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Hisatsune K, Murata T, Taniguchi M, Asano T, Ogata K, Iguchi A, Zaitsu K. Development of a rapid-fire drug screening method by probe electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for human urine (RaDPi-U). Anal Bioanal Chem 2024:10.1007/s00216-024-05215-x. [PMID: 38523158 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05215-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Drug screening tests are mandatory in the search for drugs in forensic biological samples, and immunological methods and mass spectrometry (e.g., gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) are commonly used for that purpose. However, these methods have some drawbacks, and developing new screening methods is required. In this study, we develop a rapid-fire drug screening method by probe electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (PESI-MS/MS), which is an ambient ionization mass spectrometry method, for human urine, named RaDPi-U. RaDPi-U is carried out in three steps: (1) mixing urine with internal standard (IS) solution and ethanol, followed by vortexing; (2) pipetting the mixture onto a sample plate for PESI; and (3) rapid-fire analysis by PESI-MS/MS. RaDPi-U targets 40 forensically important drugs, which include illegal drugs, hypnotics, and psychoactive substances. The analytical results were obtained within 3 min because of the above-mentioned simple workflow of RaDPi-U. The calibration curves of each analyte were constructed using the IS method, and they were quantitatively valid, resulting in good linearity (0.972-0.999) with a satisfactory lower limit of detection and lower limit of quantitation (0.01-7.1 ng/mL and 0.02-21 ng/mL, respectively). Further, both trueness and precisions were 28% or less, demonstrating the high reliability and repeatability of the method. Finally, we applied RaDPi-U to three postmortem urine specimens and successfully detected different drugs in each urine sample. The practicality of the method is proven, and RaDPi-U will be a strong tool as a rapid-fire drug screening method not only in forensic toxicology but also in clinical toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Hisatsune
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Aichi Prefectural Police Headquarters, 2-1-1, Sannomaru, Naka-ku, Nagoya, 460-8502, Japan.
| | - Tasuku Murata
- Shimadzu Corporation, 1, Nishinokyo-Kuwabaracho Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto, 604-8511, Japan
| | - Masaru Taniguchi
- Nagoya City Public Health Research Institute, Sakurazaka, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya, 463-8585, Japan
| | - Tomomi Asano
- Department of Human Life and Environment, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya, 463-8521, Japan
| | - Koretsugu Ogata
- Shimadzu Corporation, 1, Nishinokyo-Kuwabaracho Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto, 604-8511, Japan
| | - Akira Iguchi
- Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Tsukuba Central 7, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8567, Japan
- Research Laboratory On Environmentally-conscious Developments and Technologies [E-code], National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8567, Japan
| | - Kei Zaitsu
- Multimodal Informatics and Wide-Data Analytics Laboratory (MiWA-Lab.), Department of Computational Systems Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, 930 Nishi Mitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan.
- In Vivo Real-Time Omics Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
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Schneider A, Lima Feltraco Lizot LD, Reginatto GC, Hahn RZ, Bastiani MF, Bondan AP, Perassolo MS, Linden R. Determination of amphetamines, opioids, cocaine metabolites and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in urine using biocompatible solid-phase microextraction and ultra-performance LC-MS/MS. Bioanalysis 2023; 15:905-914. [PMID: 37354101 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Workplace drug testing primarily relies on urine analysis, targeting multiple compounds with varying physicochemical characteristics. Biocompatible solid-phase microextraction (BioSPME) is a miniaturized solid-phase extraction technique that enables the simultaneous extraction and preconcentration of analytes directly from the biological matrix. Methods: The BioSPME procedure consisted of the sequential extraction of 50-μl urine samples using LC Tips C18 in basic and acidic pH, followed by desorption with methanol and n-hexane, respectively. The extracts were analyzed by ultra-performance LC-MS/MS. Results: Intra-day precision was 1.2-8.6% and inter-day precision was 1.8-14.2%. Accuracy was 96.8-107.4%. The extraction yields were 62.8-109.4%. The matrix effects were -3.98% to 1%. Conclusion: BioSPME shows promise as an alternative method for preparing urine samples prior to drug measurement by ultra-performance LC-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anelise Schneider
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Roberta Zilles Hahn
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
| | - Marcos F Bastiani
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rafael Linden
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
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3
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New approach for barbiturates, phenytoin, methyprylon and glutethimide determination and fragmentation (UHPLC-MS/MS). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 228:115318. [PMID: 36868027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Barbiturates which are old pharmaceutical drugs are still widely used in medical treatment of epilepsy and for general anesthesia. To date, more than 2500 different barbituric acid analogs have been synthesized, and 50 of them were introduced into medical use over the last century. Due to their highly addictive properties, pharmaceuticals containing barbiturates are under strict control in many countries. However, by considering the worldwide problem with new psychoactive substances (NPS) the introduction of new designer barbiturate analogs into the dark market might serve a serious public health problem in the near future. For this reason there is an increasing need for application methods for barbiturates monitoring in biological samples. The UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS method for determination of 15 barbiturates, phenytoin, methyprylon and glutethimide was developed and fully validated. The biological sample volume was reduced to only 50 µL. A simple LLE (pH 3 with ethyl acetate) was successfully applied. The lower LOQ was 10 ng/mL. The method enables differentiation of structural isomers: hexobarbital and cyclobarbital; as well as amobarbital and pentobarbital. Chromatographic separation was achieved with the use of the alkaline mobile phase (pH 9) and Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column. Furthermore, the novel fragmentation mechanism of barbiturates was proposed, which may have a great impact in identification of novel barbiturates analogs introduced to illegal marketplaces. The presented technique has a great potential to be applied in forensic, clinical and veterinary toxicological laboratories, as was evidenced by the positive results of international proficiency tests.
