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Marques MJAM, Alves F, Sousa MHS, Guimarães FEG, Kurachi C. Morphological aspects and the effectiveness of photodynamic inactivation against Rhizopus oryzae in different life cycles. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:1323-1339. [PMID: 38806860 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00597-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Mucormycosis is an extremely aggressive fungal disease with a high mortality rate, especially in people with compromised immune systems. Most cases of mucormycosis are caused by the fungus Rhizopus oryzae. The treatments used are based on high doses of antifungals, associated with surgical resections, when it is possible. However, even with this aggressive treatment, the estimated attributable mortality rate is high. There is therefore a need to develop adjuvant treatments. Photodynamic Inactivation (PDI) may be an auxiliary therapeutic option for mucormycosis. Due to the lack of reports in the literature on the morphology and photodynamic inactivation of R. oryzae, characterization of the fungus using Confocal Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy, and different protocols using Photodithazine® (PDZ), a chlorin e6 compound, as a photosensitizer, were performed. The fungus growth rate under different concentrations and incubation times of the photosensitizer and its association with the surfactant Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS) was evaluated. For the hyphae, both in the light and dark phases, in the protocols using only PDZ, no effective photodynamic response was observed. Meanwhile with the combination of SDS 0.05% and PDZ, inhibition growth rates of 98% and 72% were achieved for the white and black phase, respectively. In the conidia phase, only a 1.7 log10 reduction of the infective spores was observed. High concentration of melanin and the complex and resistant structures, especially at the black phase, results in a high limitation of the PDI inactivation response. The combined use of the SDS resulted in an improved response, when compared to the one obtained with the amphotericin B treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J A M Marques
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - F Alves
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - M H S Sousa
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - F E G Guimarães
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - C Kurachi
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil.
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Du M, Li F, Hu Y. A Uniform Design Method Can Optimize the Combinatorial Parameters of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy, Including the Concentrations of Methylene Blue and Potassium Iodide, Light Dose, and Methylene Blue's Incubation Time, to Improve Fungicidal Effects on Candida Species. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2557. [PMID: 37894215 PMCID: PMC10609332 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The optimal combinatorial parameters of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) mediated by methylene blue (MB) with the addition of potassium iodide (KI) against Candida species have never been defined. This study aimed to optimize the combinatorial parameters of aPDT, including the concentrations of MB (X1, 0.1-1.0 mM) and KI (X2, 100-400 mM), light dose (X3, 10-70 J/cm2), and MB's incubation time (X4, 5-35 min) for three Candida species. The best MB + KI-aPDT fungicidal effects (Y) against Candida albicans ATCC 90028 (YCa), Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 (YCp), and Candida glabrata ATCC 2950 (YCg) were investigated using a uniform design method. The regression models deduced using this method were YCa = 7.126 + 1.199X1X3 - 1.742X12 + 0.206X22 - 0.361X32; YCp = 10.724 - 0.867X1 - 1.497X2 + 0.560X3 + 1.298X22; and YCg = 0.892 - 0.956X1 + 2.296X3 + 1.299X42 - 3.316X3X4. The optimal combinatorial parameters inferred from the regression equations were MB 0.1 mM, KI 400 mM, a light dose of 20 J/cm2, and a 5-minute incubation time of MB for Candida albicans; MB 0.1 mM, KI 400 mM, a light dose of 70 J/cm2, and a 5-minute incubation time of MB for Candida parapsilosis; MB 0.1 mM, KI 100 mM, a light dose of 10 J/cm2, and a 35-minute incubation time of MB for Candida glabrata. The uniform design method can optimize the combinatorial parameters of aPDT mediated by MB plus KI to obtain the best aPDT fungicidal effects on Candida species, providing a new method to optimize the combinatorial parameters of aPDT for different pathogens in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixia Du
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China;
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China;
| | - Yanwei Hu
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China;
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Štefánek M, Černáková L, Dekkerová J, Bujdáková H. Photodynamic Inactivation Effectively Eradicates Candida auris Biofilm despite Its Interference with the Upregulation of CDR1 and MDR1 Efflux Genes. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1137. [PMID: 36354904 PMCID: PMC9697027 DOI: 10.3390/jof8111137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida auris, in recent years, has emerged as a dangerous nosocomial pathogen. It represents a challenge for effective treatment because of its multiresistance. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a promising way to solve problems with a wide range of resistant microorganisms. This study aimed to use PDI for the eradication of C. auris biofilms. Moreover, the regulation of the CDR1, CDR2, and MDR1 resistance genes was studied. Experiments were performed on 24 h biofilms formed by three clinical isolates of C. auris in vitro. PDI was performed in the presence of the photosensitizer methylene blue (0.25 mM) and samples were irradiated with a red laser (λ = 660 nm, 190 mW/cm2) for 79, 120, and 300 s. To confirm the PDI effect, confocal laser scanning microscopy was performed after treatment. Effective PDI was achieved in all strains. The highest inhibition was observed after 300 s irradiation, with over 90% inhibition compared with the non-irradiated control sample. PDI was observed to upregulate the expression of the CDR1 gene, but mainly the MDR1 gene. Despite this observation, PDI significantly decreased the survival of C. auris biofilm cells and proved to have great potential for the eradication of problematic resistant yeasts.
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Bridger KG, Roccabruna JR, Baran TM. Optical property recovery with spatially-resolved diffuse reflectance at short source-detector separations using a compact fiber-optic probe. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:7388-7404. [PMID: 35003841 PMCID: PMC8713658 DOI: 10.1364/boe.443332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We describe a compact fiber-optic probe (2 mm outside diameter) that utilizes spatially-resolved diffuse reflectance for tissue optical property recovery. Validation was performed in phantoms containing Intralipid 20% as scatterer, and methylene blue (MB), MnTPPS, and/or India ink as absorbers. Over a range of conditions, the reduced scattering coefficient was recovered with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.86-2.7 cm-1 (average error = 3.8%). MB concentration was recovered with RMSE = 0.26-0.52 µM (average error = 15.0%), which did not vary with inclusion of MnTPPS (p=0.65). This system will be utilized to determine optical properties in human abscesses, in order to generate treatment plans for photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina G. Bridger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, 201 Robert B. Goergen Hall, P.O. Box 270168, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Jacob R. Roccabruna
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, 201 Robert B. Goergen Hall, P.O. Box 270168, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Timothy M. Baran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, 201 Robert B. Goergen Hall, P.O. Box 270168, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
- Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 648, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Youf R, Müller M, Balasini A, Thétiot F, Müller M, Hascoët A, Jonas U, Schönherr H, Lemercier G, Montier T, Le Gall T. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy: Latest Developments with a Focus on Combinatory Strategies. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1995. [PMID: 34959277 PMCID: PMC8705969 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13121995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has become a fundamental tool in modern therapeutics, notably due to the expanding versatility of photosensitizers (PSs) and the numerous possibilities to combine aPDT with other antimicrobial treatments to combat localized infections. After revisiting the basic principles of aPDT, this review first highlights the current state of the art of curative or preventive aPDT applications with relevant clinical trials. In addition, the most recent developments in photochemistry and photophysics as well as advanced carrier systems in the context of aPDT are provided, with a focus on the latest generations of efficient and versatile PSs and the progress towards hybrid-multicomponent systems. In particular, deeper insight into combinatory aPDT approaches is afforded, involving non-radiative or other light-based modalities. Selected aPDT perspectives are outlined, pointing out new strategies to target and treat microorganisms. Finally, the review works out the evolution of the conceptually simple PDT methodology towards a much more sophisticated, integrated, and innovative technology as an important element of potent antimicrobial strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Youf
- Univ Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB-GTCA, F-29200 Brest, France; (R.Y.); (A.H.); (T.M.)
| | - Max Müller
- Physical Chemistry I & Research Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany; (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Ali Balasini
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany; (A.B.); (U.J.)
| | - Franck Thétiot
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 6521, Université de Brest (UBO), CS 93837, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Mareike Müller
- Physical Chemistry I & Research Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany; (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Alizé Hascoët
- Univ Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB-GTCA, F-29200 Brest, France; (R.Y.); (A.H.); (T.M.)
| | - Ulrich Jonas
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany; (A.B.); (U.J.)
| | - Holger Schönherr
- Physical Chemistry I & Research Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany; (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Gilles Lemercier
- Coordination Chemistry Team, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 7312, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, CEDEX 2, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Tristan Montier
- Univ Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB-GTCA, F-29200 Brest, France; (R.Y.); (A.H.); (T.M.)
- CHRU de Brest, Service de Génétique Médicale et de Biologie de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares Maladies Neuromusculaires, 29200 Brest, France
| | - Tony Le Gall
- Univ Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB-GTCA, F-29200 Brest, France; (R.Y.); (A.H.); (T.M.)
