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Vanbergue E, Assie S, Mounaix B, Guiadeur M, Robert F, Andrieu D, Cebron N, Meyer G, Philibert A, Foucras G. Comparison between a complete preconditioning programme and conventional conduct on behaviour, health and performance of young bulls from small cow-calf herds. Animal 2024; 18:101169. [PMID: 38772080 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory diseases (BRDs) have major socioeconomic impacts in the beef sector. Antimicrobials have been traditionally used to prevent the development of BRDs upon arrival in fattening units. Currently, from a "One Health and One Welfare" perspective, alternative solutions are being investigated. Preconditioning programmes that aim at reducing stress and reinforcing immune functions have been proposed to decrease BRDs incidence. In this study, we assessed the effect of a preconditioning protocol set up in nine commercial beef herds on young bulls' behaviour, health, and performance. Preconditioned bulls (PREC) were weaned indoors 50 days before departure, and progressively fed a concentrate diet supplemented with vitamins and trace elements. They also received an anthelmintic treatment, and two doses of a trivalent vaccine against respiratory pathogens at 4-week intervals. In contrast, controls (CTRL) were kept on pasture with their dams with no vaccination or particular diets. All calves were transported together to a single sorting facility to be sorted by experimental groups, origins, and BW, forming new groups before dispatch to four fattening units. At arrival, CTRL were treated with anthelmintic drugs and received one injection of the same BRDs vaccine. No intervention was performed on PREC bulls. BRD-scores were 0.73 in PREC versus 0.07 in CTRL (P = 0.01) during the preconditioning period and 0.96 in PREC versus 0.54 in CTRL (P = 0.41) after 15 days in the fattening units. Morbidity estimates were 18% in PREC versus 1% in CTRL (P < 0.001) during the preconditioning period and 32% in PREC versus 19% (P = 0.07) in CTRL after 15 days in the fattening units. Poor housing conditions during preconditioning and a different aetiology could partly explain these results. At arrival to fattening, the average daily gain (ADG) was 1 605 g for PREC versus 1 140 g (P = 0.012) for CTRL. After fattening for 180 days, differences in BW, ADG, carcass weight and conformation were inconclusive. In Europe, preconditioning programmes including vaccination must be set up coherently with good husbandry practices and with a global adaptation of batch management of the beef sector otherwise, they may be less effective than expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vanbergue
- Institut de l'élevage, Monvoisin, 35910 Le Rheu, France.
| | - S Assie
- INRAE UMR BioEpAR, ONIRIS, Site Chantrerie, 44307 Nantes Cedex, France
| | - B Mounaix
- Institut de l'élevage, Monvoisin, 35910 Le Rheu, France
| | - M Guiadeur
- Institut de l'élevage, Monvoisin, 35910 Le Rheu, France
| | - F Robert
- Deltavit, CCPA, ZA du Bois de Teillay, Quartier du Haut-Bois, 35150 Janzé, France
| | - D Andrieu
- Deltavit, CCPA, ZA du Bois de Teillay, Quartier du Haut-Bois, 35150 Janzé, France
| | - N Cebron
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - G Meyer
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - A Philibert
- Institut de l'élevage, Monvoisin, 35910 Le Rheu, France
| | - G Foucras
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
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Sundman ER, Dewell GA, Dewell RD, Johnson AK, Thomson DU, Millman ST. The welfare of ill and injured feedlot cattle: a review of the literature and implications for managing feedlot hospital and chronic pens. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1398116. [PMID: 38799724 PMCID: PMC11117431 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1398116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
By definition, ill and injured animals are on the negative valence of animal welfare. For beef cattle kept in feedlot settings, advances in cattle health management have resulted in a greater understanding and prevention of illness and injury. However, the management of cattle once they become ill and injured is an understudied area, and there are gaps in knowledge that could inform evidence-based decision-making and strengthen welfare for this population. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the acquired knowledge regarding ill and injured feedlot cattle welfare, focusing on existing knowledge gaps and implications for hospital and chronic pen management and welfare assurance. Ill and injured feedlot cattle consist of acutely impaired animals with short-term health conditions that resolve with treatment and chronically impaired animals with long-term health conditions that may be difficult to treat. A literature search identified 110 articles that mentioned welfare and ill and injured feedlot cattle, but the population of interest in most of these articles was healthy cattle, not ill and injured cattle. Articles about managing ill and injured cattle in specialized hospital (n = 12) or chronic (n = 2) pens were even more sparse. Results from this literature search will be used to outline the understanding of acutely and chronically ill and injured feedlot cattle, including common dispositions and welfare considerations, behavior during convalescence, and strategies for identifying and managing ill and injured cattle. Finally, by working through specific ailments common in commercial feedlot environments, we illustrate how the Five Domains Model can be used to explore feelings and experiences and subsequent welfare state of individual ill or injured feedlot cattle. Using this approach and our knowledge of current industry practices, we identify relevant animal-based outcomes and critical research questions to strengthen knowledge in this area. A better understanding of this overlooked topic will inform future research and the development of evidence-based guidelines to help producers care for this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiline R. Sundman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Grant A. Dewell
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Renee D. Dewell
- Center for Food Security and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Anna K. Johnson
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Daniel U. Thomson
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Suzanne T. Millman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Santinello M, De Marchi M, Scali F, Lorenzi V, Romeo C, Alborali GL, Fusi F, Penasa M. Effects of vaccination timing and target pathogens on performances and antimicrobial use in long-transported Charolais beef cattle from France to Italy - A retrospective study. Prev Vet Med 2024; 224:106130. [PMID: 38335832 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial use (AMU) in the livestock sector is a major driver of antimicrobial resistance. Italian beef industry strongly relies on the import of young cattle from France, which are commingled in sorting facilities before transportation to Italy. Both commingling and transportation are stressors for animals and lead to higher risk of bovine respiratory disease (BRD), which in turn increases the risk of AMU. This study aimed to investigate how the timing of first BRD vaccination and the different vaccination target pathogens affect AMU and performance of young Charolais beef cattle imported from France to Italy. Information on animal performance, antimicrobial treatments, and vaccinations was available for 60,726 Charolais cattle belonging to 1449 batches in 33 Italian specialised fattening farms between January 2016 and December 2021. Antimicrobial use was estimated using the treatment incidence 100 adapted for Italy (TI100it). A mixed linear model was used to quantify the effects of the vaccination and the time of first administration on slaughter age, carcase weight, and average daily carcase gain. Similarly, a generalised linear mixed model was used to analyse the TI100it. The vaccination programme was usually applied the first day after the animals' arrival to the Italian fattening farms. Most animals were vaccinated with a polyvalent vaccine against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus (PI-3), bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 1 and 2 (BVDV), and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). The most used class of antimicrobials to treat BRD were the macrolides, followed by aminoglycosides, amphenicols, tetracyclines, aminopenicillins, and fluoroquinolones. Animals that got vaccinated against any of the considered BRD pathogens upon arrival had significantly lower TI100it, greater average daily carcase gain, and reached slaughter age earlier than animals that got vaccinated later. Animals that received the vaccination against BVDV had lower TI100it and greater average daily carcase gain, and animals that received the vaccination against BRSV were younger at slaughter than unvaccinated animals. The vaccination against Mannheimia haemolytica significantly decreased the slaughter age and increased the carcase weight and average daily carcase gain, and the vaccination against PI-3 and Histophilus somni significantly increased the slaughter age. Thus, even if the vaccination programme is essential to tackle BRD, this practice is questionable if applied at arrival to the Italian fattening farms and it is advisable that the vaccination programme is planned before the commingling procedure in France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Santinello
