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Sun N, Chao J, Liu X, Li H, Jia D, Zhang D, Xie L, Zhou Y, Lang W, Shui Y, Zhu Q. Determination of Methamphetamine by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography in Odor-Adsorbent Material Used for Training Drug-Detection Animals. Molecules 2024; 29:1091. [PMID: 38474600 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present report was to develop and validate a simple, sensitive, and selective analytical method for the determination of methamphetamine in an odor-adsorbent material (gauze) which was used to improve and standardize the training method used for drug-detection animals. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed using a Spherisorb ODS2 C18 column (200 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm), with a mobile phase consisting of a 0.25% methanol/triethylamine aqueous solution (V:V = 20:80), the pH of which was adjusted to 3.1 using glacial acetic acid, at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The column temperature was 25 °C, and the detection of the analytes was performed at a wavelength of 260 nm. Methamphetamine showed good linearity (R2 = 0.9999) in the range of 4.2~83.2 mg/mL. The stability of the test material was good over 24 h. The precision of the method was good, with an average spiked recovery of 86.2% and an RSD of 2.9%. The methamphetamine content in the gauze sample was determined to be 7.8 ± 2.2 μg/sample. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was optimized and validated for the determination of methamphetamine in adsorbent materials (gauze). Validation data in terms of specificity, linearity, the limit of detection and the limit of quantification, reproducibility, precision, stability, and recovery indicated that the method is suitable for the routine analysis of methamphetamine in adsorbent materials (gauze) and provided a basis for training drug-detection animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Sun
- Police Dog Technical College, Criminal Investigation Police University of China, Shenyang 110048, China
| | - Jingjing Chao
- Police Dog Technical College, Criminal Investigation Police University of China, Shenyang 110048, China
| | - Xiaochang Liu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavioral Cognition, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Hao Li
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavioral Cognition, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Dongshun Jia
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavioral Cognition, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Dajun Zhang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavioral Cognition, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Liuwei Xie
- Police Dog Technical College, Criminal Investigation Police University of China, Shenyang 110048, China
| | - Yuanting Zhou
- Police Dog Technical College, Criminal Investigation Police University of China, Shenyang 110048, China
- Police Dog Team, Criminal Investigation Corps, Shanghai Public Security Bureau, Shanghai 201799, China
| | - Wenxuan Lang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavioral Cognition, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Yingyi Shui
- Information Network Security College, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Qiwen Zhu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavioral Cognition, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China
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2
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Avram M, Bodinger CA, Clark MA, Stuckey DG, Mathews SE, Stogsdill SN, Barna EC, Williams DK, McGill M, Fantegrossi WE, Liebelt EL, James LP, Endres GW, Moran JH. Hands-Free Analytical Urine Testing Technology Validated for Drug-Facilitated Crime Investigations. Chem Res Toxicol 2023. [PMID: 37703190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Forensic laboratories need quick and simple technology to improve turnaround times, while delivering reliable results. The goal of this study is first to create a simplified workflow to meet new Academy Standards Board requirements for urine testing in drug-facilitated crime investigations and, second, to create "ready-to-go", "hands-free" testing technology to further streamline analytical procedures. A first of its kind, the ToxBox forensic test kit is used to validate a single analytical procedure for opioids, benzodiazepines, cannabinoids, antidepressants, and several other drug classes. Method performance indicators follow accreditation requirements and include accuracy, precision, measurement uncertainty, calibration models, reportable range, sensitivity, specificity, carryover, interference, ion suppression/enhancement, and analyte stability. "Hands-free" testing platforms require the use of new suspended-state technology to stabilize NIST-traceable standards premanufactured at precise concentrations in the presence of sample preparation reagents. By suspending all reaction components in the solid state, with air gaps between the phases, reference standards and process controls are built in a "ready-to-go" format and stabilized for long-term storage in the presence of a sample matrix, β-d-glucuronidase, and enzymatic buffers. "Hands-free" test kits are removed from storage, incubated at either ambient temperature or 60 °C, and assayed using validated methods. This is the first example of how complex forensic testing workflows can be streamlined with new "hands-free" testing strategies to meet analytical challenges associated with quantitative and confirmatory analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Avram
- PinPoint Testing, LLC, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, United States
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
| | | | - Madeline A Clark
- PinPoint Testing, LLC, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, United States
| | - Daniel G Stuckey
- PinPoint Testing, LLC, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, United States
| | - Samuel E Mathews
- PinPoint Testing, LLC, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, United States
| | | | - Elyse C Barna
- PinPoint Testing, LLC, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, United States
| | - David K Williams
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
| | - Mitchell McGill
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
| | - William E Fantegrossi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
| | - Erica L Liebelt
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Emergency Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
| | - Laura P James
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Emergency Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
