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Malec K, Mikołajczyk A, Marciniak D, Gawin-Mikołajewicz A, Matera-Witkiewicz A, Karolewicz B, Nawrot U, Khimyak YZ, Nartowski KP. Pluronic F-127 Enhances the Antifungal Activity of Fluconazole against Resistant Candida Strains. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:215-231. [PMID: 38109184 PMCID: PMC10795414 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Candida strains as the most frequent causes of infections, along with their increased drug resistance, pose significant clinical and financial challenges to the healthcare system. Some polymeric excipients were reported to interfere with the multidrug resistance mechanism. Bearing in mind that there are a limited number of marketed products with fluconazole (FLU) for the topical route of administration, Pluronic F-127 (PLX)/FLU formulations were investigated in this work. The aims of this study were to investigate (i) whether PLX-based formulations can increase the susceptibility of resistant Candida strains to FLU, (ii) whether there is a correlation between block polymer concentration and the antifungal efficacy of the FLU-loaded PLX formulations, and (iii) what the potential mode of action of PLX assisting FLU is. The yeast growth inhibition upon incubation with PLX formulations loaded with FLU was statistically significant. The highest efficacy of the azole agent was observed in the presence of 5.0 and 10.0% w/v of PLX. The upregulation of the CDR1/CDR2 genes was detected in the investigated Candida strains, indicating that the efflux of the drug from the fungal cell was the main mechanism of the resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Malec
- Department of Drug Form Technology, Faculty of
Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 211a Borowska Str, 50-556
Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Mikołajczyk
- Screening Biological Activity Assays and Collection of
Biological Material Laboratory, Wroclaw Medical University,
211a Borowska Str, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dominik Marciniak
- Department of Drug Form Technology, Faculty of
Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 211a Borowska Str, 50-556
Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gawin-Mikołajewicz
- Department of Drug Form Technology, Faculty of
Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 211a Borowska Str, 50-556
Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Matera-Witkiewicz
- Screening Biological Activity Assays and Collection of
Biological Material Laboratory, Wroclaw Medical University,
211a Borowska Str, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Bożena Karolewicz
- Department of Drug Form Technology, Faculty of
Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 211a Borowska Str, 50-556
Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Nawrot
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and
Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, 211a Borowska Str,
50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Yaroslav Z. Khimyak
- Department of Drug Form Technology, Faculty of
Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 211a Borowska Str, 50-556
Wroclaw, Poland
- School of Pharmacy, University of East
Anglia, Chancellors Drive, NR4 7TJ Norwich, U.K.
| | - Karol P. Nartowski
- Department of Drug Form Technology, Faculty of
Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 211a Borowska Str, 50-556
Wroclaw, Poland
- School of Pharmacy, University of East
Anglia, Chancellors Drive, NR4 7TJ Norwich, U.K.
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Oliveira MTA, de Alencar MVOB, de Paulo Dos Anjos Landim V, Moura GMM, da Cruz JIO, Dos Santos EA, Coutinho HDM, Andrade JC, de Menezes IRA, Ribeiro PRV, de Brito ES, de Sousa EO, Uchoa AF. UPLC-MS-QTOF analysis and antifungal activity of Cumaru ( Amburana cearensis). 