1
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Morphine Accumulates in the Retina Following Chronic Systemic Administration. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050527. [PMID: 35631353 PMCID: PMC9146690 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioid transport into the central nervous system is crucial for the analgesic efficacy of opioid drugs. Thus, the pharmacokinetics of opioid analgesics such as morphine have been extensively studied in systemic circulation and the brain. While opioid metabolites are routinely detected in the vitreous fluid of the eye during postmortem toxicological analyses, the pharmacokinetics of morphine within the retina of the eye remains largely unexplored. In this study, we measured morphine in mouse retina following systemic exposure. We showed that morphine deposits and persists in the retina long after levels have dropped in the serum. Moreover, we found that morphine concentrations (ng/mg tissue) in the retina exceeded brain morphine concentrations at all time points tested. Perhaps most intriguingly, these data indicate that following chronic systemic exposure, morphine accumulates in the retina, but not in the brain or serum. These results suggest that morphine can accumulate in the retina following chronic use, which could contribute to the deleterious effects of chronic opioid use on both image-forming and non-image-forming visual functions.
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2
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Alternative matrices in forensic toxicology: a critical review. Forensic Toxicol 2021; 40:1-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-021-00596-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
The use of alternative matrices in toxicological analyses has been on the rise in clinical and forensic settings. Specimens alternative to blood and urine are useful in providing additional information regarding drug exposure and analytical benefits. The goal of this paper is to present a critical review on the most recent literature regarding the application of six common alternative matrices, i.e., oral fluid, hair, sweat, meconium, breast milk and vitreous humor in forensic toxicology.
Methods
The recent literature have been searched and reviewed for the characteristics, advantages and limitations of oral fluid, hair, sweat, meconium, breast milk and vitreous humor and its applications in the analysis of traditional drugs of abuse and novel psychoactive substances (NPS).
Results
This paper outlines the properties of six biological matrices that have been used in forensic analyses, as alternatives to whole blood and urine specimens. Each of this matrix has benefits in regards to sampling, extraction, detection window, typical drug levels and other aspects. However, theses matrices have also limitations such as limited incorporation of drugs (according to physical–chemical properties), impossibility to correlate the concentrations for effects, low levels of xenobiotics and ultimately the need for more sensitive analysis. For more traditional drugs of abuse (e.g., cocaine and amphetamines), there are already data available on the detection in alternative matrices. However, data on the determination of emerging drugs such as the NPS in alternative biological matrices are more limited.
Conclusions
Alternative biological fluids are important specimens in forensic toxicology. These matrices have been increasingly reported over the years, and this dynamic will probably continue in the future, especially considering their inherent advantages and the possibility to be used when blood or urine are unavailable. However, one should be aware that these matrices have limitations and particular properties, and the findings obtained from the analysis of these specimens may vary according to the type of matrix. As a potential perspective in forensic toxicology, the topic of alternative matrices will be continuously explored, especially emphasizing NPS.
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3
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Gottardo R, Murari M, Bertaso A, Bortolotti F, Tagliaro F. Drug screening by using the Toxtyper™ LC-ion trap MS: Optimization of its application on serum samples in a DUID context. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 510:537-543. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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4
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Determination of morphine and its metabolites in the biological samples: an updated review. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:1161-1194. [PMID: 32757855 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphine (MO) as an opioid analgesic is used for the treatment of moderate-to-severe pains, particularly cancer-related pains. Pharmacologic studies on MO are complicated due to drugs binding to the protein or metabolization to active metabolites, and even inter-individual variability. This necessitates the selection of a reliable analytical method for monitoring MO and the concentrations of its metabolites in the biological samples for the pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic investigations. Therefore, this study was conducted to review all the analytical research carried out on MO and its metabolites in the biological samples during 2007-2019 as an update to the study by Bosch et al. (2007).