| | - Gregory W Endres
- PinPoint Testing, LLC, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, United States
| | - Jeffery H Moran
- PinPoint Testing, LLC, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, United States
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
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Kosurkar UB, Mamilla J, Dadmal TL, Choudante PC, Mali SN, Misra S, Kumbhare RM. Synthesis of Novel Thiazolidine-4-One Derivatives, Their Cytotoxicity, Antifungal Properties, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162023020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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4
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Kosurkar UB, Pamanji R, Janardhan S, Nanubolu J, Dadmal TL, Mali SN, Kumbhare RM. Synthesis, Structure, Bioactivity and Computational Avenue to Identify Structural Requirements of Novel 2-Imino-4-thiazolidinones as Anti-Tumour Agents. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162023010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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5
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Current and Future Perspective of Devices and Diagnostics for Opioid and OIRD. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040743. [PMID: 35453493 PMCID: PMC9030757 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OIRD (opioid-induced respiratory depression) remains a significant public health concern due to clinically indicated and illicit opioid use. Respiratory depression is the sine qua non of opioid toxicity, and early detection is critical for reversal using pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions. In addition to respiratory monitoring devices such as pulse oximetry, capnography, and contactless monitoring systems, novel implantable sensors and detection systems such as optical detection and electrochemical detection techniques are being developed to identify the presence of opioids both in vivo and within the environment. These new technologies will not only monitor for signs and symptoms of OIRD but also serve as a mechanism to alert and assist first responders and lay rescuers. The current opioid epidemic brings to the forefront the need for additional accessible means of detection and diagnosis. Rigorous evaluation of safety, efficacy, and acceptability will be necessary for both new and established technologies to have an impact on morbidity and mortality associated with opioid toxicity. Here, we summarized existing and advanced technologies for opioid detection and OIRD management with a focus on recent advancements in wearable and implantable opioid detection. We expect that this review will serve as a complete informative reference for the researchers and healthcare professionals working on the subject and allied fields.
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6
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Du H, Yin T, Jie G. β-Cyclodextrin-functionalized graphene and metal–organic framework composites for ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of chloramphenicol. Analyst 2022; 147:4312-4317. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an01161a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel β-CD@functionalized graphene /Cu-BTC composites were in situ prepared using β-CD functionalized graphene and Cu-BTC, and a new electrochemical sensor for sensitive detection of chloramphenicol was developed based on the composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Du
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering. Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Tengyue Yin
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering. Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Guifen Jie
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering. Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
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Ravi P, Ganesan M. Quantum Dots as Biosensors in the Determination of Biochemical Parameters in Xenobiotic Exposure and Toxins. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:661-671. [PMID: 33390416 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20scr03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) have been exploited for a range of scientific applications where the analytes can be expected to have significant photoluminescent properties. Previously, the applications of QDs as nanosensors for the detection of toxics in biospecimens, especially in cases of poisoning, have been discussed. This review focuses on the applications of QDs as biosensors for the detection of phytotoxins, vertebrate and invertebrate toxins, and microbial toxins present in biospecimens. Further, the role of QDs in the measurement of biochemical parameters of patient/victim as an indirect method of poison detection is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poorvisha Ravi
- Toxicology Division, Regional Forensic Science Laboratory, Forensic Sciences Department
| | - Muthupandian Ganesan
- Toxicology Division, Regional Forensic Science Laboratory, Forensic Sciences Department
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Ganesan M, Nagaraaj P. Quantum dots as nanosensors for detection of toxics: a literature review. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:4254-4275. [PMID: 32940270 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01293a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Great advances have been made in sensor-based methods for chemical analysis owing to their high sensitivity, selectivity, less testing time, and minimal usage of chemical reagents. Quantum Dots (QDs) having excellent optical properties have been thoroughly explored for variety of scientific applications wherein light plays an important role. In recent years, there have been an increasing number of publications on the applications of QDs as photoluminescent nanosensors for the detection of chemicals and biomolecules. However, there has been hardly any publication describing the use of QDs in the detection of various toxic chemicals at one place. Hence, a literature survey has been made on the applications of QDs as chemosensors for the detection of gaseous, anionic, phenolic, metallic, drug-overdose, and pesticide poison so as to open a new perspective towards the role of sensors in analytical toxicology. In this review, the QD-based analysis of biospecimens for poison detection in clinical and forensic toxicology laboratories is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthupandian Ganesan
- Toxicology Division, Regional Forensic Science Laboratory, Forensic Sciences Department, Forensic House, Chennai-4, India.