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Ziental D, Mlynarczyk DT, Czarczynska-Goslinska B, Lewandowski K, Sobotta L. Photosensitizers Mediated Photodynamic Inactivation against Fungi. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11112883. [PMID: 34835655 PMCID: PMC8621466 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Superficial and systemic fungal infections are essential problems for the modern health care system. One of the challenges is the growing resistance of fungi to classic antifungals and the constantly increasing cost of therapy. These factors force the scientific world to intensify the search for alternative and more effective methods of treatment. This paper presents an overview of new fungal inactivation methods using Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (PACT). The results of research on compounds from the groups of phenothiazines, xanthanes, porphyrins, chlorins, porphyrazines, and phthalocyanines are presented. An intensive search for a photosensitizer with excellent properties is currently underway. The formulation based on the existing ones is also developed by combining them with nanoparticles and common antifungal therapy. Numerous studies indicate that fungi do not form any specific defense mechanism against PACT, which deems it a promising therapeutic alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ziental
- Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (D.Z.); (K.L.)
| | - Dariusz T. Mlynarczyk
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Beata Czarczynska-Goslinska
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Konrad Lewandowski
- Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (D.Z.); (K.L.)
| | - Lukasz Sobotta
- Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (D.Z.); (K.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Influence of Incubation Time on Ortho-Toluidine Blue Mediated Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy Directed against Selected Candida Strains-An In Vitro Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222010971. [PMID: 34681632 PMCID: PMC8536188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background and the aim: The appropriate incubation time in the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy protocol seems to have a huge impact on the efficacy of this process. This is particularly important in relation to Candida strains, due to the size of these cells and the presence of the cell wall. The aims of this study were to determine the optimal incubation time needed for the absorption of toluidine blue by cells of C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei and C. parapsilosis using direct observation by optical microscopy, and to evaluate the efficacy of TBO-mediated aPDT on planktonic cells of these strains. (2) Methods: The microscopic evaluation consisted of taking a series of images at a magnification of 600× and counting the % of stained cells. The in vitro effect of TBO-mediated aPDT combined with a diode laser (635 nm, 400mW, 12 J/cm2, CW) on the viability of yeast cells with different incubation times was evaluated. (3) Results: The presence of TBO within the cytoplasm was observed in all tested Candida strains and at all microscopic evaluation times. However, the highest percentages of cells were stained at 7 and 10 min. The highest % reduction of CFU/mL after TBO-mediated aPDT against Candida was obtained for the strain C. albicans ATCC 10,231 and it was 78.55%. (4) Conclusions: TBO-mediated aPDT against Candida was effective in reducing the number of CFU/mL at all assessed incubation times. However, the most efficient period for almost all strains was 7–10 min.
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Martins Antunes de Melo WDC, Celiešiūtė-Germanienė R, Šimonis P, Stirkė A. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) for biofilm treatments. Possible synergy between aPDT and pulsed electric fields. Virulence 2021; 12:2247-2272. [PMID: 34496717 PMCID: PMC8437467 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1960105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, microbial biofilms have been the cause of a wide variety of infections in the human body, reaching 80% of all bacterial and fungal infections. The biofilms present specific properties that increase the resistance to antimicrobial treatments. Thus, the development of new approaches is urgent, and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been shown as a promising candidate. aPDT involves a synergic association of a photosensitizer (PS), molecular oxygen and visible light, producing highly reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause the oxidation of several cellular components. This therapy attacks many components of the biofilm, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids present within the biofilm matrix; causing inhibition even in the cells that are inside the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Recent advances in designing new PSs to increase the production of ROS and the combination of aPDT with other therapies, especially pulsed electric fields (PEF), have contributed to enhanced biofilm inhibition. The PEF has proven to have antimicrobial effect once it is known that extensive chemical reactions occur when electric fields are applied. This type of treatment kills microorganisms not only due to membrane rupture but also due to the formation of reactive compounds including free oxygen, hydrogen, hydroxyl and hydroperoxyl radicals. So, this review aims to show the progress of aPDT and PEF against the biofilms, suggesting that the association of both methods can potentiate their effects and overcome biofilm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanessa de Cassia Martins Antunes de Melo
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Laboratory of Bioelectric, State Research Institute, Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Raimonda Celiešiūtė-Germanienė
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Laboratory of Bioelectric, State Research Institute, Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Povilas Šimonis
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Laboratory of Bioelectric, State Research Institute, Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arūnas Stirkė
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Laboratory of Bioelectric, State Research Institute, Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Molecular characteristics of the photosensitizer TONS504: Comparison of its singlet oxygen quantum yields and photodynamic antimicrobial effect with those of methylene blue. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 221:112239. [PMID: 34116319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
TONS504 (C51H58O5I2) is a chlorin derivative that exhibits a photodynamic antimicrobial effect (PAE) on various infectious keratitis pathogens. However, the molecular characteristics of TONS504 are not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the molecular characteristics of TONS504 by comparing its singlet oxygen (1O2) quantum yields and PAE with those of methylene blue (MB). To measure the 1O2 quantum yields, TONS504 and MB were dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline and phosphate-buffered saline containing 1% Triton X-100. The solutions were then activated by a Nd:YAG laser with an average output power of 8 mW. Near-infrared 1O2 luminescence was detected as an indicator of the 1O2 quantum yields. To evaluate the PAE, TONS504 and MB were activated by a light-emitting diode with a total light energy of 30 J/cm2. We compared the minimum molar concentration of each photosensitizer to show apparent PAEs on Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. TONS504 exhibited higher 1O2 quantum yields than MB in PBS/Triton X-100 but not in PBS. S. aureus and C. albicans were reduced by TONS504 at lower concentrations than by MB, but this was not the case for P. aeruginosa. Our results provide insight on the molecular characteristics of TONS504 and suggest that TONS504 has excellent 1O2 quantum yields and PAE. Compared with MB, TONS504 in PBS has stronger efficacy toward some infectious keratitis pathogens but not others.
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Vega-Chacón Y, de Albuquerque MC, Pavarina AC, Goldman GH, Mima EGDO. Verapamil inhibits efflux pumps in Candida albicans, exhibits synergism with fluconazole, and increases survival of Galleria mellonella. Virulence 2021; 12:231-243. [PMID: 33410730 PMCID: PMC8923067 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1868814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of resistance requires alternative methods to treat Candida albicans infections. We evaluated efficacy of the efflux pump inhibitor (EPI) verapamil (VER) with fluconazole (FLC) against FLC-resistant (CaR) and -susceptible C. albicans (CaS). The susceptibility of both strains to VER and FLC was determined, as well as the synergism of VER with FLC. Experiments were performed in vitro for planktonic cultures and biofilms and in vivo using Galleria mellonella. Larval survival and fungal recovery were evaluated after treatment with VER and FLC. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and Kaplan-Meier tests. The combination of VER with FLC at sub-lethal concentrations reduced fungal growth. VER inhibited the efflux of rhodamine 123 and showed synergism with FLC against CaR. For biofilms, FLC and VER alone reduced fungal viability. The combination of VER with FLC at sub-lethal concentrations also reduced biofilm viability. In the in vivo assays, VER and FLC used alone or in combination increased the survival of larvae infected with CaR. Reduction of fungal recovery was observed only for larvae infected with CaR and treated with VER with FLC. VER reverted the FLC-resistance of C. albicans. Based on the results obtained, VER reverted the FLC-resistance of C. albicans and showed synergism with FLC against CaR. VER also increased the survival of G. mellonella infected with CaR and reduced the fungal recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliana Vega-Chacón
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry , Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina de Albuquerque
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry , Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Pavarina
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry , Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Henrique Goldman
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP) , Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ewerton Garcia de Oliveira Mima
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry , Araraquara, Brazil
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O’Hagan S, Kell DB. Structural Similarities between Some Common Fluorophores Used in Biology, Marketed Drugs, Endogenous Metabolites, and Natural Products. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E582. [PMID: 33238416 PMCID: PMC7700180 DOI: 10.3390/md18110582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that at least some fluorophores can act as 'surrogate' substrates for solute carriers (SLCs) involved in pharmaceutical drug uptake, and this promiscuity is taken to reflect at least a certain structural similarity. As part of a comprehensive study seeking the 'natural' substrates of 'orphan' transporters that also serve to take up pharmaceutical drugs into cells, we have noted that many drugs bear structural similarities to natural products. A cursory inspection of common fluorophores indicates that they too are surprisingly 'drug-like', and they also enter at least some cells. Some are also known to be substrates of efflux transporters. Consequently, we sought to assess the structural similarity of common fluorophores to marketed drugs, endogenous mammalian metabolites, and natural products. We used a set of some 150 fluorophores along with standard fingerprinting methods and the Tanimoto similarity metric. Results: The great majority of fluorophores tested exhibited significant similarity (Tanimoto similarity > 0.75) to at least one drug, as judged via descriptor properties (especially their aromaticity, for identifiable reasons that we explain), by molecular fingerprints, by visual inspection, and via the "quantitative estimate of drug likeness" technique. It is concluded that this set of fluorophores does overlap with a significant part of both the drug space and natural products space. Consequently, fluorophores do indeed offer a much wider opportunity than had possibly been realised to be used as surrogate uptake molecules in the competitive or trans-stimulation assay of membrane transporter activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve O’Hagan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Douglas B. Kell
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Molecular, Integrative and Systems Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Building 220, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Sabino CP, Wainwright M, Ribeiro MS, Sellera FP, Dos Anjos C, Baptista MDS, Lincopan N. Global priority multidrug-resistant pathogens do not resist photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 208:111893. [PMID: 32446039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Microbial drug-resistance demands immediate implementation of novel therapeutic strategies. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) combines the administration of a photosensitizer (PS) compound with low-irradiance light to induce photochemical reactions that yield reactive oxygen species (ROS). Since ROS react with nearly all biomolecules, aPDT offers a powerful multitarget method to avoid selection of drug-resistant strains. In this study, we assayed photodynamic inactivation under a standardized method, combining methylene blue (MB) as PS and red light, against global priority pathogens. The species tested include Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. Our strain collection presents resistance to all tested antimicrobials (>50). All drug-resistant strains were compared to their drug-sensitive counterparts. Regardless of resistance phenotype, MB-aPDT presented species-specific dose-response kinetics. More than 5log10 reduction was observed within less than 75 s of illumination for A. baumannii, E. coli, E. faecium, E. faecalis and S. aureus and within less than 7 min for K. aerogenes, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans and C. neoformans. No signs of correlations in between drug-resistance profiles and aPDT sensitivity were observed. Therefore, MB-aPDT can provide effective therapeutic protocols for a very broad spectrum of pathogens. Hence, we believe that this study represents a very important step to bring aPDT closer to implementation into mainstream medical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caetano Padial Sabino
- BioLambda, Scientific and Commercial LTD, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.; Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil..
