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Morrison LJ, Steketee PC, Tettey MD, Matthews KR. Pathogenicity and virulence of African trypanosomes: From laboratory models to clinically relevant hosts. Virulence 2023; 14:2150445. [PMID: 36419235 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2150445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomes are vector-borne protozoa, which cause significant human and animal disease across sub-Saharan Africa, and animal disease across Asia and South America. In humans, infection is caused by variants of Trypanosoma brucei, and is characterized by varying rate of progression to neurological disease, caused by parasites exiting the vasculature and entering the brain. Animal disease is caused by multiple species of trypanosome, primarily T. congolense, T. vivax, and T. brucei. These trypanosomes also infect multiple species of mammalian host, and this complexity of trypanosome and host diversity is reflected in the spectrum of severity of disease in animal trypanosomiasis, ranging from hyperacute infections associated with mortality to long-term chronic infections, and is also a main reason why designing interventions for animal trypanosomiasis is so challenging. In this review, we will provide an overview of the current understanding of trypanosome determinants of infection progression and severity, covering laboratory models of disease, as well as human and livestock disease. We will also highlight gaps in knowledge and capabilities, which represent opportunities to both further our fundamental understanding of how trypanosomes cause disease, as well as facilitating the development of the novel interventions that are so badly needed to reduce the burden of disease caused by these important pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Pieter C Steketee
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Mabel D Tettey
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Keith R Matthews
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Aminu S, Danazumi AU, Alhafiz ZA, Gorna MW, Ibrahim MA. β-Sitosterol could serve as a dual inhibitor of Trypanosoma congolense sialidase and phospholipase A 2: in vitro kinetic analyses and molecular dynamic simulations. Mol Divers 2023; 27:1645-1660. [PMID: 36042119 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10517-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of Trypanosoma congolense sialidase alongside phospholipase A2 has been widely accepted as the major contributing factor to anemia during African animal trypanosomiasis. The enzymes aid the parasite in scavenging sialic acid and fatty acids necessary for survival in the infected host, but there are no specific drug candidates against the two enzymes. This study investigated the inhibitory effects of β-sitosterol on the partially purified T. congolense sialidase and phospholipase A2. Purification of the enzymes using DEAE cellulose column led to fractions with highest specific activities of 8016.41 and 39.26 µmol/min/mg for sialidase and phospholipase A2, respectively. Inhibition kinetics studies showed that β-sitosterol is non-competitive and an uncompetitive inhibitor of sialidase and phospholipase A2 with inhibition binding constants of 0.368 and 0.549 µM, respectively. Molecular docking of the compound revealed binding energies of - 8.0 and - 8.6 kcal/mol against the sialidase and phospholipase A2, respectively. Furthermore, 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation using GROMACS revealed stable interaction of β-sitosterol with both enzymes. Hydrogen bond interactions between the ligand and Glu284 and Leu102 residues of the sialidase and phospholipase A2, respectively, were found to be the major stabilizing forces. In conclusion, β-sitosterol could serve as a dual inhibitor of T. congolense sialidase and phospholipase A2; hence, the compound could be exploited further in the search for newer trypanocides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleiman Aminu
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Ammar Usman Danazumi
- Biological and Chemical Research Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zainab Aliyu Alhafiz
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University, Gusau, Nigeria
| | - Maria Wiktoria Gorna
- Biological and Chemical Research Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Rosenau J, Grothaus IL, Yang Y, Kumar ND, Ciacchi LC, Kelm S, Waespy M. N-glycosylation modulates enzymatic activity of Trypanosoma congolense trans-sialidase. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102403. [PMID: 35995210 PMCID: PMC9493392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomes cause the devastating disease trypanosomiasis, in which the action of trans-sialidase (TS) enzymes harbored on their surface is a key virulence factor. TS enzymes are N-glycosylated, but the biological functions of their glycans have remained elusive. In this study, we investigated the influence of N-glycans on the enzymatic activity and structural stability of TconTS1, a recombinant TS from the African parasite Trypanosoma congolense. We expressed the enzyme in Chinese hamster ovary Lec1 cells, which produce high-mannose type N-glycans similar to the TS N-glycosylation pattern in vivo. Our MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry data revealed that up to eight putative N-glycosylation sites were glycosylated. In addition, we determined that N-glycan removal via endoglycosidase Hf treatment of TconTS1 led to a decrease in substrate affinity relative to the untreated enzyme but had no impact on the conversion rate. Furthermore, we observed no changes in secondary structure elements of hypoglycosylated TconTS1 in CD experiments. Finally, our molecular dynamics simulations provided evidence for interactions between monosaccharide units of the highly flexible N-glycans and some conserved amino acids located at the catalytic site. These interactions led to conformational changes, possibly enhancing substrate accessibility and enzyme–substrate complex stability. The here-observed modulation of catalytic activity via N-glycans represents a so-far-unknown structure–function relationship potentially inherent in several members of the TS enzyme family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Rosenau