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9
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Gleba J, Kim J. Determination of Morphine, Fentanyl and Their Metabolites in Small Sample Volumes Using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 44:325-330. [PMID: 31897488 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkz104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The USA and numerous other countries worldwide are currently experiencing a public health crisis due to the abuse of heroin and illicitly manufactured fentanyl. We have developed a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS)-based method for the detection of morphine, fentanyl and their metabolites, including morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G), morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G), normorphine, norfentanyl and deuterated internal standards in limited sample volumes with the limit of detection of 5.0/0.5 ng/mL (morphine, M3G, M6G, normorphine/fentanyl, norfentanyl). The inter-assay precision (%CV) was less than 12% for all assays, and the inter-assay bias (%) was less than 5%. The ruggedness of the method, dilution effect and carryover were also investigated as part of the study. The simultaneous quantification of morphine, fentanyl and its metabolites via this simple and time- and cost-efficient method could be successfully applied to samples taken for pharmacokinetic evaluation (antemortem and postmortem) after a single dose of morphine or co-administration of morphine with other drugs (e.g., fentanyl) in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Gleba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 148TF, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
| | - Jonghan Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 148TF, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
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10
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Gevorkyan J, Wong M, Pearring S, Rodda LN. Method Consolidation to Improve Scope and Efficiency in Postmortem Toxicology. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 44:422-439. [PMID: 32020178 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Systematic toxicological approaches that employ both ideology changes and improvements in instrumentation and sample extraction allow for improved toxicology testing efficiency through lower sensitivities, higher specificity and minimized resource use. Historically, the San Francisco Office of the Chief Medical Examiner relied heavily on a gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) testing regime, comprised of individual drug-class confirmation and quantitation assays. Traditional methods utilizing GC-MS typically require iterations of testing, exhausting sample volume, and hindering productivity and turnaround times, particularly for polypharmacy cases frequently seen in modern postmortem toxicology. The method described here consolidated the scope of seven legacy methods into a single liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for better sensitivity, higher throughput, minimal sample consumption for the quantitation of drugs of abuse and improved quality assurance with the incorporation of smart, automated processing. About 100 μL of blood or urine were rapidly extracted using a simple acetonitrile protein crash and subsequent in-vial filtration and injected on to an LC-MS-MS system. The developed method was fully validated to SWGTOX and international guidelines and incorporated 55 analytes along with a customized query that facilitates rapid and consistent application of acceptability criteria for data processing and review. Applicability was demonstrated with the analysis of 1,389 samples (858 blood and 531 urine) where at least 41% of positive results may have been missed due to their decreased sensitivity and 11% of results were not within the scope of the previous analytical methods estimated. On average, cases in this study would have previously required three distinct GC-MS assays, 3 mL of blood, and upwards of 30 h of active staff time. The described LC-MS-MS analytical approach has mitigated the need to perform multiple assays, utilized only 0.1 mL of sample, significantly reduced analyst work time, incorporated 10 additional analytes and allowed for a more comprehensive testing regime to better inform cause of death determinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirair Gevorkyan
- Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Forensic Laboratory Division, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Megan Wong
- Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Forensic Laboratory Division, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sue Pearring
- Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Forensic Laboratory Division, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Luke N Rodda
- Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Forensic Laboratory Division, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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11
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Bjørn-Yoshimoto WE, Ramiro IBL, Yandell M, McIntosh JM, Olivera BM, Ellgaard L, Safavi-Hemami H. Curses or Cures: A Review of the Numerous Benefits Versus the Biosecurity Concerns of Conotoxin Research. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E235. [PMID: 32708023 PMCID: PMC7460000 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8080235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Conotoxins form a diverse group of peptide toxins found in the venom of predatory marine cone snails. Decades of conotoxin research have provided numerous measurable scientific and societal benefits. These include their use as a drug, diagnostic agent, drug leads, and research tools in neuroscience, pharmacology, biochemistry, structural biology, and molecular evolution. Human envenomations by cone snails are rare but can be fatal. Death by envenomation is likely caused by a small set of toxins that induce muscle paralysis of the diaphragm, resulting in respiratory arrest. The potency of these toxins led to concerns regarding the potential development and use of conotoxins as biological weapons. To address this, various regulatory measures have been introduced that limit the use and access of conotoxins within the research community. Some of these regulations apply to all of the ≈200,000 conotoxins predicted to exist in nature of which less than 0.05% are estimated to have any significant toxicity in humans. In this review we provide an overview of the many benefits of conotoxin research, and contrast these to the perceived biosecurity concerns of conotoxins and research thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walden E. Bjørn-Yoshimoto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; (W.E.B.-Y.); (I.B.L.R.)
| | - Iris Bea L. Ramiro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; (W.E.B.-Y.); (I.B.L.R.)
| | - Mark Yandell
- Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
- Utah Center for Genetic Discovery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - J. Michael McIntosh
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (J.M.M.); (B.M.O.)
