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Caneschi A, Bardhi A, Barbarossa A, Zaghini A. The Use of Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance in Veterinary Medicine, a Complex Phenomenon: A Narrative Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030487. [PMID: 36978354 PMCID: PMC10044628 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As warned by Sir Alexander Fleming in his Nobel Prize address: “the use of antimicrobials can, and will, lead to resistance”. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has recently increased due to the overuse and misuse of antibiotics, and their use in animals (food-producing and companion) has also resulted in the selection and transmission of resistant bacteria. The epidemiology of resistance is complex, and factors other than the overall quantity of antibiotics consumed may influence it. Nowadays, AMR has a serious impact on society, both economically and in terms of healthcare. This narrative review aimed to provide a scenario of the state of the AMR phenomenon in veterinary medicine related to the use of antibiotics in different animal species; the impact that it can have on animals, as well as humans and the environment, was considered. Providing some particular instances, the authors tried to explain the vastness of the phenomenon of AMR in veterinary medicine due to many and diverse aspects that cannot always be controlled. The veterinarian is the main reference point here and has a high responsibility towards the human–animal–environment triad. Sharing such a burden with human medicine and cooperating together for the same purpose (fighting and containing AMR) represents an effective example of the application of the One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anisa Bardhi
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (A.B.); Tel.: +39-051-2097-500 (Andrea Barbarossa)
| | - Andrea Barbarossa
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (A.B.); Tel.: +39-051-2097-500 (Andrea Barbarossa)
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Osman M, Altier C, Cazer C. Antimicrobial resistance among canine enterococci in the northeastern United States, 2007-2020. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1025242. [PMID: 36687655 PMCID: PMC9849698 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1025242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing and complex One Health concern worldwide, threatening the practice of human and veterinary medicine. Although dogs are a potential reservoir of multidrug-resistant bacteria, there are very few surveillance studies on AMR from the canine population in the United States. Here, we assessed the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, identified temporal resistance and minimum inhibitory concentration trends, and described associations between resistance phenotypes among canine clinical enterococci in the northeastern United States. Methods Through a large-scale retrospective study design, we collected species identification, minimum inhibitory concentration, and clinical data from 3,659 canine enterococci isolated at the Cornell University Animal Health Diagnostic Center between 2007 and 2020. We used the Mann-Kendall test, Sen's slope, multivariable logistic regression, and survival analysis models to detect the presence of a significant trend in resistance over the study period. Results Enterococcus faecalis was the most prevalent species (67.1% of isolates), followed by Enterococcus faecium (20.4%). We found high levels of AMR among enterococci to almost all the tested antimicrobials, particularly E. faecium. The lowest percentage of resistance was to vancomycin and chloramphenicol. Multidrug resistance was common (80% of E. faecium and 33% of E. faecalis) and 31 isolates were extensively drug resistant. Multidrug resistance among E. faecium increased over time, but not in E. faecalis. Resistance to penicillins, enrofloxacin, and rifampin increased during the study period, but resistance to tetracyclines is on a downward trajectory compared to AMR data from the last decade. Emerging vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis (0.3%) and E. faecium (0.8%) infections in the canine population are of great concern to both human and animal health. One E. faecium isolate with acquired vancomycin resistance was identified in 2017 and four vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolates were identified in 2020. Conclusion There is a crucial need to make rational prescribing decisions on the prudent use of antimicrobials and improve the quality of care for patients, especially when empirical antimicrobial treatment for enterococcal infection is common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Osman
- Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States,Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States,*Correspondence: Marwan Osman,
| | - Craig Altier
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Casey Cazer
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States,Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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3
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Zhou Y, Ji X, Liang B, Jiang B, Li Y, Yuan T, Zhu L, Liu J, Guo X, Sun Y. Antimicrobial Resistance and Prevalence of Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli from Dogs and Cats in Northeastern China from 2012 to 2021. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1506. [PMID: 36358160 PMCID: PMC9686880 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: there has been a growing concern about pet-spread bacterial zoonosis in recent years. This study aimed to investigate the trend in drug-resistance of canine Escherichia coli isolates in northeast China between 2012-2021 and the differences in drug-resistance of E. coli of different origins in 2021. (2) Methods: E. coli were isolated from feces or anal swab samples from dogs and cats, and their antibiotic susceptibility profiles and phylogenetic grouping were identified. PCR was applied on the extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) E. coli for antibiotic resistance genes. (3) Results: five hundred and fifty-four E. coli isolates were detected in 869 samples (63.75%). The multidrug resistance (MDR) rates of E. coli in pet dogs showed a decreasing trend, but working dogs showed the opposite trend. Resistance genes blaCTX-M and blaCTX-M+TEM were dominant among the ESBL producers (n = 219). The consistency between the resistance phenotypes and genes was high except for fluoroquinolone-resistant ESBL E. coli. All ESBL E. coli-carrying blaNDM were isolated from working dogs, and one of the strains carried mcr-1 and blaNDM-4. Phylogroup B2 was the dominant group in pet cats, and more than half of the isolates from companion cats were ESBL E. coli. (4) Conclusions: the measures taken to reduce resistance in China were beginning to bear fruit. Companion cats may be more susceptible to colonization by ESBL E. coli. The problem of resistant bacteria in working dogs and pet cats warrants concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xue Ji
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130021, China
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Bing Liang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130021, China
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Bowen Jiang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130021, China
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yan Li
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Tingyv Yuan
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lingwei Zhu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130021, China