- University of Bremen, Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty for Biology and Chemistry, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Isabell Louise Grothaus
- University of Bremen, Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty for Biology and Chemistry, 28359 Bremen, Germany; University of Bremen, Hybrid Materials Interfaces Group, Faculty of Production Engineering, Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), and MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Yikun Yang
- University of Bremen, Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty for Biology and Chemistry, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Nilima Dinesh Kumar
- University of Bremen, Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty for Biology and Chemistry, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Lucio Colombi Ciacchi
- University of Bremen, Hybrid Materials Interfaces Group, Faculty of Production Engineering, Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), and MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Sørge Kelm
- University of Bremen, Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty for Biology and Chemistry, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Mario Waespy
- University of Bremen, Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty for Biology and Chemistry, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
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Waespy M, Gbem TT, Dinesh Kumar N, Solaiyappan Mani S, Rosenau J, Dietz F, Kelm S. Cooperativity of catalytic and lectin-like domain of Trypanosoma congolense trans-sialidase modulates its catalytic activity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0009585. [PMID: 35130274 PMCID: PMC8865650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Trans-sialidases (TS) represent a multi-gene family of unusual enzymes, which catalyse the transfer of terminal sialic acids (Sia) from sialoglycoconjugates to terminal galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine residues of oligosaccharides without the requirement of CMP-Neu5Ac, the activated Sia used by typical sialyltransferases. Enzymes comprise a N-terminal catalytic domain (CD) followed by a lectin-like domain (LD). Most work on trypanosomal TS has been done on enzymatic activities focusing on the CD of TS from Trypanosoma cruzi (causing Chagas disease in Latin America), subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei, (causing human sleeping sickness in Africa) and Trypanosoma congolense (causing African Animal Trypanosomosis in livestock). Previously, we demonstrated that T. congolense TS (TconTS)-LD binds to several carbohydrates, such as 1,4-β-mannotriose. In this study we investigated the influence of TconTS3-LD on Sia transfer efficiency of TconTS1a-CD by swapping domains. in silico analysis on structure models of TconTS enzymes revealed the potential of domain swaps between TconTS1a and TconTS3 without structural disruptions of the enzymes overall topologies. Recombinant domain swapped TconTS1a/TS3 showed clear Sia transfer activity, when using fetuin and lactose as Sia donor and acceptor substrates, respectively. While Sia transfer activity remained unchanged from the level of TconTS1a, hydrolytic release of free Neu5Ac as a side product was suppressed resulting in increased transfer efficiency. Presence of 1,4-β-mannotriose during TS reactions modulates enzyme activities enhancing transfer efficiency possibly due to occupation of the binding site in TconTS1a-LD. Interestingly this effect was in the same range as that observed when swapping TconTS1a-CD and TconTS3-LD. In summary, this study demonstrate the proof-of-principle for swapping CDs and LDs of TconTS and that TconTS3-LD influences enzymatic activity of TconTS1a-CD providing evidence that LDs play pivotal roles in modulating activities and biological functions of TconTS and possibly other TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Waespy
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty for Biology and Chemistry, University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Thaddeus Termulun Gbem
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria, Africa
- Department of Biology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria, Africa
| | - Nilima Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Shanmugam Solaiyappan Mani
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty for Biology and Chemistry, University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Jana Rosenau
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty for Biology and Chemistry, University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Frank Dietz
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty for Biology and Chemistry, University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Sørge Kelm