- George E. Whalen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Baldomero M. Olivera
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (J.M.M.); (B.M.O.)
| | - Lars Ellgaard
- Department of Biology, Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark;
| | - Helena Safavi-Hemami
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; (W.E.B.-Y.); (I.B.L.R.)
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (J.M.M.); (B.M.O.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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12
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Heck E, Gruslin K, Corder V, Petroll WM, Urban J. Positive toxicology and reactive serology in tissue donors: a retrospective study over a 3-year period. Cell Tissue Bank 2020; 21:427-431. [PMID: 32246221 PMCID: PMC7452869 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-020-09827-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of donor suitability and criteria development for tissue donation evaluation which appropriately addresses the risk factors for disease transmission, especially high risk for Hepatitis B or C, HIV or other transmissible diseases as defined by the Food and Drug Administration, FDA, is a continuing concern for tissue banks. The relationship of drug use, especially IV drugs, has been determined to be associated with an increased possibility of reactive serology (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USCDC) in Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention. Hepatitis C questions and answers for health professionals. https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/hcvfaq.htm; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USCDC) in infectious diseases, opioids and injection drug use, 2018. https://www.cdc.gov/pwid/opioid-use.html; HIH National Institute on Drug Abuse in Health Consequences of Drug Misuse, 2017. https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/health-consequences-drug-misuse). Therefore, prior drug use determined by medical social history screening frequently results in deferral of a potential donor even when the route of drug administration has not been determined to be intravenous. Because of the association of drug use in numerous cases, which come under Medical Examiner jurisdiction, a possible rule out of a number of otherwise suitable medical examiner cases could occur. This retrospective review of medical examiner cases, tissue bank referrals and tissue donors in a 3-year period examines the relationship, if any, between reactive serology and positive toxicology results. These results would appear to indicate assessment of donor medical social history screening is effective in reducing recovery of high-risk donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Heck
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Kristel Gruslin
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Valerie Corder
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Jill Urban
- Institute of Forensic Sciences Dallas County, Dallas, USA
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13
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Development and application of a forensic toxicological library for identification of 56 natural toxic substances by liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-019-00506-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
The present study aims to develop a forensic toxicological library to identify 56 natural toxic substances by liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (LC–QTOF-MS/MS).
Methods
For setting up the library of product ion spectra, individual substances (31 plant toxins, 7 mushroom toxins, 5 marine toxins, 5 frog venoms, 4 mycotoxins, and 4 substances derived from plants) were analyzed by LC–QTOF-MS/MS with positive and negative ionization. The product ion spectra were acquired at the collision energies (CEs) of 20, 35, and 50 eV in single enhanced product ion mode and then in collision energy spread mode in which the CE ramp range was set to 35 ± 15 eV.
Results
To test the performance of the library, human blood plasma samples were spiked with a mixture of lycorine and domoic acid, extracted by acetonitrile deproteinization and analyzed by LC–QTOF-MS/MS. Identification by our library search could be achieved for these toxins at the purity scores of 79.1 and 67.2, respectively. The method was also applied to postmortem blood from a death case with an aconite intake, and showed that four toxins in an aconite could be identified in the blood sample at the purity scores of 54.6–60.3.
Conclusions
This library will be more effective for the screening of natural toxic substances in routine forensic toxicological analysis. To our knowledge, there are no reports dealing with development of library for natural toxic substances by LC–QTOF-MS/MS.
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Qin N, Xiang P, Shen B, Zhuo X, Shi Y, Song F. Application of a validated UHPLC-MS/MS method for 28 fentanyl-analogue and novel synthetic opioids in whole blood in authentic forensic cases. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1124:82-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Pereira JAM, Gonçalves J, Porto-Figueira P, Figueira JA, Alves V, Perestrelo R, Medina S, Câmara JS. Current trends on microextraction by packed sorbent – fundamentals, application fields, innovative improvements and future applications. Analyst 2019; 144:5048-5074. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an02464b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MEPS, the acronym of microextraction by packed sorbent, is a simple, fast and user- and environmentally-friendly miniaturization of the popular solid-phase extraction technique (SPE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A. M. Pereira