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4
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Madunil SL, Imasaka T, Imasaka T. Determination of Barbiturates by Femtosecond Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:14691-14698. [PMID: 36229898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Barbiturates are highly susceptible to dissociation in mass spectrometry (MS) because of their long side chains combined with a nonaromatic ring consisting of several carbonyl and amine groups. As a result, they exhibit extensive α-cleavage and subsequent rearrangement, making the identification of these compounds difficult. Although a library of electron ionization MS (EIMS) is available, most barbiturates have very similar fragment patterns. Accordingly, it would be desirable to develop a technique for soft ionization, providing a molecular ion and large fragment ions as well. In this study, a molecular ion was clearly observed, in addition to large fragment ions, for a variety of barbiturates based on multiphoton ionization MS (MPIMS) using a tunable ultraviolet femtosecond laser as the ionization source (fs-LIMS). This favorable result was achieved when the optimal laser wavelength for minimizing the excess energy remaining in the ionic state was used. An examination of the photofragmentation pathways suggested that an H atom in the side chain was abstracted by an oxygen atom in the carbonyl group in the ring structure thus initiating fragmentation and subsequent rearrangement. Barbiturates that are substituted with alkyl groups (amobarbital and pentobarbital) had narrower spectral regions for optimal ionization than the other barbiturates with alkyl and alkenyl groups (butalbital and secobarbital) and more with alkyl and phenyl groups (phenobarbital). All of the barbiturates studied provided unique mass spectral patterns in fs-LIMS, which was useful for the reliable identification of these compounds in practical trace analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddihalu Lakshitha Madunil
- Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1, Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8540, Japan.,Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Totaro Imasaka
- Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,Hikari Giken, Co., 2-10-30, Sakurazaka, Chuou-ku, Fukuoka 810-0024, Japan
| | - Tomoko Imasaka
- Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1, Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8540, Japan.,Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Jagerdeo E, Auger S. Rapid screening procedures for a variety of complex forensic samples using laser diode thermal desorption (LDTD) coupled to different mass spectrometers. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9244. [PMID: 34984743 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The applications shared in this paper demonstrate the wide variety of samples that can be analyzed when Laser Diode Thermal Desorption (LDTD) is interfaced with a high-resolution mass spectrometer and show the speed at which high quality data can be generated from complex matrices. METHODS Samples are solvent extracted and spotted in a 96-well plate. In the case of biological fluids, hydrolysis followed by solid-phase extraction is required. The solvent in the 96-well plate is evaporated followed by mass spectrometric (MS) analysis with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. Where applicable, the instrument is operated in data-dependent mode, with a full-scan mass spectrum followed by MS/MS spectra of the top 10 ions with a total runtime of 0.4 min. RESULTS Four applications (MAAQ and Tear Gas, twelve rodenticides, seven explosives, and 40 drugs of abuse) are reported in this paper. MAAQ, tear gas, and rodenticides were identified by full-scan, followed by MS/MS experiments at levels of 125 μg/L, 125 μg/L, and 500 μg/L, respectively. Explosives were all identified at 102 μg/L by full-scan experiments. The drugs of abuse were identified by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) experiments at defined cutoff levels from 2 to 1000 μg/L. CONCLUSIONS Interfacing LDTD with a mass spectrometer allows for rapid screening of a wide range of samples, with either minimal or complex sample preparation. Using a high-resolution mass spectrometer with the combination to perform full-scan and MS/MS experiments adds a high level of specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshwar Jagerdeo
- Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, Quantico, VA, USA
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6
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Chen YC, Hong SW, Wu HH, Wang YL, Chen YF. Rapid Formation of Nanoclusters for Detection of Drugs in Urine Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1789. [PMID: 34361175 PMCID: PMC8308440 DOI: 10.3390/nano11071789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We developed a method based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and a sample pretreatment process for rapid, sensitive, reproducible, multiplexed, and low-cost detection of illegal drugs in urine. The abuse of new psychoactive substances (NPS) has become an increasingly serious problem in many countries. However, immunoassay-based screening kits for NPS are usually not available because of the lack of corresponding antibodies. SERS has a great potential for rapid detection of NPS because it can simultaneously detect multiple kinds of drugs without the use of antibodies. To achieve highly sensitive SERS detection of drugs, sodium bromide was first employed to induce the rapid formation of Ag nanoclusters by aggregating silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in the extracted sample solution. SERS measurements were performed immediately after the sample pretreatment without incubation. The three-dimensional SERS hot spots were believed to form significantly within the nanoclusters, providing strong SERS enhancement effects. The displacement of citrate molecules on the surfaces of the AgNPs by bromide ions helped increase the adsorption of drug molecules, increasing their areal density. We demonstrated the simultaneous detection of two kinds of NPS, methcathinone and 4-methylmethcathinone, in urine at a concentration as low as 0.01 ppm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Chu Chen
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (S.-W.H.); (H.-H.W.)
| | - Shang-Wen Hong
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (S.-W.H.); (H.-H.W.)
| | - Huang-Hesin Wu
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (S.-W.H.); (H.-H.W.)
| | - Yuh-Lin Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 106, Taiwan;
| | - Yih-Fan Chen
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (S.-W.H.); (H.-H.W.)
