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Srinivasan S, Charan Raja MR, Kar A, Ramasamy A, Jayaraman A, Vadivel V, Kar Mahapatra S. Partial characterization of purified glycoprotein from nutshell of Arachis hypogea L. towards macrophage activation and leishmaniacidal activity. Glycoconj J 2023; 40:1-17. [PMID: 36595117 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-022-10096-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Arachis hypogea L. protein fraction-2 (AHP-F2) from the Peanut shell was extracted and characterized and its potent immunomodulatory and anti-leishmanial role was determined in this present study. AHP-F2 was found to be a glycoprotein as the presence of carbohydrates were confirmed by the analysis of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) yielded glucose, galactose, mannose, and xylose. AHP-F2 molecular mass was found to be ∼28 kDa as indicated in MALDI-TOF and peptide mass fingerprinting analysis followed by Mascot search. The peptide matches revealed the similarity of the mannose/glucose binding lectin with 71.07% in the BLAST analysis. After that, the 3D structure of the AHP-F2 model was designed and validated by the Ramachandran plot. The immunomodulatory role of AHP-F2 was established in murine peritoneal macrophages as induction of nitric oxide (NO), and stimulation of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-12 and IFN-γ) in a dose-dependent manner was observed. Interestingly, it was also found that AHP-F2 has interacted with the innate immune receptor, toll-like receptors (TLRs) as established in molecular docking as well as mRNA expression. The anti-leishmanial potential of AHP-F2 was revealed with a prominent inhibition of amastigote growth within the murine macrophages with prompt induction of nitrite release. Altogether, the isolated AHP-F2 from Arachis hypogea L. has strong immunomodulatory and anti-leishmanial potential which may disclose a new path to treat leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujatha Srinivasan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, 613 401, Thanjavur, India
| | - Mamilla R Charan Raja
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, 613 401, Thanjavur, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, 600 077, Chennai, India
| | - Amrita Kar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, 613 401, Thanjavur, India
| | - Aishwarya Ramasamy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, 613 401, Thanjavur, India
| | - Adithyan Jayaraman
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, 613 401, Thanjavur, India
| | - Vellingiri Vadivel
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, 613 401, Thanjavur, India
| | - Santanu Kar Mahapatra
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, 613 401, Thanjavur, India.
- Department of Paramedical and Allied Health Sciences, Midnapore City College, West Bengal, 721129, Midnapore, India.
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Isolation and characterization of glycoprotein (CNP) isolated from Cocos nucifera L. nutshell and its immunomodulatory role on macrophage activation. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Down regulation of IL-10 and TGF-β1 mRNA expression associated with reduced inflammatory process correlates with control of parasitism in the liver after treatingL. infantuminfected dogs with the LBMPL vaccine therapy. Cytokine 2022; 153:155838. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Goyal DK, Keshav P, Kaur S. Adjuvant effects of TLR agonist gardiquimod admixed with Leishmania vaccine in mice model of visceral leishmaniasis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 93:104947. [PMID: 34052416 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tropical and subtropical areas of the world are affected by leishmaniasis, which is caused by Leishmania spp. It has been categorized as an NTD (neglected tropical disease) because of its negligence. The sand fly of genus Phlebotomus acts as the vector for the transmission of the promastigote form of this protozoan parasite to the mammalian host where it converts to amastigote form in the macrophages. Visceral form of leishmaniasis (VL) is a deadly infection in the endothelial system of the human and other mammals. Only a few chemotherapeutic agents are available for the treatment of this infectious disease whereas no vaccine is available for the control of leishmanial infection. Therefore in the current study, we have tested the effects of gardiquimod (a TLR agonist) as an adjuvant in combination with the formalin-killed antigen of L. donovani as a vaccine. The mice were vaccinated thrice at an interval of 2 weeks and challenged with L. donovani promastigotes after 2 weeks of the last vaccination. We assessed the parasite load, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses, humoral and cell-mediated immune response in BALB/c mice before and after challenge infection with L. donovani. Immunized mice were found to have the least parasite load, high DTH response, elevated levels of Th1 cytokines, IgG2a, and nitric oxide than non-immunized and infected control mice. The efficacy of the vaccine was boosted with the use of adjuvant gardiquimod that depicts its potential as an adjuvant in this study. Our study is reporting the adjuvant effects of gardiquimod for the first time. Further studies using other Leishmania species can be performed to signify its role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar Goyal