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty for Biology and Chemistry, University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria, Africa
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Upregulation of sialyltransferases ST3Gal1 and ST6Gal1 promotes stabilization of erythrocyte mass and recovery of anemia in Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected pigs. Res Vet Sci 2022; 145:102-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Blood of African Hedgehog Atelerix albiventris Contains 115-kDa Trypanolytic Protein that Kills Trypanosoma congolense. Acta Parasitol 2020; 65:733-742. [PMID: 32385812 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-020-00211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protozoan parasites of the Order Trypanosomatida infect a wide range of multicellular plants and animals, causing devastating and potentially fatal diseases. Trypanosomes are the most relevant members of the order in sub-Saharan Africa because of mortalities and morbidities caused to humans and livestock. PURPOSE There are growing concerns that trypanosomes are expanding their reservoirs among wild animals, which habours the parasites, withstand the infection, and from which tsetse flies transmit the parasites back to humans and livestock. This study was designed to investigate the potentials of the African hedgehog serving as reservoir for African animal trypanosomes. METHODS Five adult hedgehogs alongside five laboratory mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with 106 and 104 of Trypanosoma congolense cells, respectively, and monitored for parasitemia and survival. Serum from twenty hedgehogs was subjected to trypanocidal activity-guided fractionation by successive ion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatographies, followed by characterization with Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). RESULTS Hedgehogs were resistant to the infection as no parasite was detected and none died even after 60 days, while all the mice died within 12 days. Both the serum and plasma prepared from hedgehogs demonstrated trypanocidal activity- rapidly killed trypanosomes even when diluted 1000 times. The trypanolytic factor was identified to be proteinaceous with an estimated molecular weight of 115-kDa. CONCLUSION For the first time, it is here demonstrated that hedgehog blood has significant trypanolytic activity against T. congolense. The potential application of the hedgehog protein for the breeding of trypanosomosis-resistant livestock in tsetse fly belt is discussed.
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Tauheed AM, Mamman M, Ahmed A, Suleiman MM, Balogun EO. In vitro and in vivo antitrypanosomal efficacy of combination therapy of Anogeissus leiocarpus, Khaya senegalensis and potash. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 258:112805. [PMID: 32243988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Pastoralists in Nigeria mix barks of Anogeissus leiocarpus (AL) Khaya senegalensis (KS) and potash (Pt) to treat animal African trypanosomosis. AIM To evaluate antitrypanosomal potential of A. leiocarpus, K. senegalensis and potash for insights into the traditional claim of antitrypanosomal combination therapy (ATCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty microliter each of six different concentrations of AL, KS, Pt, AL + KS, AL + KS + Pt and diminazene aceturate (DA, positive control) was incubated with 50 μL of parasite-laden blood containing 108Trypanosoma congolense cells in a 96-well microtitre plate. Negative control wells were devoid of the extracts and drug but supplemented with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Efficacy of treatment was observed at 1 h interval for complete immobilisation or reduced motility of the parasites. Each incubated mixture was inoculated into mouse at the point of complete immobilisation of parasite motility or at the end of 6-h observation period for concentrations that did not immobilise the parasites completely. For in vivo assessment, thirty-five parasitaemic rats were randomly allocated into seven groups of 5 rats each. Each rat in groups I-V was treated with 500 mg/kg of AL, KS, Pt, AL + KS and AL + KS + Pt, respectively, for 7 days. Rats in groups VI and VII were treated with diminazene aceturate 3.5 mg/kg once and PBS 2 mL/kg (7 days), which served as positive and negative controls, respectively. Daily monitoring of parasitaemia through the tail vein, packed cell volume and malondialdehyde were used to assess efficacy of the treatments. RESULTS The AL + KS + Pt group significantly (p < 0.05) and dose-dependently reduced parasite motility and completely immobilized the parasites at 10, 5 and 2.5 μg/μL with an IC50 of 9.1×10-4 µg/µL. All the mice with conditions that produced complete cessation of parasite motility did not develop parasitaemia within one month of observation. The AL + KS group significantly (p < 0.05) lowered the level of parasitaemia and MDA, and significantly (p < 0.05) maintained higher PCV than PBS group. CONCLUSION The combination of A. leiocarpus and K. senegalensis showed better antitrypanosomal effects than single drug treatment and offers prospects for ATCT. Our findings support ethnopharmacological use of combined barks of A. leiocarpus and K. senegalensis by pastoralist in the treatment of animal African trypanosomosis in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah M Tauheed
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria.