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Massimo De Marchi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Federico Scali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna 'Bruno Ubertini' (IZSLER), Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Valentina Lorenzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna 'Bruno Ubertini' (IZSLER), Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudia Romeo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna 'Bruno Ubertini' (IZSLER), Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Loris Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna 'Bruno Ubertini' (IZSLER), Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesca Fusi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna 'Bruno Ubertini' (IZSLER), Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Mauro Penasa
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
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Pickett AT, Cooke RF, de Souza IS, Mackey SJ. Administering the maternal bovine appeasing substance improves overall productivity and health in high-risk cattle during a 60-d feedlot receiving period. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae221. [PMID: 39096212 PMCID: PMC11333828 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024] Open
Abstract
This experiment evaluated health, physiological, and performance responses of high-risk cattle administered the maternal bovine appeasing substance (mBAS) during feedlot receiving. Angus-influenced, newly weaned male calves (n = 120) were purchased from an auction facility. Calves arrived at the research feedyard on day -1 and body weight (BW) was recorded upon arrival (199 ± 1 kg). Calves were ranked by arrival BW and received 1 of 2 treatments prior to initial processing (day 0): (1) 10 mL of an mBAS (Ferappease; FERA Diagnostics and Biologicals; College Station, TX) or (2) 10 mL of mineral oil (CON; placebo). Treatments were applied topically to the nuchal skin area (5 mL) and above the muzzle (5 mL). Calves were vaccinated against Clostridium and respiratory pathogens, dewormed, implanted, band-castrated, and received metaphylaxis at initial processing, and then distributed into 10 drylot pens according to arrival BW and treatment (n = 12 calves/pen, 5 pens/treatment). Calves were reapplied treatments (mBAS or CON) concurrently with booster vaccination on d 14. Feed intake and incidence of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) were recorded daily. Blood and hair samples from the tail-switch were collected on days 0, 14, 28, 42, and 60 for analysis of physiological variables. Calves were sampled for nasal microbiota analysis via swab on days 0, 14, and 28. Final shrunk BW was recorded on day 61 after 16 h of feed and water restriction. Calf BW gain and final BW did not differ between treatments (P ≥ 0.40). Incidence of BRD was similar (P = 0.99) between mBAS and CON (56.7% for both treatments; SEM = 6.45). A greater (P = 0.04) proportion of mBAS calves diagnosed with BRD required a single antibiotic treatment to regain health (70.6 vs. 47.0%; SEM = 8.32), and mortality was greater (P = 0.03) in CON calves diagnosed with BRD (17.6 vs. 2.94%; SEM = 5.133). Relative abundance of Mycoplasma in nasal microbiota was reduced (P = 0.04) in mBAS calves compared with CON (34.7 vs. 27.4%; SEM = 2.35). Cortisol concentration in hair from the tail-switch was less (P = 0.01) on day 28 for mBAS calves compared with CON. Administering mBAS improved (P = 0.04) total pen-based liveweight change during the experiment (498 vs. 309 kg/pen; SEM = 65.2) and final pen-based total liveweight (2,676 vs. 2,484 kg/pen; SEM = 65.4). Administration of mBAS to high-risk cattle decreased physiological stress markers, reduced mortality, and increased pen-based productivity during a 60-d receiving period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn T Pickett
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Reinaldo F Cooke
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Izadora S de Souza
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Shea J Mackey
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Lazurko MM, Erickson NE, Campbell JR, Gow S, Waldner CL. Vaccine use in Canadian cow-calf herds and opportunities for improvement. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1235942. [PMID: 37621868 PMCID: PMC10445165 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1235942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccinations are one of the most impactful tools available to cow-calf producers to control within herd disease and later, in feedlots. While vaccine use has been studied across Canada, inconsistent and variable regional data makes analysis and interpretation difficult. The objective of this study was to describe vaccination protocols and factors associated with vaccine use in Canadian cow-calf herds and define associations between vaccine use and productivity outcomes. Surveys describing vaccine use in 2020 were collected from 131 cow-calf herds (40 eastern, 91 