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Poonam Keshav
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Sukhbir Kaur
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
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Sehgal IS, Basumatary NM, Dhooria S, Prasad KT, Muthu V, Aggarwal AN, Pal A, Desai M, Chaudhry D, Supe PD, Kurmi P, Choudhuri R, Shah C, Agarwal R. A Randomized Trial of Mycobacterium w in Severe Presumed Gram-Negative Sepsis. Chest 2021; 160:1282-1291. [PMID: 33852919 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2021.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium w, an immunomodulator, has been shown to resolve early organ failure in severe sepsis. RESEARCH QUESTION Does Mw improve survival in patients with severe presumed gram-negative sepsis? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study conducted in ICUs of five tertiary care centers in India. We included consecutive patients (age ≥ 18 years) with presumed gram-negative sepsis in the study within 48 h of the first organ dysfunction. Patients in the treatment arm received 0.3 mL/d of Mw intradermally for 3 consecutive days, whereas the control arm received matching placebo. The primary outcome was 28-day all-cause mortality. The secondary outcomes were ventilator-free days, days receiving vasopressor therapy, ICU and hospital length of stay, nosocomial infection rate, antibiotic use duration, and delta Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score. RESULTS We included 202 patients with severe sepsis (101 Mw, 101 placebo). The use of Mw significantly reduced the mortality (9/101 vs 20/101; estimate difference, 0.11 [95% CI, 0.01-0.21]; P = .04). We found no difference in ventilator-free days, days receiving vasopressor drugs, ICU length of stay, and the hospital length of stay. The time to mortality (median, 13 days vs 8.5 days) was significantly longer in the Mw than in the placebo arm. The delta SOFA score, rate of nosocomial infections, and antibiotic use duration were similar in the two arms. We found Mw to reduce significantly the odds (OR, 0.37 [95% CI, 0.15-0.9]) of mortality after adjusting for culture-positive sepsis, baseline SOFA score, age, and sex. INTERPRETATION The use of Mw was associated with a significant reduction in mortality in patients with severe presumed gram-negative sepsis. Further studies are required to confirm our findings. TRIAL REGISTRY ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT02330432; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inderpaul Singh Sehgal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nita M Basumatary
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sahajal Dhooria
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kuruswamy Thurai Prasad
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Valliappan Muthu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashutosh N Aggarwal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Arnab Pal
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Dhruva Chaudhry
- Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, India
| | | | | | | | - Chaitri Shah
- SBKS Medical Institute and Research Centre, Vadodara, India
| | - Ritesh Agarwal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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Sehgal IS, Guleria R, Singh S, Siddiqui MS, Agarwal R. A randomised trial of Mycobacterium w in critically ill patients with COVID-19: ARMY-1. ERJ Open Res 2021; 7:00059-2021. [PMID: 34031642 PMCID: PMC7942222 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00059-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated whether Mycobacterium w (Mw), an immunomodulator, would improve clinical outcomes in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS We conducted an exploratory, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of hospitalised subjects with severe COVID-19 (pulmonary infiltrates and oxygen saturation ≤94% on room air) conducted at four tertiary care centres in India. Patients were randomised 1:1 to receive either 0.3 mL·day-1 of Mw intradermally or a matching placebo for three consecutive days. The primary outcome of the study was the distribution of clinical status assessed on a seven-point ordinal scale ranging from discharged (category 1) to death (category 7) on study days 14, 21, and 28. The co-primary outcome was a change in