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Farooq U, Ahmed S, Liu G, Jiang X, Yang H, Ding J, Ali M. Biochemical properties of sheep colostrum and its potential benefits for lamb survival: a review. Anim Biotechnol 2024; 35:2320726. [PMID: 38436999 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2024.2320726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Colostrum is the initial secretion of the mammary glands following parturition, which offers main food, protection, and biological active substances for the new born. The most threatening episode of neonate's life is the initial two weeks after birth. This period is associated with high neonatal mortality and morbidity. These worthwhile losses lead to a poor prolificacy rate, low profitability, and ultimately poor performance in animal production. Hence, both diseases and mortality cause valuable losses in terms of production and economic losses. The survival of neonate is correlated with their immune status and passive immune transfer (PIT). Colostrum provides the primary source of nutrition and immunity (PIT) that protects neonates against infections. It must be given as soon as possible after birth since its immunoglobulins are absorbed within the first 16-27 hours after birth, ideally within 2-4 hours. As a result, immunoglobulin (PIT) is the most important component of distressing infectious immunity, and a passable concentration of immunoglobulin in the blood of newborn lambs is linked to their health and survival rate. In this review, we summarized the importance of colostrum in early life and its association with neonatal lamb's survival, profitability and productivity of sheep farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Farooq
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Livestock and Dairy Development Department Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Sohail Ahmed
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory of Small Ruminant Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guiqiong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory of Small Ruminant Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xunping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory of Small Ruminant Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiguo Yang
- Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumuqi, China
| | - Jianping Ding
- Anhui Anxin (Woyang) Animal Husbandry Development Co., Ltd., Bozhou, China
| | - Mehboob Ali
- State key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Daneshi M, Borowicz PP, Entzie YL, Syring JG, King LE, Safain KS, Anas M, Reynolds LP, Ward AK, Dahlen CR, Crouse MS, Caton JS. Influence of Maternal Nutrition and One-Carbon Metabolites Supplementation during Early Pregnancy on Bovine Fetal Small Intestine Vascularity and Cell Proliferation. Vet Sci 2024; 11:146. [PMID: 38668414 PMCID: PMC11054626 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11040146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects of nutrient restriction and one-carbon metabolite (OCM) supplementation (folate, vitamin B12, methionine, and choline) on fetal small intestine weight, vascularity, and cell proliferation, 29 (n = 7 ± 1 per treatment) crossbred Angus beef heifers (436 ± 42 kg) were estrous synchronized and conceived by artificial insemination with female sexed semen from a single sire. Then, they were allotted randomly to one of four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with the main factors of nutritional plane [control (CON) vs. restricted feed intake (RES)] and OCM supplementation [without OCM (-OCM) or with OCM (+OCM)]. Heifers receiving the CON level of intake were fed to target an average daily gain of 0.45 kg/day, which would allow them to reach 80% of mature BW by calving. Heifers receiving the RES level of intake were fed to lose 0.23 kg/heifer daily, which mimics observed production responses in heifers that experience a diet and environment change during early gestation. Targeted heifer gain and OCM treatments were administered from d 0 to 63 of gestation, and then all heifers were fed a common diet targeting 0.45 kg/d gain until d 161 of gestation, when heifers were slaughtered, and fetal jejunum was collected. Gain had no effect (p = 0.17) on the fetal small intestinal weight. However, OCM treatments (p = 0.02) displayed less weight compared to the -OCM groups. Capillary area density was increased in fetal jejunal villi of RES - OCM (p = 0.02). Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) positivity ratio tended to be greater (p = 0.08) in villi and was less in the crypts (p = 0.02) of the RES + OCM group. Cell proliferation decreased (p = 0.02) in villi and crypts of fetal jejunal tissue from heifers fed the RES + OCM treatment compared with all groups and CON - OCM, respectively. Spatial cell density increased in RES - OCM compared with CON + OCM (p = 0.05). Combined, these data show OCM supplementation can increase expression of VEGFR2 in jejunal villi, which will promote maintenance of the microvascular beds, while at the same time decreasing small intestine weight and crypt cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Daneshi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA; (P.P.B.); (Y.L.E.); (K.S.S.); (M.A.); (L.P.R.); (C.R.D.)