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5
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Wójtowicz A, Wietecha-Posłuszny R, Snamina M. Contemporary trends in drug analysis of vitreous humor: A critical review. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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6
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Ketola RA, Kriikku P. Drug concentrations in post‐mortem specimens. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1338-1357. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raimo A. Ketola
- Forensic Toxicology UnitNational Institute for Health and Welfare (THL) Mannerheimintie 166 FI‐00270 Helsinki Finland
| | - Pirkko Kriikku
- Forensic Toxicology UnitNational Institute for Health and Welfare (THL) Mannerheimintie 166 FI‐00270 Helsinki Finland
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7
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Huertas T, Jurado C, Salguero M, Soriano T, Gamero J. Stability studies in biological fluids during post-analysis custody. Opiate compounds derived from heroin consumption. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 297:326-334. [PMID: 30852416 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In Forensic Toxicology, the evidences have to be maintained under custody for, at least, one year. Depending on the conditions and duration of storage, drug concentrations might have changed considerably since the first analysis. The aim of this study is to evaluate in vitro stability of opiate compounds, derived from heroin consumption, 6-acetylmorphine (6-MAM), morphine (MOR) and codeine (COD), in blood and urine, during post-analysis custody. Parameters evaluated were: time of custody, temperature, addition of preservative (blood) and pH (urine). Blood and urine samples were spiked with the three analytes to give a final concentration of 1000 ng/mL. The prepared samples were divided into 2 groups and stored at two temperatures (4 °C and -20 °C). Each one of these groups was subsequently divided in other two groups: with and without preservative (1%NaF) for blood, and pH 4 and 8 in the case of urine. 6-MAM, MOR and COD were analyzed by GCMS after SPE and derivatization with BSTFA. Analyses were performed in triplicate every two weeks for a year. In blood samples 6-MAM is the only compound that degrades. The best storage conditions were at -20 °C with NaF, with 6-MAM recoveries, after one year of custody, of 47.1 ± 1.5%; while in the other conditions 6-MAM disappeared after 215 days (at 4 °C with NaF), 45 days (at -20 °C without NaF) and 15 days (at 4 °C without preservative). COD does not degrade, with recoveries higher than 90%, in all of the conditions. They ranged from 89.7 ± 3.6% in samples maintained at -20 °C without NaF to 95.9 ± 2.0% in those maintained at 4 °C with NaF. MOR recoveries were lower than those of COD. They ranged from 66.9 ± 3.6%, in frozen samples added with NaF, to 78.6 ± 0.5% in refrigerated samples without preservative. In urine samples the three compounds were stable in all the studied conditions, with the exception of 6-MAM in samples at pH 8 and stored at 4 °C. In these conditions, 6-MAM disappeared after 135 days of custody; while recoveries in the other conditions ranged from 93.7 ± 6.4%, at 4 °C and pH 4, to 85.1 ± 2.0% at -20 °C and pH 8. MOR and COD recoveries were similar in the four conditions. In the case of MOR, they ranged from 82.1 ± 1.2% at 4 °C and pH 4 to 89.5 ± 6.0% at -20 °C and pH 8. As far as COD is concerned, recoveries ranged from 111.6 ± 5.8% at 4 °C and pH 8 to 102.6 ± 1.2% at 4 °C and pH 4. In conclusion, the study showed that the most labile opiate compound is 6-MAM. Its stability mainly depends on urine pH or the addition of preservative, in blood samples. The best storage conditions for samples from heroin consumers are in the freezer, at -20 °C. In addition, blood samples must be added with 1%NaF and urine samples must be buffered at pH 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Huertas
- National Institute of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, Sevilla, Spain
| | - C Jurado
- National Institute of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - M Salguero
- National Institute of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, Sevilla, Spain
| | - T Soriano
- National Institute of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, Sevilla, Spain
| | - J Gamero
- Department of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cadiz, Spain
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8
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Saad MAA, Abu-Rumman AM, Mohamed KM. A Gas Chromatography–Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry Assay for the Quantification of Opiates in Human Blood Samples. J Anal Toxicol 2018; 43:188-195. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Al Saad
- Forensic Chemistry Department, College of Forensic Sciences, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Mohammad Abu-Rumman
- Forensic Chemistry Department, College of Forensic Sciences, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Masoud Mohamed
- Forensic Chemistry Department, College of Forensic Sciences, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Ishikawa AA, Bordin DM, de Campos EG, Blanes L, Doble P, De Martinis BS. A Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Method for Toxicological Analysis of MDA, MDEA and MDMA in Vitreous Humor Samples from Victims of Car Accidents. J Anal Toxicol 2018; 42:661-666. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Akemi Ishikawa
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, S/N Café Avenue, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Dayanne Mozaner Bordin
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, S/N Café Avenue, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Geraldo de Campos
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo, 3900 Bandeirantes Avenue, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Blanes
- Instituto de Tecnologia do Paraná, 3775 Professor Algacyr Munhoz Mader Street, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Philip Doble
- University of Technology Sydney, Cnr Harris and Thomas Streets, Ultimo NSW, Australia
| | - Bruno Spinosa De Martinis
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo, 3900 Bandeirantes Avenue, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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10