SOFA (sequential organ failure assessment) score on days 7 and 14 compared to the baseline. The secondary outcomes were 28-day mortality, time to clinical recovery, time to reverse transcription PCR negativity, adverse events, and others. RESULTS We included 42 subjects (22 Mw, 20 placebo). On days 14 (OR 30.4 (95% CI 3.3-276.4)) and 21 (OR 14.9 (95% CI 1.8-128.4)), subjects in the Mw arm had a better clinical status distribution than placebo. There was no difference in the SOFA score change on days 7 and 14 between the two groups. We did not find any difference in the mortality, or other secondary outcomes. We observed no adverse events related to the use of Mw. CONCLUSIONS The use of Mw results in better clinical status distribution on days 14 and 21 compared to placebo in critically ill patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inderpaul Singh Sehgal
- Dept of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Sarman Singh
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | | | - Ritesh Agarwal
- Dept of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Oral administration of eugenol oleate cures experimental visceral leishmaniasis through cytokines abundance. Cytokine 2020; 145:155301. [PMID: 33127258 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an endemic fatal infectious disease in tropical and subtropical nations. The limited treatment options, long treatment regimens, invasive mode of administration of drugs, and lack of effective vaccination are the main reasons for the search of new alternative therapeutics against VL. On this quest, from a series of eugenol derivatives, we had demonstrated eugenol oleate as a lead immunomodulatory anti-VL molecule earlier. In this report, the oral efficacy and mechanism of eugenol oleate in inducing immunomodulatory anti-VL activity has been studied in BALB/c mice model. The plasma pharmacokinetic and acute toxicity studies suggested that the eugenol oleate is safe with an appreciable pharmacokinetic profile. Eugenol oleate (30 mg/kg B.W.) showed 86.5% of hepatic and 84.1% of splenic parasite clearance. The increased Th1 cytokine profile and decreased Th2 cytokine profile observed from ELISA and qRTPCR suggested that the eugenol oleate induced the parasite clearance through the activation of the host immune system. Subsequently, the mechanistic insights behind the anti-leishmanial activity of eugenol oleate were studied in peritoneal macrophages in vitro by inhibitor response study and immunoblotting. The results inferred that eugenol oleate activated the PKC-βII-p38 MAPK and produced IL-12 and IFN-γ which intern activated the iNOS2 to produce NO free radicals that cleared the intracellular parasite.
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Wu YG, Wang KW, Zhao ZR, Zhang P, Liu H, Zhou GJ, Cheng Y, Wu WJ, Cai YH, Wu BL, Chen FY. A novel polysaccharide from Dendrobium devonianum serves as a TLR4 agonist for activating macrophages. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 133:564-574. [PMID: 31004640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dendrobium devonianum has been used as herbal medicines and nutraceutical products since ancient time in China. However, its chemical composition and pharmacological mechanisms are not fully known. In present studies, by chemical purification and characteristic identification, we discovered a novel polysaccharide from D. devonianum, which was designated as DvP-1 with molecular weights of 9.52 × 104 Da. DvP-1 is a homogeneous heteropolysaccharide consisting of D-mannose and d-glucose in the molar ration of 10.11: 1. The main glycosidic linkages were β-1, 4-Manp, which were substituted with acetyl groups at the O-2, O-3 and/or O-6 positions. DvP-1 was found to directly stimulate the activation of macrophages in vitro, as evidenced by inducing morphologic change, thereby promoting the production of cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and NO, and enhancing the pinocytic activity of macrophages. By establishing a zebrafish model, we also found that DvP-1 could alleviate vinorelbine-induced decrease of macrophages in vivo. Further findings indicated that DvP-1 activated macrophages through several toll-like receptors (TLRs), but mainly through TLR4. DvP-1 served as a TLR4 agonist and induced ERK, JNK, p38, and IκB-α phosphorylation, suggesting the activation of MAPK and NFκB signaling pathways downstream of TLR4. These findings could help us further understand the immunomodulating effects of D. devonianum in Chinese medicines or health foods for immunocompromised persons. They also show the medicinal value of DvP-1 for the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases caused by TLR4 dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Guo Wu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Kui-Wu Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zheng-Rong Zhao
- Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China.