| | - Mohammed Mamman
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Abubakar Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Mohammed M Suleiman
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria; College of Agriculture and Animal Science, Mando, Ahmadu Bello University, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel O Balogun
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, United States of America
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Onyilagha C, Uzonna JE. Host Immune Responses and Immune Evasion Strategies in African Trypanosomiasis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2738. [PMID: 31824512 PMCID: PMC6883386 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasites, including African trypanosomes, utilize several immune evasion strategies to ensure their survival and completion of their life cycles within their hosts. The defense factors activated by the host to resolve inflammation and restore homeostasis during active infection could be exploited and/or manipulated by the parasites in an attempt to ensure their survival and propagation. This often results in the parasites evading the host immune responses as well as the host sustaining some self-inflicted collateral tissue damage. During infection with African trypanosomes, both effector and suppressor cells are activated and the balance between these opposing arms of immunity determines susceptibility or resistance of infected host to the parasites. Immune evasion by the parasites could be directly related to parasite factors, (e.g., antigenic variation), or indirectly through the induction of suppressor cells following infection. Several cell types, including suppressive macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and regulatory T cells have been shown to contribute to immunosuppression in African trypanosomiasis. In this review, we discuss the key factors that contribute to immunity and immunosuppression during T. congolense infection, and how these factors could aid immune evasion by African trypanosomes. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms that influence resistance and/or susceptibility during African trypanosomiasis could be beneficial in designing effective vaccination and therapeutic strategies against the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwunonso Onyilagha
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jude Ezeh Uzonna
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Saad SB, Ibrahim MA, Jatau ID, Shuaibu MN. Trypanostatic activity of geranylacetone: Mitigation of Trypanosoma congolense-associated pathological pertubations and insight into the mechanism of anaemia amelioration using in vitro and in silico models. Exp Parasitol 2019; 201:49-56. [PMID: 31029700 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma congolense is an important pathogen that wreaks havoc in the livestock industry of the African continent. This study evaluated the in vivo antitrypanosomal activity of geranylacetone and its ameliorative effect on the disease-induced anaemia and organ damages as well as its inhibitory effects against trypanosomal sialidase using in vitro and in silico techniques. Geranylacetone was used to treat T. congolense infected rats, at a dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg BW, for 14 days where it was found to reduce the parasite burden in the infected animals. Moreover, 100 mg/kg BW of geranylacetone significantly (p < 0.05) ameliorated the anaemia, hepatic and renal damages caused by the parasite. This is in addition to the alleviation of the parasite-induced hepatosplenomegaly and upsurge in free serum sialic acid levels in the infected animals which were associated with the observed anaemia amelioration by the compound. Consequently, bloodstream T. congolense sialidase was partially purified on DEAE cellulose column and inhibition kinetic studies revealed that the enzyme was inhibited by geranylacetone via an uncompetitive inhibition pattern. In silico analysis using molecular docking with Autodock Vina indicated that geranylacetone binds to trypanosomal sialidase with a minimum free binding energy of -5.8 kcal/mol which was mediated by 26 different kinds of non-covalent interactions excluding hydrogen bond whilst Asp163 and Phe421 had the highest number of the interactions. The data suggests that geranylacetone has trypanostatic activity and could protect animals against the T. congolense-induced anaemia through the inhibition of sialidase and/or the protection of the parasite-induced hepatosplenomegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Bello Saad
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Yusuf Maitama Sule University, Kano, Nigeria
| | | | - Isa Danladi Jatau
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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Clinico-hematological and oxidative stress status in Nili Ravi buffaloes infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Microb Pathog 2018; 123:126-131. [PMID: 29986840 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hemoparasitic diseases like trypanosomiasis have an adverse influence on the health and working capability of infected animals. Monitoring and identification of blood born parasitic infections in dairy animals are of vital importance to get the optimum production. In this study blood samples were collected from Nili Ravi buffaloes (n = 390) kept at different villages of district Lodhran, Punjab province of Pakistan. Blood samples were evaluated for red blood cell counts, total and differential leukocyte counts, hematocrit, hemoglobin, total proteins and different serum parameters such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, malondialdehyde, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, phosphorous, copper, calcium and magnesium. Overall prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi was 4.61% based on microscopic smear examination, 11.02% with Formol Gel Test and 16.15% with PCR. Infected buffaloes showed different clinical signs, including high fever (105 ± 1.0 °F), edema of face and legs, hyperemic mucosa of eyes, lachrymation, bulging eyes, pale mucus membranes and frequent urination. Microscopic examination of blood films showed morphologically different parasites. Statistical analysis did not indicate an association of infection based on age and sex of buffaloes. Results revealed significantly (p < 0.05) lower values of red blood cell counts, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and total proteins, while increased values of mean corpuscular volume, total white blood cells, monocyte, neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils in infected animals. Infected buffaloes were suffering from macrocytic hypochromic anemia. A significant (p < 0.05) increase in serum lipid per oxidation product (malondialdehyde) level and serum enzymes while a decrease in macrominerals and trace mineral (copper) in trypanosomiasis positive buffaloes were recorded. It was concluded that Trypanosoma evansi is prevalent in Pakistan under tropical and subtropical climatic conditions. It causes clinical disease with macrocytic hypochromic anemia and oxidative stress in infected buffaloes.
