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Li YC, Wu CH, Le TH, Yuan Q, Huang L, Chen GF, Yang ML, Lam SH, Hung HY, Sun H, Wu YH, Kuo PC, Wu TS. A Modified 1H-NMR Quantification Method of Ephedrine Alkaloids in Ephedrae Herba Samples. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11272. [PMID: 37511036 PMCID: PMC10378770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A previous 1H-NMR method allowed the quantification of ephedrine alkaloids; however, there were some disadvantages. The cyclized derivatives resulted from the impurities of diethyl ether were identified and benzene was selected as the better extraction solvent. The locations of ephedrine alkaloids were confirmed with 2D NMR. Therefore, a specific 1H-NMR method has been modified for the quantification of ephedrine alkaloids. Accordingly, twenty Ephedrae Herba samples could be classified into three classes: (I) E. sinica-like species; (II) E. intermedia-like species; (III) others (lower alkaloid contents). The results indicated that ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are the major alkaloids in Ephedra plants, but the concentrations vary greatly determined by the plant species and the collection locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Chiun Li
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (T.H.L.); (M.-L.Y.); (S.-H.L.); (H.-Y.H.)
| | - Chia-Hung Wu
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Thi Ha Le
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (T.H.L.); (M.-L.Y.); (S.-H.L.); (H.-Y.H.)
| | - Qingjun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100010, China; (Q.Y.); (L.H.)
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100010, China; (Q.Y.); (L.H.)
| | - Guo-Fen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
| | - Mei-Lin Yang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (T.H.L.); (M.-L.Y.); (S.-H.L.); (H.-Y.H.)
| | - Sio-Hong Lam
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (T.H.L.); (M.-L.Y.); (S.-H.L.); (H.-Y.H.)
| | - Hsin-Yi Hung
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (T.H.L.); (M.-L.Y.); (S.-H.L.); (H.-Y.H.)
| | - Handong Sun
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China;
| | - Yi-Hung Wu
- Hsinhua Forest Station, The Experimental Forest Management Office, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
| | - Ping-Chung Kuo
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (T.H.L.); (M.-L.Y.); (S.-H.L.); (H.-Y.H.)
| | - Tian-Shung Wu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (T.H.L.); (M.-L.Y.); (S.-H.L.); (H.-Y.H.)
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Ephedrae Herba: A Review of Its Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Clinical Application, and Alkaloid Toxicity. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020663. [PMID: 36677722 PMCID: PMC9863261 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Ephedrae Herba (Ephedra), known as "MaHuang" in China, is the dried straw stem that is associated with the lung and urinary bladder meridians. At present, more than 60 species of Ephedra plants have been identified, which contain more than 100 compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, sugars, and organic phenolic acids. This herb has long been used to treat asthma, liver disease, skin disease, and other diseases, and has shown unique efficacy in the treatment of COVID-19 infection. Because alkaloids are the main components causing toxicity, the safety of Ephedra must be considered. However, the nonalkaloid components of Ephedra can be effectively used to replace ephedrine extracts to treat some diseases, and reasonable use can ensure the safety of Ephedra. We reviewed the phytochemistry, pharmacology, clinical application, and alkaloid toxicity of Ephedra, and describe prospects for its future development to facilitate the development of Ephedra.