| | - Gui-Jiao Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Wen-Jie Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yi-Heng Cai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Bei-Li Wu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Feng-Yang Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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Wang L, Shen J, Xu L, Gao J, Zhang C, Wang Y, Chen F. A metabolite of endophytic fungus Cadophora orchidicola from Kalimeris indica serves as a potential fungicide and TLR4 agonist. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 126:1383-1390. [PMID: 30811736 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the bioactive metabolite of endophytic fungus from Kalimeris indica. METHODS AND RESULTS A strain ZJLQ336 was separated from the leaves of K. indica. It was identified as Cadophora orchidicola based on the phylogenetic analysis of ITS-rDNA sequences. From the fermentation broth a metabolite cercosporamide (compound 1) was isolated, and its structure was determined by spectroscopic analysis. Additionally, this compound was subjected to bioactivity assays, including antifungal activity against seven plant pathogenic fungi, as well as its potential immunoregulatory effects on HEK-BLUE™-hTLR4 cells, splenocytes and macrophages. The results showed that cercosporamide had strong growth inhibition against five common plant pathogenic fungi, including Pestalotia diospyri, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Sclerotium rolfsii and Penicillum digitatum with EC50 values of 5·29 × 10-3 , 0·61, 0·93, 2·89 and 6·7 μg ml-1 respectively. Among which S. rolfsii was one of the main pathogens in K. indica. Moreover, cercosporamide not only significantly stimulated TLR4 activation, splenocyte proliferation and production of cytokines, IFN-γ and TNF-α, but also up-regulated the production of TNF-α and NO in RAW264.7 macrophages clearly. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of endophytic C. orchidicola from K. indica and its metabolite cercosporamide. The results of pharmacological tests highlight the potential fungicide and TLR4 agonist of cercosporamide. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study indicates endophytic fungi are good resources for natural bioactive metabolites. It also suggests that cercosporamide is a potential fungicide and TLR4 agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - J Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - L Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Ningbo Women and Children's Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - J Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - C Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Y Wang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - F Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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Charan Raja MR, Velappan AB, Chellappan D, Debnath J, Kar Mahapatra S. Eugenol derived immunomodulatory molecules against visceral leishmaniasis. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 139:503-518. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Parveen S, Bandhyopadhyay S, Das S, Majumdar SB, Jawed JJ, Chowdhury BP, Saha B, Majumdar S. Mycobacterium indicus pranii (Mw)-mediated protection against visceral leishmaniasis by reciprocal regulation of host dual-specificity phosphatases. Int Immunol 2016; 28:585-595. [PMID: 28013190 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxw049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania donovani resides within the host macrophages by dampening host defence mechanisms and thereby it modulates the host cell functions for its survival. Multiple host cell factors compete during the interplay between the host and the parasite. Roles for dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) are implicated in various pathological conditions. However, the reciprocity of these DUSPs was unknown in L. donovani infection in a susceptible model. Here, we show that Mycobacterium indicus pranii (Mw), an immunomodulator, reciprocally regulates DUSP1 and DUSP6 through the TLR4 pathway. Association of PKC-β with DUSP6 increases after Mw treatment resulting in decreased IL-10, phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Arginase-1, whereas Mw treatment decreases the association between PKC-ε and DUSP1 resulting in increased IL-12, phosphorylation of p38 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. Silencing of DUSP1 or over-expression of DUSP6 in L. donovani-infected BALB/c mice decreases the parasite burden by inducing IL-12 and reducing IL-10 production. Therefore, we identify DUSP1 and DUSP6 as therapeutic targets, functions of which could be favourably modulated by Mw during L. donovani infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabina Parveen
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700 054, West Bengal, India
| | - Syamdas Bandhyopadhyay
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700 054, West Bengal, India
| | - Sonali Das
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700 054, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Junaid Jibran Jawed
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700 054, West Bengal, India
| | - Bidisha Paul Chowdhury
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700 054, West Bengal, India
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- Department of Pathogenesis & Cellular Response, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Subrata Majumdar
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700 054, West Bengal, India
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12
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Das S, Chowdhury BP, Goswami A, Parveen S, Jawed J, Pal N, Majumdar S. Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP) mediated host protective intracellular mechanisms against tuberculosis infection: Involvement of TLR-4 mediated signaling. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 101:201-209. [PMID: 27865392 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection inflicts the disease Tuberculosis (TB), which is fatal if left untreated. During M. tuberculosis infection, the pathogen modulates TLR-4 receptor down-stream signaling, indicating the possible involvement of TLR-4 in the regulation of the host immune response. Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP) possesses immuno-modulatory properties which induces the pro-inflammatory responses via induction of TLR-4-mediated signaling. Here, we observed the immunomodulatory properties of MIP against tuberculosis infection. We have studied the detailed signaling mechanisms employed by MIP in order to restore the host immune response against the in vitro tuberculosis infection. We observed that in infected macrophages MIP treatment significantly increased the TLR-4 expression as well as activation of its downstream signaling, facilitating the activation of P38 MAP kinase. MIP treatment was able to activate NF-κB via involvement of TLR-4 signaling leading to the enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokine and NO generation in the infected macrophages and generation of protective immune response. Therefore, we may suggest that, TLR4 may represent a novel therapeutic target for the activation of the innate immune response during Tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibali Das
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII- M, Kolkata, 700 054, India
| | - Bidisha Paul Chowdhury
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII- M, Kolkata, 700 054, India
| | - Avranil Goswami
- Dept. of Microbiology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Shabina Parveen
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII- M, Kolkata, 700 054, India
| | - Junaid Jawed
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII- M, Kolkata, 700 054, India
| | - Nishith Pal
- Dept. of Microbiology, N.R.S Medical College, Kolkata, India
| | - Subrata Majumdar
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII- M, Kolkata, 700 054, India.