3 Biotech 2020; 10:545. [PMID: 33269180 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02551-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at investigating the phytochemical constituents, antifungal properties and antibiotic-modifying activity of the aqueous crude extract and fractions of Amburana cearensis seeds (CEFAC). The CEFAC were chemically characterized by LC-MS/MS-QTOF. In addition, the antifungal activity was assayed by the microdilution method against strains of Candida albicans. The phytochemical profile of CEFAC exhibited phenolic compounds, organic acids, and polyphenols. The results of the assessment of antifungal activity reveled an IC50 ranging from 45.6 to 2048 µg/mL. Interestingly, when CEFAC was associated with Fluconazole, we evidenced a decreased IC50 (1.81-11.9 µg/mL), suggesting a synergism with antibiotic. It was possible to identify in the crude extract and fractions several phenolic compounds, organic acids, and some polyphenols in positive ionization mode. These results suggest that CEFAC may present compounds with the ability to interact and act synergistically with antimicrobial drugs, highlighting its potential as an alternative source for the development of new antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tatiana Alves Oliveira
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Function of Bioactive Proteins, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte Brazil
- Department of Biomedical Science, University Centre INTA-UNINTA, Sobral, Ceará Brazil
| | | | | | - Geovanna Maria Medeiros Moura
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Function of Bioactive Proteins, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte Brazil
| | - Joelton Igor Oliveira da Cruz
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Function of Bioactive Proteins, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte Brazil
| | - Elizeu Antunes Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Function of Bioactive Proteins, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte Brazil
| | - Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology-LMBM, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, Rua Cel. Antonio Luis 1161, Pimenta, Crato, Ceará 63105-000 Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Cosmo Andrade
- Laboratory of Bioassays-LABIO, Educator Training Institute, Federal University of Cariri-UFCA, Campus Brejo Santo, Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará Brazil
| | | | | | - Edy Sousa de Brito
- Multiuser Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry-LMQPN, Embrapa Agroindustria Tropical, Fortaleza, Ceará Brazil
| | - Erlânio Oliveira de Sousa
- Laboratory of Food Physicochemical Analysis-LAFIQ, Technology College of Cariri-FATEC, Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará Brazil
| | - Adriana Ferreira Uchoa
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Function of Bioactive Proteins, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte Brazil
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3
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New Triazole NT-a9 Has Potent Antifungal Efficacy against Cryptococcus neoformans In Vitro and In Vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.01628-19. [PMID: 31791946 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01628-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decades, the incidence of cryptococcosis has increased dramatically, which poses a new threat to human health. However, only a few drugs are available for the treatment of cryptococcosis. Here, we described a leading compound, NT-a9, an analogue of isavuconazole, that showed strong antifungal activities in vitro and in vivo NT-a9 showed a wide range of activities against several pathogenic fungi in vitro, including Cryptococcus neoformans, Cryptococcus gattii, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata, and Candida parapsilosis, with MICs ranging from 0.002 to 1 μg/ml. In particular, NT-a9 exhibited excellent efficacy against C. neoformans, with a MIC as low as 0.002 μg/ml. NT-a9 treatment resulted in changes in the sterol contents in C. neoformans, similarly to fluconazole. In addition, NT-a9 possessed relatively low cytotoxicity and a high selectivity index. The in vivo efficacy of NT-a9 was assessed using a murine disseminated-cryptococcosis model. Mice were infected intravenously with 1.8 × 106 CFU of C. neoformans strain H99. In the survival study, NT-a9 significantly prolonged the survival times of mice compared with the survival times of the control group or the isavuconazole-, fluconazole-, or amphotericin B-treated groups. Of note, 4 and 8 mg/kg of body weight of NT-a9 rescued all the mice, with a survival rate of 100%. In the fungal-burden study, NT-a9 also significantly reduced the fungal burdens in brains and lungs, while fluconazole and amphotericin B only reduced the fungal burden in lungs. Taken together, these data suggested that NT-a9 is a promising antifungal candidate for the treatment of cryptococcosis infection.