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Vårdal L, Wong G, Øiestad ÅML, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Gjelstad A, Øiestad EL. Rapid determination of designer benzodiazepines, benzodiazepines, and Z-hypnotics in whole blood using parallel artificial liquid membrane extraction and UHPLC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:4967-4978. [PMID: 29947895 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1147-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Benzodiazepines (BZD) and Z-hypnotics are frequently analyzed in forensic laboratories, and in 2012, the designer benzodiazepines (DBZD) emerged on the illegal drug scene. DBZD represent a particular challenge demanding new analytical methods. In this work, parallel artificial liquid membrane extraction (PALME) is used for sample preparation of DBZD, BZD, and Z-hypnotics in whole blood prior to UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. PALME of BZD, DBZD, and Z-hypnotics was performed from whole blood samples, and the analytes were extracted across a supported liquid membrane (SLM) and into an acceptor solution of dimethyl sulfoxide and 200 mM formic acid (75:25, v/v). The method was validated according to EMA guidelines. The method was linear throughout the calibration range (R2 > 0.99). Intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision, as well as matrix effects, were within the guideline limit of ± 15%. LOD and LLOQ ranged from 0.10 to 5.0 ng mL-1 and 3.2 to 160 ng mL-1, respectively. Extraction recoveries were reproducible and above 52%. The method was specific, and the analytes were stable in the PALME extracts for 4 and 10 days at 10 and - 20 °C. No carry-over was observed within the calibration range. PALME and UHPLC-MS/MS for the determination of DBZD, BZD, and Z-hypnotics in whole blood are a green and low-cost alternative that provides high sample throughput (96-well format), extensive sample clean-up, good sensitivity, and high reproducibility. The presented method is also the first method incorporating analysis of DBZD, BZD, and Z-hypnotics in whole blood in one efficient analysis. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Vårdal
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gladys Wong
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Åse Marit Leere Øiestad
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Astrid Gjelstad
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Leere Øiestad
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
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11
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Pizzato EC, Filonzi M, Rosa HSD, de Bairros AV. Pretreatment of different biological matrices for exogenous testosterone analysis: a review. Toxicol Mech Methods 2017; 27:641-656. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2017.1351015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcelo Filonzi
- Setor de Química Especial, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hemerson Silva da Rosa
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Controle de Qualidade, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
| | - André Valle de Bairros
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Controle de Qualidade, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
- Núcleo Aplicado a Toxicologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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12
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Ge S, Wei Y, Yin T, Xu B, Gao S, Hu M. Transport–Glucuronidation Classification System and PBPK Modeling: New Approach To Predict the Impact of Transporters on Disposition of Glucuronides. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:2884-2898. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shufan Ge
- Department
of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Yingjie Wei
- Key
Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, 100 Shizi Street, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Taijun Yin
- Department
of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Beibei Xu
- Department
of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Song Gao
- Department
of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Ming Hu
- Department
of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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13
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Bévalot F, Cartiser N, Bottinelli C, Fanton L, Guitton J. Vitreous humor analysis for the detection of xenobiotics in forensic toxicology: a review. Forensic Toxicol 2015; 34:12-40. [PMID: 26793276 PMCID: PMC4705140 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-015-0294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Vitreous humor (VH) is a gelatinous substance contained in the posterior chamber of the eye, playing a mechanical role in the eyeball. It has been the subject of numerous studies in various forensic applications, primarily for the assessment of postmortem interval and for postmortem chemical analysis. Since most of the xenobiotics present in the bloodstream are detected in VH after crossing the selective blood-retinal barrier, VH is an alternative matrix useful for forensic toxicology. VH analysis offers particular advantages over other biological matrices: it is less prone to postmortem redistribution, is easy to collect, has relatively few interfering compounds for the analytical process, and shows sample stability over time after death. The present study is an overview of VH physiology, drug transport and elimination. Collection, storage, analytical techniques and interpretation of results from qualitative and quantitative points of view are dealt with. The distribution of xenobiotics in VH samples is thus discussed and illustrated by a table reporting the concentrations of 106 drugs from more than 300 case reports. For this purpose, a survey was conducted of publications found in the MEDLINE database from 1969 through April 30, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Bévalot
- Laboratoire LAT LUMTOX, 71 Avenue Rockefeller, 69003 Lyon, France.,Institut de Médecine Légale, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Nathalie Cartiser
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, ISPB-Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | | | - Laurent Fanton
- Département de Médecine Légale, Hôpital Edouard-Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Place D'Arsonval, 69437 Lyon Cedex 03, France.,CREATIS CNRS UMR 5220, INSERM U1044, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, 7 Avenue Jean Capelle, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Jérôme Guitton