| | - Pawel P. Borowicz
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA; (P.P.B.); (Y.L.E.); (K.S.S.); (M.A.); (L.P.R.); (C.R.D.)
| | - Yssi L. Entzie
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA; (P.P.B.); (Y.L.E.); (K.S.S.); (M.A.); (L.P.R.); (C.R.D.)
| | - Jessica G. Syring
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA; (P.P.B.); (Y.L.E.); (K.S.S.); (M.A.); (L.P.R.); (C.R.D.)
| | - Layla E. King
- Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Minnesota Crookston, Crookston, MN 56716, USA;
| | - Kazi Sarjana Safain
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA; (P.P.B.); (Y.L.E.); (K.S.S.); (M.A.); (L.P.R.); (C.R.D.)
| | - Muhammad Anas
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA; (P.P.B.); (Y.L.E.); (K.S.S.); (M.A.); (L.P.R.); (C.R.D.)
| | - Lawrence P. Reynolds
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA; (P.P.B.); (Y.L.E.); (K.S.S.); (M.A.); (L.P.R.); (C.R.D.)
| | - Alison K. Ward
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada;
| | - Carl R. Dahlen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA; (P.P.B.); (Y.L.E.); (K.S.S.); (M.A.); (L.P.R.); (C.R.D.)
| | - Matthew S. Crouse
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA;
| | - Joel S. Caton
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA; (P.P.B.); (Y.L.E.); (K.S.S.); (M.A.); (L.P.R.); (C.R.D.)
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Crouse MS, Trotta RJ, Freetly HC, Lindholm-Perry AK, Neville BW, Oliver WT, Hammer CJ, Syring JG, King LE, Neville TL, Reynolds LP, Dahlen CR, Caton JS, Ward AK, Cushman RA. Disrupted one-carbon metabolism in heifers negatively affects their health and physiology. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae144. [PMID: 38770669 PMCID: PMC11176977 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the dose-dependent response of one-carbon metabolite (OCM: methionine, choline, folate, and vitamin B12) supplementation on heifer dry matter intake on fixed gain, organ mass, hematology, cytokine concentration, pancreatic and jejunal enzyme activity, and muscle hydrogen peroxide production. Angus heifers (n = 30; body weight [BW] = 392.6 ± 12.6 kg) were individually fed and assigned to one of five treatments: 0XNEG: total mixed ration (TMR) and saline injections at days 0 and 7 of the estrous cycle, 0XPOS: TMR, rumen-protected methionine (MET) fed at 0.08% of the diet dry matter, rumen-protected choline (CHOL) fed at 60 g/d, and saline injections at days 0 and 7, 0.5X: TMR, MET, CHOL, 5-mg B12, and 80-mg folate injections at days 0 and 7, 1X: TMR, MET CHOL, 10-mg vitamin B12, and 160-mg folate at days 0 and 7, and 2X: TMR, MET, CHOL, 20-mg vitamin B12, and 320-mg folate at days 0 and 7. All heifers were estrus synchronized but not bred, and blood samples were collected on days 0, 7, and at slaughter (day 14) during which tissues were collected. By design, heifer ADG did not differ (P = 0.96). Spleen weight and uterine weight were affected cubically (P = 0.03) decreasing from 0XPOS to 0.5X. Ovarian weight decreased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing folate and B12 injection. Hemoglobin and hematocrit percentage were decreased (P < 0.01) in the 0.5X treatment compared with all other treatments. Plasma glucose, histotroph protein, and pancreatic α-amylase were decreased (P ≤ 0.04) in the 0.5X treatment. Heifers on the 2X treatment had greater pancreatic α-amylase compared with 0XNEG and 0.5X treatment. Interleukin-6 in plasma tended (P = 0.08) to be greater in the 0XPOS heifers compared with all other treatments. Lastly, 0XPOS-treated heifers had reduced (P ≤ 0.07) hydrogen peroxide production in muscle compared with 0XNEG heifers. These data imply that while certain doses of OCM do not improve whole animal physiology, OCM supplementation doses that disrupt one-carbon metabolism, such as that of the 0.5X treatment, can induce a negative systemic response that results in negative effects in both the dam and the conceptus during early gestation. Therefore, it is necessary to simultaneously establish an optimal OCM dose that increases circulating concentrations for use by the dam and the conceptus, while avoiding potential negative side effects of a disruptive OCM, to evaluate the long-term impacts of OCM supplementation of offspring programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Crouse