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7
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Rosano TG, Ohouo PY, Wood M. Application of High-Resolution UPLC–MSE/TOF Confirmation in Forensic Urine Drug Screening by UPLC–MS/MS. J Anal Toxicol 2019; 43:353-363. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Rosano
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
- Clinical and Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, National Toxicology Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Patrice Y Ohouo
- Clinical and Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, National Toxicology Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Michelle Wood
- Waters Corporation, Health Sciences Organization, Altrincham Road, Wilmslow, UK
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8
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Zheng YZ, Bunch DR, Lembright K, Wang S. Quantitation of Benzodiazepines and Metabolites in Urine by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Appl Lab Med 2018; 3:397-407. [DOI: 10.1373/jalm.2018.026658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are central nervous system depressants that are prescribed to prevent seizures, manage anxiety, or help sleep. When misused, BZDs can lead to addiction and sometimes cause death. Measurement of BZDs in urine is used to identify their use, especially in pain management settings. LC-MS/MS is preferred for these measurements because of its high sensitivity and specificity. Here, we report an LC-MS/MS assay for measuring 7 BZDs and metabolites in urine.
Methods
Urine sample was incubated at 60 °C for 30 min after addition of internal standards and a β-glucuronidase solution. After centrifugation, the supernatant was diluted with methanol and water before being injected onto a C18 analytical column in an LC-MS/MS system for quantification. The analytical time between injections was 4.35 min. The analytes included 7-aminoclonazepam, α-hydroxyalprazolam, α-hydroxytriazolam, oxazepam, lorazepam, nordiazepam, and temazepam.
Results
The lower limit of quantification ranged from 30 ng/mL to 50 ng/mL with an analytical recovery >80% for all 7 analytes. Total CV was <10% for all analytes (3 concentration levels of 100, 2500, and 5000 ng/mL; n = 30 each). This method had 100% agreement with a GC-MS method offered by an independent laboratory for negative urine samples. For the positive urine samples, this method showed a strong correlation (R > 0.96) with the GC-MS method.
Conclusions
The LC-MS/MS assay allows accurate and precise measurement of 7 BZDs and metabolites in a single analytical run with a short analytical run time and broad measuring ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zi Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Dustin R Bunch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | | | - Sihe Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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Mella M, Schweitzer B, Botch-Jones S, Mallet C. Analysis of ketamine and xylazine in complex matrices using two-dimensional liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:295-305. [PMID: 29215203 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Analyzing tissue samples is routinely performed when liquid biological samples are not available for replicate analysis. Preparing complex matrices, such as tissue, for analysis can be time-consuming. Traditional sample preparation methods typically begin with homogenization followed by a sample clean-up step such as liquid-liquid or solid-phase extraction. Samples are typically eluted, evaporated and reconstituted prior to instrumental analysis. The aim of this project was to evaluate the utility of multi-dimensional chromatography in reducing the amount of time from sample acquisition to analysis. METHODS Tissue specimens were homogenized using a ceramic beads shaker. Homogenates were then diluted and loaded onto a mixed mode solid-phase sorbent. The sorbent was washed, and the final eluate was transferred directly to vials without evaporation or reconstitution steps. Analysis was performed using a two-dimensional (2D) ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) configuration with an At-column dilution option coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The target analytes (xylazine and ketamine) were quantified under multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) using electrospray ionization (ESI) in positive mode. RESULTS The lowest limit of detection evaluated in this study was 0.01 ng/mL. The linear dynamic range utilized was 0.1 to 10 ng/mL. The concentrations for xylazine in their respective tissues ranged from 0 to 0.316 ng/mL. Ketamine concentrations ranged from 0 to 0.905 ng/mL. The overall time for sample preparation was reduced to 30 min. The total run time was 10 min. CONCLUSIONS The use of multidimensional chromatography with At-column-dilution allows for significant reduction in sample preparation time. The concentrations determined in these samples highlight the need for sensitive analytical techniques with the ability to detect analyte concentrations at sub ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malorie Mella
- Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord St, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Brendan Schweitzer
- Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord St, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Sabra Botch-Jones
- Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord St, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Claude Mallet
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple St, Milford, MA, 01757, USA
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10
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Guo BB, Zhang YQ, Wang SF, Ding JS, Zhou WH. The Pharmacokinetics of Morphine and Codeine in Human Plasma and Urine after Oral Administration of Qiangli Pipa Syrup. J Forensic Sci 2017; 63:1221-1228. [PMID: 29148050 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Papaveris pericarpium, a natural source of morphine and codeine, is the principal active component in many antitussive traditional Chinese medicines. We herein report the first PK study of papaveris pericarpium in human plasma and urine following oral administration of single (15, 30, 60 mL) and multiple dose (15 mL) of Qiangli Pipa Syrup (MOR 0.1 mg/mL, COD 0.028 mg/mL) by monitoring morphine and codeine using a HPLC-MS/MS method. Their Tmax and t1/2 values are independent of dosages, while the AUC0-t linearly increased with higher dosages, indicating linear PK characteristics. AUC0-t increased obviously after multiple doses, indicating possible risk of accumulative toxicity. Urine studies suggested risks of positive opiate drug tests with a cutoff of 300 ng/mL, which lasted 6-14 h at different doses. These results provide important information for clinical safety, efficacy and rational drug use of Qiangli Pipa Syrup and also guide the related judicial expertise of its administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Bin Guo
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Yu-Qiao Zhang