- CQM – Centro de Química da Madeira
- Universidade da Madeira
- 9020-105 Funchal
- Portugal
| | - João Gonçalves
- CQM – Centro de Química da Madeira
- Universidade da Madeira
- 9020-105 Funchal
- Portugal
| | | | - José A. Figueira
- CQM – Centro de Química da Madeira
- Universidade da Madeira
- 9020-105 Funchal
- Portugal
| | - Vera Alves
- CQM – Centro de Química da Madeira
- Universidade da Madeira
- 9020-105 Funchal
- Portugal
| | - Rosa Perestrelo
- CQM – Centro de Química da Madeira
- Universidade da Madeira
- 9020-105 Funchal
- Portugal
| | - Sonia Medina
- CQM – Centro de Química da Madeira
- Universidade da Madeira
- 9020-105 Funchal
- Portugal
| | - José S. Câmara
- CQM – Centro de Química da Madeira
- Universidade da Madeira
- 9020-105 Funchal
- Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e da Engenharia
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Strayer K, Antonides HM, Juhascik MP, Daniulaityte R, Sizemore IE. LC-MS/MS-Based Method for the Multiplex Detection of 24 Fentanyl Analogues and Metabolites in Whole Blood at Sub ng mL -1 Concentrations. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:514-523. [PMID: 29399650 PMCID: PMC5793031 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The United States and numerous other countries worldwide are currently experiencing a public health crisis due to the abuse of illicitly manufactured fentanyl (IMF) and its analogues. This manuscript describes the development of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based method for the multiplex detection of N = 24 IMF analogues and metabolites in whole blood at concentrations as low as 0.1-0.5 ng mL-1. These available IMFs were fentanyl, norfentanyl, furanyl norfentanyl, remifentanil acid, butyryl norfentanyl, remifentanil, acetyl fentanyl, alfentanil, AH-7921, U-47700, acetyl fentanyl 4-methylphenethyl, acrylfentanyl, para-methoxyfentanyl, despropionyl fentanyl (4-ANPP), furanyl fentanyl, despropionyl para-fluorofentanyl, carfentanil, (±)-cis-3-methyl fentanyl, butyryl fentanyl, isobutyryl fentanyl, sufentanil, valeryl fentanyl, para-fluorobutyryl fentanyl, and para-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl. Most IMF analogues (N = 22) could be easily distinguished from one another; the isomeric forms butyryl/isobutyryl fentanyl and para-fluorobutyryl/para-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl could not be differentiated. N = 13 of these IMF analogues were quantified for illustrative purposes, and their forensic quality control standards were also validated for limit of detection (0.017-0.056 ng mL-1), limit of quantitation (0.100-0.500 ng mL-1), selectivity/sensitivity, ionization suppression/enhancement (87-118%), process efficiency (60-95%), recovery (64-97%), bias (<20%), and precision (>80%). This flexible, time- and cost-efficient method was successfully implemented at the Montgomery County Coroner's Office/Miami Valley Regional Crime Laboratory in Dayton, Ohio, where it aided in the analysis of N = 725 postmortem blood samples collected from February 2015 to November 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kraig
E. Strayer
- Department
of Chemistry, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, Ohio 45435, United States
- Montgomery
County Coroner’s Office, 361 W 3rd Street, Dayton, Ohio 45402, United States
| | - Heather M. Antonides
- Montgomery
County Coroner’s Office, 361 W 3rd Street, Dayton, Ohio 45402, United States
| | - Matthew P. Juhascik
- Montgomery
County Coroner’s Office, 361 W 3rd Street, Dayton, Ohio 45402, United States
- E-mail: . Phone: (937) 225-4156 (M.P.J.)
| | - Raminta Daniulaityte
- Center
for Interventions, Treatment, and Addictions Research, Department
of Population and Public Health Sciences, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, 3171 Research Boulevard Suite 234, Kettering, Ohio 45420, United States
| | - Ioana E. Sizemore
- Department
of Chemistry, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, Ohio 45435, United States
- E-mail: . Phone: (937) 775-4652 (I.E.S.)
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Jagerdeo E, Schaff JE. UPLC-Orbitrap ® Screening for over 35 Drugs of Abuse and Metabolites in Biological Fluids in Under 10 min. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1810:75-87. [PMID: 29974419 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8579-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a UPLC®-High Resolution Mass Spectrometric method to simultaneously screen for 19 benzodiazepines, 12 opiates, cocaine and three metabolites, and 3 "Z-drug" hypnotic sedatives in both blood and urine specimens. Sample processing consists of a high-speed, high-temperature enzymatic hydrolysis for urine samples followed by a rapid supported liquid extraction (SLE). The combination of ultrahigh-resolution chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometry allows all analytes to be uniquely detected with a 10 min analytical run. Limits of detection for all target analytes are 3 ng/mL or better, with only 300 μL of specimen used for analysis. The combination of low sample volume with fast processing and analysis makes this method a suitable replacement for immunoassay screening of the targeted drug classes, while providing far superior specificity and better limits of detection than can routinely be obtained by immunoassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshwar Jagerdeo
- Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, Quantico, VA, USA.