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Leishmania donovani-Induced Prostaglandin E2 Generation Is Critically Dependent on Host Toll-Like Receptor 2-Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 Signaling. Infect Immun 2016; 84:2963-73. [PMID: 27481248 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00528-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the second-largest parasitic killer disease after malaria. During VL, the protozoan Leishmania donovani induces prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) generation within host macrophages to aid parasite survival. PGE2 significantly influences leishmanial pathogenesis, as L. donovani proliferation is known to be attenuated in PGE2-inhibited macrophages. Here, we report for the first time that signaling via macrophage Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) plays an instrumental role in inducing PGE2 release from L. donovani-infected macrophages. This signaling cascade, mediated via the TLR2-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-phospholipase C (PLC) signaling pathway, was found to be indispensable for activation of two major enzymes required for PGE2 generation: cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox2). Inhibition of cPLA2, but not secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) or calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2), arrested L. donovani infection. During infection, cPLA2 activity increased >7-fold in a calcium-dependent and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent manner, indicating that elevation of intracellular calcium and ERK-mediated phosphorylation was necessary for L. donovani-induced cPLA2 activation. For transcriptional upregulation of cyclooxygenase 2, activation of the calcium-calcineurin-nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) signaling was required in addition to the TLR2-PI3K-PLC pathway. Detailed studies by site-directed mutagenesis of potential NFAT binding sites and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis revealed that the binding of macrophage NFATc2, at the -73/-77 site on the cox2 promoter, induced L. donovani-driven cox2 transcriptional activation. Collectively, these findings highlight the contribution of TLR2 downstream signaling toward activation of cPLA2 and Cox2 and illustrate how the TLR2-PI3K-PLC pathway acts in a concerted manner with calcium-calcineurin-NFATc2 signaling to modulate PGE2 release from L. donovani-infected macrophages.
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Mukherjee D, Singh CB, Dey S, Mandal S, Ghosh J, Mallick S, Hussain A, Swapana N, Ross SA, Pal C. Induction of apoptosis by zerumbone isolated from Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith in protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani due to oxidative stress. Braz J Infect Dis 2015; 20:48-55. [PMID: 26643969 PMCID: PMC9425363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present context of emergence of resistance aligned with the conventional anti-leishmanial drugs and occasional treatment failure compelled us to continue the search for replaceable therapeutic leads against Leishmania infection. Various ginger spices of the Zingiberaceae family are widely used as spices, flavouring agents, and medicines in Southeast Asia because of their unique flavour as well as due to their medicinal properties. Zerumbone, a natural component of Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith, has been studied for its pharmacological potential as antiulcer, antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial. In this study, we have shown that zerumbone could induce ROS mediated apoptosis in Leishmania donovani promastigotes and also found effective in reducing intracellular amastigotes in infected-macrophages. We emphasized the potential of zerumbone to be employed in the development of new therapeutic drugs against L. donovani infection and provided the basis for future research on the application of transitional medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarati Mukherjee
- Cellular Immunology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Somaditya Dey
- Cellular Immunology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, West Bengal, India
| | - Supratim Mandal
- Cellular Immunology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, West Bengal, India
| | - Joydip Ghosh
- Cellular Immunology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, West Bengal, India
| | - Suvadip Mallick
- Cellular Immunology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, West Bengal, India
| | - Aabid Hussain
- Cellular Immunology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, West Bengal, India
| | - Ningombam Swapana
- Department of Chemistry, S. Kula Women's College, Nambol 795134, Manipur, India
| | - Samir Anis Ross
- National Center for Natural Product Chemistry and Department of Bimolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, USA
| | - Chiranjib Pal
- Cellular Immunology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, West Bengal, India.