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Stijlemans B, De Baetselier P, Magez S, Van Ginderachter JA, De Trez C. African Trypanosomiasis-Associated Anemia: The Contribution of the Interplay between Parasites and the Mononuclear Phagocyte System. Front Immunol 2018; 9:218. [PMID: 29497418 PMCID: PMC5818406 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomosis (AT) is a chronically debilitating parasitic disease of medical and economic importance for the development of sub-Saharan Africa. The trypanosomes that cause this disease are extracellular protozoan parasites that have developed efficient immune escape mechanisms to manipulate the entire host immune response to allow parasite survival and transmission. During the early stage of infection, a profound pro-inflammatory type 1 activation of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), involving classically activated macrophages (i.e., M1), is required for initial parasite control. Yet, the persistence of this M1-type MPS activation in trypanosusceptible animals causes immunopathology with anemia as the most prominent pathological feature. By contrast, in trypanotolerant animals, there is an induction of IL-10 that promotes the induction of alternatively activated macrophages (M2) and collectively dampens tissue damage. A comparative gene expression analysis between M1 and M2 cells identified galectin-3 (Gal-3) and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) as novel M1-promoting factors, possibly acting synergistically and in concert with TNF-α during anemia development. While Gal-3 enhances erythrophagocytosis, MIF promotes both myeloid cell recruitment and iron retention within the MPS, thereby depriving iron for erythropoiesis. Hence, the enhanced erythrophagocytosis and suppressed erythropoiesis lead to anemia. Moreover, a thorough investigation using MIF-deficient mice revealed that the underlying mechanisms in AT-associated anemia development in trypanosusceptible and tolerant animals are quite distinct. In trypanosusceptible animals, anemia resembles anemia of inflammation, while in trypanotolerant animals’ hemodilution, mainly caused by hepatosplenomegaly, is an additional factor contributing to anemia. In this review, we give an overview of how trypanosome- and host-derived factors can contribute to trypanosomosis-associated anemia development with a focus on the MPS system. Finally, we will discuss potential intervention strategies to alleviate AT-associated anemia that might also have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Stijlemans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.,Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Baetselier
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.,Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.,Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carl De Trez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
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Aminu R, Ibrahim MA, Rahman MA, Dash R, Umar IA. Trypanosuppresive effects of ellagic acid and amelioration of the trypanosome-associated pathological features coupled with inhibitory effects on trypanosomal sialidase in vitro and in silico. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 30:67-73. [PMID: 28545671 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The search for novel antitrypanosomal agents had previously led to the isolation of ellagic acid as a bioactive antitrypanosomal compound using in vitro studies. However, it is not known whether this compound will elicit antitrypanosomal activity in in vivo condition which is usually the next step in the drug discovery process. PURPOSE Herein, we investigated the in vivo activity of ellagic acid against bloodstream form of Trypanosoma congolense and its ameliorative effects on trypanosome-induced anemia and organ damage as well as inhibitory effects on trypanosomal sialidase. METHODS Rats were infected with T. congolense and were treated with 100 and 200mg/kg body weight (BW) of ellagic acid for fourteen days. The levels of parasitemia, packed cell volume and biochemical parameters were measured. Subsequently, T. congolense sialidase was partially purified on DEAE cellulose column and the mode of inhibition of ellagic acid on the T. congolense sialidase determined. Molecular docking study was also conducted to determine the mode of interaction of the ellagic acid to the catalytic domain of T. rangeli sialidase. RESULTS At a dose of 100 and 200mg/kg (BW), ellagic acid demonstrated significant (P < 0.05) trypanosuppressive effect for most of the 24 days experimental period. Further, the ellagic acid significantly (P < 0.05) ameliorated the trypanosome-induced anemia, hepatic and renal damages as well as hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and renal hypertrophy. The trypanosome-associated free serum sialic acid upsurge alongside the accompanied membrane bound sialic acid reduction were also significantly (P < 0.05) prevented by the ellagic acid treatment. The T. congolense sialidase was purified to a fold of 6.6 with a yield of 83.8%. The enzyme had a KM and Vmax of 70.12mg/ml and 0.04µmol/min respectively, and was inhibited in a non-competitive pattern by ellagic acid with an inhibition binding constant of 1986.75μM. However, in molecular docking study, ellagic acid formed hydrogen bonding interaction with major residues R39, R318, and W124 at the active site of T. rangeli sialidase with a predicted binding free energy of -25.584kcal/mol. CONCLUSION We concluded that ellagic acid possesses trypanosuppressive effects and could ameliorate the trypanosome-induced pathological alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Aminu