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | - Ronald J Trotta
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Harvey C Freetly
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | | | - Bryan W Neville
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | - William T Oliver
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | - Carrie J Hammer
- Department of Animal Sciences, and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Jessica G Syring
- Department of Animal Sciences, and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Layla E King
- Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Minnesota Crookston, Crookston, MN 56716, USA
| | - Tammi L Neville
- Department of Animal Sciences, and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Lawrence P Reynolds
- Department of Animal Sciences, and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Carl R Dahlen
- Department of Animal Sciences, and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Joel S Caton
- Department of Animal Sciences, and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Alison K Ward
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5A2, Canada
| | - Robert A Cushman
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
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Trotta RJ, Swanson KC, Klotz JL, Harmon DL. Postruminal Casein Infusion and Exogenous Glucagon-Like Peptide 2 Administration Differentially Stimulate Pancreatic α-Amylase and Small Intestinal α-Glucosidase Activity in Cattle. J Nutr 2023; 153:2854-2867. [PMID: 37573014 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing luminal carbohydrate flow decreases pancreatic α-amylase activity but can increase jejunal maltase activity, suggesting that regulation of carbohydrase activity is perhaps uncoordinated in response to luminal carbohydrate flow. Increasing luminal casein flow increases pancreatic α-amylase activity in cattle, and exogenous glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) has been shown to increase small intestinal α-glucosidase activity in nonruminants. OBJECTIVES The objective was to evaluate the effects of postruminal casein infusion, exogenous GLP-2, or their combination on endogenous pancreatic and small intestinal carbohydrase activity in cattle postruminally infused with starch. METHODS Holstein steers [n = 24; 250 ± 23 kg body weight (BW)] received a continuous abomasal infusion of 3.94 g raw corn starch/kg of BW combined with either 0 or 1.30 g casein/kg of BW. Steers received subcutaneous injections in 2 equal portions daily of excipient (0.5% bovine serum albumin) or 100 μg GLP-2/kg of BW per day. At the end of the 7-d treatment period, steers were slaughtered for tissue collection. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc.). RESULTS Postruminal casein infusion increased (P ≤ 0.03) pancreatic mass by 12.6%, total pancreatic α-amylase activity by 50%, and postruminal starch disappearance from 96.7% to 99.3%. Exogenous GLP-2 increased (P < 0.01) total small intestinal and mucosal mass by 1.2 kg and 896 g, respectively. Relative to control, GLP-2 and casein + GLP-2 increased (P = 0.04) total small intestinal α-glucosidase activity by 83.5%. Total small intestinal maltase, isomaltase, and glucoamylase activity was 90%, 100%, and 66.7% greater for GLP-2 and casein + GLP-2 steers compared with control. CONCLUSIONS Casein increased pancreatic α-amylase activity, GLP-2 increased small intestinal α-glucosidase activity, and the combination of casein and GLP-2 increased both pancreatic α-amylase activity and small intestinal α-glucosidase activity. This novel approach provides an in vivo model to evaluate effects of increasing endogenous carbohydrase activity on small intestinal starch digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Trotta
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Kendall C Swanson
- Department of Animal Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - James L Klotz
- Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - David L Harmon
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.