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130021, China
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xuejun Guo
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130021, China
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130021, China
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun 130021, China
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Usmael B, Abraha B, Alemu S, Mummed B, Hiko A, Abdurehman A. Isolation, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and risk factors assessment of non-typhoidal Salmonella from apparently healthy and diarrheic dogs. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:37. [PMID: 35033077 PMCID: PMC8760800 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dogs are one of the important asymptomatic carriers of antimicrobial resistant and potentially pathogenic strains of Salmonella. They can harbor large bacterial load in the intestines and mesenteric lymph nodes which can be shed in their feces with the possibility of transmission to humans. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted with the objectives of estimating the prevalence of non-typhoidal Salmonella, assessing the risk factors for dog’s Salmonella carriage, and profiling the antimicrobial resistance pattern of Salmonella isolates among housed dogs in Harar town, Eastern Ethiopia. A total of 415 rectal swab samples were collected from randomly selected dogs. Samples were examined for non-typhoidal Salmonella using standard bacteriologic culture and biochemical tests. The disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer test) was employed to evaluate the isolates for their susceptibility against five antimicrobials. Results Non-typhoidal Salmonella were isolated from 26 (6.3%) of the rectal swab samples, with significantly higher occurrence in diarrheic (15.2%) than non-diarrheic (5.5%) dogs. The risk of Salmonella harboring was significantly higher in female dogs than in male dogs (OR = 2.5, p = 0.027). Dogs fecal shedding of Salmonella was relatively higher in households who used offal as a main feed type for their dogs (23.1%; 95% CI = 5–53.8) than those who used leftover food (10.1%; 95% CI = 5.7–16.1) and practiced mixed feeding system (17%; 95% CI = 7.6–30.8). Salmonella isolates showed higher resistance to ampicillin (41.7%), while all isolates were fully susceptible to gentamicin. Moreover, 58.3% of Salmonella isolates showed resistance to at least one of the tested antimicrobials. Majorities (72.7%) of the dog owners had no awareness on the risk of zoonotic salmonellosis from dog and all of the respondents use bare hand to clean dog kennel. Conclusion Our study reveals the importance of both diarrheic and apparently healthy housed dogs in the harboring and shedding of antimicrobial resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella. The risk of non-typhoidal Salmonella spread among pet owners is not negligible, especially in households who use offal as main feed type. Therefore, an integrated approach such as: proper dog handling practices; continuous evaluation of antimicrobial resistance; and rational use of antimicrobials in the field of veterinary sector are necessary to tackle the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belisa Usmael
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Bruk Abraha
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.
| | - Sisay Alemu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Bahar Mummed
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Adem Hiko
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Abdallahi Abdurehman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
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Odland CA, Edler R, Noyes NR, Dee SA, Nerem J, Davies PR. Evaluation of the Impact of Antimicrobial Use Protocols in Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus-Infected Swine on Phenotypic Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0097021. [PMID: 34644164 PMCID: PMC8752131 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00970-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A longitudinal study was conducted to assess the impact of different antimicrobial exposures of nursery-phase pigs on patterns of phenotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in fecal indicator organisms throughout the growing phase. Based on practical approaches used to treat moderate to severe porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-associated secondary bacterial infections, two antimicrobial protocols of differing intensities of exposure [44.1 and 181.5 animal-treatment days per 1000 animal days at risk (ATD)] were compared with a control group with minimal antimicrobial exposure (2.1 ATD). Litter-matched pigs (n = 108) with no prior antimicrobial exposure were assigned randomly to the treatment groups. Pen fecal samples were collected nine times during the wean-to-finish period and cultured for Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. Antimicrobial-susceptibility testing was conducted using NARMS Gram-negative and Gram-positive antibiotic panels. Despite up to 65-fold difference in ATD, few and modest differences were observed between groups and over time. Resistance patterns at marketing overall remained similar to those observed at weaning, prior to any antimicrobial exposures. Those differences observed could not readily be reconciled with the patterns of antimicrobial exposure. Resistance of E. coli to streptomycin was higher in the group exposed to 44.1 ATD, but no aminoglycosides were used. In all instances where resistances differed between time points, the higher resistance occurred early in the trial prior to any antimicrobial exposures. These minimal impacts on AMR despite substantially different antimicrobial exposures point to the lack of understanding of the drivers of AMR at the population level and the likely importance of factors other than antimicrobial exposure. IMPORTANCE Despite a recognized need for more longitudinal studies to assess the effects of antimicrobial use on resistance in food animals, they remain sparse in the literature, and most longitudinal studies of pigs have been observational. The current experimental study had the advantages of greater control of potential confounding, precise measurement of antimicrobial exposures which differed markedly between groups and tracking of pigs until market age. Overall, resistance patterns were remarkably stable between the treatment groups over time, and the differences observed could not be readily reconciled with the antimicrobial exposures, indicating the likely importance of other determinants of AMR at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roy Edler
- Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Scott A. Dee
- Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone, Minnesota, USA
| | - Joel Nerem
- Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone, Minnesota, USA
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6
