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Zhang Z, Shi W, Ru L, Lv W. Biomarkers of occupational benzene exposure: A Systematic Review to estimate the exposure levels and individual susceptibility at low doses. Toxicol Ind Health 2024; 40:539-555. [PMID: 38864232 DOI: 10.1177/07482337241259053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Benzene is associated with diverse occupational and public health hazards. It exhibits an ability to rapidly permeate the skin and contaminate water and food sources, leading to dermal and ingestion exposures. Despite numerous studies examining the associations between benzene and various indicators of harm, the findings have yielded inconsistent results. Furthermore, relying solely on air concentration as a measure of benzene exposure is limited, as it fails to account for internal exposure dose and individual susceptibility. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive review in order to present current knowledge on benzene biomarkers and their significance in evaluating exposure levels and associated health hazards. The search methodology adhered to the PRISMA guidelines and involved the application of specific inclusion and exclusion criteria across multiple databases including PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Two researchers independently extracted and evaluated the relevant data based on predetermined criteria. Following the screening process, a total of 80 articles were considered eligible out of the initially retrieved 1053 articles after undergoing screening and assessment for inclusion. As the level of exposure decreased, specific biomarkers demonstrated a gradual increase in limitations, including heightened background concentrations and vulnerability to confounding factors. The advancement of sampling and analysis techniques will yield new biomarkers. Additionally, when conducting practical work, it is crucial to employ a comprehensive utilization of diverse biomarkers while excluding individual metabolic variations and combined exposure factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijuan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenmin Shi
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lihua Ru
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Lv
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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Murphy SE, Guillermo C, Thomson NM, Carmella SG, Wittmann M, Aldrich MC, Cai Q, Sullivan SM, Stram DO, Le Marchand L, Hecht SS, Blot WJ, Park SL. Association of Urinary Biomarkers of Tobacco Exposure with Lung Cancer Risk in African American and White Cigarette Smokers in the Southern Community Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024; 33:1073-1082. [PMID: 38780906 PMCID: PMC11299762 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-23-1362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After accounting for smoking history, lung cancer incidence is greater in African Americans than Whites. In the multiethnic cohort, total nicotine equivalents (TNE) are higher in African Americans than Whites at similar reported cigarettes per day. Greater toxicant uptake per cigarette may contribute to the greater lung cancer risk of African Americans. METHODS In a nested case-control lung cancer study within the Southern Community Cohort, smoking-related biomarkers were measured in 259 cases and 503 controls (40% White; 56% African American). TNE, the trans-3-hydroxycotinine/cotinine ratio, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-3-(pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), mercapturic acid metabolites of volatile organic compounds, phenanthrene metabolites, cadmium (Cd), and (Z)-7-(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxy-2-[(E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-enyl]cyclopenyl]hept-5-enoic acid were quantified in urine. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate the ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each biomarker and lung cancer risk. RESULTS TNE, NNAL, and Cd were higher in cases than controls (adjusted for age, race, sex, body mass index, and cigarettes per day). Among cases, these levels were higher in African Americans compared with Whites. After accounting for age, sex, body mass index, and pack-years, a one-SD increase in log-TNE (OR = 1.30; 95% CI, 1.10-1.54) and log-NNAL (OR = 1.27; 95% CI, 1.03-1.58 with TNE adjustment) was associated with lung cancer risk. In this study, in which NNAL concentration is relatively high, the association for log-TNE was attenuated after adjustment for log-NNAL. CONCLUSIONS Smoking-related biomarkers provide additional information for lung cancer risk in smokers beyond smoking pack-years. IMPACT Urinary NNAL, TNE, and Cd concentrations in current smokers, particularly African American smokers, may be useful for predicting lung cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E. Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Biophysics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN
| | - Cherie Guillermo
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | | | | | - Milo Wittmann
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN, USA
| | - Melinda C. Aldrich
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine. Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Daniel O. Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Loïc Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Stephen S. Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN, USA
| | - William J. Blot
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - S. Lani Park
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
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Saito K, Goda R, Arai K, Asahina K, Kawabata M, Uchiyama H, Andou T, Shimizu H, Takahara K, Kakehi M, Yamauchi S, Nitta SI, Suga T, Fujita H, Ishikawa R, Saito Y. Interlaboratory evaluation of LC-MS-based biomarker assays. Bioanalysis 2024; 16:389-402. [PMID: 38334082 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Validation of biomarker assays is crucial for effective drug development and clinical applications. Interlaboratory reproducibility is vital for reliable comparison and combination of data from different centers. This review summarizes interlaboratory studies of quantitative LC-MS-based biomarker assays using reference standards for calibration curves. The following points are discussed: trends in reports, reference and internal standards, evaluation of analytical validation parameters, study sample analysis and normalization of biomarker assay data. Full evaluation of these parameters in interlaboratory studies is limited, necessitating further research. Some reports suggest methods to address variations in biomarker assay data among laboratories, facilitating organized studies and data combination. Method validation across laboratories is crucial for reducing interlaboratory differences and reflecting target biomarker responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Saito