western), recruited through a national beef cattle surveillance program. Ninety-two percent of cows and replacement heifers, and 72% of bulls were vaccinated with Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV), Parainfluenza3 Virus (PI3), and Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV). At least half of cows and bulls were vaccinated for clostridial pathogens and cows and heifers for viral calf scours. Clostridial vaccines were significantly more likely to be used in western Canada compared to eastern Canada. While 92% of producers vaccinated suckling calves against IBR/BRSV/PI3, only 47% provided a second vaccine prior to weaning; 78% of calves were also vaccinated at least once for BVDV before weaning. Producers who vaccinated calves against IBR/BRSV/PI3 before 3 months of age provided a second dose prior to weaning more often than producers who administer the first IBR/BRSV/PI3 vaccine later. Vaccine use has increased across Canada, particularly in calves, prior to weaning. Relative to label recommendations for annual vaccination, clostridial vaccines were generally underutilized in cows and bulls, and by producers in eastern Canada as compared to western Canada. Opportunities also exist to improve adherence to label recommendations for the booster dose of scours vaccine when used in bred replacement heifers. Protocols including product choices, the timing and boosting of respiratory vaccines in nursing calves vary widely across herds. Use of intranasal vaccines in neonatal calves less than 2 weeks old has increased in western Canada compared to previous reports. There is a need to better understand how timing of vaccination in nursing calves contributes to effectiveness, for respiratory disease in nursing and weaned calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelana M. Lazurko
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Nathan E.N. Erickson
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - John R. Campbell
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Sheryl Gow
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Cheryl L. Waldner
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Dornbach CW, Beenken-Bobb AM, Shike DW, Hansen SL, McCann JC. Effects of injectable vitamin E before or after transit on receiving phase growth performance, health, and blood parameters of beef steers. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skac333. [PMID: 36592755 PMCID: PMC9831101 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective was to determine the effects of injectable vitamin E (VE) before or after transit on feedlot cattle receiving performance, health, and blood parameters. Angus × Simmental steers (n = 196; body weight [BW] = 163 ± 29 kg) were utilized in a randomized complete block design. Steers were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: intramuscular injections of saline pre- and post-transit (CON), intramuscular injections of VE (2,000 mg d-α-tocopherol) pre-transit and saline post-transit (PRE), or intramuscular injections of saline pre-transit and VE (2,000 mg d-α-tocopherol) post-transit (POST). Pre-transit injections were administered on day 0, and steers were transported on day 7 for approximately 4 h (348 km). After arrival, steers were fed a common corn silage-based diet in GrowSafe bunks. Final BW tended to be greater (P = 0.08) for CON steers compared with POST steers while PRE steers were intermediate. From days 7 to 63, treatment affected average daily gain (ADG) with PRE and CON steers exhibiting (P = 0.04) greater ADG compared with POST steers. Dry matter intake (DMI), water intake, and gain to feed from days 7 to 63 were not affected (P ≥ 0.17) by treatment. Day 0 serum α-tocopherol concentrations were considered marginal (2.3 ± 0.2 mg/l). A treatment × day interaction (P < 0.01) was observed for serum α-tocopherol concentrations. Serum α-tocopherol concentrations were greatest for PRE steers on day 7 (prior to and post-transit), but greater for POST steers on dys 10 and 14. Plasma ferric-reducing antioxidant potential concentrations increased (P = 0.04) for POST steers compared with CON steers and PRE steers being intermediate. Plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentrations exhibited a treatment × day interaction (P = 0.04) with CON and POST steers being 16% and 14% greater than PRE steers on day 14, respectively. On day 21, NEFA concentrations were greatest for POST steers compared with PRE steers and CON steers being intermediate. There was no main effect (P ≥ 0.14) of treatment on the number of bovine respiratory disease morbidity treatments. Hair cortisol concentrations were decreased (P < 0.01) 14 days after transit for PRE and POST steers compared with CON steers. Overall, injectable VE administered before or after transit increased serum tocopherol concentrations while reducing stress, but did not improve the growth performance of beef steers during the receiving phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colten W Dornbach