- West China Second University Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Sheng-Feng Wang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.,Department of Pharmacy, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Jin-Song Ding
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Wen-Hu Zhou
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
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11
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Simultaneous drug identification in urine of sexual assault victims by using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 282:35-40. [PMID: 29149685 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
According to domestic and international epidemiological investigation, the proportion of substance involved sexual assault has the trend of ascent. In the past, laboratory methods that investigated urine sample of the sexual assault victims was to screen with enzyme immunoassay and then confirmed with mass spectrometry. The objective of the study is to simultaneously identify abused drugs in 126 decoded urine samples of sexual assault victims by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The instrument was operated in multiple-reaction monitoring with an electro-spray positive ionization mode. Chromatograms were separated with ACE5 C18 column on a gradient of acetonitrile. After liquid-liquid extraction, samples were passed through a 0.22μm PVDF filter before injection into the system. The limits of quantitation ranged from 0.2 to 10ng/mL. The precision (CV) results were below 12.9% (intraday) and 15.0% (interday). The intraday accuracy ranged from 84.8 to 121.0%, interday accuracy ranged from 72.0 to 117.3%. We found that 29 (23.0%) were positive for drugs. The most common drug identified is flunitrazepam (11.1%), followed by nimetazepam and ketamine (7.9%), some new psychoactive substances, such as 2C-B, mephedrone, methylone, PMA and PMMA were also identified. We identified abused drugs, benzodiazepines, and new psychoactive substances in urine of sexual assault victims by using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
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12
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Rosano TG, Ohouo PY, Wood M. Screening with Quantification for 64 Drugs and Metabolites in Human Urine using UPLC–MS-MS Analysis and a Threshold Accurate Calibration. J Anal Toxicol 2017; 41:536-546. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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13
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Liu Y, Uboh CE, Li X, Guan F, You Y, Maylin GA, Zhu F, Soma LR. Validated LC–MS-MS Method for Simultaneous Analysis of 17 Barbiturates in Horse Plasma for Doping Control. J Anal Toxicol 2017; 41:431-440. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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14
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Alagandula R, Zhou X, Guo B. A dilute-and-shoot flow-injection tandem mass spectrometry method for quantification of phenobarbital in urine. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:39-46. [PMID: 27739613 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) is the gold standard of urine drug testing. However, current LC-based methods are time consuming, limiting the throughput of MS-based testing and increasing the cost. This is particularly problematic for quantification of drugs such as phenobarbital, which is often analyzed in a separate run because they must be negatively ionized. METHODS This study examined the feasibility of using a dilute-and-shoot flow-injection method without LC separation to quantify drugs with phenobarbital as a model system. Briefly, a urine sample containing phenobarbital was first diluted by 10 times, followed by flow injection of the diluted sample to mass spectrometer. Quantification and detection of phenobarbital were achieved by an electrospray negative ionization MS/MS system operated in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with the stable-isotope-labeled drug as internal standard. RESULTS The dilute-and-shoot flow-injection method developed was linear with a dynamic range of 50-2000 ng/mL of phenobarbital and correlation coefficient > 0.9996. The coefficients of variation and relative errors for intra- and inter-assays at four quality control (QC) levels (50, 125, 445 and 1600 ng/mL) were 3.0% and 5.0%, respectively. The total run time to quantify one sample was 2 min, and the sensitivity and specificity of the method did not deteriorate even after 1200 consecutive injections. CONCLUSIONS Our method can accurately and robustly quantify phenobarbital in urine without LC separation. Because of its 2 min run time, the method can process 720 samples per day. This feasibility study shows that the dilute-and-shoot flow-injection method can be a general way for fast analysis of drugs in urine. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravali Alagandula
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Baochuan Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
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15
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Rosano TG, Ohouo PY, LeQue JJ, Freeto SM, Wood M. Definitive Drug and Metabolite Screening in Urine by UPLC–MS-MS Using a Novel Calibration Technique. J Anal Toxicol 2016; 40:628-638. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkw050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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16
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Mallet C, Botch-Jones S. Illicit Drug Analysis Using Two-Dimension Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2016; 40:617-627. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkw082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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17
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Viaene J, Lanckmans K, Dejaegher B, Mangelings D, Vander Heyden Y. Comparison of a triple-quadrupole and a quadrupole time-of-flight mass analyzer to quantify 16 opioids in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 127:49-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Zhang X, Lin Z, Li J, Huang Z, Rao Y, Liang H, Yan J, Zheng F. Rapid determination of nine barbiturates in human whole blood by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:588-595. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing Jiangsu PR China
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Fudan University; Shanghai PR China
| | - Zebin Lin
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Fudan University; Shanghai PR China
| | - Jiaolun Li
- Department of Chemistry; Fudan University; Shanghai PR China
| | - Zhibin Huang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Fudan University; Shanghai PR China
| | - Yulan Rao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Fudan University; Shanghai PR China
| | - Hao Liang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Fudan University; Shanghai PR China
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Central South University; Changsha Hunan PR China
| | - Feng Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing Jiangsu PR China