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Tüfekci H, Sejian V. Stress Factors and Their Effects on Productivity in Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2769. [PMID: 37685033 PMCID: PMC10486368 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Products obtained from sheep have an economically important place in the world. Their adaptability to different climatic conditions, their ease of care and feeding, their high utilization of poor pasture areas with low yield and quality, the ease of flock management, their high twinning rate, and their short intergenerational period are some of the advantages of sheep production. Sheep production has the ability to adapt better to environmental stress factors, as can be understood from the presence of sheep in different geographical regions at a global level. However, the changes in environmental conditions and production cause some negative results in animals. All these negative results expose animals to various stress factors (heat, cold, transport, treatment, nutritional, shearing, weaning, etc.). All stress factors that directly and indirectly affect sheep production ultimately lead to compromised performance, decreased productivity, increased mortality, and adverse effects on the immune system. In order to cope with the current stress parameters in animals and to achieve optimum production, a holistic approach is needed according to the environmental conditions and available resources. It is important to consider the factors involved in these responses in order to manage these processes correctly and to develop adequate strategies and improve sheep welfare. This review aimed to reveal the importance of some stress factors in sheep and their effects on sheep productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hacer Tüfekci
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat 66100, Turkey
| | - Veerasamy Sejian
- Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Kurumbapet, Pondicherry 605009, India;
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Hare KS, Wood KM, Mustapha Y, Swanson KC, Steele MA. Colostrum insulin supplementation to neonatal Holstein bulls affects small intestinal histomorphology, mRNA expression, and enzymatic activity with minor influences on peripheral metabolism. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:5054-5073. [PMID: 37268570 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate how varying colostral insulin concentrations influenced small intestinal development and peripheral metabolism in neonatal Holstein bulls. Insulin was supplemented to approximately 5× (70.0 μg/L; n = 16) or 10× (149.7 μg/L; n = 16) the basal colostrum insulin (12.9 μg/L; BI, n = 16) concentration to maintain equivalent macronutrient intake (crude fat: 4.1 ± 0.06%; crude protein: 11.7 ± 0.05%; and lactose: 1.9 ± 0.01%) among treatments. Colostrum was fed at 2, 14, and 26 h postnatal and blood metabolites and insulin concentration were measured at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 360, 480, and 600 min postprandial respective to the first and second colostrum meal. At 30 h postnatal, a subset of calves (n = 8/treatment) were killed to excise the gastrointestinal and visceral tissues. Gastrointestinal and visceral gross morphology and dry matter and small intestinal histomorphology, gene expression, and carbohydrase activity were assessed. Insulin supplementation tended to linearly reduce the glucose clearance rate following the first meal, whereas after the second meal, supplementation linearly increased the rate of glucose absorption and nonesterified fatty acid clearance rate, decreased the time to maximum glucose concentrations, and decreased the time to reach minimum nonesterified fatty acid concentrations. Additionally, insulin clearance rate was linearly increased by insulin supplementation following the second colostrum feeding. However, there were no overall differences between treatments in the concentrations of glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, or insulin in plasma or serum. With respect to macroscopic intestinal development, dry rumen tissue mass linearly decreased when insulin was supplemented in colostrum, and supplementation linearly increased duodenal dry tissue density (g dry matter/cm) while tending to increase duodenal dry tissue weight. Increasing the colostrum insulin concentration improved small intestinal histomorphological development in the distal small intestine, as ileal villi height and mucosal-serosal surface area index were increased by supplementing insulin. Lactase enzymatic activity linearly increased in the proximal jejunum while ileal isomaltase activity linearly decreased with insulin supplementation. These data indicate that changes in colostrum insulin concentrations rapidly affect gastrointestinal growth prioritization and carbohydrase activity. The changes in gastrointestinal ontology result in minor changes in postprandial metabolite availability and clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Hare
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, Ontario Agricultural College University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 1Y2
| | - K M Wood
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, Ontario Agricultural College University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 1Y2
| | - Y Mustapha
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
| | - K C Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
| | - M A Steele
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, Ontario Agricultural College University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 1Y2.