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Daniel W Shike
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Stephanie L Hansen
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Joshua C McCann
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Scott MA, Woolums AR, Karisch BB, Harvey KM, Capik SF. Impact of preweaning vaccination on host gene expression and antibody titers in healthy beef calves. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1010039. [PMID: 36225796 PMCID: PMC9549141 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of preweaning vaccination for bovine respiratory viruses on cattle health and subsequent bovine respiratory disease morbidity has been widely studied yet questions remain regarding the impact of these vaccines on host response and gene expression. Six randomly selected calves were vaccinated twice preweaning (T1 and T3) with a modified live vaccine for respiratory pathogens and 6 randomly selected calves were left unvaccinated. Whole blood samples were taken at first vaccination (T1), seven days later (T2), at revaccination and castration (T3), and at weaning (T4), and utilized for RNA isolation and sequencing. Serum from T3 and T4 was analyzed for antibodies to BRSV, BVDV1a, and BHV1. Sequenced RNA for all 48 samples was bioinformatically processed with a HISAT2/StringTie pipeline, utilizing reference guided assembly with the ARS-UCD1.2 bovine genome. Differentially expressed genes were identified through analyzing the impact of time across all calves, influence of vaccination across treatment groups at each timepoint, and the interaction of time and vaccination. Calves, regardless of vaccine administration, demonstrated an increase in gene expression over time related to specialized proresolving mediator production, lipid metabolism, and stimulation of immunoregulatory T-cells. Vaccination was associated with gene expression related to natural killer cell activity and helper T-cell differentiation, enriching for an upregulation in Th17-related gene expression, and downregulated genes involved in complement system activity and coagulation mechanisms. Type-1 interferon production was unaffected by the influence of vaccination nor time. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate mechanisms of vaccination and development in healthy calves through RNA sequencing analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Scott
- Veterinary Education, Research, and Outreach Center, Texas A&M University and West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX, United States
| | - Amelia R. Woolums
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Brandi B. Karisch
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Kelsey M. Harvey
- Prairie Research Unit, Mississippi State University, Prairie, MS, United States
| | - Sarah F. Capik
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University System, Amarillo, TX, United States
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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Administering an Appeasing Substance to Improve Performance, Neuroendocrine Stress Response, and Health of Ruminants. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182432. [PMID: 36139292 PMCID: PMC9495110 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Stress is present in several management activities of beef and dairy cattle, leading to health and productive losses to the herd. Therefore, strategies are warranted to reduce any losses related to these stressful situations, and bovine appeasing substance (BAS) is arising as a potential technology in livestock production settings. Several peer-reviewed publications have evaluated BAS in different production settings, such as weaning, feedlot entry, castration, transport to the slaughterhouse, and pre-weaning dairy cattle. Altogether, performance, health, and carcass traits have been positively impacted by BAS administration, demonstrating the efficacy of this technology for ruminants. Abstract The present review demonstrates the main attributes of stress-related responses in ruminants, and the potential interaction with the immune system of the host is also presented, demonstrating that alternatives that reduce the response to stressful situations are warranted to maintain adequate health and performance of the herd. In this scenario, pheromones and their modes of action are presented, opening space to a recent technology being used for ruminants: bovine appeasing substance (BAS). This substance has been used in different species, such as swine, with positive behavioral, health, and performance results. So, its utilization in ruminants has been reported to improve performance and inflammatory-mediated responses, promoting the productivity and welfare of the livestock industry.