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryoya Goda
- Daiichi Sankyo Company Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Arai
- LSI Medience Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rika Ishikawa
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Saito
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
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Ashley DL, Zhu W, Bhandari D, Wang L, Feng J, Wang Y, Meng L, Xia B, Jarrett JM, Chang CM, Kimmel HL, Blount BC. Influence of Half-life and Smoking/Nonsmoking Ratio on Biomarker Consistency between Waves 1 and 2 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024; 33:80-87. [PMID: 37823832 PMCID: PMC10843274 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-23-0538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomarkers of exposure are tools for understanding the impact of tobacco use on health outcomes if confounders like demographics, use behavior, biological half-life, and other sources of exposure are accounted for in the analysis. METHODS We performed multiple regression analysis of longitudinal measures of urinary biomarkers of alkaloids, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds (VOC), and metals to examine the sample-to-sample consistency in Waves 1 and 2 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study including demographic characteristics and use behavior variables of persons who smoked exclusively. Regression coefficients, within- and between-person variance, and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) were compared with biomarker smoking/nonsmoking population mean ratios and biological half-lives. RESULTS Most biomarkers were similarly associated with sex, age, race/ethnicity, and product use behavior. The biomarkers with larger smoking/nonsmoking population mean ratios had greater regression coefficients related to recency of exposure. For VOC and alkaloid metabolites, longer biological half-life was associated with lower within-person variance. For each chemical class studied, there were biomarkers that demonstrated good ICCs. CONCLUSIONS For most of the biomarkers of exposure reported in the PATH Study, for people who smoke cigarettes exclusively, associations are similar between urinary biomarkers of exposure and demographic and use behavior covariates. Biomarkers of exposure within-subject consistency is likely associated with nontobacco sources of exposure and biological half-life. IMPACT Biomarkers measured in the PATH Study provide consistent sample-to-sample measures from which to investigate the association of adverse health outcomes with the characteristics of cigarettes and their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Ashley
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Wanzhe Zhu
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Deepak Bhandari
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Lanqing Wang
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jun Feng
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Yuesong Wang
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Lei Meng
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Baoyun Xia
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jeffery M. Jarrett
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Cindy M. Chang
- Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Heather L. Kimmel
- National Institute for Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Benjamin C. Blount
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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Verscheure E, Stierum R, Schlünssen V, Lund Würtz AM, Vanneste D, Kogevinas M, Harding BN, Broberg K, Zienolddiny-Narui S, Erdem JS, Das MK, Makris KC, Konstantinou C, Andrianou X, Dekkers S, Morris L, Pronk A, Godderis L, Ghosh M. Characterization of the internal working-life exposome using minimally and non-invasive sampling methods - a narrative review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 238:117001. [PMID: 37683788 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
During recent years, we are moving away from the 'one exposure, one disease'-approach in occupational settings and towards a more comprehensive approach, taking into account the totality of exposures during a life course by using an exposome approach. Taking an exposome approach however is accompanied by many challenges, one of which, for example, relates to the collection of biological samples. Methods used for sample collection in occupational exposome studies should ideally be minimally invasive, while at the same time sensitive, and enable meaningful repeated sampling in a large population and over a longer time period. This might be hampered in specific situations e.g., people working in remote areas, during pandemics or with flexible work hours. In these situations, using self-sampling techniques might offer a solution. Therefore, our aim was to identify existing self-sampling techniques and to evaluate the applicability of these techniques in an occupational exposome context by conducting a literature review. We here present an overview of current self-sampling methodologies used to characterize the internal exposome. In addition, the use of different biological matrices was evaluated and subdivided based on their level of invasiveness and applicability in an occupational exposome context. In conclusion, this review and the overview of self-sampling techniques presented herein can serve as a guide in the design of future (occupational) exposome studies while circumventing sample collection challenges associated with exposome studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Verscheure
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Environment and Health, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rob Stierum
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Risk Analysis for Products in Development, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Vivi Schlünssen
- Department of Public Health, Research unit for Environment, Occupation and Health, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne Mette Lund Würtz