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Trotta RJ, Vasquez-Hidalgo MA, Smith BI, Reed SA, Govoni KE, Vonnahme KA, Swanson KC. Timing of maternal nutrient restriction during mid- to late-gestation influences net umbilical uptake of glucose and amino acids in adolescent sheep. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad383. [PMID: 37982730 PMCID: PMC10684045 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research demonstrated that maternal nutrient restriction during mid- to late-gestation influenced net umbilical uptakes of glucose and amino acids in sheep. However, it is unclear how the timing and duration of nutrient restriction during mid- to late-gestation influences net uterine, uteroplacental, and fetal flux of glucose and amino acids. On day 50 of gestation, 41 adolescent ewe lambs carrying singletons were randomly assigned to one of six dietary treatments: 1) 100% of nutrient requirements from days 50 to 90 of gestation (CON; n = 7); 2) 60% of nutrient requirements (RES; n = 7) from days 50 to 90 of gestation; 3) 100% of nutrient requirements from days 50 to 130 of gestation (CON-CON; n = 6); 4) 100% of nutrient requirements from days 50 to 90 of gestation and 60% of nutrient requirements from days 90 to 130 of gestation (CON-RES; n = 7); 5) 60% of nutrient requirements from days 50 to 90 of gestation and 100% of nutrient requirements from days 90 to 130 of gestation (RES-CON; n = 7); or 6) 60% of nutrient requirements from days 50 to 130 of gestation (RES-RES; n = 7). On day 90 (n = 14) and day 130 (n = 27), intraoperative procedures were performed to evaluate uteroplacental blood flows, collect blood samples, and then ewes were euthanized. Net uterine, uteroplacental, and umbilical fluxes of glucose and amino acids were calculated by multiplying blood flow by the arterial-venous concentration difference. Data from days 90 and 130 were analyzed separately using ANOVA in SAS. Maternal nutrient restriction during mid-gestation increased (P = 0.04) net umbilical glucose uptake but, maternal nutrient restriction during late-gestation decreased (P = 0.02) net umbilical glucose uptake. Net umbilical essential amino acid uptake decreased (P = 0.03) with nutrient restriction during mid-gestation; however, net umbilical uptakes of Phe (P = 0.02), Thr (P = 0.05), Met (P = 0.09), and His (P = 0.08) increased or tended to increase after nutrient restriction during late-gestation. These data demonstrate that net umbilical glucose and amino acid uptakes were influenced by the timing of nutrient restriction during mid- to late-gestation. Elevated net umbilical glucose uptake after mid-gestational nutrient restriction was sustained throughout late-gestation, independent of late-gestational feeding level. Long-term adaptations in umbilical glucose uptake may have implications for prenatal and postnatal growth and development of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Trotta
- Department of Animal Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | | | - Brandon I Smith
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Sarah A Reed
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Kristen E Govoni
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Kimberly A Vonnahme
- Department of Animal Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Kendall C Swanson
- Department of Animal Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
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Smith BI, Liefeld A, Vásquez-Hidalgo MA, Vonnahme KA, Grazul-Bilska AT, Swanson KC, Mishra N, Reed SA, Zinn SA, Govoni KE. Mid- to late- gestational maternal nutrient restriction followed by realimentation alters development and lipid composition of liver and skeletal muscles in ovine fetuses. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6404494. [PMID: 34668541 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal nutrient restriction during gestation adversely affects offspring growth and development of liver and skeletal muscle tissues. Realimentation following nutrient restriction may alleviate these negative impacts on development but may alter metabolism and tissue composition. Forty-eight ewes, pregnant with singletons, were fed to meet 100% National Research Council (NRC) recommendations starting at the beginning of gestation. On d 50 of gestation, 7 ewes were euthanized (BASE), and fetal liver, skeletal muscles, and blood samples were collected. The remaining animals were fed either 100% of NRC recommendations (CON) or 60% NRC recommendations (RES), a subset were euthanized at d 90 of gestation (n = 7/treatment), and fetal samples were collected. Remaining ewes were maintained on the current diet (CON-CON, n = 6; RES-RES, n = 7) or switched to the