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Durazzo A, Sorkin BC, Lucarini M, Gusev PA, Kuszak AJ, Crawford C, Boyd C, Deuster PA, Saldanha LG, Gurley BJ, Pehrsson PR, Harnly JM, Turrini A, Andrews KW, Lindsey AT, Heinrich M, Dwyer JT. Analytical Challenges and Metrological Approaches to Ensuring Dietary Supplement Quality: International Perspectives. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:714434. [PMID: 35087401 PMCID: PMC8787362 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.714434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased utilization of metrology resources and expanded application of its' approaches in the development of internationally agreed upon measurements can lay the basis for regulatory harmonization, support reproducible research, and advance scientific understanding, especially of dietary supplements and herbal medicines. Yet, metrology is often underappreciated and underutilized in dealing with the many challenges presented by these chemically complex preparations. This article discusses the utility of applying rigorous analytical techniques and adopting metrological principles more widely in studying dietary supplement products and ingredients, particularly medicinal plants and other botanicals. An assessment of current and emerging dietary supplement characterization methods is provided, including targeted and non-targeted techniques, as well as data analysis and evaluation approaches, with a focus on chemometrics, toxicity, dosage form performance, and data management. Quality assessment, statistical methods, and optimized methods for data management are also discussed. Case studies provide examples of applying metrological principles in thorough analytical characterization of supplement composition to clarify their health effects. A new frontier for metrology in dietary supplement science is described, including opportunities to improve methods for analysis and data management, development of relevant standards and good practices, and communication of these developments to researchers and analysts, as well as to regulatory and policy decision makers in the public and private sectors. The promotion of closer interactions between analytical, clinical, and pharmaceutical scientists who are involved in research and product development with metrologists who develop standards and methodological guidelines is critical to advance research on dietary supplement characterization and health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara C Sorkin
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Pavel A Gusev
- Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Adam J Kuszak
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Cindy Crawford
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Department of Military & Emergency Medicine, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Courtney Boyd
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Department of Military & Emergency Medicine, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Patricia A Deuster
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Department of Military & Emergency Medicine, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Leila G Saldanha
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Bill J Gurley
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Pamela R Pehrsson
- Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - James M Harnly
- Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Aida Turrini
- CREA - Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy
| | - Karen W Andrews
- Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Andrea T Lindsey
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Department of Military & Emergency Medicine, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michael Heinrich
- UCL School of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, London, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna T Dwyer
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Wahba ME, El Wasseef D, Saad AS, Draz ME. Calixarene based portable sensor for the direct assay of indiscriminate ephedrine content of weight loss herbal preparations. RSC Adv 2021; 11:12833-12844. [PMID: 35423800 PMCID: PMC8697355 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10254g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel potentiometric sensor was developed and optimized for the quantitative analysis of ephedrine in non-prescribed herbal supplements used as adjunctive therapy for weight loss. An initial optimization study aimed to reach the optimum membrane composition, sensor assembly, and experimental conditions. The study evaluated the effect of several factors on the sensor performance including different ion-exchangers, plasticizers, ionophores, membrane thicknesses, soaking solution concentrations, soaking time intervals, and pH. The optimized polyvinyl chloride membrane included tungstophosphoric acid hydrate as a cation exchanger, tricresyl phosphate as a plasticizer, and calix[8]arene as an ionophore to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of the developed sensor. The polyvinyl chloride membrane was drop-casted over a polyaniline modified glassy carbon electrode surface to form a solid-state sensor. The proposed membrane succeeded to quantify ephedrine over a linear range of 6 × 10-6 to 1 × 10-2 M with a LOD of 3.60 × 10-6 M, acceptable selectivity, and fast response time. The IUPAC characterization of sensor response and International Conference on Harmonization validation parameters were calculated. The method successfully determined ephedrine concentration in spiked herbal mixtures and determined labeled and undeclared ephedrine content of weight loss herbal preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Wahba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology Gamasa Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University Mansoura 35516 Egypt
| | - Dalia El Wasseef
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology Gamasa Egypt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University Mansoura 35516 Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Saad
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University 11562 Cairo Egypt +20-1004009443
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Industries, Badr University in Cairo (BUC) Badr City 11829 Cairo Egypt
| | - Mohammed E Draz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology Gamasa Egypt
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A Review of the Ephedra genus: Distribution, Ecology, Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Properties. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143283. [PMID: 32698308 PMCID: PMC7397145 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ephedra is one of the largest genera of the Ephedraceae family, which is distributed in arid and semiarid regions of the world. In the traditional medicine from several countries some species from the genus are commonly used to treat asthma, cold, flu, chills, fever, headache, nasal congestion, and cough. The chemical constituents of Ephedra species have been of research interest for decades due to their contents of ephedrine-type alkaloids and its pharmacological properties. Other chemical constituents such as phenolic and amino acid derivatives also have resulted attractive and have provided evidence-based supporting of the ethnomedical uses of the Ephedra species. In recent years, research has been expanded to explore the endophytic fungal diversity associated to Ephedra species, as well as, the chemical constituents derived from these fungi and their pharmacological bioprospecting. Two additional aspects that illustrate the chemical diversity of Ephedra genus are the chemotaxonomy approaches and the use of ephedrine-type alkaloids as building blocks in organic synthesis. American Ephedra species, especially those that exist in Mexico, are considered to lack ephedrine type alkaloids. In this sense, the phytochemical study of Mexican Ephedra species is a promising area of research to corroborate their ephedrine-type alkaloids content and, in turn, discover new chemical compounds with potential biological activity. Therefore, the present review represents a key compilation of all the relevant information for the Ephedra genus, in particular the American species, the species distribution, their ecological interactions, its ethnobotany, its phytochemistry and their pharmacological activities and toxicities, in order to promote clear directions for future research.