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Bezerra CF, Rocha JE, Nascimento Silva MKD, de Freitas TS, de Sousa AK, dos Santos ATL, da Cruz RP, Ferreira MH, da Silva JCP, Machado AJT, Carneiro JNP, Sales DL, Coutinho HDM, Ribeiro PRV, de Brito ES, Morais-Braga MFB. Analysis by UPLC-MS-QTOF and antifungal activity of guava (Psidium guajava L.). Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 119:122-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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5
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Sun W, Wang D, Yu C, Huang X, Li X, Sun S. Strong synergism of dexamethasone in combination with fluconazole against resistant Candida albicans mediated by inhibiting drug efflux and reducing virulence. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2017; 50:399-405. [PMID: 28673609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most commonly isolated Candida spp. in the clinic and its resistance to fluconazole (FLC) has been emerging rapidly. Combination therapy may be a potentially effective approach to combat drug resistance. In this study, the combination antifungal effects of dexamethasone (DXM) and FLC against resistant C. albicans in vitro were assayed using minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), sessile MICs and time-kill curves. The in vivo efficacy of this drug combination was evaluated using a Galleria mellonella model by determining survival rate, fungal burden and histological damage. In addition, the impact of DXM on efflux pump activity was investigated using a rhodamine 6G assay. Expression of CDR1, CDR2 and MDR1 was determined by real-time quantitative PCR, and extracellular phospholipase activity was detected by the egg yolk agar method to reveal the potential synergistic mechanism. The results showed that DXM potentiates the antifungal effect of FLC against resistant C. albicans strains both in vitro and in vivo, and the synergistic mechanism is related to inhibiting the efflux of drugs and reducing the virulence of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Decai Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cuixiang Yu
- Respiration Medicine, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Pharmaceutical Department, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiuyun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shujuan Sun
- Pharmaceutical Department, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
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6
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Gómez-Sequeda N, Torres R, Ortiz C. Synthesis, characterization, and in vitro activity against Candida spp. of fluconazole encapsulated on cationic and conventional nanoparticles of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid). Nanotechnol Sci Appl 2017; 10:95-104. [PMID: 28572725 PMCID: PMC5441665 DOI: 10.2147/nsa.s96018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, nanoparticles (NPs) of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) loaded with fluconazole (FLZ) and FLZ-NPs coated with the cationic polymer polyethylenimine (PEI) (FLZ-NP-PEI) were synthetized in order to improve antimycotic activity against four strains of Candida spp. of clinical relevance. FLZ-NPs and FLZ-NP-PEI were synthesized by double emulsion solvent-diffusion (DES-D) and characterized. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC50) and minimum fungicide concentration (MFC) were determined in vitro by culturing Candida strains in the presence of these nanocompounds. FLZ-NPs were spherical in shape with hydrodynamic sizes of ~222 nm and surface charge of -11.6 mV. The surface charges of these NPs were successfully modified using PEI (FLZ-NP-PEI) with mean hydrodynamic sizes of 281 nm and surface charge of 23.5 mV. The efficiency of encapsulation (~53%) and a quick release of FLZ (≥90% after 3 h) were obtained. Cytotoxicity assay showed a good cell viability for FLZ-NPs (≥86%), and PEI-modified NPs presented a decrease in cell viability (~38%). FLZ-NPs showed an increasing antifungal activity of FLZ for sensitive (Candida parapsilosis ATCC22019 and Candida albicans ATCC10231, MIC50 =0.5 and 0.1 µg/mL, respectively) and resistant strains (Candida glabrata EMLM14 and Candida krusei ATCC6258, MIC50 =0.1 and 0.5 µg/mL, respectively). FLZ-NP-PEI showed fungicidal activity even against C. glabrata and C. krusei (MFC =4 and 8 µg/mL, respectively). MIC50 values showed best results for FLZ-NPs and FLZ-NP-PEI. Nevertheless, only FLZ-NP-PEI displayed fungicidal activity against the studied strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudia Ortiz
- School of Microbiology, Faculty of Health, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
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7
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Novel benzimidazolyl tetrahydroprotoberberines: Design, synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation and multi-targeting exploration. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1737-1743. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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8
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Debebe T, Krüger M, Huse K, Kacza J, Mühlberg K, König B, Birkenmeier G. Ethyl Pyruvate: An Anti-Microbial Agent that Selectively Targets Pathobionts and Biofilms. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162919. [PMID: 27658257 PMCID: PMC5033407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiota has a strong influence on health and disease in humans. A causative shift favoring pathobionts is strongly linked to diseases. Therefore, anti-microbial agents selectively targeting potential pathogens as well as their biofilms are urgently demanded. Here we demonstrate the impact of ethyl pyruvate, so far known as ROS scavenger and anti-inflammatory agent, on planktonic microbes and biofilms. Ethyl pyruvate combats preferably the growth of pathobionts belonging to bacteria and fungi independent of the genera and prevailing drug resistance. Surprisingly, this anti-microbial agent preserves symbionts like Lactobacillus species. Moreover, ethyl pyruvate prevents the formation of biofilms and promotes matured biofilms dissolution. This potentially new anti-microbial and anti-biofilm agent could have a tremendous positive impact on human, veterinary medicine and technical industry as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tewodros Debebe