alternate diet (CON-RES, RES-CON; n = 7/treatment). On d 130 of gestation, the remaining ewes were euthanized, and fetal samples were collected. At d 130 of gestation, maternal nutrient restriction during late-gestation (RES-RES and CON-RES) decreased fetal liver weight (P < 0.01) and cross-sectional area in triceps brachii (P = 0.01; TB), longissimus dorsi (P = 0.02; LM), and semitendinosus (P = 0.05; STN) muscles. Maternal nutrient restriction during mid-gestation increased hepatocyte vacuole size at d 130 of gestation. Late-gestational maternal nutrient restriction increased mRNA expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-1 (P < 0.01), glycogen synthase 2 (P = 0.01; GYS2), and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (P < 0.01; PDHK1) in the liver and IGF receptor 1 (P = 0.05) in the LM. Lipid concentration in the LM was decreased by late-gestational nutrient restriction (P = 0.01) and increased by mid-gestational nutrient restriction in STN (P = 0.03) and TB (P < 0.01). Principal component analysis of lipidomics data demonstrated clustering of principal components by day of gestation and elastic net regression identified 50, 44, and 29 lipids that classified the treatments in the fetal liver, LM, and blood, respectively. In conclusion, restricting maternal nutrition impacts fetal liver and muscle morphology, gene expression, and lipid metabolism, whereas realimentation attenuated some of these effects. Therefore, realimentation may be a viable strategy to reduce the impacts of nutrient restriction, but can lead to alterations in lipid metabolism in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon I Smith
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Amanda Liefeld
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | | | - Kimberly A Vonnahme
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | | | - Kendall C Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Neha Mishra
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Sarah A Reed
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Steven A Zinn
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Kristen E Govoni
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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Trotta RJ, Swanson KC. Prenatal and Postnatal Nutrition Influence Pancreatic and Intestinal Carbohydrase Activities of Ruminants. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:171. [PMID: 33450809 PMCID: PMC7828265 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In ruminant livestock species, nutrition can play an important role in the long-term programming of gastrointestinal function. Pancreatic and small intestinal digestive enzymes are important for postruminal digestion of carbohydrates and protein. Carbohydrases have been shown to respond to changes in the level of feed intake and the dietary inclusion of specific nutrients, including arginine, butyrate, folic acid, fructose, and leucine. Understanding how diet influences enzyme development and activity during prenatal and postnatal life could lead to the development of dietary strategies to optimize offspring growth and development to increase digestive efficiency of ruminant livestock species. More research is needed to understand how changes in fetal or neonatal carbohydrase activities in response to nutrition influence long-term growth performance and efficiency in ruminant livestock species to optimize nutritional strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J. Trotta
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA;
| | - Kendall C. Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
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Trotta RJ, Lemley CO, Vonnahme KA, Swanson KC. Effects of nutrient restriction and melatonin supplementation from mid-to-late gestation on maternal and fetal small intestinal carbohydrase activities in sheep. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2021; 74:106555. [PMID: 32947201 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of nutrient restriction and melatonin supplementation during mid-to-late gestation on maternal and fetal small intestinal carbohydrase activities in sheep. Ewes were randomly assigned to one of 4 dietary treatments arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Ewes were fed to provide 100% (adequate; ADQ) or 60% (restricted; RES) of nutrient recommendations, and diets were supplemented with either no melatonin (control; CON) or 5 mg melatonin/d (melatonin; MEL). This resulted in 4 treatment groups: CON-ADQ (n = 7), CON-RES (n = 8), MEL-ADQ (n = 8), MEL-RES (n = 8). Treatments began on day 50 of gestation, and ewes were euthanized on day 130 for tissue collection. The maternal and fetal small intestine were collected and assayed for small intestinal carbohydrase activities. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS with fetal sex, melatonin, nutrition, and the melatonin by nutrition interaction included in the model statement. There were no melatonin by nutrition interactions for maternal or fetal small intestinal protein concentration or carbohydrase activities (P ≥ 0.11). Dietary melatonin supplementation decreased (P = 0.03) maternal small intestinal protein concentration by 22.7% and increased (P = 0.03) maternal small intestinal glucoamylase, isomaltase, and maltase activity per gram protein by 45.5%, 41.3%, and 40.6%, respectively. Nutrient restriction from mid-to-late gestation did not influence (P ≥ 0.46) maternal small intestinal protein concentration, or maltase, isomaltase, and lactase activity. Maternal glucoamylase activity per gram intestine increased (P = 0.05) with nutrient restriction by 49.1%. Melatonin supplementation and maternal nutrient restriction did not influence (P ≥ 0.15) fetal small intestinal protein concentration, or glucoamylase, isomaltase, and lactase activity. Maternal nutrient restriction from mid-to-late gestation decreased (P = 0.05) fetal maltase activity per gram intestine by 20.5% but did not influence fetal maltase activity per gram protein. These data indicate that some maternal and fetal carbohydrases are influenced by nutrient restriction and melatonin supplementation in sheep. More information is needed to understand how nutritional and hormonal factors regulate digestive enzyme activity in ruminants to design improved maternal nutrition programs to optimize fetal growth and development while maintaining maternal productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Trotta
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - C O Lemley
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - K A Vonnahme
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - K C Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
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Li Z, Wang B, Li H, Jian L, Luo H, Wang B, Zhang C, Zhao X, Xue Y, Peng S, Zuo S. Maternal Folic Acid Supplementation Differently Affects the Small Intestinal Phenotype and Gene Expression of Newborn Lambs from Differing Litter Sizes. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E2183. [PMID: 33266421 PMCID: PMC7700240 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of maternal dietary folic acid (FA) supplementation during gestation on small intestinal development of newborn lambs of different litter sizes, focusing on the intestinal morphology and development-, apoptosis- and digestion-related genes expression. One hundred and twenty Hu ewes (Ovis aries) were inseminated and randomly allotted to three groups. One group received a control diet [without FA supplementation, control (CON)] and the other two groups received control diets supplemented with different amount of FA [16 or 32 mg FA per kg dry matter (DM), i.e., F16 and F32] during pregnancy. After lambing, according to the dietary FA levels and litter size (twins, TW; triplets, TR), the neonatal lambs were divided into 6 (TW-CON, TW-F16, TW-F32, TR-CON, TR-F16, TR-F32) treatment groups. The results showed that the ratio of small intestinal weight to live body weight and the thickness of the intestinal muscle layer in the offspring was enhanced significantly with increasing maternal FA supplementation (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the expression levels of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) and sodium/glucose co-transporter-1 (SGLT1) in the small intestines of the newborn lambs were increased, while the opposite was true for Bcl2-associated × (BAX) in response to FA supplementation (p < 0.05). Moreover, the small intestinal weights of twins were significantly higher than those of triplets (p < 0.01), and the expression levels of IGF-I (p < 0.05), sucrase-isomaltase (SI) (p < 0.05) and solute carrier family 2 member 5 (SLC2A5) (p < 0.01) were significantly lower than those in triplets. These findings suggest that maternal FA supplementation could improve the offspring's small intestinal phenotype and the expression of development-, apoptosis- and digestion-related genes, so it could promote the small intestinal development of newborn lambs. Furthermore, the small intestine phenotypic development of twins was generally better than that of triplets, while the expression levels of the above genes of twins were lower than those of triplets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hailing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.L.); (B.W.); (H.L.); (L.J.); (B.W.); (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.X.); (S.P.); (S.Z.)