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Magdy MA, Abdelfatah RM. Green validated HPTLC and HPLC methods for determination of ephedrine hydrochloride and naphazoline nitrate in the presence of methylparaben, in their pure forms and pharmaceutical formulation. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00764-020-00024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Magnetic dispersive solid phase microextraction technique coupled with LC–MS/MS for evaluating content versus label claims in ephedrine-free food supplements. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-018-1203-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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8
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El-Habeeb AA, Refat MS. Metal-Drug Interactions: Synthesis and Spectroscopic Characteristics, Surface Morphology, and Pharmacological Activity of Ephedrine–HCl Complexes with Mo(V), Nb(V), Ga(III), and Ge(IV). RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363218100225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Comparative Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability of Three Ephedrines in Rat after Oral Administration of Unprocessed and Honey-Fried Ephedra Extract by Response Surface Experimental Design. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:2802193. [PMID: 28706557 PMCID: PMC5494778 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2802193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ephedra have been used as a common traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years. However, the perspiration effect of the unprocessed ephedra was too strong. Clinical trials have shown that processing methods play a critical role in moderating the perspiration property of ephedra according to the needs. A LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated to compare the pharmacokinetic properties of the three ephedrines after oral administration of unprocessed and honey-fried ephedra extract. The contents of honey, frying temperature, and frying time were set at 20%, 116°C, and 7 min by the Box-Behnken response surface method, respectively. In the pharmacokinetics study, the biosamples were pretreated and extracted by protein precipitation method with acetonitrile and separated on an Agilent TC-C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) using a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid methanol and 5 mM ammonium acetate aqueous solution (5 : 95, v/v). All calibration curves were linear (r > 0.9932) with lower limits of quantitation (LLOQs) < 12 ng/mL. The mean recoveries of the three analytes were higher than 75%. The pharmacokinetics study indicated that the reduced absorption of ephedrine hydrochloride (EH) and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (PEH) in honey-fried ephedra group might be the main reason for the moderation of the diaphoretic property.
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Margalho C, Castanheira A, Real FC, Gallardo E, López-Rivadulla M. Determination of "new psychoactive substances" in postmortem matrices using microwave derivatization and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1020:14-23. [PMID: 26994330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite worldwide efforts aiming to ban the marketing and subsequent abuse of psychoactive substances such as synthetic cathinones and phenethylamines, there has been an alarming growth of both in recent years. Different compounds similar to those already existing are continuously appearing in the market in order to circumvent the legislation. An analytical methodology has been validated for qualitative and quantitative determinations of D-cathine (D-norpseudoehedrine), ephedrine, methcathinone, 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-propan-2-amine (PMA), mephedrone, methedrone, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM), 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine (DOB), 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-H), 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B), 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-I), 2-[2,5-dimethoxy-4-(ethylthio)phenyl]ethanamine (2C-T-2), 2,5-dimethoxy-4-isopropylthiophenethylamine (2C-T-4) and 2-[2,5-dimethoxy-4-(propylthio)phenyl]ethanamine (2C-T-7), in low volumes of vitreous humor (100 μL), pericardial fluid (250 μL) and whole blood (250 μL), using deutered amphetamine, ephedrine and mephedrone as internal standards. The validation parameters included selectivity, linearity and limits of detection and quantification, intra- and interday precision and trueness, recovery and stability. The method included mixed-mode solid phase extraction, followed by microwave fast derivatization and analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry operated in selected ion monitoring mode. The procedure was linear between 5 and 600 ng/mL, with determination coefficients higher than 0.99 for all analytes. Intra- and interday precision ranged from 0.1 to 13.6%, while accuracy variability was within 80-120% interval from the nominal concentration at all studied levels. The extraction efficiencies ranged from 76.6 to 112.8%. Stability was considered acceptable for all compounds in the studied matrices. The developed assay was applied to authentic samples of the Laboratory of Chemistry and Forensic Toxicology, Centre Branch, of the National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Portugal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Margalho
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, I.P. (INMLCF, I.P.)-Delegação do Centro, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Alice Castanheira
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, I.P. (INMLCF, I.P.)-Delegação do Centro, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Corte Real
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, I.P. (INMLCF, I.P.)-Delegação do Centro, Coimbra, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Eugenia Gallardo
- CICS-UBI-Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Portugal
| | - Manuel López-Rivadulla