| | - Jason E Schaff
- Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, Quantico, VA, USA
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A High-throughput HPLC-MS/MS Assay for the Detection, Quantification and Simultaneous Structural Confirmation of 136 Drugs and Metabolites in Human Urine. Ther Drug Monit 2017. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Woźniak MK, Wiergowski M, Aszyk J, Kubica P, Namieśnik J, Biziuk M. Application of gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of amphetamine-type stimulants in blood and urine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 148:58-64. [PMID: 28957720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Amphetamine, methamphetamine, phentermine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine (MDEA) are the most popular amphetamine-type stimulants. The use of these substances is a serious societal problem worldwide. In this study, a method based on gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) with simple and rapid liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and derivatization was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of the six aforementioned amphetamine derivatives in blood and urine. The detection of all compounds was based on multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions. The most important advantage of the method is the minimal sample volume (as low as 200μL) required for the extraction procedure. The validation parameters, i.e., the recovery (90.5-104%), inter-day accuracy (94.2-109.1%) and precision (0.5-5.8%), showed the repeatability and sensitivity of the method for both matrices and indicated that the proposed procedure fulfils internationally established acceptance criteria for bioanalytical methods The procedure was successfully applied to the analysis of real blood and urine samples examined in 22 forensic toxicological cases. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work presenting the use of GC-MS/MS for the determination of amphetamine-type stimulants in blood and urine. In view of the low limits of detection (0.09-0.81ng/mL), limits of quantification (0.26-2.4ng/mL), and high selectivity, the procedure can be applied for drug monitoring in both fatal and non-fatal intoxication cases in routine toxicology analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Kacper Woźniak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., Gdańsk 80-233, Poland.
| | - Marek Wiergowski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 3A Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie Str., Gdańsk 80-210, Poland
| | - Justyna Aszyk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., Gdańsk 80-233, Poland
| | - Paweł Kubica
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., Gdańsk 80-233, Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., Gdańsk 80-233, Poland
| | - Marek Biziuk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., Gdańsk 80-233, Poland
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21
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Mbughuni MM, Jannetto PJ, Langman LJ. Mass Spectrometry Applications for Toxicology. EJIFCC 2016; 27:272-287. [PMID: 28149262 PMCID: PMC5282913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Toxicology is a multidisciplinary study of poisons, aimed to correlate the quantitative and qualitative relationships between poisons and their physiological and behavioural effects in living systems. Other key aspects of toxicology focus on elucidation of the mechanisms of action of poisons and development of remedies and treatment plans for associated toxic effects. In these endeavours, Mass spectrometry (MS) has become a powerful analytical technique with a wide range of application used in the Toxicological analysis of drugs, poisons, and metabolites of both. To date, MS applications have permeated all fields of toxicology which include; environmental, clinical, and forensic toxicology. While many different analytical applications are used in these fields, MS and its hyphenated applications such as; gas chromatography MS (GC-MS), liquid chromatography MS (LC-MS), inductively coupled plasma ionization MS (ICP-MS), tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS and MSn) have emerged as powerful tools used in toxicology laboratories. This review will focus on these hyphenated MS technologies and their applications for toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Loralie J. Langman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Mayo Clinic 200 2nd Street SW Rochester, MN 55905 USA 507-538-2108
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22
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Samiec P, Navrátilová Z. Electrochemical behaviour of bromazepam and alprazolam and their determination in the pharmaceutical tablets Lexaurin and Xanax on carbon paste electrode. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-016-1859-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Rapid screening for drugs of abuse in biological fluids by ultra high performance liquid chromatography/Orbitrap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1027:11-8. [PMID: 27236533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We present a UPLC(®)-High Resolution Mass Spectrometric method to simultaneously screen for nineteen benzodiazepines, twelve opiates, cocaine and three metabolites, and three "Z-drug" hypnotic sedatives in both blood and urine specimens. Sample processing consists of a high-speed, high-temperature enzymatic hydrolysis for urine samples followed by a rapid supported liquid extraction (SLE). The combination of ultra-high resolution chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometry allows all 38 analytes to be uniquely detected with a ten minute analytical run. Limits of detection for all target analytes are 3ng/mL or better, with only 0.3mL of specimen used for analysis. The combination of low sample volume with fast processing and analysis makes this method a suitable replacement for immunoassay screening of the targeted drug classes, while providing far superior specificity and better limits of detection than can routinely be obtained by immunoassay.
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24
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Assessing cocaine abuse using LC-MS/MS measurements in biological specimens. Bioanalysis 2016; 7:1497-525. [PMID: 26168256 DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocaine use is still a problem in today's world, and this has several implications on human activities. Indeed, important problems related to cocaine derive from its use in situations where concentration and focus skills are necessary, namely while driving and/or working. The need of analytical methods for drug analysis in specimens of biological origin for proper documentation of human exposure is increasing. While GC-MS-based procedures represented the state-of-the-art of analytical techniques a few years ago, there is a growing trend for their replacement by LC-MS/MS, which can be justified by the increased sensitivity presented by these new technologies. This paper will review recently published papers on the use of LC-MS/MS-based procedures for cocaine measurement in biological specimens.
