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Tinto F, Villano R, Kostrzewa M, Ligresti A, Straker H, Manzo E. Synthesis of the Major Mammalian Metabolites of THCV. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:2060-2065. [PMID: 32649196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A simple synthesis of the major oxidized metabolites in mammalian tissues of (-)-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) (1) has been accomplished by kinetic studies of allylic oxidation using SeO2 on botanically derived THCV with the aim to yield primary and secondary allylic alcohols concurrently. This synthetic approach led to the preparation of numerous THCV derivatives, including two new compounds, 8α-hydroxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (2) and 8β-hydroxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (3), and the known compounds 11-hydroxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (4) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin-11-oic acid (5), without affecting the C-10a stereogenic center in the natural precursor and without formation of tricyclic dibenzopyran derivatives. This simple synthetic methodology could be useful to investigate the pharmacological role of THCV metabolites at, among others, the endocannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors for which THCV reportedly acts as respectively a neutral antagonist and partial agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Tinto
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli (NA) 80078, Italy
| | - Rosaria Villano
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli (NA) 80078, Italy
| | - Magdalena Kostrzewa
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli (NA) 80078, Italy
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, National Research Council of Italy, Naples 80078, Italy
| | - Alessia Ligresti
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli (NA) 80078, Italy
| | - Hannah Straker
- GW Pharmaceuticals, Kent Science Park, Sittingbourne, Kent, ME9 8AG, United Kingdom
| | - Emiliano Manzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli (NA) 80078, Italy
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Janssens A, Silvestri C, Martella A, Vanoevelen JM, Di Marzo V, Voets T. Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabivarin impairs epithelial calcium transport through inhibition of TRPV5 and TRPV6. Pharmacol Res 2018; 136:83-89. [PMID: 30170189 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Compounds extracted from the cannabis plant, including the psychoactive Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and related phytocannabinoids, evoke multiple diverse biological actions as ligands of the G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2. In addition, there is increasing evidence that phytocannabinoids also have non-CB targets, including several ion channels of the transient receptor potential superfamily. We investigated the effects of six non-THC phytocannabinoids on the epithelial calcium channels TRPV5 and TRPV6, and found that one of them, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), exerted a strong and concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on mammalian TRPV5 and TRPV6 and on the single zebrafish orthologue drTRPV5/6. Moreover, THCV attenuated the drTRPV5/6-dependent ossification in zebrafish embryos in vivo. Oppositely, 11-hydroxy-THCV (THCV-OH), a product of THCV metabolism in mammals, stimulated drTRPV5/6-mediated Ca2+ uptake and ossification. These results identify the epithelial calcium channels TRPV5 and TRPV6 as novel targets of phytocannabinoids, and suggest that THCV-containing products may modulate TRPV5- and TRPV6-dependent epithelial calcium transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Janssens
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cristoforo Silvestri
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, C.N.R., Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Martella
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, C.N.R., Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Jo M Vanoevelen
- Department of Genetics & Cell Biology, Section Clinical Genetics & GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, C.N.R., Pozzuoli, Italy; Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Thomas Voets
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Swortwood MJ, Newmeyer MN, Andersson M, Abulseoud OA, Scheidweiler KB, Huestis MA. Cannabinoid disposition in oral fluid after controlled smoked, vaporized, and oral cannabis administration. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:905-915. [PMID: 27647820 PMCID: PMC5357602 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Oral fluid (OF) is an important matrix for monitoring drugs. Smoking cannabis is common, but vaporization and edible consumption also are popular. OF pharmacokinetics are available for controlled smoked cannabis, but few data exist for vaporized and oral routes. Frequent and occasional cannabis smokers were recruited as participants for four dosing sessions including one active (6.9% Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol, THC) or placebo cannabis-containing brownie, followed by one active or placebo cigarette, or one active or placebo vaporized cannabis dose. Only one active dose was administered per session. OF was collected before and up to 54 (occasional) or 72 (frequent) h after dosing from cannabis smokers. THC, 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC), 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabigerol (CBG) were quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. OF cannabinoid Cmax occurred during or immediately after cannabis consumption due to oral mucosa contamination. Significantly greater THC Cmax and significantly later THCV, CBD, and CBG tlast were observed after smoked and vaporized cannabis compared to oral cannabis in frequent smokers only. No significant differences in THC, 11-OH-THC, THCV, CBD, or CBG tmax between routes were observed for either group. For occasional smokers, more 11-OH-THC and THCCOOH-positive specimens were observed after oral dosing than after inhaled routes, increasing % positive cannabinoid results and widening metabolite detection windows after oral cannabis consumption. Utilizing 0.3 µg/L THCV and CBG cut-offs resulted in detection windows indicative of recent cannabis intake. OF pharmacokinetics after high potency CBD cannabis are not yet available precluding its use currently as a marker of recent use. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine J. Swortwood
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Matthew N. Newmeyer
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
- Program in Toxicology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD
| | - Maria Andersson
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Osama A. Abulseoud
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Karl B. Scheidweiler
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
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Newmeyer MN, Swortwood MJ, Andersson M, Abulseoud OA, Scheidweiler KB, Huestis MA. Cannabis Edibles: Blood and Oral Fluid Cannabinoid Pharmacokinetics and Evaluation of Oral Fluid Screening Devices for Predicting Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Blood and Oral Fluid following Cannabis Brownie Administration. Clin Chem 2017; 63:647-662. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.265371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Roadside oral fluid (OF) Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) detection indicates recent cannabis intake. OF and blood THC pharmacokinetic data are limited and there are no on-site OF screening performance evaluations after controlled edible cannabis.