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Pinello KC, Palmieri C, Ruiz J, Zaidan Dagli ML, Niza-Ribeiro J. Risks and benefits of the interaction with companion animals. One Health 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822794-7.00012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Davies PR, Singer RS. Antimicrobial use in wean to market pigs in the United States assessed via voluntary sharing of proprietary data. Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 67 Suppl 1:6-21. [PMID: 33201609 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Data on antimicrobial use were collected for the 2016 and 2017 calendar years from swine producers in the United States. Nine large systems, collectively producing over 20 million market pigs annually, voluntarily provided data to advance understanding of antimicrobial use in the industry and to support antimicrobial stewardship initiatives. The scope of the study was limited to growing pigs, and the granularity of data varied across the systems. Data were summarized both qualitatively and quantitatively by antimicrobial class, active ingredient and route of administration (injection, water and feed). Data on the purpose of administration, doses and durations of administration were not available, but some information was provided by the responsible veterinarians. Aggregate data were similar both qualitatively and quantitatively in 2016 and 2017, although marked changes between years were evident within systems for some antimicrobials. Antimicrobial use (by weight) was dominated by the tetracycline class (approximately 60% of total use). Antimicrobials in classes categorized as critically important constituted 4.5% and 5.3% of total use in 2016 and 2017, respectively. In both years, fluoroquinolone (0.23%, 0.46%) and 3rd generation cephalosporin (0.15%, 0.11%) use collectively accounted for <1% of total use. Administration was predominantly oral in feed and water, and injection comprised approximately 2% of use overall, but around 12% for critically important antimicrobials. There was considerable variability among systems in patterns of antimicrobial use. This pilot project demonstrates the feasibility of acquiring antimicrobial use data via voluntary sharing. It is currently being expanded among larger swine production systems, and further efforts to enable confidential data sharing and benchmarking for smaller producers are being pursued by the swine industry. Recognized biases in the data caution against over-interpretation of these data as an index of national use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Davies
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Epitome Consulting, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Randall S Singer
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Mindwalk Consulting Group, Falcon Heights, MN, USA
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Bataller E, García-Romero E, Llobat L, Lizana V, Jiménez-Trigos E. Dogs as a source of Salmonella spp. in apparently healthy dogs in the Valencia Region. Could it be related with intestinal lactic acid bacteria? BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:268. [PMID: 32746827 PMCID: PMC7398315 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02492-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although salmonellosis is considered one of the most important food-borne zoonotic diseases in Europe, close contact between dogs and their owners can also be a potential source of Salmonella spp. for humans. This study assessed the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp. in apparently healthy dogs in the Valencian Region, eastern Spain. Moreover, a macroscopic comparison of lactic acid bacteria in both Salmonella-positive and Salmonella-negative dogs was carried out. RESULTS Of a total of 325 dogs sampled, 6 (1.85%) were positive for Salmonella spp. with 3 different serotypes, Havana (3), Mikawasima (2) and monophasic Typhimurium (1). All isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested except monophasic S. Typhimurium, which was resistant to ampicillin. Finally, macroscopic results revealed that lactic acid bacteria had higher heterogeneity in the Salmonella-negative dogs than in the Salmonella-positive dogs. Although the results in our study showed a low prevalence of Salmonella spp., raw food has been suggested as a risk factor for bacteria in dog faeces. CONCLUSIONS Public awareness campaigns on good hygiene practices, especially after handling canine faeces or raw food, are necessary. Furthermore, to reduce the potential transmission of bacteria, dogs should be fed food that has been properly cooked, as raw or undercooked food can be a source of zoonotic pathogens. Moreover, further studies must be performed to determine the relationship between lactic acid bacteria and Salmonella spp. in dog faeces.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bataller
- Research Group Microbiological Agents Associated with Animal Reproduction (PROVAGINBIO), Department of Animal Production and Health, Veterinary Public Health and Food Science and Technology (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Carrer Tirant lo Blanc 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, València, Spain.
| | - E García-Romero
- Grupo Sanidad de Rumiantes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, C/ Campus Universitario 7, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - L Llobat
- Research Group Microbiological Agents Associated with Animal Reproduction (PROVAGINBIO), Department of Animal Production and Health, Veterinary Public Health and Food Science and Technology (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Carrer Tirant lo Blanc 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, València, Spain
| | - V Lizana
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación, Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, 46115, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
- Wildlife Ecology & Health group (WE&H), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Edifici V, Travessera del Turons, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Jiménez-Trigos
- Research Group Microbiological Agents Associated with Animal Reproduction (PROVAGINBIO), Department of Animal Production and Health, Veterinary Public Health and Food Science and Technology (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Carrer Tirant lo Blanc 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, València, Spain.
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Cummings KJ, Mitchell PK, Rodriguez-Rivera LD, Goodman LB. Sequence analysis of Salmonella enterica isolates obtained from shelter dogs throughout Texas. Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:975-979. [PMID: 32613739 PMCID: PMC7738724 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs are a potential source of zoonotic Salmonella transmission. We had previously estimated the prevalence of Salmonella shedding among shelter dogs throughout Texas using a repeated cross‐sectional study design. Our current objectives were to fully characterize the Salmonella isolates and to assess their relatedness, using whole‐genome sequencing. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes were detected in 4/27 (15%) of the isolates. The fosfomycin resistance gene fosA7 was identified in two isolates; to our knowledge, there are no published reports of this gene in canine Salmonella isolates. The biocide resistance gene qacEdelta1, conferring resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds, was detected in an isolate that had four additional AMR genes. The most frequently identified serotypes were Newport (6/27, 22%) and Javiana (4/27, 15%), both of which were widespread among animal shelters. For these serotypes, there was evidence of both transmission of Salmonella within the shelter environment and separate introductions of Salmonella into a shelter. Several canine Salmonella isolates were closely related to human clinical isolates (four canine isolates within 10 SNPs and six more within 20 SNPs), suggesting a shared pathogen population. Educational outreach programmes targeting animal shelter workers would be useful for optimizing knowledge of Salmonella and other canine‐associated zoonotic pathogens.