- Department of Public Health, Research unit for Environment, Occupation and Health, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dorian Vanneste
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Environment and Health, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- Environment and Health over the Lifecourse Program, ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Barbara N Harding
- Environment and Health over the Lifecourse Program, ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karin Broberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Mrinal K Das
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Konstantinos C Makris
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Corina Konstantinou
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Xanthi Andrianou
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Susan Dekkers
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Risk Analysis for Products in Development, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Anjoeka Pronk
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Risk Analysis for Products in Development, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lode Godderis
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Environment and Health, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Idewe, External Service for Prevention and Protection at work, Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Manosij Ghosh
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Environment and Health, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Bowman BA, Lewis EV, Goldy DW, Kim JY, Elio DM, Blount BC, Bhandari D. Assessment of urinary 6-hydroxy-2,4-cyclohexadienyl mercapturic acid as a novel biomarker of benzene exposure. J Anal Toxicol 2023; 47:597-605. [PMID: 37632692 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkad056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessing benzene exposure is a public health priority due to its deleterious health effects and ubiquitous industrial and environmental sources of exposure. Phenyl mercapturic acid (PhMA) is a commonly used urinary biomarker to assess benzene exposure. However, recent work has identified significant interlaboratory variation in urinary PhMA concentrations related to methodological differences. In this study, we present urinary 6-hydroxy-2,4-cyclohexadienyl mercapturic acid (pre-PhMA), a metabolite that undergoes acid-catalyzed dehydration to form PhMA, as a novel and specific urinary biomarker for assessing benzene exposure. We developed and validated the first quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for measuring urinary concentrations of pre-PhMA. The pH effect on the method of ruggedness testing determined that pre-PhMA is stable across the normal human urine pH range and that neutral conditions must be maintained throughout quantification for robust and accurate measurement of urinary pre-PhMA concentrations. The method exhibited below 2 ng/mL sensitivity for pre-PhMA, linearity over three orders of magnitude, and precision and accuracy within 10%. Urinary pre-PhMA concentrations were assessed in 369 human urine samples. Smoking individuals exhibited elevated levels of pre-PhMA compared to non-smoking individuals. Furthermore, the relationship between benzene exposure and urinary pre-PhMA levels was explored by examining the correlation of pre-PhMA with 2-cyanoethyl mercapturic acid, a smoke exposure biomarker. The urinary biomarkers exhibited a positive correlation (r = 0.720), indicating that pre-PhMA levels increased with benzene exposure. The results of this study demonstrate that urinary pre-PhMA is a rugged and effective novel biomarker of benzene exposure that can be widely implemented for future biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Bowman
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Erica V Lewis
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Devon W Goldy
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Jenny Y Kim
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Deanna M Elio
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Benjamin C Blount
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Deepak Bhandari
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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Chen M, Carmella SG, Lindgren BR, Luo X, Ikuemonisan J, Niesen B, Thomson NM, Murphy SE, Hatsukami DK, Hecht SS. Increased Levels of the Acrolein Metabolite 3-Hydroxypropyl Mercapturic Acid in the Urine of e-Cigarette Users. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 36:583-588. [PMID: 35858275 PMCID: PMC9852357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Carcinogen and toxicant uptake by e-cigarette users have not been fully evaluated. In the study reported here, we recruited 30 e-cigarette users, 63 nonsmokers, and 33 cigarette smokers who gave monthly urine samples over a period of 4-6 months. Their product use status was confirmed by measurements of exhaled CO, urinary total nicotine equivalents, cyanoethyl mercapturic acid (CEMA), and total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol. Urinary biomarkers of exposure to the carcinogens acrolein (3-hydroxypropyl mercapturic acid, 3-HPMA), benzene (S-phenyl mercapturic acid, SPMA), acrylonitrile (CEMA), and a combination of crotonaldehyde, methyl vinyl ketone, and methacrolein (3-hydroxy-1-methylpropyl mercapturic acid, HMPMA) were quantified at each visit. Data from subject visits with CEMA > 27 pmol/mL were excluded from the statistical analysis of the results because of possible unreported exposures to volatile combustion products such as secondhand cigarette smoke or marijuana smoke exposure; this left 22 e-cigarette users with 4 or more monthly visits and all 63 nonsmokers. Geometric mean levels of 3-HPMA (1249 versus 679.3 pmol/mL urine) were significantly higher (P = 0.003) in e-cigarette users than in nonsmokers, whereas levels of SPMA, CEMA, and HMPMA did not differ between these two groups. All analytes were significantly higher in cigarette smokers than in either e-cigarette users or nonsmokers. The results of this unique multimonth longitudinal study demonstrate consistent significantly higher uptake of the carcinogen acrolein in e-cigarette users versus nonsmokers, presenting a warning signal regarding e-cigarette use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stephen S. Hecht
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE - 2-148 CCRB, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. phone: (612) 624-7604; fax: (612) 624-3869;
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