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Anilanmert B, Çavuş F, Narin I, Cengiz S, Sertler Ş, Özdemir AA, Açikkol M. Simultaneous analysis method for GHB, ketamine, norketamine, phenobarbital, thiopental, zolpidem, zopiclone and phenytoin in urine, using C18 poroshell column. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1022:230-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Assessing cocaine abuse using LC-MS/MS measurements in biological specimens. Bioanalysis 2016; 7:1497-525. [PMID: 26168256 DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocaine use is still a problem in today's world, and this has several implications on human activities. Indeed, important problems related to cocaine derive from its use in situations where concentration and focus skills are necessary, namely while driving and/or working. The need of analytical methods for drug analysis in specimens of biological origin for proper documentation of human exposure is increasing. While GC-MS-based procedures represented the state-of-the-art of analytical techniques a few years ago, there is a growing trend for their replacement by LC-MS/MS, which can be justified by the increased sensitivity presented by these new technologies. This paper will review recently published papers on the use of LC-MS/MS-based procedures for cocaine measurement in biological specimens.
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Lee HH, Lee JF, Lin SY, Chen BH. Simultaneous identification of abused drugs, benzodiazepines, and new psychoactive substances in urine by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2016; 32:118-27. [PMID: 27106001 DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A literature search reveals no studies concerning simultaneous identification of commonly abused drugs, benzodiazepines, and new psychoactive substances in urine by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). We developed and validated an LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous identification of multiple abused drugs, benzodiazepines, and new psychoactive substances in urine from suspected drug abusers. The instrument was operated in multiple-reaction monitoring using an electrospray ionization mode. Chromatograms were separated using an ACE5 C18 column on a gradient of acetonitrile. After liquid-liquid extraction, samples were passed through a 0.22-μm polyvinylidene difluoride filter before injection into the LC-MS/MS. The limits of quantitation ranged from 0.5 ng/mL to 31.3 ng/mL. The linearity ranged from 0.5 ng/mL to 200 ng/mL. The precision results were below 15.4% (intraday) and 18.7% (interday). The intraday accuracy ranged from 85.9% to 121.0%; interday accuracy ranged from 66.1% to 128.7%. The proposed method was applied to 769 urine samples. The most common three drugs identified were ketamine, amphetamine, and opiates. The drug positive rate for one or more drugs was 79.6%. Our results demonstrate the suitability of the LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous identification of multiple abused drugs, benzodiazepines, and new psychoactive substances in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hei-Hwa Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Feng Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Yu Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Bai-Hsiun Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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22
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Simultaneous Quantitation of 78 Drugs and Metabolites in Urine with a Dilute-And-Shoot LC–MS-MS Assay. J Anal Toxicol 2015; 39:335-46. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkv024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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23
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McMillin GA, Marin SJ, Johnson-Davis KL, Lawlor BG, Strathmann FG. A hybrid approach to urine drug testing using high-resolution mass spectrometry and select immunoassays. Am J Clin Pathol 2015; 143:234-40. [PMID: 25596249 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpmjkbc6vja1sp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The major objective of this research was to propose a simplified approach for the evaluation of medication adherence in chronic pain management patients, using liquid chromatography time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry, performed in parallel with select homogeneous enzyme immunoassays (HEIAs). We called it a "hybrid" approach to urine drug testing. METHODS The hybrid approach was defined based on anticipated positivity rates, availability of commercial reagents for HEIAs, and assay performance, particularly analytical sensitivity and specificity for drug(s) of interest. Subsequent to implementation of the hybrid approach, time to result was compared with that observed with other urine drug testing approaches. RESULTS Opioids, benzodiazepines, zolpidem, amphetamine-like stimulants, and methylphenidate metabolite were detected by TOF mass spectrometry to maximize specificity and sensitivity of these 37 drug analytes. Barbiturates, cannabinoid metabolite, carisoprodol, cocaine metabolite, ethyl glucuronide, methadone, phencyclidine, propoxyphene, and tramadol were detected by HEIAs that performed adequately and/or for which positivity rates were very low. Time to result was significantly reduced compared with the traditional approach. CONCLUSIONS The hybrid approach to urine drug testing provides a simplified and analytically specific testing process that minimizes the need for secondary confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn A. McMillin
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Stephanie J. Marin
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Kamisha L. Johnson-Davis
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Frederick G. Strathmann
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
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24
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Guan D, Guo L, Liu L, Kong N, Kuang H, Xu C. Development of an ELISA for nitrazepam based on a monoclonal antibody. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2014.998637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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25
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Abstract
AbstractBenzodiazepines (BDZs) are generally commonly used as anxiolytic and/or hypnotic drugs as a ligand of the GABAA-benzodiazepine receptor. Moreover, some of benzodiazepines are widely used as an anti-depressive and sedative drugs, and also as anti-epileptic drugs and in some cases can be useful as an adjunct treatment in refractory epilepsies or anti-alcoholic therapy. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) methods, gas chromatography (GC) methods, capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods and some of spectrophotometric and spectrofluorometric methods were developed and have been extensively applied to the analysis of number of benzodiazepine derivative drugs (BDZs) providing reliable and accurate results. The available chemical methods for the determination of BDZs in biological materials and pharmaceutical formulations are reviewed in this work.