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Monika Krüger
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Klaus Huse
- Leibniz Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes Kacza
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katja Mühlberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Neurology & Dermatology, Angiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Brigitte König
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerd Birkenmeier
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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9
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Dos Santos Ramos MA, de Toledo LG, Calixto GMF, Bonifácio BV, de Freitas Araújo MG, Dos Santos LC, de Almeida MTG, Chorilli M, Bauab TM. Syngonanthus nitens Bong. (Rhul.)-Loaded Nanostructured System for Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1368. [PMID: 27556451 PMCID: PMC5000763 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Herbal-loaded drug delivery nanotechnological systems have been extensively studied recently. The antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants has shown better pharmacological action when such plants are loaded into a drug delivery system than when they are not loaded. Syngonanthus nitens Bong. (Rhul.) belongs to the Eriocaulaceae family and presents antiulcerogenic, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of Syngonanthus nitens (S. nitens) extract that was not loaded (E) or loaded (SE) into a liquid crystal precursor system (S) for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) with Candida albicans. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the microdilution technique. Additionally, we performed hyphae inhibition and biofilm tests. Finally, experimental candidiasis was evaluated in in vivo models with Wistar female rats. The results showed effective antifungal activity after incorporation into S for all strains tested, with MICs ranging from 31.2 to 62.5 μg/mL. Microscopic observation of SE revealed an absence of filamentous cells 24 h of exposure to a concentration of 31.2 μg/mL. E demonstrated no effective action against biofilms, though SE showed inhibition against biofilms of all strains. In the in vivo experiment, SE was effective in the treatment of infection after only two days of treatment and was more effective than E and amphotericin B. The S. nitens is active against Candida albicans (C. albicans) and the antifungal potential is being enhanced after incorporation into liquid crystal precursor systems (LCPS). These findings represent a promising application of SE in the treatment of VVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Aparecido Dos Santos Ramos
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Luciani Gaspar de Toledo
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Giovana Maria Fioramonti Calixto
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Bruna Vidal Bonifácio
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil.
| | | | - Lourdes Campaner Dos Santos
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemisty Institute, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-060, Brazil.
| | | | - Marlus Chorilli
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Taís Maria Bauab
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil.
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Essential Oil of Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle: A Strategy to Combat Fungal Infections Caused by Candida Species. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081252. [PMID: 27517903 PMCID: PMC5000650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The incidence of fungal infections, especially those caused by Candida yeasts, has increased over the last two decades. However, the indicated therapy for fungal control has limitations. Hence, medicinal plants have emerged as an alternative in the search for new antifungal agents as they present compounds, such as essential oils, with important biological effects. Published data demonstrate important pharmacological properties of the essential oil of Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle; these include anti-tumor, anti-nociceptive, and antibacterial activities, and so an investigation of this compound against pathogenic fungi is interesting. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition and biological potential of essential oil (EO) obtained from the leaves of C. nardus focusing on its antifungal profile against Candida species. Methods: The EO was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Testing of the antifungal potential against standard and clinical strains was performed by determining the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), time-kill, inhibition of Candida albicans hyphae growth, and inhibition of mature biofilms. Additionally, the cytotoxicity was investigated by the IC50 against HepG-2 (hepatic) and MRC-5 (fibroblast) cell lines. Results: According to the chemical analysis, the main compounds of the EO were the oxygen-containing monoterpenes: citronellal, geranial, geraniol, citronellol, and neral. The results showed important antifungal potential for all strains tested with MIC values ranging from 250 to 1000 μg/mL, except for two clinical isolates of C. tropicalis (MIC > 1000 μg/mL). The time-kill assay showed that the EO inhibited the growth of the yeast and inhibited hyphal formation of C. albicans strains at concentrations ranging from 15.8 to 1000 μg/mL. Inhibition of mature biofilms of strains of C. albicans, C. krusei and C. parapsilosis occurred at a concentration of 10× MIC. The values of the IC50 for the EO were 96.6 μg/mL (HepG-2) and 33.1 μg/mL (MRC-5). Conclusion: As a major virulence mechanism is attributed to these types of infections, the EO is a promising compound to inhibit Candida species, especially considering its action against biofilm.