- Servicio de Toxicología Forense, Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Forenses Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Lesiak AD, Cody RB, Ubukata M, Musah RA. Direct analysis in real time high resolution mass spectrometry as a tool for rapid characterization of mind-altering plant materials and revelation of supplement adulteration – The case of Kanna. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 260:66-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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12
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Development and validation of HPLC method to measure active amines in plant food supplements containing Citrus aurantium L. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Van Thuyne W, Van Eenoo P, Delbeke FT. Nutritional supplements: prevalence of use and contamination with doping agents. Nutr Res Rev 2012; 19:147-58. [PMID: 19079882 DOI: 10.1079/nrr2006122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Based upon recent sales numbers, nutritional supplements play a key role in the lifestyle of a substantial proportion of the population. As well as products such as vitamins or minerals, several precursors of anabolic steroids are marketed as nutritional supplements. Another group of commercially available supplements are products for weight loss based upon herbal formulations originating from Ephedra species. Apart from supplements indicating the presence of these active compounds, numerous non-hormonal nutritional supplements were found that were contaminated with non-labelled anabolic steroids. Stimulating agents other than naturally occurring analogues of ephedrine were detected. A major group using dietary supplements are sportsmen, ranging from amateur level to elite athletes. Besides the possible health risks associated with the use of dietary supplements, athletes should take care not to violate the rules of the World Anti-Doping Agency because athletes remain responsible for substances detected in their biofluids, irrespective of their origin. Several analytical methods have been developed to determine the presence of doping agents as contaminants. The present review attempts to address the issues concerning the use of nutritional supplements and the detection of doping agents as contaminants in dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Van Thuyne
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University - UGent, Technologiepark 30B, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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15
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Chen Y, Li X, Chen F, Zhu Q, Luo J. Simultaneous determination of ephedra alkaloids in traditional chinese medicines by high-performance liquid chromatography. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/achrom.24.2012.3.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Role of chromatography in the development of Standard Reference Materials for organic analysis. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1261:3-22. [PMID: 22721765 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The certification of chemical constituents in natural-matrix Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) can require the use of two or more independent analytical methods. The independence among the methods is generally achieved by taking advantage of differences in extraction, separation, and detection selectivity. This review describes the development of the independent analytical methods approach at NIST, and its implementation in the measurement of organic constituents such as contaminants in environmental materials, nutrients and marker compounds in food and dietary supplement matrices, and health diagnostic and nutritional assessment markers in human serum. The focus of this review is the important and critical role that separation science techniques play in achieving the necessary independence of the analytical steps in the measurement of trace-level organic constituents in natural matrix SRMs.
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17
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Walash MI, El-Enany NM, Saad S. Spectrophotometric determination of certain CNS stimulants in dosage forms and spiked human urine via derivatization with 2,4-Dinitrofluorobenzene. Chem Cent J 2011; 5:65. [PMID: 22032335 PMCID: PMC3239311 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-5-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A new spectrophotometric method is developed for the determination of phenylpropanolamine HCl (PPA), ephedrine HCl (EPH) and pseudoephedrine HCl (PSE) in pharmaceutical preparations and spiked human urine. The method involved heat-catalyzed derivatization of the three drugs with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) producing a yellow colored product peaking at 370 nm for PPA and 380 nm for EPH and PSE, respectively. The absorbance concentration plots were rectilinear over the range of 2-20 for PPA and 1-14 μg/mL for both of EPH and PSE, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) values were 0.20, 0.13 and 0.20 μg/mL for PPA, EPH and PSE, respectively and limit of quantitation (LOQ) values of 0.60 and 0.40 and 0.59 μg/mL for PPA, EPH and PSE, respectively. The analytical performance of the method was fully validated and the results were satisfactory. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of the three studied drugs in their commercial dosage forms including tablets, capsules and ampoules with good percentage recoveries. The proposed method was further applied for the determination of PSE in spiked human urine with a mean percentage recovery of 108.17 ± 1.60 for (n = 3). Statistical comparison of the results obtained with those of the comparison methods showed good agreement and proved that there was no significant difference in the accuracy and precision between the two methods. The mechanism of the reaction pathway was postulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed I Walash
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mansoura, 35516, Mansoura, Egypt.