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Non-typhoidal
Salmonella
is the most common foodborne bacterial pathogen in most countries. It is widely present in food animal species, and therefore blocking its transmission through the food supply is a prominent focus of food safety activities worldwide. Antibiotic resistance in non-typhoidal
Salmonella
arises in large part because of antibiotic use in animal husbandry. Tracking resistance in
Salmonella
is required to design targeted interventions to contain or diminish resistance and refine use practices in production. Many countries have established systems to monitor antibiotic resistance in
Salmonella
and other bacteria, the earliest ones appearing the Europe and the US. In this chapter, we compare recent
Salmonella
antibiotic susceptibility data from Europe and the US. In addition, we summarize the state of known resistance genes that have been identified in the genus. The advent of routine whole genome sequencing has made it possible to conduct genomic surveillance of resistance based on DNA sequences alone. This points to a new model of surveillance in the future that will provide more definitive information on the sources of resistant
Salmonella
, the specific types of resistance genes involved, and information on how resistance spreads.
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Srisanga S, Angkititrakul S, Sringam P, Le Ho PT, T Vo AT, Chuanchuen R. Phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes of Salmonella enterica isolated from pet dogs and cats. J Vet Sci 2018; 18:273-281. [PMID: 27586467 PMCID: PMC5639079 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2017.18.3.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica isolates (n = 122), including 32 serotypes from 113 dogs and 9 cats, were obtained from household dogs (n = 250) and cats (n = 50) during 2012-2015. The isolates were characterized by serotyping, antimicrobial resistance phenotyping and genotyping, and virulence gene screening. Serovars Weltevreden (15.6%) and Typhimurium (13.9%) were the most common. The majority (43%) of the isolates were multidrug resistant. The dog isolates (12.3%) harbored class 1 integrons, of which the dfrA12-aadA2 cassette was most frequent (66.7%). The only class integron in serovar Albany was located on a conjugative plasmid. Two ESBL-producing isolates (i.e., a serovar Krefeld and a serovar Enteritridis) carried blaTEM and blaCTX-M, and the blaTEM gene in both was horizontally transferred. Of the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes tested, only qnrS (4.9%) was detected. Most Salmonella isolates harbored invA (100%), prgH (91.8%), and sipB (91%). Positive associations between resistance and virulence genes were observed for blaPSE-1/orgA, cmlA/span, tolC, and sul1/tolC (p < 0.05). The results suggest that companion dogs and cats are potential sources of S. enterica strains that carry resistance and virulence genes and that antimicrobial use in companion animals may select for the examined Salmonella virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songsak Srisanga
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Center for Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring in Foodborne Pathogens (in cooperation with WHO), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sunpetch Angkititrakul
- Research Group for Prevention Technology in Livestock, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Patcharee Sringam
- Research Group for Prevention Technology in Livestock, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Phuong T Le Ho
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh 70000, Vietnam
| | - An T T Vo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh 70000, Vietnam
| | - Rungtip Chuanchuen
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Center for Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring in Foodborne Pathogens (in cooperation with WHO), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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12
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Zhang PLC, Shen X, Chalmers G, Reid-Smith RJ, Slavic D, Dick H, Boerlin P. Prevalence and mechanisms of extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance in clinical and fecal Enterobacteriaceae isolates from dogs in Ontario, Canada. Vet Microbiol 2017; 213:82-88. [PMID: 29292008 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
There is little information on the genetic basis of resistance to the critically important extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs) in Enterobacteriaceae from dogs in Canada. This study assessed the frequency of ESC resistance in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from dogs in Ontario and the distribution of major ESC resistance genes in these bacteria. A total of 542 Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from 506 clinical samples from two diagnostic laboratories in Ontario. Eighty-eight ESC-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and 217 Escherichia coli were isolated from 234 fecal samples from dogs collected at leash-free dog parks. These fecal isolates were tested for ESC resistance along with the clinical isolates. Isolates with reduced ESC susceptibility were screened for blaCMY, blaCTX-M, and blaSHV, and all CTX-M-positive isolates underwent whole-genome sequencing. The prevalence of ESC resistance in clinical Enterobacteriaceae was 10.4%. The average frequency of fecal carriage of ESC-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in healthy dogs was 26.5%. The majority of ESC-resistant isolates were E. coli and the other major Enterobacteriaceae carrying ESC resistance genes were Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis. The results show that the same ESC resistance genes can be found in clinical and fecal Enterobacteriaceae in dogs. The identified E. coli sequence types (including ST131 and ST648) and CTX-M variants (including CTX-M-14, -15, and -27) support the hypothesis of transfer of resistant bacteria between humans and dogs. CTX-M-1 was frequently found in canine fecal Enterobacteriaceae, while it is still rare in human Enterobacteriaceae in Canada, thus suggesting transfer of resistant bacteria to dogs from food animals or other sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline L C Zhang
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Xiao Shen
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Gabhan Chalmers
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Richard J Reid-Smith
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada; Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada; Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, 160 Research Lane, Suite 103, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 5B2, Canada
| | - Durda Slavic
- Animal Health Laboratory, Post Office 3612, Guelph, Ontario, N1H 6R8, Canada
| | - Hani Dick
- IDEXX Laboratories, 1345 Denison St., Markham, Ontario, L3R 5V2, Canada
| | - Patrick Boerlin