| | - Mark Wainwright
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Martha Simões Ribeiro
- Center for Lasers and Applications, Nuclear, and Energy Research Institute, National Commission for Nuclear Energy, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio Parra Sellera
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Dos Anjos
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Nilton Lincopan
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ozturk I, Tunçel A, Yurt F, Biyiklioglu Z, Ince M, Ocakoglu K. Antifungal photodynamic activities of phthalocyanine derivatives on Candida albicans. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 30:101715. [PMID: 32165338 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in the treatment of infectious diseases worldwide. Candida albicans is one of the most virulent and common species of fungi to cause invasive fungal infections on humans. Alternative treatment strategies, including photodynamic therapy, are needed for controlling these infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the antifungal photodynamic activities of phthalocyanine derivatives on C. albicans. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of compounds were determined by the broth microdilution method. Uptake of the compounds in C. albicans and dark toxicity of the compounds were also investigated. Photodynamic inhibition of growth experiments was performed by measuring the colony-forming unit/mL (CFU/mL) of the strain. Maximum uptake into the cells was observed in the presence of 64 μg/mL concentration for each compound except for ZnPc. Compounds did not show dark toxicity/inhibitory effects at sub-MIC concentrations on C. albicans when compared to the negative control groups. Zn(II)Pc, ZnPc, and ZnPc-TiO2 showed fungicidal effect after irradiation with the light dose of 90 J/cm2 in the presence of the compounds. In addition to the fungicidal effects, SubPc, SubPc-TiO2, Es-SiPc, and Es-SubPc compounds were also found to have inhibitory effects on the growth of yeast cells after irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Ozturk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, 35620, Turkey.
| | - Ayça Tunçel
- Institute of Nuclear Science, Department of Nuclear Applications, Ege University, Izmir, 35100, Turkey
| | - Fatma Yurt
- Institute of Nuclear Science, Department of Nuclear Applications, Ege University, Izmir, 35100, Turkey.
| | - Zekeriya Biyiklioglu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, 61080, Turkey
| | - Mine Ince
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tarsus University, Mersin, 33400, Turkey
| | - Kasim Ocakoglu
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tarsus University, Mersin, 33400, Turkey
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14
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Alves da Collina G, Freire F, da Silva Barbosa V, Bento Correa C, Reis Nascimento H, Ratto Tempestini Horliana AC, Teixeira da Silva DDF, Araujo Prates R, Pavani C. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy action of phenothiazinium dyes in planktonic Candida albicans is increased in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 29:101612. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.101612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Mukherjee A, Ghosh S, Pal M, Singh B. Deciphering the effective sequestration of DNA bounded bioactive small molecule Safranin-O by non-ionic surfactant TX-114 and diminution its cytotoxicity. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Effect of photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy on Candida albicans in the presence of glucose. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 27:54-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Chien CT, Chen YC, Liu YC, Liang SH, Lin HH, Lin CH. The antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation resistance of Candida albicans is modulated by the Hog1 pathway and the Cap1 transcription factor. Med Mycol 2019; 57:618-627. [PMID: 30289464 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most important fungal pathogen afflicting humans, particularly immunocompromised patients. However, currently available antifungal drugs are limited and ineffective against drug-resistant strains. The development of new drugs or alternative therapeutic approaches to control fungal infections is urgent and necessary. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a new promising therapy for eradicating microorganism infections through combining visible light, photosensitizers, and oxygen to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although cytoprotective responses induced by photodynamic therapy (PDT) have been well studied in cancer cells, the mechanisms by which C. albicans responds to PDI are largely unknown. In this study, we first demonstrated that PDI induces C. albicans Hog1p activation. Deletion of any of the SSK2, PBS2, and HOG1 genes significantly decreased the survival rate after photochemical reactions, indicating that the Hog1 SAPK pathway is required for tolerance to PDI. Furthermore, the basic leucine zipper transcription factor Cap1 that regulates several downstream antioxidant genes was highly expressed during the response to PDI, and loss of CAP1 also resulted in decreased C. albicans survival rates. This study demonstrates the importance of the Hog1 SAPK and the Cap1 transcription factor, which regulates in resistance to PDI-mediated oxidative stress in C. albicans. Understanding the mechanisms by which C. albicans responds to PDI and consequently scavenges ROS will be very useful for the further development of therapeutics to control fungal infectious diseases, particularly those of the skin and mucosal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ting Chien
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chun Liu
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Hsien-Hen Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (PACT) using methylene blue inhibits the viability of the biofilm produced by Candida albicans. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 26:316-323. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Photodynamic therapy of deep tissue abscess cavities: Retrospective image‐based feasibility study using Monte Carlo simulation. Med Phys 2019; 46:3259-3267. [DOI: 10.1002/mp.13557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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20
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Exploring the Galleria mellonella model to study antifungal photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 27:66-73. [PMID: 31100446 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) shows antimicrobial activity on yeast of the genus Candida. In aPDT, the depth at which the light penetrates the tissue is extremely important for the elaboration of the treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the action of aPDT on experimental candidiasis and the laser impact in the tissue using Galleria mellonella as the infection model. METHODS G. mellonella larvae were infected with different Candida albicans strains. After 30 min, they were treated with methylene blue-mediated aPDT and a low intensity laser (660 nm). The larvae were incubated at 37 °C for seven days and monitored daily to determine the survival curve, using the Log-rank test (Mantel Cox). To evaluate the distribution of the laser as well as its depth of action in the larva body, the Interactive 3D surface PLOT of Image J was used. The effects of aPDT on the immune system were also evaluated by the quantification of hemocytes in the hemolymph of G. mellonella after 6 h of Candida infection (ANOVA and Tukey's test). RESULTS In both the ATCC 18,804 strain and the C. albicans clinical strain 17, aPDT prolonged the survival of the infected G. mellonella larvae by a lethal fungal dose. There was a statistically significant difference between the aPDT and the control groups in the ATCC strain (P = 0.0056). The depth of laser action in the insect body without the photosensitizer was 2.5 mm and 2.4 mm from the cuticle of the larva with the photosensitizer. In the larvae, a uniform distribution of light occurred along 32% of the body length for the group without the photosensitizer and in 39.5% for the group with the photosensitizer. In the immunological analysis, the infection by C. albicans ATCC 18,804 in G. mellonella led to a reduction in the number of hemocytes in the hemolymph. The aPDT and laser treatment induced a slight increase in the number of hemocytes. CONCLUSION Both aPDT and laser treatment positively influenced the treatment of experimental candidiasis. G. mellonella larvae were a useful model for the study of light tissue penetration in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy.