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Trotta RJ, Keomanivong FE, Peine JL, Caton JS, Swanson KC. Influence of maternal nutrient restriction and rumen-protected arginine supplementation on post-ruminal digestive enzyme activity of lamb offspring. Livest Sci 2020; 241. [PMID: 33282005 DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To determine the influence of maternal nutrient restriction and rumen-protected arginine supplementation on post-ruminal digestive enzyme activity in lambs, 31 multiparous, Rambouillet ewes were allocated to one of three dietary treatments at 54 d of gestation. Dietary treatments were 100% of nutrient requirements (control, CON; n = 11), 60% of control (restricted, RES; n = 10), or RES plus 180 mg rumen-protected arginine•kg BW-1•d-1 (RES-ARG; n = 10). Immediately after parturition, lambs were removed from dams and reared independently. Milk-replacer and alfalfa hay + creep feed were offered for ad libitum intake. At day 54 of age, lambs were slaughtered and the pancreas and small intestine were collected. Pancreatic (α-amylase and trypsin) and jejunal (maltase, glucoamylase, sucrase, isomaltase, and lactase) digestive enzyme activities were assayed. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS for effects of treatment. Contrast statements were used to determine differences between means for effects of restriction (CON vs. RES and RES-ARG) and rumen-protected arginine supplementation (RES vs. RES-ARG). There was no influence (P ≥ 0.15) of maternal nutrient restriction or rumen-protected arginine supplementation on pancreatic or jejunal protein concentrations. No treatment effects were observed (P ≥ 0.12) for enzymes involved in starch digestion including pancreatic α-amylase and jejunal maltase, glucoamylase, and isomaltase. Sucrase activity was undetected in the jejunum of lambs across all treatments. Maternal nutrient restriction tended to increase (P = 0.08) pancreatic trypsin activity per gram protein in lambs. Lactase activity per gram protein in the jejunum of lambs tended to decrease (P = 0.09) with maternal nutrient restriction. Rumen-protected arginine supplementation to gestating ewes did not influence (P ≥ 0.19) digestive enzyme activities of lamb offspring. These data suggest that maternal nutrient restriction and rumen-protected arginine supplementation have minimal effects on digestive enzyme activity in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Trotta
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108 USA
| | - Faithe E Keomanivong
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108 USA
| | - Jena L Peine
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108 USA
| | - Joel S Caton
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108 USA
| | - Kendall C Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108 USA
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Trotta RJ, Ward AK, Swanson KC. Influence of dietary fructose supplementation on visceral organ mass, carbohydrase activity, and mRNA expression of genes involved in small intestinal carbohydrate assimilation in neonatal calves. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:10060-10073. [PMID: 32921447 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis of this experiment was that dietary fructose would influence visceral organ mass, carbohydrase activity, and mRNA expression of carbohydrases and nutrient transporters in the small intestine in neonatal calves. Therefore, our objective was to use the neonatal calf as a model to evaluate the effects of postruminal fructose supply on small intestinal carbohydrate assimilation. Ten calves (<7 d of age; 41.2 ± 1.46 kg of body weight) were fed milk replacer at 2.0% of body weight daily (816 ± 90.5 g/d; 272 ± 30.1 g/L; dry-matter basis) in 2 equal portions and assigned to the following dietary treatment groups: (1) milk replacer (control; n = 6) or (2) milk replacer + 2.2 g of fructose/kg of body weight (fructose; n = 4). Calves were fed dietary treatments for 28 d, with jugular blood sampled every 7 d before and after the morning feeding. Calves were slaughtered, and visceral weights were recorded. Postruminal carbohydrase activities were assayed. Quantitative real-time PCR was conducted for small intestinal mRNA expression of nutrient transporters [solute carrier family 2 member 5 (GLUT5), solute carrier family 2 member 2 (GLUT2), and solute carrier family 5 member 1 (SGLT1)], carbohydrases (lactase, maltase-glucoamylase, and sucrase-isomaltase), and ketohexokinase (KHK). Data were analyzed using MIXED procedures in SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC). Dietary fructose supplementation decreased serum glucose concentration. Small intestinal mass was greater in calves supplemented with fructose. Dietary fructose supplementation did not influence pancreatic α-amylase, small intestinal isomaltase, or maltase activities. Sucrase activity was undetected in the small intestine. Dietary fructose supplementation increased small intestinal glucoamylase activity per gram of tissue by 30% and increased maltase-glucoamylase mRNA expression by 6.8-fold. Dietary fructose supplementation did not influence mRNA expression of GLUT5, SGLT1, GLUT2, or KHK. Dietary fructose supplementation increased small intestinal lactase mRNA expression by 3.1-fold. Sucrase-isomaltase mRNA expression in the small intestine decreased 5.1-fold with dietary fructose supplementation. Dietary fructose supplementation does not induce sucrase activity in neonatal calves; however, sucrase-isomaltase may be transcriptionally regulated by dietary fructose in neonatal calves. More research is needed to compare glucose and fructose at isocaloric intakes to examine effects of dietary fructose at equal metabolizable energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Trotta
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - Alison K Ward
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - Kendall C Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108.
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