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Galyean ML, Duff GC, Rivera JD. Galyean Appreciation Club Review: Revisiting nutrition and health of newly received cattle - What have we learned in the last 15 years? J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6542850. [PMID: 35246687 PMCID: PMC9030209 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to review the literature related to the health and management of newly received cattle published since a previous review by Duff and Galyean (2007). Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) continues to be a major challenge for the beef industry. Depending on disease severity, animals treated for BRD have decreased performance and lowered carcass value. Diagnosis of BRD is less effective than desired, and progress on developing real-time, chute-side methods to diagnose BRD has been limited. Systems that combine lung auscultation with temperature and BW data show promise. Assessment of blood metabolites and behavior monitoring offer potential for early identification of morbid animals. Vaccination and metaphylaxis continue to be important tools for prevention and control of BRD, but antimicrobial resistance is a concern with antibiotic use. Dietary energy concentration and roughage source/level continue to be important topics. Mineral supplementation has received considerable attention, particularly the use of organic vs. inorganic sources and injectable minerals or drenches given on arrival. Use of probiotics and prebiotics for newly received cattle has shown variable results, but further research is warranted. Health and nutrition of newly received cattle will continue to be an important research area in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Galyean
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA
| | - G C Duff
- New Mexico State University, Clayton Livestock Research Center, Clayton, NM 88415 USA
| | - J D Rivera
- University of Arkansas, Southwest Research and Extension Center, Hope, AR 71801 USA
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The Bacterial and Viral Agents of BRDC: Immune Evasion and Vaccine Developments. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9040337. [PMID: 33916119 PMCID: PMC8066859 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) is a multifactorial disease of cattle which presents as bacterial and viral pneumonia. The causative agents of BRDC work in synergy to suppress the host immune response and increase the colonisation of the lower respiratory tracts by pathogenic bacteria. Environmental stress and/or viral infection predispose cattle to secondary bacterial infections via suppression of key innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. This allows bacteria to descend the respiratory tract unchallenged. BRDC is the costliest disease among feedlot cattle, and whilst vaccines exist for individual pathogens, there is still a lack of evidence for the efficacy of these vaccines and uncertainty surrounding the optimum timing of delivery. This review outlines the immunosuppressive actions of the individual pathogens involved in BRDC and highlights the key issues in the development of vaccinations against them.
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Schubach KM, Cooke RF, Daigle CL, Brandão AP, Rett B, Ferreira VSM, Scatolin GN, Colombo EA, D'Souza GM, Pohler KG, Cappellozza BI. Administering an appeasing substance to beef calves at weaning to optimize productive and health responses during a 42-d preconditioning program. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5896005. [PMID: 32827437 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment evaluated the impacts of administering a bovine appeasing substance (BAS) to beef calves at weaning on their performance, physiological responses, and behavior during a 42-d preconditioning program. Eighty calves (40 heifers and 40 steers; 90% British × 10% Nellore) were weaned at 233 ± 2 d of age (day 0); ranked by sex, weaning age, and body weight (BW); and assigned to receive BAS (IRSEA Group, Quartier Salignan, France; n = 40) or placebo (diethylene glycol monoethyl ether; CON; n = 40). Treatments (5 mL) were topically applied to the nuchal skin area of each animal following dam separation. Within treatment, calves were allocated to one of eight drylot pens (four pens per treatment; pen being the experimental unit) and received a free-choice total mixed ration (TMR) from day 0 to 42, intake of which was assessed daily. Live behavior observations were conducted on days 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32. Temperament was assessed and blood samples were collected via jugular venipuncture on days -21, 0, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 42. Hair samples were collected from the tail switch on days 0, 14, 28, and 42. Calves were vaccinated against bovine respiratory disease viruses on days -21 and 0. Average daily gain from day 0 to 42 did not differ between treatments (P = 0.57) but was greater (P = 0.05) in BAS vs. CON calves from day 0 to 28. Intake of TMR was greater (P = 0.05) during the first week for BAS vs. CON calves (treatment × week; P = 0.08). The mean proportion of calves feeding simultaneously and performance of social and play behaviors were greater (P ≤ 0.05) for BAS vs. CON calves. Escape attempts were greater (P < 0.01) for BAS vs. CON calves on day 1 (treatment × day; P = 0.03). Exit velocity was greater (P = 0.04) for CON vs. BAS calves on day 14 and tended (P = 0.10) to be greater for CON vs. BAS calves on day 7 (treatment × day; P = 0.03). Mean plasma concentrations of haptoglobin were greater (P = 0.02) in CON vs. BAS calves. Hair cortisol concentrations were greater (P = 0.05) in CON vs. BAS calves on day 14 (treatment × day; P = 0.03). Mean serum concentrations of antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus were greater (P = 0.02) in BAS vs. CON calves. Collectively, BAS administration to beef calves at weaning alleviated stress-induced physiological reactions, improved temperament evaluated via chute exit velocity, enhanced humoral immunity acquired from vaccination, and appeared to have accelerated adaptation to novel management scheme and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey M Schubach