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21
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da Collina GA, Freire F, Santos TPDC, Sobrinho NG, Aquino S, Prates RA, da Silva DDFT, Tempestini Horliana ACR, Pavani C. Controlling methylene blue aggregation: a more efficient alternative to treat Candida albicans infections using photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:1355-1364. [PMID: 30183793 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00238j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Methylene Blue (MB) has been widely used in antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT), however, the mechanisms of action (Type I or Type II) are defined by its state of aggregation. In this sense, the identification of the relationships between aggregation, the mechanisms of action and the effectiveness against microorganisms, as well as the establishment of the means and the formulations that may favor the most effective mechanisms, are essential. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the in vitro aPDT efficacies against Candida albicans, by using MB in vehicles which may influence the aggregation and present an oral formulation (OF) containing MB, to be used in clinical aPDT procedures. The efficacy of MB at 20 mg L-1 was tested in a range of vehicles (water, physiological solution - NaCl 0.9%, phosphate saline buffer - PBS, sodium dodecyl sulfate 0.25% - SDS and urea 1 mol L-1) in a C. albicans planktonic culture, when using 4.68 J cm-2 of 640 ± 12 nm LED for the irradiations, as well as 5 minutes of pre-irradiation time, together with measuring the UFC mL-1. Based upon these analyses, an OF containing MB in the most effective vehicle was tested in the biofilms, as a proposal for clinical applications. When comparing some of the vehicles, sodium dodecyl sulfate was the only one that enhanced an MB aPDT efficacy in a planktonic C. albicans culture. This OF was tested in the biofilms and 50 mg L-1 MB was necessary, in order to achieve some reduction in the cell viabilities after the various treatments. The light dosimetries still need further adaptations, in order for this formulation to be used in clinical applications. The present research has indicated that the development of this formulation for the control of MB aggregations may result in more effective clinical protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Alves da Collina
- Post-Graduation Program of Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho - UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil.
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22
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Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy as a new approach for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis: preliminary results. Lasers Med Sci 2018; 33:1925-1931. [PMID: 29931589 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-018-2557-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we present the efficacy of photodynamic therapy against yeast cells in an animal model. We tested two photosensitizers, methylene blue and protoporphyrin IX. Thirty-seven female BALB-c mice with a body mass of 20-25 g were used. To achieve persistent vaginitis, estrus was induced by subcutaneous injection of 0.1 mg/mL estradiol valerate applied weekly. Three days after pseudo-estrus, intravaginal inoculation with Candida albicans was performed. Mice were anesthetized with ketamine (80 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection before inoculation, and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) was performed 5 days after fungal inoculation. Two photosensitizers were tested, methylene blue (MB; 100 μM) and protoporphyrin IX (PpNetNI; 10 μM). Two custom-made LEDs emitting light at 660 and 630 nm at approximately 800 mW each were used for irradiation. The aPDT treatment reduced the fungal colony-forming units (CFUs) by one order of magnitude for the MB (p = 0.020) and PpNetNI (p = 0.018) photosensitizers. Seven days after the treatment, there were significantly fewer CFUs compared to the control group (p = 0.041 and p = 0.035 for MB and PpNetNI, respectively), but this was not increased compared to the initial number immediately after aPDT. Using aPDT as a therapeutic option to decrease fungal infection in a vaginal candidiasis model resulted in a significant reduction in the C. albicans population. Both photosensitizers were effective for preventing reinfection within 7 days. The aPDT also had no effect on the vaginal mucosa at the ultrastructural level. In addition to the fungicide effect, we observed reduced swelling and lack of the formation of abscesses, microabscesses coating the cornified epithelial layer, and the accumulation of neutrophils in the submucosa.
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23
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Katayama B, Ozawa T, Morimoto K, Awazu K, Ito N, Honda N, Oiso N, Tsuruta D. Enhanced sterilization and healing of cutaneous pseudomonas infection using 5-aminolevulinic acid as a photosensitizer with 410-nm LED light. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 90:323-331. [PMID: 29534858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) frequently develops antibiotic-resistant characteristics, which is clinically problematic. The main reason behind the rise of antibiotic-resistant PA is the extensive use of antibiotics. Therefore, a novel technique is needed to treat PA infections. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is thought to have the potential to be a non-antibiotic treatment for infections. 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA), which works as a photosensitizer after being metabolized into protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in the heme synthetic pathway, is used for PDT. Thus far, the in vivo effectiveness of PDT using ALA against PA is unknown. OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated PDT using ALA both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS Although PDT with ALA alone did not show a bactericidal effect on PA, PDT with both ALA and EDTA-2Na had a bactericidal effect in vitro. In in vivo experiments, wounds healed faster in PA-infected mice treated with PDT using both EDTA-2Na and ALA compared to non-PDT. CONCLUSION These results suggest that PDT with EDTA-2Na and ALA is a potential novel treatment option for PA-infected wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bunpei Katayama
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ozawa
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Kuniyuki Morimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kunio Awazu
- Medical Beam Physics Laboratory, Osaka University Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Ito
- Medical Beam Physics Laboratory, Osaka University Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norihiro Honda
- Medical Beam Physics Laboratory, Osaka University Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka, Japan; Institute for Academic Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Oiso
- Department of Dermatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tsuruta
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Cieplik F, Deng D, Crielaard W, Buchalla W, Hellwig E, Al-Ahmad A, Maisch T. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy - what we know and what we don't. Crit Rev Microbiol 2018; 44:571-589. [PMID: 29749263 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2018.1467876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 450] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Considering increasing number of pathogens resistant towards commonly used antibiotics as well as antiseptics, there is a pressing need for antimicrobial approaches that are capable of inactivating pathogens efficiently without the risk of inducing resistances. In this regard, an alternative approach is the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). The antimicrobial effect of aPDT is based on the principle that visible light activates a per se non-toxic molecule, the so-called photosensitizer (PS), resulting in generation of reactive oxygen species that kill bacteria unselectively via an oxidative burst. During the last 10-20 years, there has been extensive in vitro research on novel PS as well as light sources, which is now to be translated into clinics. In this review, we aim to provide an overview about the history of aPDT, its fundamental photochemical and photophysical mechanisms as well as photosensitizers and light sources that are currently applied for aPDT in vitro. Furthermore, the potential of resistances towards aPDT is extensively discussed and implications for proper comparison of in vitro studies regarding aPDT as well as for potential application fields in clinical practice are given. Overall, this review shall provide an outlook on future research directions needed for successful translation of promising in vitro results in aPDT towards clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Cieplik
- a Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology , University Medical Center Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany.,b Department of Preventive Dentistry , Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Dongmei Deng
- b Department of Preventive Dentistry , Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Wim Crielaard
- b Department of Preventive Dentistry , Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Buchalla
- a Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology , University Medical Center Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Elmar Hellwig
- c Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine , Center for Dental Medicine, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Ali Al-Ahmad
- c Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine , Center for Dental Medicine, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Tim Maisch
- d Department of Dermatology , University Medical Center Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
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da Silva BGM, Carvalho ML, Rosseti IB, Zamuner S, Costa MS. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) using toluidine blue inhibits both growth and biofilm formation by Candida krusei. Lasers Med Sci 2018; 33:983-990. [PMID: 29332258 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2428-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Among non-albicans Candida species, the opportunistic pathogen Candida krusei emerges because of the high mortality related to infections produced by this yeast. The Candida krusei is an opportunistic pathogen presenting an intrinsic resistance to fluconazol. In spite of the reduced number of infections produced by C. krusei, its occurrence is increasing in some groups of patients submitted to the use of fluconazol for prophylaxis. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) is a potential antimicrobial therapy that combines visible light and a nontoxic dye, known as a photosensitizer, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can kill the treated cells. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of PACT, using toluidine blue, as a photosensitizer on both growth and biofilm formation by Candida krusei. In this work, we studied the effect of the PACT, using TB on both cell growth and biofilm formation by C. krusei. PACT was performed using a light source with output power of 0.068 W and peak wavelength of 630 nm, resulting in a fluence of 20, 30, or 40 J/cm2. In addition, ROS production was determined after PACT. The number of samples used in this study varied from 6 to 8. Statistical differences were evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc comparison with Tukey-Kramer test. PACT inhibited both growth and biofilm formation by C. krusei. It was also observed that PACT stimulated ROS production. Comparing to cells not irradiated, irradiation was able to increase ROS production in 11.43, 6.27, and 4.37 times, in the presence of TB 0.01, 0.02, and 0.05 mg/mL, respectively. These results suggest that the inhibition observed in the cell growth after PACT could be related to the ROS production, promoting cellular damage. Taken together, these results demonstrated the ability of PACT reducing both cell growth and biofilm formation by C. krusei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Graziele Marques da Silva
- Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (IP&D), Universidade do Vale do Paraíba (UNIVAP), Av. Shishima Hifumi 2911, São José dos Campos, CEP: 12244-000, Brazil
| | - Moisés Lopes Carvalho
- Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (IP&D), Universidade do Vale do Paraíba (UNIVAP), Av. Shishima Hifumi 2911, São José dos Campos, CEP: 12244-000, Brazil
| | - Isabela Bueno Rosseti
- Anhanguera Educacional, Av. Doutor João Batista de Souza Soares, 4009-Jardim Morumbi, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Stella Zamuner
- Posgraduated Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maricilia Silva Costa
- Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (IP&D), Universidade do Vale do Paraíba (UNIVAP), Av. Shishima Hifumi 2911, São José dos Campos, CEP: 12244-000, Brazil.