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Reimschuessel R, Grabenstein M, Guag J, Nemser SM, Song K, Qiu J, Clothier KA, Byrne BA, Marks SL, Cadmus K, Pabilonia K, Sanchez S, Rajeev S, Ensley S, Frana TS, Jergens AE, Chappell KH, Thakur S, Byrum B, Cui J, Zhang Y, Erdman MM, Rankin SC, Daly R, Das S, Ruesch L, Lawhon SD, Zhang S, Baszler T, Diaz-Campos D, Hartmann F, Okwumabua O. Multilaboratory Survey To Evaluate Salmonella Prevalence in Diarrheic and Nondiarrheic Dogs and Cats in the United States between 2012 and 2014. J Clin Microbiol 2017; 55:1350-1368. [PMID: 28202802 PMCID: PMC5405253 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02137-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Eleven laboratories collaborated to determine the periodic prevalence of Salmonella in a population of dogs and cats in the United States visiting veterinary clinics. Fecal samples (2,965) solicited from 11 geographically dispersed veterinary testing laboratories were collected in 36 states between January 2012 and April 2014 and tested using a harmonized method. The overall study prevalence of Salmonella in cats (3 of 542) was <1%. The prevalence in dogs (60 of 2,422) was 2.5%. Diarrhea was present in only 55% of positive dogs; however, 3.8% of the all diarrheic dogs were positive, compared with 1.8% of the nondiarrheic dogs. Salmonella-positive dogs were significantly more likely to have consumed raw food (P = 0.01), to have consumed probiotics (P = 0.002), or to have been given antibiotics (P = 0.01). Rural dogs were also more likely to be Salmonella positive than urban (P = 0.002) or suburban (P = 0.001) dogs. In the 67 isolates, 27 unique serovars were identified, with three dogs having two serovars present. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 66 isolates revealed that only four of the isolates were resistant to one or more antibiotics. Additional characterization of the 66 isolates was done using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Sequence data compared well to resistance phenotypic data and were submitted to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). This study suggests an overall decline in prevalence of Salmonella-positive dogs and cats over the last decades and identifies consumption of raw food as a major risk factor for Salmonella infection. Of note is that almost half of the Salmonella-positive animals were clinically nondiarrheic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Reimschuessel
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Grabenstein
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Jake Guag
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah M Nemser
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Kyunghee Song
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Junshan Qiu
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristin A Clothier
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Barbara A Byrne
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Stanley L Marks
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kyran Cadmus
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Kristy Pabilonia
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Susan Sanchez
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease, Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Sreekumari Rajeev
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Tifton, Georgia, USA
| | - Steve Ensley
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Timothy S Frana
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Albert E Jergens
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Kimberly H Chappell
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Siddhartha Thakur
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Beverly Byrum
- Ohio Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg, Ohio, USA
| | - Jing Cui
- Ohio Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg, Ohio, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Ohio Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew M Erdman
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Shelley C Rankin
- University of Pennsylvania, Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Russell Daly
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Seema Das
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Laura Ruesch
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Shuping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Timothy Baszler
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Dubraska Diaz-Campos
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Faye Hartmann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences/WVDL, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ogi Okwumabua
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences/WVDL, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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14
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Walther B, Tedin K, Lübke-Becker A. Multidrug-resistant opportunistic pathogens challenging veterinary infection control. Vet Microbiol 2017; 200:71-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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15
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Leonard EK, Pearl DL, Janecko N, Finley RL, Reid-Smith RJ, Weese JS, Peregrine AS. Risk factors for carriage of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella spp and Escherichia coli in pet dogs from volunteer households in Ontario, Canada, in 2005 and 2006. Am J Vet Res 2016; 76:959-68. [PMID: 26512541 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.76.11.959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine pet-related management factors associated with the carriage of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella spp and Escherichia coli in a population of pet dogs. SAMPLE 138 dogs from 84 households in Ontario, Canada. PROCEDURES From October 2005 through May 2006, dogs and households in Ontario, Canada, were recruited to participate in a cross-sectional study. Fecal samples were submitted for culture of Salmonella spp and E coli, which provided 515 bacterial isolates for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Multilevel logistic regression models with random effects for household and dog were created to identify pet-related management factors associated with antimicrobial resistance. RESULTS Bacterial species, feeding a homemade diet or adding homemade food to the diet, feeding a raw diet or adding anything raw to the diet, feeding a homemade raw food diet, and feeding raw chicken in the past week were significant risk factors for antimicrobial resistance in this population of dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In this study, several potentially important pet-related risk factors for the carriage of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella spp and E coli in pet dogs were identified. Further evaluation of risk factors for antimicrobial resistance in dogs may lead to development of evidence-based guidelines for safe and responsible dog ownership and management to protect the public, especially pet owners who are immunocompromised.
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16
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Dissemination of intestinal pathogens between lambs and puppies in sheep farms. Small Rumin Res 2016; 141:5-10. [PMID: 32288209 PMCID: PMC7135787 DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus was detected in samples from lambs with diarrhoea. Salmonella enterica subsp. diarizonae was isolated in samples from lambs with diarrhoea. Antibiotic resistance was detected in >60% of Escherichia coli strains isolated in the study. Escherichia coli with identical antibacterial resistance were detected in lambs and puppies.