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Fiebich BL, Collado JA, Stratz C, Valina C, Hochholzer W, Muñoz E, Bellido LM. Pseudoephedrine inhibits T-cell activation by targeting NF-κB, NFAT and AP-1 signaling pathways. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2011; 34:98-106. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2011.582118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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19
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Barroso O, Goudreault D, Carbó Banús ML, Ayotte C, Mazzoni I, Boghosian T, Rabin O. Determination of urinary concentrations of pseudoephedrine and cathine after therapeutic administration of pseudoephedrine-containing medications to healthy subjects: implications for doping control analysis of these stimulants banned in sport. Drug Test Anal 2011; 4:320-9. [PMID: 21548139 DOI: 10.1002/dta.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Due to its stimulatory effects on the central nervous system, and its structural similarity to banned stimulants such as ephedrine and methamphetamine, pseudoephedrine (PSE) at high doses is considered as an ergogenic aid for boosting athletic performance. However, the status of PSE in the International Standard of the Prohibited List as established under the World Anti-Doping Code has changed over the years, being prohibited until 2003 at a urinary cut-off value of 25 µg/ml, and then subsequently removed from the Prohibited List during the period 2004-2009. The re-consideration of this position by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) List Expert Group has led to the reintroduction of PSE in the Prohibited List in 2010. In this manuscript, we present the results of two WADA-sponsored clinical studies on the urinary excretion of PSE and its metabolite cathine (CATH) following the oral administration of different PSE formulations to healthy individuals at therapeutic regimes. On this basis, the current analytical urinary threshold for the detection of PSE as a doping agent in sport has been conservatively established at 150 µg/ml
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Affiliation(s)
- Osquel Barroso
- Science Department, World Anti-doping Agency (WADA), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Xia YG, Wang QH, Liang J, Yang BY, Li GY, Kuang HX. Development and application of a rapid and efficient CZE method coupled with correction factors for determination of monosaccharide composition of acidic hetero-polysaccharides from Ephedra sinica. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2011; 22:103-111. [PMID: 21204150 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2010] [Revised: 02/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ephedrine alkaloids cannot account for all the effects of Ephedra sinica and the polysaccharides are also demonstrated to be one of the main bioactive constituents of E. sinica. However, no work has been reported on the analysis of monosaccharide composition of purified polysaccharides isolated from the stem of E. sinica. OBJECTIVE To develop a rapid and efficient capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method based on pre-column derivatisation with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone for the simultaneous determination of neutral and acidic sugars of purified polysaccharides from E. sinica. METHODOLOGY Three polysaccharides (ESP-A3, ESP-A4 and ESP-B4) were isolated and purified by ion exchange and gel-filtration chromatography from the stem of E. sinica. The effects of background electrolyte pH and concentration, applied voltage and temperature on the separation were investigated. Meanwhile, factors affecting the hydrolysis of ESP-B4 with sulphuric acid were investigated by changing the hydrolysis time, acid concentration and hydrolytic temperature to achieve complete hydrolysis. The standard curves coupled with correction factors were used to calculate molar ratios. RESULTS The optimal CZE method coupled with correction factors was successfully applied to the determination of molar ratios of three purified polysaccharides and their corresponding partial acid hydrolysis products. ESP-A3, ESP-A4 and ESP-B4 were all typical acidic hetero-polysaccharides and consisted of xylose, arabinose, glucose, rhamnose, mannose, galactose, glucuronic acid and galacturonic acid, and their corresponding molar ratios were 6.8:7.5:1.0:14.0:13.7:22.3:10.2:3.8 for ESP-A3, 1.2:4.1:1.0:5.1:1.6:17.3:3.1:2.2 for ESP-A4, and 1.0:4.5:1.0:2.0:1.0:5.5:1.5:50.0 for ESP-B4. CONCLUSION The results provided scientific evidence for the further study of the structure and bioactivity of complex acidic E. sinica polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gang Xia
- Pharmaceutical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, 24 Heping Road, Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China