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Pinto AP, Rosseti IB, Carvalho ML, da Silva BGM, Alberto-Silva C, Costa MS. Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (PACT), using Toluidine blue O inhibits the viability of biofilm produced by Candida albicans at different stages of development. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 21:182-189. [PMID: 29221859 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungus producing both superficial and systemic infections, especially in immunocompromised individuals. It has been demonstrated that C. albicans ability to form biofilms is a crucial process for colonization and virulence. Furthermore, a correlation between the development of drug resistance and biofilm maturation at Candida biofilms has been shown. Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (PACT) is a potential antimicrobial therapy that combines visible light and a non-toxic dye, known as a photosensitizer, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can kill the treated cells. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of PACT, using Toluidine Blue O (TBO) on the viability of biofilms produced by C. albicans at different stages of development. METHODS In this study, the effects of PACT on both biofilm formation and viability of the biofilm produced by C. albicans were studied. Biofilm formation and viability were determined by a metabolic assay based on the reduction of XTT assay. In addition, the morphology of the biofilm was observed using light microscopy. RESULTS PACT inhibited both biofilm formation and viability of the biofilm produced by C. albicans. Furthermore, PACT was able to decrease the number of both cells and filamentous form present in the biofilm structure. This inhibitory effect was observed in both early and mature biofilms. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained in this study demonstrated the potential of PACT (using TBO) as an effective antifungal therapy, including against infections associated with biofilms at different stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Pinto
- Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento - IP&D, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba - UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Isabela Bueno Rosseti
- Anhanguera Educacional, Av. Doutor João Batista de Souza Soares, 4009 - Jardim Morumbi, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Moisés Lopes Carvalho
- Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento - IP&D, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba - UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna Graziele Marques da Silva
- Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento - IP&D, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba - UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto-Silva
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Rua Arcturus, 03, Bloco Delta, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maricilia Silva Costa
- Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento - IP&D, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba - UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
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Eckl DB, Dengler L, Nemmert M, Eichner A, Bäumler W, Huber H. A Closer Look at Dark Toxicity of the Photosensitizer TMPyP in Bacteria. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 94:165-172. [PMID: 28940456 DOI: 10.1111/php.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation of bacteria (PIB) is based on photosensitizers which absorb light and generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), killing cells via oxidation. PIB is evaluated by comparing viability with and without irradiation, where reduction of viability in the presence of the photosensitizer without irradiation is considered as dark toxicity. This effect is controversially discussed for photosensitizers like TMPyP (5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridinio)porphyrin tetra(p-toluensulfonate). TMPyP shows a high absorption coefficient for blue light and a high yield of ROS production, especially singlet oxygen. Escherichia coli and Bacillus atrophaeus were incubated with TMPyP and irradiated with different light sources at low radiant exposures (μW per cm²), reflecting laboratory conditions of dark toxicity evaluation. Inactivation of E. coli occurs for blue light, while no effect was detectable for wavelengths >450 nm. Being more susceptible toward PIB, growth of B. atrophaeus is even reduced for light with emission >450 nm. Decreasing the light intensities to nW per cm² for B. atrophaeus, application of TMPyP still caused bacterial killing. Toxic effects of TMPyP disappeared after addition of histidine, quenching residual ROS. Our experiments demonstrate that the evaluation of dark toxicity of a powerful photosensitizer like TMPyP requires low light intensities and if necessary additional application of substances quenching any residual ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Eckl
- Institute for Microbiology and Archaea Center, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Linda Dengler
- Institute for Microbiology and Archaea Center, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marina Nemmert
- Institute for Microbiology and Archaea Center, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anja Eichner
- Department of Dermatology, University hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bäumler
- Department of Dermatology, University hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Harald Huber
- Institute for Microbiology and Archaea Center, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Kashef N, Huang YY, Hamblin MR. Advances in antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation at the nanoscale. NANOPHOTONICS 2017; 6:853-879. [PMID: 29226063 PMCID: PMC5720168 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2016-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The alarming worldwide increase in antibiotic resistance amongst microbial pathogens necessitates a search for new antimicrobial techniques, which will not be affected by, or indeed cause resistance themselves. Light-mediated photoinactivation is one such technique that takes advantage of the whole spectrum of light to destroy a broad spectrum of pathogens. Many of these photoinactivation techniques rely on the participation of a diverse range of nanoparticles and nanostructures that have dimensions very similar to the wavelength of light. Photodynamic inactivation relies on the photochemical production of singlet oxygen from photosensitizing dyes (type II pathway) that can benefit remarkably from formulation in nanoparticle-based drug delivery vehicles. Fullerenes are a closed-cage carbon allotrope nanoparticle with a high absorption coefficient and triplet yield. Their photochemistry is highly dependent on microenvironment, and can be type II in organic solvents and type I (hydroxyl radicals) in a biological milieu. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles act as a large band-gap semiconductor that can carry out photo-induced electron transfer under ultraviolet A light and can also produce reactive oxygen species that kill microbial cells. We discuss some recent studies in which quite remarkable potentiation of microbial killing (up to six logs) can be obtained by the addition of simple inorganic salts such as the non-toxic sodium/potassium iodide, bromide, nitrite, and even the toxic sodium azide. Interesting mechanistic insights were obtained to explain this increased killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Kashef
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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29
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Diogo P, Fernandes C, Caramelo F, Mota M, Miranda IM, Faustino MAF, Neves MGPMS, Uliana MP, de Oliveira KT, Santos JM, Gonçalves T. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy against Endodontic Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans Mono and Mixed Biofilms in the Presence of Photosensitizers: A Comparative Study with Classical Endodontic Irrigants. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:498. [PMID: 28424663 PMCID: PMC5371592 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Endodontic biofilms eradication from the infected root canal system remains as the primary focus in endodontic field. In this study, it was assessed the efficacy of antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) with the Zn(II)chlorin e6 methyl ester (Zn(II)e6Me) activated by red light against monospecies and mixed biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. The results were compared with the ones obtained with Rose Bengal (RB), Toluidine Blue-O (TBO), the synthetic tetracationic porphyrin (TMPyP) as well as classical endodontic irrigants (3% NaOCl, 17% EDTA and 2% CHX). The antimicrobial efficacy of aPDT toward monospecies and mixed biofilms was quantified resorting to safranin red method. The changes of biofilm organization and of cellular ultrastructure were evaluated through several microscopy techniques (light, laser confocal and transmission electron microscopy). Zn(II)e6Me once activated with light for 60 or 90 s was able to remove around 60% of the biofilm’s biomass. It was more efficient than TBO and RB and showed similar efficiency to TMPyP and classical irrigants, CHX and EDTA. As desirable in a PS, Zn(II)e6Me in the dark showed smaller activity than TMPyP. Only NaOCl revealed higher efficiency, with 70–90% of the biofilm’s biomass removal. The organization of biofilms and the normal microbial cell ultrastructure were extensively damaged by the presence of Zn(II)e6Me. aPDT with Zn(II)e6Me showed to be an efficient antimicrobial strategy deserving further studies leading to a future clinical usage in endodontic disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Diogo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal.,Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
| | - Chantal Fernandes
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Caramelo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal.,Laboratory for Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
| | - Marta Mota
- Faculty of Medicine, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal.,Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel M Miranda
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of PortoPorto, Portugal
| | - M A F Faustino
- Departamento de Química and Unidade de Investigação de Química Orgânica, Produtos Naturais e Agroalimentares, University of AveiroAveiro, Portugal
| | - M G P M S Neves
- Departamento de Química and Unidade de Investigação de Química Orgânica, Produtos Naturais e Agroalimentares, University of AveiroAveiro, Portugal
| | - Marciana P Uliana
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São CarlosSão Carlos, Brazil
| | | | - João M Santos
- Faculty of Medicine, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal.,Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa Gonçalves
- Faculty of Medicine, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal.,Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