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Prairie Research Unit, Mississippi State University, Prairie, MS
| | - Reinaldo F Cooke
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Courtney L Daigle
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Alice P Brandão
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Bruna Rett
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Vitor S M Ferreira
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo A Colombo
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | | | - Ky G Pohler
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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Erickson N, Ellis J, Waldner C, Lardner H, Gow S, Campbell J, Berenik A. Comparison of bovine viral diarrhea virus-specific antibody responses of young beef calves vaccinated with either modified live virus or inactivated virus regimens. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2020; 61:871-874. [PMID: 32741994 PMCID: PMC7350141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important pathogen causally associated with morbidity and mortality, and production losses in both suckling and weaned beef calves. Vaccination for protection against disease caused by BVDV is challenging because of the inhibitory effect of maternal antibodies; however, it is most convenient for beef producers to vaccinate calves before moving herds to summer pastures. We compared modified live and inactivated vaccines used for priming and boosting beef calves and found that neither type of vaccine results in strong antibody responses in the face of maternal antibodies. These data are generally consistent with previous studies and suggest that alternative protocols using early mucosal delivery followed by parenteral boosting should be examined to improve vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Erickson
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Erickson, Waldner, Gow, Campbell, Berenik) and Department of Veterinary Microbiology (Ellis), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4; Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan College of Agriculture and Bioresources, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8 (Lardner)
| | - John Ellis
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Erickson, Waldner, Gow, Campbell, Berenik) and Department of Veterinary Microbiology (Ellis), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4; Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan College of Agriculture and Bioresources, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8 (Lardner)
| | - Cheryl Waldner
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Erickson, Waldner, Gow, Campbell, Berenik) and Department of Veterinary Microbiology (Ellis), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4; Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan College of Agriculture and Bioresources, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8 (Lardner)
| | - Herbert Lardner
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Erickson, Waldner, Gow, Campbell, Berenik) and Department of Veterinary Microbiology (Ellis), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4; Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan College of Agriculture and Bioresources, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8 (Lardner)
| | - Sheryl Gow
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Erickson, Waldner, Gow, Campbell, Berenik) and Department of Veterinary Microbiology (Ellis), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4; Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan College of Agriculture and Bioresources, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8 (Lardner)
| | - John Campbell
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Erickson, Waldner, Gow, Campbell, Berenik) and Department of Veterinary Microbiology (Ellis), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4; Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan College of Agriculture and Bioresources, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8 (Lardner)
| | - Adam Berenik
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Erickson, Waldner, Gow, Campbell, Berenik) and Department of Veterinary Microbiology (Ellis), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4; Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan College of Agriculture and Bioresources, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8 (Lardner)
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13
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Chamorro MF, Palomares RA. Bovine Respiratory Disease Vaccination Against Viral Pathogens: Modified-Live Versus Inactivated Antigen Vaccines, Intranasal Versus Parenteral, What Is the Evidence? Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2020; 36:461-472. [PMID: 32451035 PMCID: PMC7244452 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination of cattle against viral respiratory pathogens to minimize losses associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a common practice among producers and veterinarians. Three different calf populations in which BRD is most prevalent (recently weaned beef calves, preweaning beef calves, and young dairy calves) are the principal focus of morbidity and mortality prevention through vaccination; however, the evidence of vaccination efficacy is inconsistent in the literature. This review addresses the evidence of efficacy of vaccination in the prevention or reduction of naturally occurring and experimentally induced BRD in each calf group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel F Chamorro
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Large Animal Teaching Hospital, 2020 J.T. Vaughn, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Roberto A Palomares
- Department of Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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