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Tang J, Zhou X, Ji H, Xu N, Liu H, Lan G, Wu L. Simultaneous Ion-Pair LC Analysis of Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine in Rat Liver Microsomal Incubations: Application to In-Vitro Metabolism. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-1950-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Optimum extraction of acidic polysaccharides from the stems of Ephedra sinica Stapf by Box–Behnken statistical design and its anti-complement activity. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Betz JM, Brown PN, Roman MC. Accuracy, precision, and reliability of chemical measurements in natural products research. Fitoterapia 2010; 82:44-52. [PMID: 20884340 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural products chemistry is the discipline that lies at the heart of modern pharmacognosy. The field encompasses qualitative and quantitative analytical tools that range from spectroscopy and spectrometry to chromatography. Among other things, modern research on crude botanicals is engaged in the discovery of the phytochemical constituents necessary for therapeutic efficacy, including the synergistic effects of components of complex mixtures in the botanical matrix. In the phytomedicine field, these botanicals and their contained mixtures are considered the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), and pharmacognosists are increasingly called upon to supplement their molecular discovery work by assisting in the development and utilization of analytical tools for assessing the quality and safety of these products. Unlike single-chemical entity APIs, botanical raw materials and their derived products are highly variable because their chemistry and morphology depend on the genotypic and phenotypic variation, geographical origin and weather exposure, harvesting practices, and processing conditions of the source material. Unless controlled, this inherent variability in the raw material stream can result in inconsistent finished products that are under-potent, over-potent, and/or contaminated. Over the decades, natural product chemists have routinely developed quantitative analytical methods for phytochemicals of interest. Quantitative methods for the determination of product quality bear the weight of regulatory scrutiny. These methods must be accurate, precise, and reproducible. Accordingly, this review discusses the principles of accuracy (relationship between experimental and true value), precision (distribution of data values), and reliability in the quantitation of phytochemicals in natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Betz
- Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-7517, USA.
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Determination of ephedrine alkaloids in Ephedra natural products using HPLC on a pentafluorophenylpropyl stationary phase. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:254-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ranieri TL, Ciolino LA. Rapid selective screening and determination of ephedrine alkaloids using GC-MS footnote mark. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2008; 19:127-35. [PMID: 17879230 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Ephedra (ma huang) has been widely used as an herb or herbal extract in both traditional Chinese medicine and Western world dietary supplements. The effects of Ephedra have been attributed to a series of six ephedrine alkaloids including ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. A GC-MS method for the ephedrine alkaloids is described which couples ammoniacal chloroform as the extraction solvent with a two-stage derivatisation scheme. This scheme produces the O-trimethylsilyl, N-trifluoracetyl derivatives (O-TMS, N-TFA) for the primary and secondary amine alkaloids, and the O-TMS derivatives for the tertiary amine alkaloids. Relatively clean extracts are obtained from complex matrices, and the six ephedrine alkaloids are effectively separated and identified. This approach was also evaluated for quantitative analysis, and was shown to provide quantitative results for ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, and good estimates for the four minor alkaloids. Figures of merit are presented for linearity, detection limits, precision and accuracy. We have applied this approach to the rapid screening and profiling of the ephedrine alkaloids in whole Ephedra plants, liquid plant extracts, dried powder plant extracts and a variety of Ephedra-containing dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Ranieri
- Forensic Chemistry Center, US Food and Drug Administration, 6751 Steger Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45231, USA
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Betz JM, Fisher KD, Saldanha LG, Coates PM. The NIH analytical methods and reference materials program for dietary supplements. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 389:19-25. [PMID: 17541565 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Quality of botanical products is a great uncertainty that consumers, clinicians, regulators, and researchers face. Definitions of quality abound, and include specifications for sanitation, adventitious agents (pesticides, metals, weeds), and content of natural chemicals. Because dietary supplements (DS) are often complex mixtures, they pose analytical challenges and method validation may be difficult. In response to product quality concerns and the need for validated and publicly available methods for DS analysis, the US Congress directed the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to accelerate an ongoing methods validation process, and the Dietary Supplements Methods and Reference Materials Program was created. The program was constructed from stakeholder input and incorporates several federal procurement and granting mechanisms in a coordinated and interlocking framework. The framework facilitates validation of analytical methods, analytical standards, and reference materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Betz
- Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS), National Institutes of Health, 6100 Executive Blvd, Bethesda, MD 20892-2082, USA.