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26
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Tang MH, Ching C, Lee CY, Lam YH, Mak TW. Simultaneous detection of 93 conventional and emerging drugs of abuse and their metabolites in urine by UHPLC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 969:272-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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Wei B, Feng J, Rehmani IJ, Miller S, McGuffey JE, Blount BC, Wang L. A high-throughput robotic sample preparation system and HPLC-MS/MS for measuring urinary anatabine, anabasine, nicotine and major nicotine metabolites. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 436:290-7. [PMID: 24968308 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most sample preparation methods characteristically involve intensive and repetitive labor, which is inefficient when preparing large numbers of samples from population-scale studies. METHODS This study presents a robotic system designed to meet the sampling requirements for large population-scale studies. Using this robotic system, we developed and validated a method to simultaneously measure urinary anatabine, anabasine, nicotine and seven major nicotine metabolites: 4-Hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl)butanoic acid, cotinine-N-oxide, nicotine-N-oxide, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, norcotinine, cotinine and nornicotine. We analyzed robotically prepared samples using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry in positive electrospray ionization mode using scheduled multiple reaction monitoring (sMRM) with a total runtime of 8.5 min. RESULTS The optimized procedure was able to deliver linear analyte responses over a broad range of concentrations. Responses of urine-based calibrators delivered coefficients of determination (R(2)) of >0.995. Sample preparation recovery was generally higher than 80%. The robotic system was able to prepare four 96-well plate (384 urine samples) per day, and the overall method afforded an accuracy range of 92-115%, and an imprecision of <15.0% on average. CONCLUSIONS The validation results demonstrate that the method is accurate, precise, sensitive, robust, and most significantly labor-saving for sample preparation, making it efficient and practical for routine measurements in large population-scale studies such as the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binnian Wei
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - June Feng
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - Imran J Rehmani
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sharyn Miller
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - James E McGuffey
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Benjamin C Blount
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Lanqing Wang
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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28
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Simultaneous detection of 19 drugs of abuse on dried urine spot by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Biochem 2013; 46:1118-1124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Wang J, Yang Z, Lechago J. Rapid and simultaneous determination of multiple classes of abused drugs and metabolites in human urine by a robust LC-MS/MS method - application to urine drug testing in pain clinics. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:1463-80. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Wang
- Texas Medical Toxicology; 7707 Fannin Street, Suite 290; Houston; TX; 77054; USA
| | - Zhen Yang
- Texas Medical Toxicology; 7707 Fannin Street, Suite 290; Houston; TX; 77054; USA
| | - James Lechago
- Texas Medical Toxicology; 7707 Fannin Street, Suite 290; Houston; TX; 77054; USA
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30
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Simultaneous quantification of amphetamine, opiates, ketamine and relative metabolites in urine for confirmatory analysis by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 929:133-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Andersson M, Stephanson N, Öhman I, Terzuoli T, Lindh JD, Beck O. Direct and efficient liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method for opiates in urine drug testing - importance of 6-acetylmorphine and reduction of analytes. Drug Test Anal 2013; 6:317-24. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Andersson
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Karolinska Institute and University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Nikolai Stephanson
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Karolinska Institute and University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Inger Öhman
- Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology; Karolinska Institute and University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Tommy Terzuoli
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Karolinska Institute and University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Jonatan D Lindh
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Karolinska Institute and University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Olof Beck
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Karolinska Institute and University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
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32
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High-throughput determination of barbiturates in human plasma using on-line column-switching ultra-fast liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-012-0155-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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33
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Lua IA, Lin SL, Lin HR, Lua AC. Replacing Immunoassays for Mephedrone, Ketamines and Six Amphetamine-Type Stimulants with Flow Injection Analysis Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2012; 36:575-81. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bks068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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34