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25
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Zapata F, Fernández de la Ossa MÁ, García-Ruiz C. Emerging spectrometric techniques for the forensic analysis of body fluids. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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26
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Costa JL, Morrone AR, Resende RR, Chasin AADM, Tavares MFM. Development of a method for the analysis of drugs of abuse in vitreous humor by capillary electrophoresis with diode array detection (CE–DAD). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 945-946:84-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Al-Hetlani E. Forensic drug analysis and microfluidics. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1262-72. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Entesar Al-Hetlani
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Kuwait University; Safat; Kuwait
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28
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Recently abused β-keto derivatives of 3,4-methylenedioxyphenylalkylamines: a review of their metabolisms and toxicological analysis. Forensic Toxicol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-011-0111-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Hair: a complementary source of bioanalytical information in forensic toxicology. Bioanalysis 2011; 3:67-79. [PMID: 21175368 DOI: 10.4155/bio.10.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair has been used for years in the assessment and documentation of human exposure to drugs, as it presents characteristics that make it extremely valuable for this purpose, namely the fact that sample collection is performed in a noninvasive manner, under close supervision, the possibility of collecting a specimen reflecting a similar timeline in the case of claims or suspicion of a leak in the chain of custody, and the increased window of detection for the drugs. For these reasons, testing for drugs in hair provides unique and useful information in several fields of toxicology, from which the most prominent is the possibility of studying individual drug use histories by means of segmental analysis. This paper will review the unique role of hair as a complementary sample in documenting human exposure to drugs in the fields of clinical and forensic toxicology and workplace drug testing.
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30
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Couchman L, Morgan PE. LC-MS in analytical toxicology: some practical considerations. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:100-23. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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de Pieri Troiani E, Faria RC. The Influence of the Cathodic Pretreatment on the Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine by Poly(1-aminoanthracene) Modified Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201000225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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Lynch KL, Breaud AR, Vandenberghe H, Wu AHB, Clarke W. Performance evaluation of three liquid chromatography mass spectrometry methods for broad spectrum drug screening. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:1474-81. [PMID: 20540936 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and tandem LC-MS (LC-MS/MS) are increasingly used in toxicology laboratories as a complementary method to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (LC-UV) for comprehensive drug screening (CDS). This study was designed to characterize the sensitivity and specificity of three LC-MS(/MS) vendor-supplied methods for targeted CDS and identify the current limitations associated with the use of these technologies. METHODS Five methods for broad spectrum CDS, including LC-UV (REMEDi), full scan GC-MS, LC-MS (ZQ-Mass Detector with MassLynx-software), LC-QTRAP-MS/MS (3200-QTRAP with Cliquid-software) and LC-LIT-MS/MS (LXQ Linear Ion Trap with ToxID-software) were evaluated based on their ability to detect drugs in 48 patient urine samples. RESULTS The tandem MS methods identified 15% more drugs than the single stage MS or LC-UV methods. Use of two broad spectrum screening methods identified more drugs than any single system alone. False negatives and false positives generated by the LC-MS(/MS) software programs were identified upon manual review of the raw data. CONCLUSIONS The LC-MS/MS methods detected a broader menu of drugs; however, it is essential to establish manual data review criteria for all LC-MS(/MS) drug screening methods. Use of an EI-GC-MS and ESI-LC-MS/MS combination for targeted CDS may be optimal due to the complementary nature of the chromatographic and ionization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara L Lynch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Zaitsu K, Katagi M, Kamata H, Nakanishi K, Shima N, Kamata T, Nishioka H, Miki A, Tatsuno M, Tsuchihashi H. Simultaneous analysis of six novel hallucinogenic (tetrahydrobenzodifuranyl)aminoalkanes (FLYs) and (benzodifuranyl)aminoalkanes (DragonFLYs) by GC-MS, LC-MS, and LC-MS-MS. Forensic Toxicol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-009-0083-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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35
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Liu HC, Liu RH, Ho HO, Lin DL. Development of an Information-Rich LC−MS/MS Database for the Analysis of Drugs in Postmortem Specimens. Anal Chem 2009; 81:9002-11. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901599d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Chuan Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ministry of Justice, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Department of Medical Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, Department of Medical Technology, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung Hsien 831, Taiwan, and Department of Forensic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Ray H. Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ministry of Justice, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Department of Medical Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, Department of Medical Technology, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung Hsien 831, Taiwan, and Department of Forensic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-O Ho
- College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ministry of Justice, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Department of Medical Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, Department of Medical Technology, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung Hsien 831, Taiwan, and Department of Forensic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Liang Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ministry of Justice, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Department of Medical Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, Department of Medical Technology, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung Hsien 831, Taiwan, and Department of Forensic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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Abstract
Drug oral fluid analysis was first used almost 30 years ago for the purpose of therapeutic drug monitoring. Since then, oral fluid bioanalysis has become more popular, mainly in the fields of pharmacokinetics, workplace drug testing, criminal justice, driving under the influence testing and therapeutic drug monitoring. In fact, oral fluid can provide a readily available and noninvasive medium, without any privacy loss by the examinee, which occurs, for instance, during the collection of urine samples. It is believed that drug concentrations in oral fluid may parallel those measured in blood. This feature makes oral fluid an alternative analytical specimen to blood, which assumes particular importance in roadside testing, the most published application of this sample. Great improvements in the development of accurate and reliable methods for sample collection, in situ detection devices (on-site drug detection kits), and highly sensitive and specific analytical methods for oral fluid testing of drugs have been observed in the last few years. However, without mass spectrometry-based analytical methods, such as liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC–MS) or tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), the desired sensitivity would not be met, due to the low amounts of sample usually available for analysis. This review will discuss a series of published papers on the applicability of oral fluid in the field of analytical, clinical and forensic toxicology, with a special focus on its advantages and drawbacks over the normally used biological specimens and the main technological advances over the last decade, which have made oral fluid analysis of drugs possible.