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11
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Prasad R, Shah AH, Rawal MK. Antifungals: Mechanism of Action and Drug Resistance. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 892:327-349. [PMID: 26721281 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-25304-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There are currently few antifungals in use which show efficacy against fungal diseases. These antifungals mostly target specific components of fungal plasma membrane or its biosynthetic pathways. However, more recent class of antifungals in use is echinocandins which target the fungal cell wall components. The availability of mostly fungistatic antifungals in clinical use, often led to the development of tolerance to these very drugs by the pathogenic fungal species. Thus, the development of clinical multidrug resistance (MDR) leads to higher tolerance to drugs and its emergence is helped by multiple mechanisms. MDR is indeed a multifactorial phenomenon wherein a resistant organism possesses several mechanisms which contribute to display reduced susceptibility to not only single drug in use but also show collateral resistance to several drugs. Considering the limited availability of antifungals in use and the emergence of MDR in fungal infections, there is a continuous need for the development of novel broad spectrum antifungal drugs with better efficacy. Here, we briefly present an overview of the current understanding of the antifungal drugs in use, their mechanism of action and the emerging possible novel antifungal drugs with great promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Prasad
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India. .,AMITY Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health (AIISH), Amity University Haryana, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.
| | - Abdul Haseeb Shah
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Manpreet Kaur Rawal
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
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12
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Feng W, Yang J, Pan Y, Xi Z, Qiao Z, Ma Y. The correlation of virulence, pathogenicity, and itraconazole resistance with SAP activity in Candida albicans strains. Can J Microbiol 2015; 62:173-8. [PMID: 26751517 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between SAP2 activity and drug resistance in Candida albicans was investigated by using itraconazole-resistant and itraconazole-sensitive C. albicans isolates. The precipitation zones were measured to analyze SAP2 activity. Mice were classified into itraconazole-resistant and -sensitive C. albicans isolate groups, and a control group, with their survival and mortality rate being observed over 30 days. The relative expression levels of CDR1, CDR2, MDR1, and SAP2 were measured using RT-PCR. It was found that the secreted aspartyl proteinase activity of itraconazole-resistant C. albicans strains was significantly higher than that of itraconazole-sensitive C. albicans strains (P < 0.001). A significantly higher mortality rate was recorded for mice treated with itraconazole-resistant C. albicans than for mice treated with itraconazole-sensitive C. albicans. In regards to the CDR1, CDR2, and MDR1 genes, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups of mice. Positive correlations between SAP2 and MDR1 and between CDR1 and CDR2 were found. The high expression level of SAP2 may relate to the virulence, pathogenicity, and resistance of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Feng
- Department of Dermatovenereology, The Second Hospital of ShanXi Medical University, No. 382 WuYi Road, Taiyuan City 030001, ShanXi Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Dermatovenereology, The Second Hospital of ShanXi Medical University, No. 382 WuYi Road, Taiyuan City 030001, ShanXi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Dermatovenereology, The Second Hospital of ShanXi Medical University, No. 382 WuYi Road, Taiyuan City 030001, ShanXi Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Dermatovenereology, The Second Hospital of ShanXi Medical University, No. 382 WuYi Road, Taiyuan City 030001, ShanXi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanwei Pan
- Department of Dermatovenereology, The Second Hospital of ShanXi Medical University, No. 382 WuYi Road, Taiyuan City 030001, ShanXi Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Dermatovenereology, The Second Hospital of ShanXi Medical University, No. 382 WuYi Road, Taiyuan City 030001, ShanXi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqin Xi
- Department of Dermatovenereology, The Second Hospital of ShanXi Medical University, No. 382 WuYi Road, Taiyuan City 030001, ShanXi Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Dermatovenereology, The Second Hospital of ShanXi Medical University, No. 382 WuYi Road, Taiyuan City 030001, ShanXi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zusha Qiao
- Department of Dermatovenereology, The Second Hospital of ShanXi Medical University, No. 382 WuYi Road, Taiyuan City 030001, ShanXi Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Dermatovenereology, The Second Hospital of ShanXi Medical University, No. 382 WuYi Road, Taiyuan City 030001, ShanXi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Dermatovenereology, The Second Hospital of ShanXi Medical University, No. 382 WuYi Road, Taiyuan City 030001, ShanXi Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Dermatovenereology, The Second Hospital of ShanXi Medical University, No. 382 WuYi Road, Taiyuan City 030001, ShanXi Province, People's Republic of China