Objectives of the present work were (i) to confirm pathogens implicated in cases of diarrhoea in newborn and young lambs in sheep farms in Greece and (ii) to investigate a possible relation in dissemination of pathogens between lambs and dogs present in the farm. Work was carried out in 22 sheep farms, with (i) flock size over 150 animals, (ii) presence of clinical signs of diarrhoea in lambs in the flock and (iii) close and continuous contact and movement of shepherd dogs within the animal shed of each farm. Faecal sample collection from lambs was performed within 48 h of onset of clinical signs and prior to administration of any antimicrobial or antiparasitic medication to lambs. Faecal samples were also collected from puppies in the farm. In total, samples were collected from 126 lambs and 58 puppies. Samples were processed by using established techniques for isolation of bacteria, detection of viruses and observation of protozoan oocycts. Escherichia coli isolates obtained during the study, were tested for antimicrobial resistance against a variety of antimicrobial agents. In total, 236 bacterial isolates were recovered from faecal samples of lambs and 165 isolates from faecal samples of puppies. E. coli was the most frequently isolated microorganism: 104 isolates from lambs and 109 isolates from puppies were recovered. Other bacteria isolated were Enterobacter spp., Proteus spp., Klebsiella spp., (lambs and puppies), Clostridium perfringens, Citrobacter freundi, Salmonella enterica subsp. diarizonae (only lambs) and Streptococcus spp. (only puppies). Group A Rotavirus was detected in samples from lambs (2.5%) and Parvovirus in samples from puppies (5%). Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts were observed in samples from lambs and puppies. This is the first report of isolation of S. enterica subsp. diarizonae and of detection of Rotavirus from lambs in Greece. Rates of E. coli isolates from puppies resistant to antimicrobial agents were, in general, smaller than respective rates in isolates from lambs. Two pairs of isolates from the same farm (one from a lamb and one from a puppy) with identical patterns of resistance to antimicrobial agents were detected, which provides some evidence in support of a hypothesis that members of each pair might possibly have been spread from one animal species to the other.
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17
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Leahy AM, Cummings KJ, Rodriguez-Rivera LD, Rankin SC, Hamer SA. Evaluation of FaecalSalmonellaShedding Among Dogs at Seven Animal Shelters across Texas. Zoonoses Public Health 2016; 63:515-521. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Leahy
- Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| | | | | | | | - S. A. Hamer
- Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
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18
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Resistance patterns, ESBL genes, and genetic relatedness of Escherichia coli from dogs and owners. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:150-8. [PMID: 26887238 PMCID: PMC4822764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from pet dogs can be considered a potential threat of infection for the human population. Our objective was to characterize the resistance pattern, extended spectrum beta-lactamase production and genetic relatedness of multiresistant E. coli strains isolated from dogs (n = 134), their owners (n = 134), and humans who claim to have no contact with dogs (n = 44, control), searching for sharing of strains. The strains were assessed for their genetic relatedness by phylogenetic grouping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Multiresistant E. coli strains were isolated from 42 (31.3%) fecal samples from pairs of dogs and owners, totaling 84 isolates, and from 19 (43.1%) control group subjects. The strains showed high levels of resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole regardless of host species or group of origin. The blaTEM, blaCTX-M, and blaSHV genes were detected in similar proportions in all groups. All isolates positive for bla genes were ESBL producers. The phylogenetic group A was the most prevalent, irrespective of the host species. None of the strains belonging to the B2 group contained bla genes. Similar resistance patterns were found for strains from dogs, owners and controls; furthermore, identical PFGE profiles were detected in four (9.5%) isolate pairs from dogs and owners, denoting the sharing of strains. Pet dogs were shown to be a potential household source of multiresistant E. coli strains.
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19
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Pearl DL. Making the most of clustered data in laboratory animal research using multi-level models. ILAR J 2015; 55:486-92. [PMID: 25541550 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilu034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the following review article, I address the fitting of multi-level models for the analysis of hierarchical data in laboratory animal medicine. Using an example of paternal dietary effects on the weight of offspring in a mouse model, this review outlines the reasons and benefits of using a multi-level modeling approach. To start, the concept of clustered/autocorrelated data is introduced, and the implications of ignoring the effects of clustered data on measures of association/model coefficients and their statistical significance are discussed. The limitations of other methods compared with multi-level modeling for analyzing clustered data are addressed in terms of statistical power, control of potential confounding effects associated with group membership, proper estimation of associations and their statistical significance, and adjusting for multiple levels of clustering. In addition, the benefits of being able to estimate variance partition coefficients and intra-class correlation coefficients from multi-level models is described, and the concepts of more complex correlation structures and various methods for fitting multi-level models are introduced. The current state of learning materials including textbooks, websites, and software for the nonstatistician is outlined to describe the accessibility of multi-level modeling approaches for laboratory animal researchers.