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Rodríguez J, Contento AM, Castañeda G, Muñoz L, Berciano MA. Determination of morphine, codeine, and paclitaxel in human serum and plasma by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:2297-306. [PMID: 22887651 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A micellar electrokinetic chromatography method is proposed for the determination of morphine, codeine, and paclitaxel at clinical relevant levels in human serum and plasma, which are employed in the treatment of patients with cancer. Optimal conditions for the separation were investigated. A background electrolyte solutions consisting of 20 mM borate buffer adjusted to pH 8.5, sodium dodecyl sulphate 60 mM and 15% methanol, hydrodynamic injection, and 25 kV as separation voltage were used. Detection wavelength was 212 nm for morphine and codeine and 200 nm for paclitaxel. Aspects such as stability of the solutions, linearity, accuracy, precision, and robust and ruggedness were examined in order to validate the proposed method. Detection limits obtained for all the studied compounds ranged between 26 and 52 ng/mL. Before micellar electrokinetic chromatography determination, the samples were purified and enriched by means of an extraction-preconcentration step with a preconditioned C(18) cartridge. This method was applied to the analysis of serum and plasma samples from different cancer patients undergoing treatment with paclitaxel or/and codeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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35
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Karampela S, Vardakou I, Papoutsis I, Dona A, Spiliopoulou C, Athanaselis S, Pistos C. Direct urine analysis for the identification and quantification of selected benzodiazepines for toxicology screening. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 902:42-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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36
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Peters FT, Remane D. Aspects of matrix effects in applications of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry to forensic and clinical toxicology—a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:2155-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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Rodríguez J, Castañeda G, Contento A, Muñoz L. Direct and fast determination of paclitaxel, morphine and codeine in urine by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1231:66-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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38
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Yuan C, Heideloff C, Kozak M, Wang S. Simultaneous quantification of 19 drugs/metabolites in urine important for pain management by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chem Lab Med 2012; 50:95-103. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2011.739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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39
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Melucci D, Monti D, D’Elia M, Luciano G. Rapid In Situ Repeatable Analysis of Drugs in Powder Form Using Reflectance Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Multivariate Calibration. J Forensic Sci 2011; 57:86-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01945.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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40
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Salomone A, Gerace E, Brizio P, Gennaro MC, Vincenti M. A fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for determining benzodiazepines and analogues in urine. Validation and application to real cases of forensic interest. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 56:582-91. [PMID: 21737221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A fast liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric method was developed for the simultaneous determination in human urine of seventeen benzodiazepines, four relevant metabolites together plus zolpidem and zopiclone. The sample preparation, optimized to take into account the matrix effect, was based on enzymatic hydrolysis and liquid-liquid extraction. The separation of the twenty-three analytes was achieved in less than eight minutes. The whole methodology was fully validated according to UNI EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005 rules and 2006 SOFT/AAFS guidelines. Selectivity, linearity range, identification (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) limits, precision, accuracy and recovery were evaluated. For all the species the signal/concentration linearity was satisfactory in the 50-1000 ng/mL concentration range. The limits of detection ranged from 0.5 to 30 ng/mL and LOQs from 1.7 to 100.0 ng/mL. Precisions were in the ranges 5.0-11.8%, 1.5-11.0% and 1.1-4.4% for low (100 ng/mL), medium (300 ng/mL) and high (1000 ng/mL) concentration, respectively. The accuracy, expressed as bias% was within ± 25 % for all the analytes. The recovery values, evaluated at 300 ng/mL concentration, ranged from 56.2% to 98.8%. The present method for the determination of several benzodiazepines, zolpidem and zopiclone in human urine proved to be simple, fast, specific and sensitive. The quantification by LC-MS/MS was successfully applied to 329 forensic cases among driving re-licensing, car accidents and alleged sexual violence cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Salomone
- Centro Regionale Antidoping A. Bertinaria, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
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41
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Namera A, Yamamoto S, Saito T, Miyazaki S, Oikawa H, Nakamoto A, Nagao M. Simultaneous extraction of acidic and basic drugs from urine using mixed-mode monolithic silica spin column bonded with octadecyl and cation-exchange group. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:2232-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Drugs of abuse screening in urine as part of a metabolite-based LC-MSn screening concept. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:3481-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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43
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Bioanalytical methods for the determination of cocaine and metabolites in human biological samples. Bioanalysis 2011; 1:977-1000. [PMID: 21083066 DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Determination of cocaine and its metabolites in biological specimens is of great importance, not only in clinical and forensic toxicology, but also in workplace drug testing. These compounds are normally screened for using sensitive immunological methods. However, screening methods are unspecific and, therefore, the posterior confirmation of presumably positive samples by a specific technique is mandatory. Although GC-MS-based techniques are still the most commonly used for confirmation purposes of cocaine and its metabolites in biological specimens, the advent of LC-MS and LC-MS/MS has enabled the detection of even lower amounts of these drugs, which assumes particular importance when sample volume available is small, as frequently occurs with oral fluid. This paper will review recently-published papers that describe procedures for detection of cocaine and metabolites, not only in the most commonly used specimens, such as blood and urine, but also in other 'alternative' matrices (e.g., oral fluid and hair) with a special focus on sample preparation and chromatographic analysis.