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Lemaure B, Touché A, Zbinden I, Moulin J, Courtois D, Macé K, Darimont C. Administration of Cyperus rotundus tubers extract prevents weight gain in obese Zucker rats. Phytother Res 2007; 21:724-30. [PMID: 17444573 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae; C. rotundus) is an Indian medicinal plant demonstrated to exert multiple health benefits. The purpose of the present study was to test the biological efficacy of C. rotundus tubers extract on weight control in obese Zucker rats. It was demonstrated that administration of 45 or 220 mg/kg/day of C. rotundus tubers hexane extract for 60 days in Zucker rats induced a significant reduction in weight gain without affecting food consumption or inducing toxicity. In vitro, 250 microg/mL of this extract was able to stimulate lipolysis in 3T3-F442 adipocytes suggesting that this medicinal plant contains activators of beta-adrenoreceptors (AR). The binding assay performed on the rat beta3-AR isoform, known to induce thermogenesis, demonstrated that C. rotundus tubers extract can consistently and effectively bind to this receptor. These data suggest that the effect on weight gain exerted by C. rotundus tubers extract may be mediated, at least partially, through the activation of the beta3-AR. In conclusion, C. rotundus tubers extract prove to be a new herbal supplement for controlling body weight preferentially in beta3-AR sensitive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Lemaure
- Nestlé Research Center, 101 Avenue Gustave Eiffel, BP 49716, 37390 Tours cedex 2, France
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Sander LC, Sharpless KE, Satterfield MB, Ihara T, Phinney KW, Yen JH, Wise SA, Gay ML, Lam JW, McCooeye M, Gardner G, Fraser C, Sturgeon R, Roman M. Determination of ephedrine alkaloids in dietary supplement standard reference materials. Anal Chem 2007; 77:3101-12. [PMID: 15889898 DOI: 10.1021/ac0484530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A suite of five ephedra-containing dietary supplement Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) has been issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) with certified values for ephedrine alkaloids, synephrine, caffeine, and selected toxic trace elements. The materials represent a variety of natural, extracted, and processed sample matrixes that provide different analytical challenges. The constituents have been determined by multiple independent methods with measurements performed by NIST and by three collaborating laboratories. The methods utilized different sample extraction and cleanup steps in addition to different instrumental analytical techniques and approaches to quantification. In addition, food-matrix proximates were determined by National Food Processor Association laboratories for one of the ephedra-containing SRMs. The SRMs are primarily intended for method validation and for use as control materials to support the analysis of dietary supplements and related botanical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lane C Sander
- Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA.
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Beyer J, Peters FT, Kraemer T, Maurer HH. Detection and validated quantification of nine herbal phenalkylamines and methcathinone in human blood plasma by LC-MS/MS with electrospray ionization. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2007; 42:150-60. [PMID: 17154352 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The herbal stimulants Ephedra species, Catha edulis (khat), and Lophophora williamsii (peyote) have been abused for a long time. In recent years, the herbal drug market has grown owing to publicity on the Internet. Some ingredients of these plants are also ingredients of cold remedies. The aim of the presented study is to develop a multianalyte procedure for detection and validated quantification of the phenalkylamines ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, norephedrine, norpseudoephedrine, methylephedrine, methylpseudoephedrine, cathinone, mescaline, synephrine (oxedrine), and methcathinone in plasma. After mixed-mode solid-phase extraction of 1 ml of plasma, the analytes were separated using a strong cation exchange separation column and gradient elution. They were detected using a Q-Trap LC-ESI-MS/MS system (MRM mode). Calibration curves were used for quantification using norephedrine-d3, ephedrine-d3, and mescaline-d9 as internal standards. The method was validated according to international guidelines. The assay was selective for the tested compounds. It was linear from 10 to 1000 ng/ml for all analytes. The recoveries were generally higher than 70%. Accuracy ranged from - 0.8 to 20.0%, repeatability from 2.5 to 12.3%, and intermediate precision from 4.6 to 20.0%. The lower limit of quantification was 10 ng/ml for all analytes. No instability was observed after repeated freezing and thawing or in processed samples. The applicability of the assay was tested by analysis of authentic plasma samples after ingestion of different cold medications containing ephedrine or pseudoephedrine, and after ingestion of an aqueous extract of Herba Ephedra. After ingestion of the cold medications, only the corresponding single alkaloids were detected in human plasma, whereas after ingestion of the herb extract, all six ephedrines contained in the plant were detected. The presented LC-MS/MS assay was found applicable for sensitive detection and accurate and precise quantification of all studied analytes in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Beyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg (Saar), Germany