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | | | - Md Atiar Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Raju Dash
- Molecular Modeling and Drug Design Laboratory, Bangladesh Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Chittagong, Bangladesh
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Stigmasterol retards the proliferation and pathological features of Trypanosoma congolense infection in rats and inhibits trypanosomal sialidase in vitro and in silico. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 89:482-489. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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14
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Waespy M, Gbem TT, Elenschneider L, Jeck AP, Day CJ, Hartley-Tassell L, Bovin N, Tiralongo J, Haselhorst T, Kelm S. Carbohydrate Recognition Specificity of Trans-sialidase Lectin Domain from Trypanosoma congolense. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004120. [PMID: 26474304 PMCID: PMC4608562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fourteen different active Trypanosoma congolense trans-sialidases (TconTS), 11 variants of TconTS1 besides TconTS2, TconTS3 and TconTS4, have been described. Notably, the specific transfer and sialidase activities of these TconTS differ by orders of magnitude. Surprisingly, phylogenetic analysis of the catalytic domains (CD) grouped each of the highly active TconTS together with the less active enzymes. In contrast, when aligning lectin-like domains (LD), the highly active TconTS grouped together, leading to the hypothesis that the LD of TconTS modulates its enzymatic activity. So far, little is known about the function and ligand specificity of these LDs. To explore their carbohydrate-binding potential, glycan array analysis was performed on the LD of TconTS1, TconTS2, TconTS3 and TconTS4. In addition, Saturation Transfer Difference (STD) NMR experiments were done on TconTS2-LD for a more detailed analysis of its lectin activity. Several mannose-containing oligosaccharides, such as mannobiose, mannotriose and higher mannosylated glycans, as well as Gal, GalNAc and LacNAc containing oligosaccharides were confirmed as binding partners of TconTS1-LD and TconTS2-LD. Interestingly, terminal mannose residues are not acceptor substrates for TconTS activity. This indicates a different, yet unknown biological function for TconTS-LD, including specific interactions with oligomannose-containing glycans on glycoproteins and GPI anchors found on the surface of the parasite, including the TconTS itself. Experimental evidence for such a scenario is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Waespy
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty for Biology and Chemistry, University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Thaddeus T. Gbem
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty for Biology and Chemistry, University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Leroy Elenschneider
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty for Biology and Chemistry, University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - André-Philippe Jeck
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty for Biology and Chemistry, University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Christopher J. Day
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Nicolai Bovin
- Shemyakin Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Joe Tiralongo
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas Haselhorst
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sørge Kelm
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty for Biology and Chemistry, University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, Australia
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Haynes CLF, Ameloot P, Remaut H, Callewaert N, Sterckx YGJ, Magez S. Production, purification and crystallization of a trans-sialidase from Trypanosoma vivax. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2015; 71:577-85. [PMID: 25945712 PMCID: PMC4427168 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x15002496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialidases and trans-sialidases play important roles in the life cycles of various microorganisms. These enzymes can serve nutritional purposes, act as virulence factors or mediate cellular interactions (cell evasion and invasion). In the case of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma vivax, trans-sialidase activity has been suggested to be involved in infection-associated anaemia, which is the major pathology in the disease nagana. The physiological role of trypanosomal trans-sialidases in host-parasite interaction as well as their structures remain obscure. Here, the production, purification and crystallization of a recombinant version of T. vivax trans-sialidase 1 (rTvTS1) are described. The obtained rTvTS1 crystals diffracted to a resolution of 2.5 Å and belonged to the orthorhombic space group P212121, with unit-cell parameters a = 57.3, b = 78.4, c = 209.0 Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole L. F. Haynes