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dos Santos LFM, Melo NB, de Carli ML, Mendes ACSC, Bani GMAC, Verinaud LM, Burger E, de Oliveira I. Moraes G, Pereira AAC, Brigagão MRL, Hanemann JAC, Sperandio FF. Photodynamic inactivation of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis helps the outcome of oral paracoccidiodomycosis. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 32:921-930. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2193-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Suzuki LC, Kato IT, Prates RA, Sabino CP, Yoshimura TM, Silva TO, Ribeiro MS. Glucose modulates antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation of Candida albicans in biofilms. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2016; 17:173-179. [PMID: 27993650 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans biofilm is a main cause of infections associated with medical devices such as catheters, contact lens and artificial joint prosthesis. The current treatment comprises antifungal chemotherapy that presents low success rates. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) involves the combination of a photosensitizing compound (PS) and light to generate oxidative stress that has demonstrated effective antimicrobial activity against a broad-spectrum of pathogens, including C. albicans. This fungus senses glucose inducing an upregulation of membrane transporters that can facilitate PS uptake into the cell. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of glucose on methylene blue (MB) uptake and its influence on PDI efficiency when combined to a red LED with central wavelength at λ=660nm. C. albicans biofilms were grown on hydrogel disks. Prior to PDI assays, MB uptake tests were performed with and without glucose-sensitization. In this system, the optimum PS administration was determined as 500μM of MB in contact with the biofilm during 30min before irradiation. Irradiation was performed during 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18min with irradiance of 127.3mW/cm2. Our results showed that glucose was able to increase MB uptake in C. albicans cells. In addition, PDI without glucose showed a higher viability reduction until 6min; after 9min, glucose group demonstrated a significant decrease in cell viability when compared to glucose-free group. Taken together, our data suggest that glucose is capable to enhance MB uptake and modulate photodynamic inactivation of C. albicans biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Cláudio Suzuki
- Center for Lasers and Applications, IPEN-CNEN/SP, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ilka Tiemy Kato
- The Engineering, Modelling and Applied Social Science Department, UFABC, 09210-580, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato Araujo Prates
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, UNINOVE, 01504-001, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Dentistry School, UNINOVE, 01504-001, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Caetano Padial Sabino
- Center for Lasers and Applications, IPEN-CNEN/SP, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Microbiology, ICB/USP, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Clinical Analysis, FCF/USP, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Tamires Oliveira Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, UNINOVE, 01504-001, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Dentistry School, UNINOVE, 01504-001, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Wainwright M, Maisch T, Nonell S, Plaetzer K, Almeida A, Tegos GP, Hamblin MR. Photoantimicrobials-are we afraid of the light? THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016; 17:e49-e55. [PMID: 27884621 PMCID: PMC5280084 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(16)30268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although conventional antimicrobial drugs have been viewed as miraculous cure-alls for the past 80 years, increasing antimicrobial drug resistance requires a major and rapid intervention. However, the development of novel but still conventional systemic antimicrobial agents, having only a single mode or site of action, will not alleviate the situation because it is probably only a matter of time until any such agents will also become ineffective. To continue to produce new agents based on this notion is unacceptable, and there is an increasing need for alternative approaches to the problem. By contrast, light-activated molecules called photoantimicrobials act locally via the in-situ production of highly reactive oxygen species, which simultaneously attack various biomolecular sites in the pathogenic target and therefore offer both multiple and variable sites of action. This non-specificity at the target circumvents conventional mechanisms of resistance and inhibits the development of resistance to the agents themselves. Photoantimicrobial therapy is safe and easy to implement and, unlike conventional agents, the activity spectrum of photoantimicrobials covers bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. However, clinical trials of these new, truly broad-spectrum, and minimally toxic agents have been few, and the funding for research and development is almost non-existent. Photoantimicrobials constitute one of the few ways forward through the morass of drug-resistant infectious disease and should be fully explored. In this Personal View, we raise awareness of the novel photoantimicrobial technologies that offer a viable alternative to conventional drugs in many relevant application fields, and could thus slow the pace of resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Wainwright
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Tim Maisch
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Santi Nonell
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kristjan Plaetzer
- Laboratory of Photodynamic Inactivation of Microorganisms, Department of Materials Science and Physics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- Department of Biology, and Centre for Environmental and Marine (CESAM) Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - George P Tegos
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Afzal M, Ghosh S, Das S, Chattopadhyay N. Endogenous Activation-Induced Delivery of a Bioactive Photosensitizer from a Micellar Carrier to Natural DNA. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:11492-11501. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b08283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Afzal
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Saptarshi Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sinjan Das
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
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Ferreira LR, Sousa AS, Alvarenga LH, Deana AM, de Santi MEOS, Kato IT, Leal CRL, Ribeiro MS, Prates RA. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on Candida albicans pre-treated by fluconazole delayed yeast inactivation. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2016; 15:25-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy on Candida albicans biofilms: An in vitro study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2016; 15:40-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Liang YI, Lu LM, Chen Y, Lin YK. Photodynamic therapy as an antifungal treatment. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:23-27. [PMID: 27347012 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the systemic or topical application of a photosensitizer (PS), alongside the selective illumination of the target lesion with light of an appropriate wavelength, in order to promote localized oxidative photodamage and subsequent cell death. Numerous studies have demonstrated that PDT is highly effective in the destruction of fungi in vitro. The mechanism underlying the effects of PDT results from the photons of visible light of an appropriate wavelength interacting with the intracellular molecules of the PS. Reactive species are produced as a result of the oxidative stress caused by the interaction between the visible light and the biological tissue. At present, no antifungal treatment based on PDT has been licensed. However, antifungal PDT is emerging as an area of interest for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y I Liang
- Department of Dermatology, Liuzhou Municipal Liutie Central Hospital, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545007, P.R. China
| | - Li-Ming Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Liuzhou Municipal Liutie Central Hospital, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545007, P.R. China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Liuzhou Municipal Liutie Central Hospital, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545007, P.R. China
| | - You-Kun Lin
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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Gao L, Jiang S, Sun Y, Deng M, Wu Q, Li M, Zeng T. Evaluation of the Effects of Photodynamic Therapy Alone and Combined with Standard Antifungal Therapy on Planktonic Cells and Biofilms of Fusarium spp. and Exophiala spp. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:617. [PMID: 27199946 PMCID: PMC4847004 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections of Fusarium spp. and Exophiala spp. are often chronic, recalcitrant, resulting in significant morbidity, causing discomfort, disfigurement, social isolation. Systemic disseminations happen in compromised patients, which are often refractory to available antifungal therapies and thereby lead to death. The antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been demonstrated to effectively inactivate multiple pathogenic fungi and is considered as a promising alternative treatment for mycoses. In the present study, we applied methylene blue (8, 16, and 32 μg/ml) as a photosensitizing agent and light emitting diode (635 ± 10 nm, 12 and 24 J/cm2), and evaluated the effects of photodynamic inactivation on five strains of Fusarium spp. and five strains of Exophiala spp., as well as photodynamic effects on in vitro susceptibility to itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole and amphotericin B, both planktonic and biofilm forms. Photodynamic therapy was efficient in reducing the growth of all strains tested, exhibiting colony forming unit-reductions of up to 6.4 log10 and 5.6 log10 against planktonic cultures and biofilms, respectively. However, biofilms were less sensitive since the irradiation time was twice longer than that of planktonic cultures. Notably, the photodynamic effects against Fusarium strains with high minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of ≥16, 4-8, 4-8, and 2-4 μg/ml for itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole and amphotericin B, respectively, were comparable or even superior to Exophiala spp., despite Exophiala spp. showed relatively better antifungal susceptibility profile. MIC ranges against planktonic cells of both species were up to 64 times lower after aPDT treatment. Biofilms of both species showed high sessile MIC50 (SMIC50) and SMIC80 of ≥16 μg/ml for all azoles tested and variable susceptibilities to amphotericin B, with SMIC ranging between 1 and 16 μg/ml. Biofilms subjected to aPDT exhibited a distinct reduction in SMIC50 and SMIC80 compared to untreated groups for both species, except SMIC80 of itraconazole against Fusarium biofilms. In conclusion, in vitro photodynamic therapy was efficient in inactivation of Fusarium spp. and Exophiala spp., both planktonic cultures and biofilms. In addition, the combination of aPDT and antifungal drugs represents an attractive alternative to the current antifungal strategies. However, further investigations are warranted for the reliable and safe application in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujuan Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University Shanghai, China
| | - Shaojie Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jingzhou Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University Jingzhou, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Jingzhou Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University Jingzhou, China
| | - Meiqi Deng
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University Jingzhou, China
| | - Qingzhi Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Jingzhou Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University Jingzhou, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University Shanghai, China
| | - Tongxiang Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Jingzhou Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University Jingzhou, China