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Abbasi K, Bhanger MI, Khuhawar MY. Capillary gas chromatographic determination of phenylpropanolamine in pharmaceutical preparation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:998-1001. [PMID: 16632294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Revised: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Analytical procedure has been developed for the gas chromatographic determination of phenylpropanolamine (PPA) using trifluoroacetylacetone (FAA) as derivatizing reagent. Elution is carried out from the column HP-5 (30 mx0.32 mm i.d.) with film thickness 0.25 microm at initial column temperature 70 degrees C for 5 min, followed by heating rate 10 degrees C/min up to 120 degrees C. Injection port temperature was maintained at 270 degrees C. Nitrogen flow rate was 2 ml/min and detection was by FID. The linear calibration curve was obtained with 30-150 microg/ml PPA with detection limit of 6.0 microg/ml. The method was used for the determination of PPA from Sinutab and Tavegyl-D tablets. The relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) for the analysis of pharmaceutical preparation was obtained within 0.4-0.9%.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Abbasi
- National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
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Platts M, Smith RB, Mould N, Davis J. Ephedrine–copper–carbon interactions: An electroanalytical investigation. Electrochem commun 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2006.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Lam JWH, Gardner GJ, McCooeye M, Fraser CA, Sturgeon RE. A systematic approach to quantitation of ephedra alkaloids in natural health products. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 383:268-81. [PMID: 16132134 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3386-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2005] [Revised: 06/02/2005] [Accepted: 06/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A method for accurate determination of ephedrine (E) alkaloids in natural health products (NHP) is described. The NIST dietary supplement standard reference materials (SRMs) were selected for these studies. These SRMs comprise ground Ma Huang herb (Ephedra sinica Stapf.), a spray dried extract of the former, and commercial formulations derived from gel caps and a protein drink. The efficiency of sonication-assisted extraction and Soxhlet extraction was studied using both ammonium formate and potassium phosphate in 3% methanol as extraction media. The efficiency of SPE clean-up of the extract deteriorated rapidly when increasing amounts of sample matrix or analyte were processed, because of limited cartridge capacity. Quantitation by the method of additions was required to ensure the highest accuracy using both LC-UV and ES-LC-MS-MS techniques. Whereas the LC-UV method is more convenient and precise, the results are more questionable than ES-LC-MS-MS, because species-specific detection is not possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W H Lam
- National Research Council Canada, Institute for National Measurement Standards, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1A 0R6.
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Ouyang J, Gao X, Baeyens WRG, Delanghe JR. Determination of ephedrine and related compounds in pharmaceutical preparations by ion chromatography with direct conductivity detection. Biomed Chromatogr 2005; 19:266-71. [PMID: 15651083 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An ion chromatographic method with conductivity detection for the simultaneous determination of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine and norephedrine was developed. A mixture of 2.0 mmol/L HNO3 and 2% (v/v) acetonitrile was used as eluent. The three ephedrine-like compounds were separated and determined within 20 min. The linear ranges were 0.08-50 microg/mL for ephedrine, 0.08-40 microg/mL for pseudoephedrine and 0.06-40 microg/mL for norephedrine. The detection limits were 0.03 microg/mL for ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, and 0.02 microg/mL for norephedrine. The method has been applied successfully to the determination of these sympathomimetics in pharmaceutical preparations and in Ephedra herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ouyang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Brettell
- Office of Forensic Sciences, New Jersey State Police, New Jersey Forensic Science and Technology Complex, 1200 Negron Road, Horizon Center, Hamilton, New Jersey 08691, USA
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Current awareness in phytochemical analysis. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2004; 15:331-338. [PMID: 15508839 DOI: 10.1002/pca.750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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