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, ISPB-Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France.,Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 165 Chemin Grand Revoyet, 69495 Pierre Bénite Cedex, France
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14
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Júnior JS, Giane Loss C, Mollo Filho P, Felice Guidugli R, Morgado Schmidt E, Albieri Pudenzi M, Nogueira Eberlin M, Fenalti Höehr N. Vitreous humour: Targeted metabolomics by FT-ICR-MS. Toxicol Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.08.695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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15
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Frost J, Løkken TN, Brede WR, Hegstad S, Nordrum IS, Slørdal L. A validated method for simultaneous determination of codeine, codeine-6-glucuronide, norcodeine, morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide in post-mortem blood, vitreous fluid, muscle, fat and brain tissue by LC-MS. J Anal Toxicol 2015; 39:203-12. [PMID: 25556373 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bku145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxicodynamics and, to a lesser degree, toxicokinetics of the widely used opiate codeine remain a matter of controversy. To address this issue, analytical methods capable of providing reliable quantification of codeine metabolites alongside codeine concentrations are required. This article presents a validated method for simultaneous determination of codeine, codeine metabolites codeine-6-glucuronide (C6G), norcodeine and morphine, and morphine metabolites morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) in post-mortem whole blood, vitreous fluid, muscle, fat and brain tissue by high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Samples were prepared by solid-phase extraction. The validated ranges were 1.5-300 ng/mL for codeine, norcodeine and morphine, and 23-4,600 ng/mL for C6G, M3G and M6G, with exceptions for norcodeine in muscle (3-300 ng/mL), morphine in muscle, fat and brain (3-300 ng/mL) and M6G in fat (46-4,600 ng/mL). Within-run and between-run accuracy (88.1-114.1%) and precision (CV 0.6-12.7%), matrix effects (CV 0.3-13.5%) and recovery (57.8-94.1%) were validated at two concentration levels; 3 and 150 ng/mL for codeine, norcodeine and morphine, and 46 and 2,300 ng/mL for C6G, M3G and M6G. Freeze-thaw and long-term stability (6 months at -80°C) was assessed, showing no significant changes in analyte concentrations (-12 to +8%). The method was applied in two authentic forensic autopsy cases implicating codeine in both therapeutic and presumably lethal concentration levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Frost
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Womens's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St. Olav University Hospital, NO-7006 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Trine N Løkken
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Womens's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Wenche R Brede
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St. Olav University Hospital, NO-7006 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Solfrid Hegstad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St. Olav University Hospital, NO-7006 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ivar S Nordrum
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Womens's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway Department of Pathology and Medical Genetics, St. Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lars Slørdal
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Womens's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St. Olav University Hospital, NO-7006 Trondheim, Norway
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16
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Malik-Wolf B, Vorce S, Holler J, Bosy T. Evaluation of Abalone -Glucuronidase Substitution in Current Urine Hydrolysis Procedures. J Anal Toxicol 2014; 38:171-6. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bku003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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17
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Costa JL, Morrone AR, Resende RR, Chasin AADM, Tavares MFM. Development of a method for the analysis of drugs of abuse in vitreous humor by capillary electrophoresis with diode array detection (CE–DAD). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 945-946:84-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Santos Júnior JC, Mollo Filho PC, Felice Guidugli RB, Eberlin MN, Pessôa GDS, da Silva EG, Arruda MAZ, Höehr NF. Metals and (metallo)proteins identification in vitreous humor focusing on post-mortem biochemistry. Metallomics 2014; 6:1801-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00373f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of metals and (metallo)proteins in vitreous humor samples at different post-mortem intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio César Santos Júnior
- Department of Clinical Pathology
- School of Medical Sciences. State University of Campinas – UNICAMP
- 13083-881 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Pedro Carlos Mollo Filho
- Team of Forensic Medicine West
- Medico-Legal Institute
- Police Technical Scientific Superintendence – SPTC
- , Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Nogueira Eberlin
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Campinas – UNICAMP
- 13085-970 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gustavo de Souza Pessôa
- Group of Spectrometry
- Sample Preparation and Mechanization (GEPAM)
- Institute of Chemistry. State University of Campinas – UNICAMP
- 13084-862 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Elidiane Gomes da Silva
- Group of Spectrometry
- Sample Preparation and Mechanization (GEPAM)
- Institute of Chemistry. State University of Campinas – UNICAMP
- 13084-862 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Zezzi Arruda
- Group of Spectrometry
- Sample Preparation and Mechanization (GEPAM)
- Institute of Chemistry. State University of Campinas – UNICAMP
- 13084-862 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Nelci Fenalti Höehr
- Department of Clinical Pathology
- School of Medical Sciences. State University of Campinas – UNICAMP
- 13083-881 Campinas, Brazil
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