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Halder K, Banerjee S, Ghosh S, Bose A, Das S, Chowdhury BP, Majumdar S. Mycobacterium indicus pranii (Mw) inhibits invasion by reducing matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9) via AKT/ERK-1/2 and PKCα signaling: A potential candidate in melanoma cancer therapy. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 18:850-862. [PMID: 26390181 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2015.1078024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasion and metastasis via induction of matrix metalloproteinases are the main causes of death in melanoma cancer. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of heat killed saprophytic bacterium Mycobacterium indicus pranii (Mw) on B16F10 melanoma cell invasion. Mw reported to be an immunomodulator has antitumor activity however, its effect on cancer cell invasion has not been studied. Highly invasive B16F10 melanoma was found sensitive to Mw which downregulated MMP-9 expression. Mw treatment inhibited nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcriptional activity and respective DNA binding to MMP-9 promoter. Moreover, Mw also overcame the promoting effects of PMA on B16F10 cell invasion. Mw decreased PMA-induced transcriptional activation of NF-κB and AP-1 by inhibiting phosphorylation of AKT and ERK-1/2. Furthermore, Mw strongly suppressed PMA-induced membrane localization of protein kinase C α (PKCα) since PKCα inhibition caused a marked decrease in PMA-induced MMP-9 secretion as well as AKT/ERK-1/2 activation. These results suggest that Mw may be a promising anti-invasive agent as it blocks tumor growth and inhibits B16F10 cell invasion by reducing MMP-9 activation through inhibition of PKCα/ AKT/ ERK-1/2 phosphorylation and NF-κB/AP-1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntal Halder
- a Division of Molecular Medicine; Bose Institute ; Kolkata , India
| | | | - Sweta Ghosh
- a Division of Molecular Medicine; Bose Institute ; Kolkata , India
| | - Anamika Bose
- a Division of Molecular Medicine; Bose Institute ; Kolkata , India
| | - Shibali Das
- a Division of Molecular Medicine; Bose Institute ; Kolkata , India
| | | | - Subrata Majumdar
- a Division of Molecular Medicine; Bose Institute ; Kolkata , India
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Sehgal IS, Agarwal R, Aggarwal AN, Jindal SK. A randomized trial of Mycobacterium w in severe sepsis. J Crit Care 2015; 30:85-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Banerjee S, Halder K, Ghosh S, Bose A, Majumdar S. The combination of a novel immunomodulator with a regulatory T cell suppressing antibody (DTA-1) regress advanced stage B16F10 solid tumor by repolarizing tumor associated macrophages in situ. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e995559. [PMID: 25949923 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2014.995559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor associated macrophages and tumor infiltrating regulatory T cells greatly hamper host-protective antitumor responses. Therefore, we utilized a novel immunomodulator, heat-killed Mycobacterium indicus pranii (Mw), to repolarize TAM and an agonistic GITR antibody (DTA-1) to reduce intratumoral regulatory T cell frequency for generation of a host-protective antitumor response. Although, the combination of Mw and DTA-1was found to be effective against advanced stage tumors, however, Mw or DTA-1 failed to do so when administered individually. The presence of high level of regulatory T cells abrogated the only Mw induced antitumor functions, whereas only DTA-1 treatment was found to be ineffective due to its inability to induce TAM repolarization in vivo. The combination therapy was found to be effective since DTA-1 treatment reduced the frequency of regulatory T cells to such an extent where they could not attenuate Mw induced TAM repolarization in vivo. Therefore, the combination therapy involving Mw and DTA-1 may be utilized to the success of advanced stage solid tumor immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kuntal Halder
- Division of Molecular Medicine; Bose Institute ; Kolkata, India
| | - Sweta Ghosh
- Division of Molecular Medicine; Bose Institute ; Kolkata, India
| | - Anamika Bose
- Division of Molecular Medicine; Bose Institute ; Kolkata, India