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Amphiphilic Tobramycin Analogues as Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:4861-9. [PMID: 26033722 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00229-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the in vitro antifungal activities, cytotoxicities, and membrane-disruptive actions of amphiphilic tobramycin (TOB) analogues. The antifungal activities were established by determination of MIC values and in time-kill studies. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in mammalian cell lines. The fungal membrane-disruptive action of these analogues was studied by using the membrane-impermeable dye propidium iodide. TOB analogues bearing a linear alkyl chain at their 6″-position in a thioether linkage exhibited chain length-dependent antifungal activities. Analogues with C12 and C14 chains showed promising antifungal activities against tested fungal strains, with MIC values ranging from 1.95 to 62.5 mg/liter and 1.95 to 7.8 mg/liter, respectively. However, C4, C6, and C8 TOB analogues and TOB itself exhibited little to no antifungal activity. Fifty percent inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) for the most potent TOB analogues (C12 and C14) against A549 and Beas 2B cells were 4- to 64-fold and 32- to 64-fold higher, respectively, than their antifungal MIC values against various fungi. Unlike conventional aminoglycoside antibiotics, TOB analogues with alkyl chain lengths of C12 and C14 appear to inhibit fungi by inducing apoptosis and disrupting the fungal membrane as a novel mechanism of action. Amphiphilic TOB analogues showed broad-spectrum antifungal activities with minimal mammalian cell cytotoxicity. This study provides novel lead compounds for the development of antifungal drugs.
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Effects of azole treatments on the physical properties of Candida albicans plasma membrane: a spin probe EPR study. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1838:465-73. [PMID: 24184423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
EPR spectroscopy was applied to investigate the effects of the treatment of Candida albicans cells with fluconazole (FLC) and two newly synthesized azoles (CPA18 and CPA109), in a concentration not altering yeast morphology, on the lipid organization and dynamics of the plasma membrane. Measurements were performed in the temperature range between 0°C and 40°C using 5-doxyl- (5-DSA) and 16-doxyl- (16-DSA) stearic acids as spin probes. 5-DSA spectra were typical of lipids in a highly ordered environment, whereas 16-DSA spectra consisted of two comparable components, one corresponding to a fluid bulk lipid domain in the membrane and the other to highly ordered and motionally restricted lipids interacting with integral membrane proteins. A line shape analysis allowed the relative proportion and the orientational order and dynamic parameters of the spin probes in the different environments to be determined. Smaller order parameters, corresponding to a looser lipid packing, were found for the treated samples with respect to the control one in the region close to the membrane surface probed by 5-DSA. On the other hand, data on 16-DSA indicated that azole treatments hamper the formation of ordered lipid domains hosting integral proteins and/or lead to a decrease in integral protein content in the membrane. The observed effects are mainly ascribable to the inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis by the antifungal agents, although a direct interaction of the CPA compounds with the membrane bilayer in the region close to the lipid polar head groups cannot be excluded.
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Piotto S, Concilio S, Sessa L, Porta A, Calabrese EC, Zanfardino A, Varcamonti M, Iannelli P. Small azobenzene derivatives active against bacteria and fungi. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 68:178-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Cicogna F, Pinzino C, Castellano S, Porta A, Forte C, Calucci L. Interaction of Azole Compounds with DOPC and DOPC/Ergosterol Bilayers by Spin Probe EPR Spectroscopy: Implications for Antifungal Activity. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:11978-87. [DOI: 10.1021/jp406776x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cicogna
- Istituto di Chimica
dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche −
CNR, Area della Ricerca di Pisa, via
G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Calogero Pinzino
- Istituto di Chimica
dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche −
CNR, Area della Ricerca di Pisa, via
G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sabrina Castellano
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Amalia Porta
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Claudia Forte
- Istituto di Chimica
dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche −
CNR, Area della Ricerca di Pisa, via
G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Calucci
- Istituto di Chimica
dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche −
CNR, Area della Ricerca di Pisa, via
G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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