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Gallardo E, Barroso M, Queiroz JA. LC-MS: a powerful tool in workplace drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2009; 1:109-15. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
Forensic chemistry is unique among chemical sciences in that its research, practice, and presentation must meet the needs of both the scientific and the legal communities. As such, forensic chemistry research is applied and derivative by nature and design, and it emphasizes metrology (the science of measurement) and validation. Forensic chemistry has moved away from its analytical roots and is incorporating a broader spectrum of chemical sciences. Existing forensic practices are being revisited as the purview of forensic chemistry extends outward from drug analysis and toxicology into such diverse areas as combustion chemistry, materials science, and pattern evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Bell
- Bennett Department of Chemistry and Forensic and Investigative Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6121, USA.
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39
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Abstract
Analytical techniques for detection of drugs in oral fluid (OF) are reviewed with emphasis on applications used in European Union (EU) roadside testing projects. Oral fluid is readily accessible and collectible. It has become an interesting material because no medical personnel are needed for sampling. This matrix is especially applicable for preliminary drug testing in driving under the influence controls and for monitoring illicit drug use in drug treatment. Oral fluid is also an increasingly used specimen in epidemiologic studies and in workplace drug testing. Drugs are present at lower levels in OF than in urine. The window of detection of drugs in OF reflects the corresponding window in blood, suggesting OF as a specimen of choice for roadside testing. Saliva/blood ratios vary from drug to drug, from person to person, and even intraindividually making therapeutic drug monitoring in OF challenging. Several sensitive methods for drug testing in OF have been developed during the last years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirjo Lillsunde
- National Public Health Institute, Drug Research Unit, Helsinki, Finland.
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40
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Kuepper U, Musshoff F, Madea B. Succinylmonocholine analytics as an example for selectivity problems in high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, and resulting implications for analytical toxicology. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:1965-1970. [PMID: 18491286 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The determination and quantitation of drugs in biological matrices using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS) is becoming increasingly popular in analytical toxicology, while at the same time a growing awareness for the limits of this technique can be observed. Our group previously developed a rapid HPLC/ESI-MS/MS method for the detection and quantitation of succinylcholine (SUX) and succinylmonocholine (SMC) using ion-pairing extraction of samples with subsequent separation by gradient chromatography on a Synergi Hydro RP C18 column (4 microm, 150 x 2 mm). Identification of analytes was achieved in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, using two characteristic ion transitions each, the respective analytes' retention time as well as co-elution of stable isotopic analogues. In both native serum as well as urine an interference with the main MRM transition of SMC was found to co-elute with this analyte, thus severely compromising the identification and quantitation of this target analyte. The interference was further shown to be eliminated from serum and urine by exposure to alkaline conditions and hence proven to share a key physicochemical property with SMC. The observed absence of the second and third most intense ion transitions of SMC in the unknown substance was the only useful distinction between both compounds.The detailed presentation of selectivity problems encountered during method development is intended to initiate further discussion on this yet underrepresented issue in HPLC/MS/MS. The present work emphasizes the need to monitor more than just one ion transition to confidently rule out signal interferences, ensure correct analyte identification as well as quantitation, and thus avoid false-positive results. In this context, the employment of minor MRM transitions for the quantitation and identification of a given analyte is presented as a satisfactory solution to HPLC/MS/MS selectivity problems, and proposed as a possible alternative to previously published approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Kuepper
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
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41
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Tagliaro F, Bortolotti F. Recent advances in the applications of CE to forensic sciences (2005–2007). Electrophoresis 2008; 29:260-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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