- Structural Biology Research Center (SBRC), VIB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Research Unit for Cellular and Molecular Immunology (CMIM), VUB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research (DMBR), UGent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paul Ameloot
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research (DMBR), UGent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Han Remaut
- Structural Biology Research Center (SBRC), VIB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Structural and Molecular Microbiology (SMM), VUB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nico Callewaert
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research (DMBR), UGent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yann G.-J. Sterckx
- Structural Biology Research Center (SBRC), VIB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Research Unit for Cellular and Molecular Immunology (CMIM), VUB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Structural Biology Research Center (SBRC), VIB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Research Unit for Cellular and Molecular Immunology (CMIM), VUB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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16
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Dagnachew S, Terefe G, Abebe G, Barry DJ, Goddeeris BM. Comparative biochemical changes in young Zebu cattle experimentally infected with Trypanosoma vivax from tsetse infested and non-tsetse infested areas of northwest Ethiopia. Vet Parasitol 2014; 205:451-9. [PMID: 25283093 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomosis is a vector-borne protozoan disease of animals and humans in sub-Saharan Africa. In Ethiopia, particularly the northwest region is affected by both tsetse and non-tsetse transmitted trypanosomosis. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects and compare differences in virulence of Trypanosoma vivax infection between tsetse and non-tsetse infested areas of northwest Ethiopia on the basis of serum biochemical values in Zebu cattle. Eighteen cattles purchased from trypanosome free area and aged between 9 and 12 months were assigned into three groups of six animals (Group TT=infected with T. vivax from tsetse infested area, Group NT=infected with T. vivax from non-tsetse infested area and Group C=non-infected control). For each experimental animal 3 ml of blood from naturally infected cattle was inoculated intravenously at 10(6) trypanosomes/ml except the control. Blood sample was collected once a week for 8 consecutive weeks for analyzing serum biochemical values (glucose, total cholesterol, total protein, albumin, and enzymes including GOT, GPT and ALP) using a Humastar 80 clinical chemistry analyzer. Both T. vivax parasites caused an acute infection with parasites appearing in circulation on 6 and 12 days post-infection for NT and TT cattle, respectively. A significant reduction (P<0.001) in glucose levels was observed in infected groups compared with the control with mean values of 33.8 ± 3.6 mg/dl for TT, 34.3 ± 3.6 mg/dl for NT and 70.9 ± 3.0 mg/dl for control groups. A similar reduction was also seen in total cholesterol values (P=0.001) with 70.4 ± 10.6 mg/dl for TT and 78.0 ± 10.6 mg/dl for NT groups compared to 139.5 ± 8.7 mg/dl for the control group. No difference was observed for total serum protein between the three groups (P=0.260) whereas the mean albumin level was significantly (P<0.001) decreased (3.5 ± 0.1g/dl and 2.9 ± 0.1g/dl in TT and NT groups respectively) compared to that for control cattle (4.5 ± 0.1g/dl). On the other hand, infected groups had higher ALP values compared to the control (P=0.007), with a mean value of 538. 4 ± 64.4 IU/L, 564.9 ± 64.4 IU/L and 273.2 ± 52.6 IU/L for TT, NT and control cattle, respectively. In conclusion, the two T. vivax parasites caused significant biochemical changes indicative of pathological responses. However, there was no significant variation between the two parasites in initiating these changes despite the difference in the onset of parasitaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Getachew Terefe
- Addis Ababa University, CVMA, P.O. Box: 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Abebe
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Dave J Barry
- University of Glasgow, CMVLS, 120 University Place, G12 8TA Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno M Goddeeris