CONTENT
We reviewed OF and blood cannabinoid pharmacokinetics and performance evaluations of the Draeger DrugTest®5000 (DT5000) and Alere™ DDS®2 (DDS2) on-site OF screening devices. We also present data from a controlled oral cannabis administration session.
SUMMARY
OF THC maximum concentrations (Cmax) were similar in frequent as compared to occasional smokers, while blood THC Cmax were higher in frequent [mean (range) 17.7 (8.0–36.1) μg/L] smokers compared to occasional [8.2 (3.2–14.3) μg/L] smokers. Minor cannabinoids Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin and cannabigerol were never detected in blood, and not in OF by 5 or 8 h, respectively, with 0.3 μg/L cutoffs. Recommended performance (analytical sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency) criteria for screening devices of ≥80% are difficult to meet when maximizing true positive (TP) results with confirmation cutoffs below the screening cutoff. TPs were greatest with OF confirmation cutoffs of THC ≥1 and ≥2 μg/L, but analytical sensitivities were <80% due to false negative tests arising from confirmation cutoffs below the DT5000 and DDS2 screening cutoffs; all criteria were >80% with an OF THC ≥5 μg/L cutoff. Performance criteria also were >80% with a blood THC ≥5 μg/L confirmation cutoff; however, positive OF screening results might not confirm due to the time required to collect blood after a crash or police stop. OF confirmation is recommended for roadside OF screening.
ClinicalTrials.gov identification number: NCT02177513
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Newmeyer
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD
- Program in Toxicology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD
| | - Madeleine J Swortwood
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Forensic Science, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX
| | - Maria Andersson
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Osama A Abulseoud
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD
| | - Karl B Scheidweiler
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD
| | - Marilyn A Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Newmeyer MN, Swortwood MJ, Barnes AJ, Abulseoud OA, Scheidweiler KB, Huestis MA. Free and Glucuronide Whole Blood Cannabinoids' Pharmacokinetics after Controlled Smoked, Vaporized, and Oral Cannabis Administration in Frequent and Occasional Cannabis Users: Identification of Recent Cannabis Intake. Clin Chem 2016; 62:1579-1592. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.263475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
There is increasing interest in markers of recent cannabis use because following frequent cannabis intake, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) may be detected in blood for up to 30 days. The minor cannabinoids cannabidiol, cannabinol (CBN), and THC-glucuronide were previously detected for ≤2.1 h in frequent and occasional smokers' blood after cannabis smoking. Cannabigerol (CBG), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THCV might also be recent use markers, but their blood pharmacokinetics have not been investigated. Additionally, while smoking is the most common administration route, vaporization and edibles are frequently used.
METHODS
We characterized blood pharmacokinetics of THC, its phase I and phase II glucuronide metabolites, and minor cannabinoids in occasional and frequent cannabis smokers for 54 (occasional) and 72 (frequent) hours after controlled smoked, vaporized, and oral cannabis administration.
