencing confirmed the gyrA predicted mutations as detected by DHPLC in the unknown strains and also confirmed serotype-associated sequence changes in non-Typhimurium serotypes. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrated that a non-specialist standard HPLC machine fitted with a generally available column can be used to detect SNPs in gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE genes by DHPLC. Wider applications should be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Randall
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
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