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20
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Comparative analysis of phylogenetic group and antimicrobial resistance pattern of fecal Escherichia coli isolates between healthy dogs and their owners. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-015-2062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Acute gastrointestinal illness in two Inuit communities: burden of illness in Rigolet and Iqaluit, Canada. Epidemiol Infect 2015; 143:3048-63. [PMID: 25697261 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268814003744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Food- and waterborne disease is thought to be high in some Canadian Indigenous communities; however, the burden of acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) is not well understood due to limited availability and quality of surveillance data. This study estimated the burden of community-level self-reported AGI in the Inuit communities of Rigolet, Nunatsiavut, and Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada. Cross-sectional retrospective surveys captured information on AGI and potential environmental risk factors. Multivariable logistic regression models identified potential AGI risk factors. The annual incidence of AGI ranged from 2·9-3·9 cases/person per year in Rigolet and Iqaluit. In Rigolet, increased spending on obtaining country foods, a homeless person in the house, not visiting a cabin recently, exposure to puppies, and alternative sources of drinking water were associated with increased odds of AGI. In Iqaluit, eating country fish often, exposure to cats, employment status of the person responsible for food preparation, not washing the countertop with soap after preparing meat, a homeless person in the house, and overcrowding were associated with increased odds of AGI. The results highlight the need for systematic data collection to better understand and support previously anecdotal indications of high AGI incidence, as well as insights into unique AGI environmental risk factors in Indigenous populations.
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22
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Casey CL, Hernandez SM, Yabsley MJ, Smith KF, Sanchez S. The carriage of antibiotic resistance by enteric bacteria from imported tokay geckos (Gekko gecko) destined for the pet trade. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 505:299-305. [PMID: 25461031 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a growing public health concern and has serious implications for both human and veterinary medicine. The nature of the global economy encourages the movement of humans, livestock, produce, and wildlife, as well as their potentially antibiotic-resistant bacteria, across international borders. Humans and livestock can be reservoirs for antibiotic-resistant bacteria; however, little is known about the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria harbored by wildlife and, to our knowledge, limited data has been reported for wild-caught reptiles that were specifically collected for the pet trade. In the current study, we examined the antibiotic resistance of lactose-positive Enterobacteriaceae isolates from wild-caught Tokay geckos (Gekko gecko) imported from Indonesia for use in the pet trade. In addition, we proposed that the conditions under which wild animals are captured, transported, and handled might affect the shedding or fecal prevalence of antibiotic resistance. In particular we were interested in the effects of density; to address this, we experimentally modified densities of geckos after import and documented changes in antibiotic resistance patterns. The commensal enteric bacteria from Tokay geckos (G. gecko) imported for the pet trade displayed resistance against some antibiotics including: ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefoxitin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin and tetracycline. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria after experimentally mimicking potentially stressful transportation conditions reptiles experience prior to purchase. There were, however, some interesting trends observed when comparing Tokay geckos housed individually and those housed in groups. Understanding the prevalence of antibiotic resistant commensal enteric flora from common pet reptiles is paramount because of the potential for humans exposed to these animals to acquire antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the potential for released pets to disseminate these bacteria to native wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Casey
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Sonia M Hernandez
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States; Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
| | - Michael J Yabsley
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States; Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Katherine F Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Susan Sanchez
- The Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Athens, GA 30602, United States; The Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
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24
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Leite-Martins LR, Mahú MIM, Costa AL, Mendes A, Lopes E, Mendonça DMV, Niza-Ribeiro JJR, de Matos AJF, da Costa PM. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in enteric Escherichia coli from domestic pets and assessment of associated risk markers using a generalized linear mixed model. Prev Vet Med 2014; 117:28-39. [PMID: 25294317 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global public health problem, which is caused by the use of antimicrobials in both human and animal medical practice. The objectives of the present cross-sectional study were as follows: (1) to determine the prevalence of resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from the feces of pets from the Porto region of Portugal against 19 antimicrobial agents and (2) to assess the individual, clinical and environmental characteristics associated with each pet as risk markers for the AMR of the E. coli isolates. From September 2009 to May 2012, rectal swabs were collected from pets selected using a systematic random procedure from the ordinary population of animals attending the Veterinary Hospital of Porto University. A total of 78 dogs and 22 cats were sampled with the objective of isolating E. coli. The animals' owners, who allowed the collection of fecal samples from their pets, answered a questionnaire to collect information about the markers that could influence the AMR of the enteric E. coli. Chromocult tryptone bile X-glucuronide agar was used for E. coli isolation, and the disk diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility. The data were analyzed using a multilevel, univariable and multivariable generalized linear mixed model (GLMM). Several (49.7%) of the 396 isolates obtained in this study were multidrug-resistant. The E. coli isolates exhibited resistance to the antimicrobial agent's ampicillin (51.3%), cephalothin (46.7%), tetracycline (45.2%) and streptomycin (43.4%). Previous quinolone treatment was the main risk marker for the presence of AMR for 12 (ampicillin, cephalothin, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, tetracycline, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and aztreonam) of the 15 antimicrobials assessed. Coprophagic habits were also positively associated with an increased risk of AMR for six drugs, ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cephamycin, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. In summary, pets with a record of one or more previous quinolone treatments and exhibiting coprophagic habits were at an increased risk of harboring multidrug-resistant E. coli strains in their feces compared to pets without these characteristics. AMR is a serious global problem, and assessing the risk markers for the presence of drug-resistant bacteria in pets, a very close source of resistance determinants to humans, is essential for the implementation of safe handling procedures for companion animals and for the prudent selection of antimicrobial compounds in veterinary practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana R Leite-Martins
- Veterinary Clinics Department, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), Porto University (UP), Portugal.