RESULTS
Few differences were observed between smoked and vaporized blood cannabinoid pharmacokinetics, while significantly greater 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH) and THCCOOH-glucuronide concentrations occurred following oral cannabis. CBG and CBN were frequently identified after inhalation routes with short detection windows, but not detected following oral dosing. Implementation of a combined THC ≥5 μg/L plus THCCOOH/11-hydroxy-THC ratio <20 cutoff produced detection windows <8 h after all routes for frequent smokers; no occasional smoker was positive 1.5 h or 12 h following inhaled or oral cannabis, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
Vaporization and smoking provide comparable cannabinoid delivery. CBG and CBN are recent-use cannabis markers after cannabis inhalation, but their absence does not exclude recent use. Multiple, complimentary criteria should be implemented in conjunction with impairment observations to improve interpretation of cannabinoid tests. Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02177513
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Newmeyer
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
- Program in Toxicology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD
| | - Madeleine J Swortwood
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Allan J Barnes
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Osama A Abulseoud
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Karl B Scheidweiler
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Marilyn A Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Thieme D, Sachs H, Uhl M. Proof of cannabis administration by sensitive detection of 11-nor-Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid in hair using selective methylation and application of liquid chromatography- tandem and multistage mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2013; 6:112-8. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Detlef Thieme
- Institute of Doping Analysis; Dresdner str. 12 01731 Kreischa Germany
| | - Hans Sachs
- Forensic Toxicological Center; Bayerstr. 53 80335 Munich Germany
| | - Michael Uhl
- Bavarian State Criminal Police Office; Maillingerstr. 15 80636 Munich Germany
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Levin FR, Mariani JJ, Brooks DJ, Xie S, Murray KA. Delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin testing may not have the sensitivity to detect marijuana use among individuals ingesting dronabinol. Drug Alcohol Depend 2010; 106:65-8. [PMID: 19733018 PMCID: PMC2815025 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), a plant cannabinoid, is a sensitive measure to detect recent marijuana use in cannabis dependent patients. It has been purported that smoking an illicit plant cannabis product will result in a positive THCV urinalysis, whereas the oral ingestion of therapeutic THC such as dronabinol will result in a negative THCV urinalysis, allowing for discrimination between pharmaceutical THC products and illicit marijuana products. In a double-blind placebo-controlled trial to determine the efficacy of dronabinol in cannabis dependence, all 117 patients produced a positive urine for the marijuana metabolite 11-nor-Delta(9)-THC-9-carboxylic acid; THC-COOH, but 50% had an undetectable (<1 ng/ml) THCV-COOH test. This suggests that THCV may not be a sensitive enough measure to detect recent marijuana use in all heavy marijuana users or that its absence may not discriminate between illicit marijuana use and oral ingestion of THC products such as dronabinol. We propose that the lack of THCV detection may be due to the variability of available cannabis strains smoked by marijuana users in community settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances R Levin
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Division on Substance Abuse, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 120, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Budney AJ, Vandrey RG, Hughes JR, Moore BA, Bahrenburg B. Oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol suppresses cannabis withdrawal symptoms. Drug Alcohol Depend 2007; 86:22-9. [PMID: 16769180 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Revised: 04/21/2006] [Accepted: 04/21/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study assessed whether oral administration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannbinol (THC) effectively suppressed cannabis withdrawal in an outpatient environment. The primary aims were to establish the pharmacological specificity of the withdrawal syndrome and to obtain information relevant to determining the potential use of THC to assist in the treatment of cannabis dependence. METHOD Eight adult, daily cannabis users who were not seeking treatment participated in a 40-day, within-subject ABACAD study. Participants administered daily doses of placebo, 30 mg (10 mg/tid), or 90 mg (30 mg/tid) oral THC during three, 5-day periods of abstinence from cannabis use separated by 7-9 periods of smoking cannabis as usual. RESULTS Comparison of withdrawal symptoms across conditions indicated that (1) the lower dose of THC reduced withdrawal discomfort, and (2) the higher dose produced additional suppression in withdrawal symptoms such that symptom ratings did not differ from the smoking-as-usual conditions. Minimal adverse effects were associated with either active dose of THC. CONCLUSIONS This demonstration of dose-responsivity replicates and extends prior findings of the pharmacological specificity of the cannabis withdrawal syndrome. The efficacy of these doses for suppressing cannabis withdrawal suggests oral THC might be used as an intervention to aid cannabis cessation attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Budney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Brettell
- Forensic Science Laboratory Bureau, New Jersey State Police, Box 7068, West Trenton, New Jersey 08628-0068, USA
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Feng S, ElSohly MA. Synthesis of (�)-6,6-[2H6]dimethyl-11-nor-?9-tetrahydrocannabivarin-9-carboxylic acid. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Current awareness in phytochemical analysis. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2002; 13:55-62. [PMID: 11899608 DOI: 10.1002/pca.617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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