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Kundu P, Ghosh S, Das S, Chattopadhyay N. Cyclodextrin induced controlled delivery of a biological photosensitizer from a nanocarrier to DNA. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:3685-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06174a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Addition of β-cyclodextrin to the micelle bound phenosafranin in the presence of ctDNA leads to quantitative transfer of the fluorophore from the micelle to the DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pronab Kundu
- Department of Chemistry
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | - Saptarshi Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | - Sinjan Das
- Department of Chemistry
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata-700032
- India
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Kwon PS. Inactivation of Candida albicans Biofilm by Radachlorin-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy. KOREAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.15324/kjcls.2015.47.4.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Mahl CD, Behling CS, Hackenhaar FS, de Carvalho e Silva MN, Putti J, Salomon TB, Alves SH, Fuentefria A, Benfato MS. Induction of ROS generation by fluconazole in Candida glabrata: activation of antioxidant enzymes and oxidative DNA damage. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 82:203-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Taraszkiewicz A, Szewczyk G, Sarna T, Bielawski KP, Nakonieczna J. Photodynamic Inactivation of Candida albicans with Imidazoacridinones: Influence of Irradiance, Photosensitizer Uptake and Reactive Oxygen Species Generation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129301. [PMID: 26053272 PMCID: PMC4459871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing applicability of antifungal treatments, the limited range of available drug classes and the emergence of drug resistance in Candida spp. suggest the need for new treatment options. To explore the applicability of C. albicans photoinactivation, we examined nine structurally different imidazoacridinone derivatives as photosensitizing agents. The most effective derivatives showed a >10(4)-fold reduction of viable cell numbers. The fungicidal action of the three most active compounds was compared at different radiant powers (3.5 to 63 mW/cm2), and this analysis indicated that 7 mW/cm2 was the most efficient. The intracellular accumulation of these compounds in fungal cells correlated with the fungicidal activity of all 9 derivatives. The lack of effect of verapamil, an inhibitor targeting Candida ABC efflux pumps, suggests that these imidazoacridinones are not substrates for ABC transporters. Thus, unlike azoles, a major class of antifungals used against Candida, ABC transporter-mediated resistance is unlikely. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)-spin trapping data suggested that the fungicidal light-induced action of these derivatives might depend on the production of superoxide anion. The highest generation rate of superoxide anion was observed for 1330H, 1610H, and 1611. Singlet oxygen production was also detected upon the irradiation of imidazoacridinone derivatives with UV laser light, with a low to moderate yield, depending on the type of compound. Thus, imidazoacridinone derivatives examined in the present study might act via mixed type I/type II photodynamic mechanism. The presented data indicate lack of direct correlation between the structures of studied imidazoacridinones, cell killing ability, and ROS production. However, we showed for the first time that for imidazoacridinones not only intracellular accumulation is necessary prerequisite of lethal photosensitization of C. albicans, but also localization within particular cellular structures. Our findings present IA derivatives as efficient antifungal photosensitizers with a potential to be used in local treatment of Candida infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Taraszkiewicz
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Szewczyk
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof P. Bielawski
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Joanna Nakonieczna
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Evangelista EE, França CM, Veni P, de Oliveira Silva T, Gonçalves RM, de Carvalho VF, Deana AM, Fernandes KPS, Mesquita-Ferrari RA, Camacho CP, Bussadori SK, Alvarenga LH, Prates RA. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy combined with periodontal treatment for metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2015; 16:229. [PMID: 26013003 PMCID: PMC4453758 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-015-0757-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between diabetes mellitus (DM) and periodontal disease is bidirectional. DM is a predisposing and modifying factor of periodontitis, which, in turn, worsens glycemic control and increases proteins found in the acute phase of inflammation, such as C-reactive protein. The gold standard for the treatment of periodontal disease is oral hygiene orientation, scaling and planing. Moreover, systemic antibiotic therapy may be employed in some cases. In an effort to minimize the prescription of antibiotics, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been studied as an antimicrobial technique and has demonstrated promising results. The aim of the proposed study is to determine whether PDT as a complement to periodontal therapy (PT) is helpful in the metabolic control of individuals with type 2 diabetes and the reduction of acute-phase inflammatory markers. Methods/Design The patients will be randomized using a proper software program into two groups: 1) PT + placebo PDT or 2) PT + active PDT. All patients will first be examined by a specialist, followed by PT performed by two other healthcare professionals. At the end of each session, PDT (active or placebo) will be administered by a fourth healthcare professional. The following will be the PDT parameters: diode laser (660 nm); power output = 110 mW; exposure time = 90 s per point (9 J/point); and energy density = 22 J/cm2. The photosensitizer will be methylene blue (50 μg/mL). The patients will be re-evaluated 15, 30, 90 and 180 days after treatment. Serological examinations with complete blood count, fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin and salivary examinations to screen for tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1, interleukin 6, ostelocalcin, and osteoprotegerin/RANKL will be performed at each evaluation. The data will be statistically evaluated using the most appropriate tests. Discussion The results of this study will determine the efficacy of photodynamic therapy as an adjuvant to periodontal treatment in diabetic patients. Trial registration The protocol for this trial was registered with Clinical Trials registration number NCT01964833 on 14 October 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Elisabeth Evangelista
- Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, University Nove de Julho, UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro 235/249 - Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, 01504-001, Brazil.
| | - Cristiane Miranda França
- Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, University Nove de Julho, UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro 235/249 - Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, 01504-001, Brazil. .,School of Medicine, Nove de Julho University UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro 235/249 - Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, 01504-001, Brazil. .,Program in Rehabilitation Science, Nove de Julho University - UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro 235/249 - Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, 01504-001, Brazil.
| | - Priscila Veni
- Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, University Nove de Julho, UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro 235/249 - Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, 01504-001, Brazil. .,School of Dentistry, Nove de Julho University UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro 235/249 - Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, 01504-001, Brazil.
| | - Tamires de Oliveira Silva
- Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, University Nove de Julho, UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro 235/249 - Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, 01504-001, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Moredo Gonçalves
- Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, University Nove de Julho, UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro 235/249 - Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, 01504-001, Brazil.
| | - Verônica Franco de Carvalho
- School of Dentistry, Nove de Julho University UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro 235/249 - Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, 01504-001, Brazil.
| | - Alessandro Melo Deana
- Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, University Nove de Julho, UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro 235/249 - Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, 01504-001, Brazil.
| | - Kristianne P S Fernandes
- Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, University Nove de Julho, UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro 235/249 - Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, 01504-001, Brazil. .,School of Dentistry, Nove de Julho University UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro 235/249 - Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, 01504-001, Brazil. .,Program in Rehabilitation Science, Nove de Julho University - UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro 235/249 - Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, 01504-001, Brazil.
| | - Raquel A Mesquita-Ferrari
- Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, University Nove de Julho, UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro 235/249 - Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, 01504-001, Brazil. .,School of Medicine, Nove de Julho University UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro 235/249 - Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, 01504-001, Brazil. .,Program in Rehabilitation Science, Nove de Julho University - UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro 235/249 - Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, 01504-001, Brazil.
| | - Cleber P Camacho
- School of Medicine, Nove de Julho University UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro 235/249 - Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, 01504-001, Brazil. .,Medical Sciences, Nove de Julho University - UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro 235/249 - Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, 01504-001, Brazil.
| | - Sandra Kalil Bussadori
- Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, University Nove de Julho, UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro 235/249 - Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, 01504-001, Brazil. .,School of Dentistry, Nove de Julho University UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro 235/249 - Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, 01504-001, Brazil. .,Program in Rehabilitation Science, Nove de Julho University - UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro 235/249 - Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, 01504-001, Brazil.
| | - Letícia Heineck Alvarenga
- Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, University Nove de Julho, UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro 235/249 - Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, 01504-001, Brazil.
| | - Renato Araujo Prates
- Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, University Nove de Julho, UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro 235/249 - Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, 01504-001, Brazil. .,School of Dentistry, Nove de Julho University UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro 235/249 - Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, 01504-001, Brazil.