| | - Maria I M Mahú
- Microbiology and Food Technology Department, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), Porto University (UP), Portugal
| | - Ana L Costa
- Microbiology and Food Technology Department, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), Porto University (UP), Portugal
| | - Angelo Mendes
- Microbiology and Food Technology Department, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), Porto University (UP), Portugal
| | - Elisabete Lopes
- Microbiology and Food Technology Department, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), Porto University (UP), Portugal
| | - Denisa M V Mendonça
- Population Studies Department, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), Porto University (UP), Portugal; Public Health Institute (ISPUP), Porto University (UP), Portugal
| | - João J R Niza-Ribeiro
- Population Studies Department, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), Porto University (UP), Portugal; Public Health Institute (ISPUP), Porto University (UP), Portugal
| | - Augusto J F de Matos
- Veterinary Clinics Department, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), Porto University (UP), Portugal
| | - Paulo Martins da Costa
- Microbiology and Food Technology Department, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), Porto University (UP), Portugal
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Procter TD, Pearl DL, Finley RL, Leonard EK, Janecko N, Reid-Smith RJ, Weese JS, Peregrine AS, Sargeant JM. A cross-sectional study examining the prevalence and risk factors for anti-microbial-resistant generic Escherichia coli in domestic dogs that frequent dog parks in three cities in south-western Ontario, Canada. Zoonoses Public Health 2013; 61:250-9. [PMID: 23802858 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Anti-microbial resistance can threaten health by limiting treatment options and increasing the risk of hospitalization and severity of infection. Companion animals can shed anti-microbial-resistant bacteria that may result in the exposure of other dogs and humans to anti-microbial-resistant genes. The prevalence of anti-microbial-resistant generic Escherichia coli in the faeces of dogs that visited dog parks in south-western Ontario was examined and risk factors for shedding anti-microbial-resistant generic E. coli identified. From May to August 2009, canine faecal samples were collected at ten dog parks in three cities in south-western Ontario, Canada. Owners completed a questionnaire related to pet characteristics and management factors including recent treatment with antibiotics. Faecal samples were collected from 251 dogs, and 189 surveys were completed. Generic E. coli was isolated from 237 of the faecal samples, and up to three isolates per sample were tested for anti-microbial susceptibility. Eighty-nine percent of isolates were pan-susceptible; 82.3% of dogs shed isolates that were pan-susceptible. Multiclass resistance was detected in 7.2% of the isolates from 10.1% of the dogs. Based on multilevel multivariable logistic regression, a risk factor for the shedding of generic E. coli resistant to ampicillin was attending dog day care. Risk factors for the shedding of E. coli resistant to at least one anti-microbial included attending dog day care and being a large mixed breed dog, whereas consumption of commercial dry and home cooked diets was protective factor. In a multilevel multivariable model for the shedding of multiclass-resistant E. coli, exposure to compost and being a large mixed breed dog were risk factors, while consumption of a commercial dry diet was a sparing factor. Pet dogs are a potential reservoir of anti-microbial-resistant generic E. coli; some dog characteristics and management factors are associated with the prevalence of anti-microbial-resistant generic E. coli in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Procter
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada; Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Coleman BL, Louie M, Salvadori MI, McEwen SA, Neumann N, Sibley K, Irwin RJ, Jamieson FB, Daignault D, Majury A, Braithwaite S, Crago B, McGeer AJ. Contamination of Canadian private drinking water sources with antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:3026-3036. [PMID: 23548566 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surface and ground water across the world, including North America, is contaminated with bacteria resistant to antibiotics. The consumption of water contaminated with antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) has been associated with the carriage of resistant E. coli in people who drink it. OBJECTIVES To describe the proportion of drinking water samples submitted from private sources for bacteriological testing that were contaminated with E. coli resistant to antibiotics and to determine risk factors for the contamination of these water sources with resistant and multi-class resistant E. coli. METHODS Water samples submitted for bacteriological testing in Ontario and Alberta Canada were tested for E. coli contamination, with a portion of the positive isolates tested for antimicrobial resistance. Households were invited to complete questionnaires to determine putative risk factors for well contamination. RESULTS Using multinomial logistic regression, the risk of contamination with E. coli resistant to one or two classes of antibiotics compared to susceptible E. coli was higher for shore wells than drilled wells (odds ratio [OR] 2.8) and higher for farms housing chickens or turkeys (OR 3.0) than properties without poultry. The risk of contamination with multi-class resistant E. coli (3 or more classes) was higher if the properties housed swine (OR 5.5) or cattle (OR 2.2) than properties without these livestock and higher if the wells were located in gravel (OR 2.4) or clay (OR 2.1) than in loam. CONCLUSIONS Housing livestock on the property, using a shore well, and having a well located in gravel or clay soil increases the risk of having antimicrobial resistant E. coli in E. coli contaminated wells. To reduce the incidence of water borne disease and the transmission of antimicrobial resistant bacteria, owners of private wells need to take measures to prevent contamination of their drinking water, routinely test their wells for contamination, and use treatments that eliminate bacteria.
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Transfer of multidrug-resistant bacteria between intermingled ecological niches: the interface between humans, animals and the environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:278-94. [PMID: 23343983 PMCID: PMC3564142 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10010278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The use of antimicrobial agents has been claimed to be the driving force for the emergence and spread of microbial resistance. However, several studies have reported the presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in populations exposed to low levels of antimicrobial drugs or even never exposed. For many pathogens, especially those organisms for which asymptomatic colonization typically precedes infection (e.g., Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli), the selective effects of antimicrobial use can only be understood if we considerer all biological and environmental pathways which enable these bacteria, and the genes they carry, to spread between different biomes. This ecological framework provides an essential perspective for formulating antimicrobial use policies, precisely because it encompasses the root causes of these problems rather than merely their consequences.
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