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Kumar P, Tyagi R, Das G, Bhaskar S. Mycobacterium indicus pranii and Mycobacterium bovis BCG lead to differential macrophage activation in Toll-like receptor-dependent manner. Immunology 2014; 143:258-68. [PMID: 24766519 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP) is an atypical mycobacterial species possessing strong immunomodulatory properties. It is a potent vaccine candidate against tuberculosis, promotes Th1 immune response and protects mice from tumours. In previous studies, we demonstrated higher protective efficacy of MIP against experimental tuberculosis as compared with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Since macrophages play an important role in the pathology of mycobacterial diseases and cancer, in the present study, we evaluated the MIP in live and killed form for macrophage activation potential, compared it with BCG and investigated the underlying mechanisms. High levels of tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-12p40 (IL-12p40), IL-6 and nitric oxide were produced by MIP-stimulated macrophages as compared with BCG-stimulated macrophages. Prominent up-regulation of co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD80 and CD86 was also observed in response to MIP. Loss of response in MyD88-deficient macrophages showed that both MIP and BCG activate the macrophages in a MyD88-dependent manner. MyD88 signalling pathway culminates in nuclear factor-κB/activator protein-1 (NF-κB/AP-1) activation and higher activation of NF-κB/AP-1 was observed in response to MIP. With the help of pharmacological inhibitors and Toll-like receptor (TLR) -deficient macrophages, we observed the role of TLR2, TLR4 and intracellular TLRs in MIP-mediated macrophage activation. Stimulation of HEK293 cells expressing TLR2 in homodimeric or heterodimeric form showed that MIP has a distinctly higher level of TLR2 agonist activity compared with BCG. Further experiments suggested that TLR2 ligands are well exposed in MIP whereas they are obscured in BCG. Our findings establish the higher macrophage activation potential of MIP compared with BCG and delineate the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
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Shivahare R, Vishwakarma P, Parmar N, Yadav PK, Haq W, Srivastava M, Gupta S, Kar S. Combination of liposomal CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 2006 and miltefosine induces strong cell-mediated immunity during experimental visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94596. [PMID: 24732039 PMCID: PMC3986403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immuno-modulators in combination with antileishmanial drug miltefosine is a better therapeutic approach for treatment of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) as it not only reduces the dose of miltefosine but also shortens the treatment regimen. However, immunological mechanisms behind the perceived benefits of this combination therapy have not been investigated in detail. In the present study, we hypothesized that potential use of drugs that target the host in addition to the parasite might represent an alternative strategy for combination therapy. We investigated immune responses generated in Leishmania donovani infected animals (hamsters and mice) treated with combination of CpG-ODN-2006 and miltefosine at short dose regimen. Infected animals were administered CpG-ODN-2006 (0.4 mg/kg, single dose), as free and liposomal form, either alone or in combination with miltefosine for 5 consecutive days and parasite clearance was evaluated at day 4 and 7 post treatment. Animals that received liposomal CpG-ODN-2006 (lipo-CpG-ODN-2006) and sub-curative miltefosine (5 mg/kg) showed the best inhibition of parasite multiplication (∼97%) which was associated with a biased Th1 immune response in. Moreover, compared to all the other treated groups, we observed increased mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-12) and significantly suppressed levels of Th2 cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β) on day 4 post treatment in animals that underwent combination therapy with lipo-CpG-ODN-2006 and sub-curative miltefosine. Additionally, same therapy also induced heightened iNOS mRNA levels and NO generation, increased IgG2 antibody level and strong T-cell response in these hamsters compared with all the other treated groups. Collectively, our results suggest that combination of lipo-CpG-ODN-2006 and sub-curative miltefosine generates protective T-cell response in an animal model of visceral leishmaniasis which is characterized by strong Th1 biased immune response thereby underlining our hypothesis that combination therapy, at short dose regimen can be used as a novel way of treating visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Shivahare
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Preeti Vishwakarma
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Naveen Parmar
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Yadav
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Wahajul Haq
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Mrigank Srivastava
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Suman Gupta
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Susanta Kar
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- * E-mail:
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