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Baltazar LM, Ray A, Santos DA, Cisalpino PS, Friedman AJ, Nosanchuk JD. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: an effective alternative approach to control fungal infections. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:202. [PMID: 25821448 PMCID: PMC4358220 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin mycoses are caused mainly by dermatophytes, which are fungal species that primarily infect areas rich in keratin such as hair, nails, and skin. Significantly, there are increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance among dermatophytes, especially for Trichophyton rubrum, the most frequent etiologic agent worldwide. Hence, investigators have been developing new therapeutic approaches, including photodynamic treatment. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) utilizes a photosensitive substance activated by a light source of a specific wavelength. The photoactivation induces cascades of photochemicals and photobiological events that cause irreversible changes in the exposed cells. Although photodynamic approaches are well established experimentally for the treatment of certain cutaneous infections, there is limited information about its mechanism of action for specific pathogens as well as the risks to healthy tissues. In this work, we have conducted a comprehensive review of the current knowledge of PDT as it specifically applies to fungal diseases. The data to date suggests that photodynamic treatment approaches hold great promise for combating certain fungal pathogens, particularly dermatophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila M Baltazar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA ; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA
| | - Anjana Ray
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA ; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA
| | - Daniel A Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Patrícia S Cisalpino
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Adam J Friedman
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA ; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA
| | - Joshua D Nosanchuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA ; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA
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Maisch T, Eichner A, Späth A, Gollmer A, König B, Regensburger J, Bäumler W. Fast and effective photodynamic inactivation of multiresistant bacteria by cationic riboflavin derivatives. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111792. [PMID: 25469700 PMCID: PMC4254278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation of bacteria (PIB) proves to be an additional method to kill pathogenic bacteria. PIB requires photosensitizer molecules that effectively generate reactive oxygen species like singlet oxygen when exposed to visible light. To allow a broad application in medicine, photosensitizers should be safe when applied in humans. Substances like vitamin B2, which are most likely safe, are known to produce singlet oxygen upon irradiation. In the present study, we added positive charges to flavin derivatives to enable attachment of these molecules to the negatively charged surface of bacteria. Two of the synthesized flavin derivatives showed a high quantum yield of singlet oxygen of approximately 75%. Multidrug resistant bacteria like MRSA (Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus), EHEC (enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii were incubated with these flavin derivatives in vitro and were subsequently irradiated with visible light for seconds only. Singlet oxygen production in bacteria was proved by detecting its luminescence at 1270 nm. After irradiation, the number of viable bacteria decreased up to 6 log10 steps depending on the concentration of the flavin derivatives and the light dosimetry. The bactericidal effect of PIB was independent of the bacterial type and the corresponding antibiotic resistance pattern. In contrast, the photosensitizer concentration and light parameters used for bacteria killing did not affect cell viability of human keratinocytes (therapeutic window). Multiresistant bacteria can be safely and effectively killed by a combination of modified vitamin B2 molecules, oxygen and visible light, whereas normal skin cells survive. Further work will include these new photosensitizers for topical application to decolonize bacteria from skin and mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Maisch
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anja Eichner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Andreas Späth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anita Gollmer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Bäumler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Postigo A, Bulacio L, Sortino M. Photodynamic inactivation of oropharyngeal Candida strains. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:1424-1431. [PMID: 24950637 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) is an infection frequent in immunocompromised patients. Photodynamic therapy is an alternative to conventional treatments, based on the utilization of compounds that inhibit or kill microorganisms only under the effect of light, process known as Photodynamic Inactivation (PDI). In the present study, PDI of Candida spp. by the natural product α-terthienyl (α-T) was investigated following the guidelines of CLSI M27-A3, under UV-A light irradiation. The optimal values of two variables, exposure irradiation time (ET) and distance to the irradiation source (DIS) were established by employing Design Expert Software (DES). For this purpose, a panel of Candida strains isolated from OPC (C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis and C. krusei) was employed and optimal values were 5 min (ET) and between 6.06 and 6.43 cm (DIS) with a desirability factor of 0.989. α-T plus UV-A light in the optimal conditions caused a complete reduction in viable cells in 5 min which was demonstrated by viable cells reduction assays and confocal microscopy after vital staining (propidium iodide/fluorescein diacetate). The germ tube formation of C. albicans was inhibited by α-T at sub-inhibitory concentrations. Results showed that α-T plus UV-A light could constitute an alternative for OPC treatments at the optimal conditions determined here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Postigo
- Área Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Lucía Bulacio
- Centro de Referencia en Micología - CEREMIC, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano Sortino
- Área Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, Argentina; Centro de Referencia en Micología - CEREMIC, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, Argentina.
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Cieplik F, Tabenski L, Buchalla W, Maisch T. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for inactivation of biofilms formed by oral key pathogens. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:405. [PMID: 25161649 PMCID: PMC4130309 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing numbers of antibiotic-resistant pathogens all over the world there is a pressing need for strategies that are capable of inactivating biofilm-state pathogens with less potential of developing resistances in pathogens. Antimicrobial strategies of that kind are especially needed in dentistry in order to avoid the usage of antibiotics for treatment of periodontal, endodontic or mucosal topical infections caused by bacterial or yeast biofilms. One possible option could be the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), whereby the lethal effect of aPDT is based on the principle that visible light activates a photosensitizer (PS), leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species, e.g., singlet oxygen, which induce phototoxicity immediately during illumination. Many compounds have been described as potential PS for aPDT against bacterial and yeast biofilms so far, but conflicting results have been reported. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to outline the actual state of the art regarding the potential of aPDT for inactivation of biofilms formed in vitro with a main focus on those formed by oral key pathogens and structured regarding the distinct types of PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Cieplik
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Regensburg Regensburg, Germany
| | - Laura Tabenski
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Regensburg Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Buchalla
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Regensburg Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tim Maisch
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Regensburg Regensburg, Germany
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Perlin MH, Andrews J, San Toh S. Essential Letters in the Fungal Alphabet. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2014; 85:201-53. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800271-1.00004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) inhibits biofilm formation by Candida albicans, increasing both ROS production and membrane permeability. Lasers Med Sci 2013; 29:1059-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-013-1473-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Chibebe Junior J, Sabino CP, Tan X, Junqueira JC, Wang Y, Fuchs BB, Jorge AOC, Tegos GP, Hamblin MR, Mylonakis E. Selective photoinactivation of Candida albicans in the non-vertebrate host infection model Galleria mellonella. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:217. [PMID: 24083556 PMCID: PMC3849975 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Candida spp. are recognized as a primary agent of severe fungal infection in immunocompromised patients, and are the fourth most common cause of bloodstream infections. Our study explores treatment with photodynamic therapy (PDT) as an innovative antimicrobial technology that employs a nontoxic dye, termed a photosensitizer (PS), followed by irradiation with harmless visible light. After photoactivation, the PS produces either singlet oxygen or other reactive oxygen species (ROS) that primarily react with the pathogen cell wall, promoting permeabilization of the membrane and cell death. The emergence of antifungal-resistant Candida strains has motivated the study of antimicrobial PDT (aPDT) as an alternative treatment of these infections. We employed the invertebrate wax moth Galleria mellonella as an in vivo model to study the effects of aPDT against C. albicans infection. The effects of aPDT combined with conventional antifungal drugs were also evaluated in G. mellonella. Results We verified that methylene blue-mediated aPDT prolonged the survival of C. albicans infected G. mellonella larvae. The fungal burden of G. mellonella hemolymph was reduced after aPDT in infected larvae. A fluconazole-resistant C. albicans strain was used to test the combination of aPDT and fluconazole. Administration of fluconazole either before or after exposing the larvae to aPDT significantly prolonged the survival of the larvae compared to either treatment alone. Conclusions G. mellonella is a useful in vivo model to evaluate aPDT as a treatment regimen for Candida infections. The data suggests that combined aPDT and antifungal therapy could be an alternative approach to antifungal-resistant Candida strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Chibebe Junior
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Univ Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, SP 12245000, Brazil.
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Kourtesi C, Ball AR, Huang YY, Jachak SM, Vera DMA, Khondkar P, Gibbons S, Hamblin MR, Tegos GP. Microbial efflux systems and inhibitors: approaches to drug discovery and the challenge of clinical implementation. Open Microbiol J 2013; 7:34-52. [PMID: 23569468 PMCID: PMC3617545 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801307010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional antimicrobials are increasingly ineffective due to the emergence of multidrug-resistance among pathogenic microorganisms. The need to overcome these deficiencies has triggered exploration for novel and unconventional approaches to controlling microbial infections. Multidrug efflux systems (MES) have been a profound obstacle in the successful deployment of antimicrobials. The discovery of small molecule efflux system blockers has been an active and rapidly expanding research discipline. A major theme in this platform involves efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) from natural sources. The discovery methodologies and the available number of natural EPI-chemotypes are increasing. Advances in our understanding of microbial physiology have shed light on a series of pathways and phenotypes where the role of efflux systems is pivotal. Complementing existing antimicrobial discovery platforms such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) with efflux inhibition is a subject under investigation. This core information is a stepping stone in the challenge of highlighting an effective drug development path for EPIs since the puzzle of clinical implementation remains unsolved. This review summarizes advances in the path of EPI discovery, discusses potential avenues of EPI implementation and development, and underlines the need for highly informative and comprehensive translational approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kourtesi
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA ; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
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