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Lamshöft M, Grobe N, Spiteller M. Picomolar concentrations of morphine in human urine determined by dansyl derivatization and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:933-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Nakamura M. Analyses of benzodiazepines and their metabolites in various biological matrices by LC-MS(/MS). Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 25:1283-307. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Nakamura
- Laboratory of Drug Informatics; Gifu Pharmaceutical University; 1-25-4, daigaku-nishi; Gifu; 501-1196; Japan
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46
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Recent advances of liquid chromatography–(tandem) mass spectrometry in clinical and forensic toxicology. Clin Biochem 2011; 44:54-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Vogeser M, Kirchhoff F. Progress in automation of LC-MS in laboratory medicine. Clin Biochem 2011; 44:4-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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48
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Couchman L, Morgan PE. LC-MS in analytical toxicology: some practical considerations. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:100-23. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Chimalakonda KC, Hailey C, Black R, Beekman A, Carlisle R, Lowman-Smith E, Singletary H, Owens SM, Hendrickson H. Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for determination of phencyclidine in human serum and its application to human drug abuse cases. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2010; 2:1249-1254. [PMID: 20959870 PMCID: PMC2955886 DOI: 10.1039/c0ay00206b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A new analytical method was developed and validated for the rapid determination of phencyclidine (PCP) in human blood and serum. Rapid chromatographic separation decreased the analysis time relative to standard gas chromatography (GC)-based methodologies. The method involved the use of solid-phase extraction for sample preparation and cleanup followed by liquid chromatography tandem spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) analysis and an electrospray-ionization (ESI) interface. PCP was quantified using multiple-reaction-monitoring with deuterium labeled PCP (PCP-d(5)) as an internal standard. The method was validated for accuracy, precision, linearity, and recovery. The method was accurate with error <14% and precision with coefficient of variation (CV) <5.0%. The assay was linear over the entire range of calibration standards (r(2) > 0.997). The recovery of PCP after solid-phase extraction was greater than 90% with the lower limit of detection (LLOD) for PCP in 500 µl of human serum after solid-phase extraction at 0.06 ng ml(-1). This method was used to determine the levels of PCP in postmortem human blood samples. The LLOD in blood was 1 ng ml(-1). Blood PCP concentrations were also determined separately using GC and flame ionization detection (FID). Blood calibration standards and serum calibration standards yielded similar concentrations when used to quantitate authentic human blood samples that tested positive for PCP under the GC-FID method. Extraction of PCP from serum required fewer steps and therefore could be used as a calibration matrix in place of blood. The LC-MS/MS methodology shown here was higher throughput compared with GC-based methods because of very short chromatographic run times. This was accomplished without sacrificing analytical sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna C. Chimalakonda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Chris Hailey
- Arkansas State Crime Laboratory, 3 Natural Resources Drive, P.O. Box 8500, Little Rock, AR, 72215, USA
| | - Ryan Black
- Arkansas State Crime Laboratory, 3 Natural Resources Drive, P.O. Box 8500, Little Rock, AR, 72215, USA
| | - Allison Beekman
- Arkansas State Crime Laboratory, 3 Natural Resources Drive, P.O. Box 8500, Little Rock, AR, 72215, USA
| | - Rebecca Carlisle
- Arkansas State Crime Laboratory, 3 Natural Resources Drive, P.O. Box 8500, Little Rock, AR, 72215, USA
| | - Elizabeth Lowman-Smith
- Arkansas State Crime Laboratory, 3 Natural Resources Drive, P.O. Box 8500, Little Rock, AR, 72215, USA
| | - Heathe Singletary
- Arkansas State Crime Laboratory, 3 Natural Resources Drive, P.O. Box 8500, Little Rock, AR, 72215, USA
| | - S. Michael Owens
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Howard Hendrickson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
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Viette V, Guillarme D, Mylonas R, Mauron Y, Fathi M, Rudaz S, Hochstrasser D, Veuthey JL. A multi-target screening analysis in human plasma using fast liquid chromatography-hybrid tandem mass spectrometry (Part I). Clin Biochem 2010; 44:32-44. [PMID: 20691172 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evaluate a new LC-MS/MS screening method for drugs and drugs of abuse as an alternative to the existing methods used in clinical toxicology laboratories. DESIGN AND METHODS The work was divided in two parts. The first part was dedicated to the technical development and evaluation of the method for which a set of 97 drugs and relevant metabolites was used to perform a complete investigation of matrix effects and lower limit of identification (LOI). The second part was a comparison of identified drugs between LC-MS/MS and Remedi® instrument on clinical serum samples. RESULTS The method offers good performance allowing an automatic peak detection and compound identification. The limit of identification is equivalent to 50 μg/L for the majority of the studied compounds. The process efficiency (PE) is higher than 70% for 65% of the evaluated compounds. Thus, a sufficient detection capability in terms of limit of detection for identification and PE satisfied the expected performance. CONCLUSION The described methodology allows the identification of the main drugs incriminated in intoxications within a quite short analysis time. The separation of most of the analytes is performed in 15 min. The procedure is sufficiently sensitive and selective.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Viette
- Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland
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