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, 30 bus 2456, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Ntantiso L, de Beer C, Marcotty T, Latif AA. Bovine trypanosomosis prevalence at the edge of Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 81:762. [PMID: 25686197 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v81i1.762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The northern KwaZulu-Natal (NKZN) region of South Africa is the southern limit of the African tsetse belt. Entomological information on Glossina brevipalpis and Glossina austeni was generated following the outbreak of trypanosomosis in cattle in 1990. However, these data have not been supported by parallel studies on epidemiology of the disease and therefore there has been no control policy in place. This study presented the first intensive investigations to address the epidemiology of trypanosomosis in NKZN. Tsetse abundance, trypanosome herd average prevalence (HAP), herd average anaemia (HAA) and herd average packed cell volume (HA-PCV) were investigated at three communal diptanks located at the edge of Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park by monthly sampling from June 2006 - November 2007. Seasonal trypanosome surveys were conducted at seven other communal diptanks. Glossina brevipalpis prevalence was high at two of the diptanks, Mvutshini and Ekuphindisweni, but low at Ocilwane, whilst G. austeni was only collected from Mvutshini. This high and low tsetse challenge presented different disease scenarios. Cattle at Mvutshini and Ekuphindisweni had the highest HAP of 12.3% and 8.9% respectively, both significantly different (p = 0.001) from the HAP obtained from cattle at Ocilwane (2.9%). These two cattle herds also had the highest HAA, 27.7% and 33.4% respectively, whilst cattle at Ocilwane had the lowest, 11.1% (p = 0.001). Conversely, cattle at Ocilwane had the highest HA-PCV, ranging between 29.0% and 32.0%, whilst cattle at Mvutshini and Ekuphindisweni had the lowest HA-PCV (24.0% - 29.0%). By combining the data from the three diptanks (1318 observations), 62.0% of the infected cattle were found anaemic, compared to 20.0% in the uninfected group. Trypanosome seasonal surveys showed that cattle at all the seven diptanks were infected with trypanosomes; mean HAP, HAA and HA-PCV of 10.2%, 46.6% and 23.7%, respectively. This study generated information on the epidemiological factors related to the wide spread of trypanosome-infected cattle and tsetse flies. Trypanosomosis is a disease of economic importance impacting the livelihood of resource-poor farmers in NKZN.
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Biochemical diversity in the Trypanosoma congolense trans-sialidase family. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2549. [PMID: 24340108 PMCID: PMC3855035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Trans-sialidases are key enzymes in the life cycle of African trypanosomes in both, mammalian host and insect vector and have been associated with the disease trypanosomiasis, namely sleeping sickness and nagana. Besides the previously reported TconTS1, we have identified three additional active trans-sialidases, TconTS2, TconTS3 and TconTS4, and three trans-sialidase like genes in Trypanosoma congolense. At least TconTS1, TconTS2 and TconTS4 are found in the bloodstream of infected animals. We have characterised the enzymatic properties of recombinant proteins expressed in eukaryotic fibroblasts using fetuin as model blood glycoprotein donor substrate. One of the recombinant trans-sialidases, TconTS2, had the highest specific activity reported thus far with very low sialidase activity. The active trans-sialidases share all the amino acids critical for the catalytic reaction with few variations in the predicted binding site for the leaving or acceptor glycan. However, these differences cannot explain the orders of magnitudes between their transfer activities, which must be due to other unidentified structural features of the proteins or substrates selectivity. Interestingly, the phylogenetic relationships between the lectin domains correlate with their specific trans-sialylation activities. This raises the question whether and how the lectin domains regulate the trans-sialidase reaction. The identification and enzymatic characterisation of the trans-sialidase family in T. congolense will contribute significantly towards the understanding of the roles of these enzymes in the pathogenesis of Animal African Trypanosomiasis. Trypanosomiasis is a disease also known as sleeping sickness in humans (Human African Trypanosomiasis) and nagana in animals (Animal African Trypanosomiasis). This disease is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Trypanosoma. Tsetse flies are responsible for the transmission of these parasites. Trypanosoma congolense is the main causative agent of nagana in cattle. The clinical signs of the disease have been linked to the presence of an enzyme called trans-sialidase. Interestingly, the enzyme alternates in different forms in the mammalian and the insect vector. Previous knowledge had shown that the parasite requires the enzyme for survival in the fly vector. Our current work has revealed other forms of the enzyme that could be essential for the persistence of the disease in mammalian and vector hosts. These enzymes, though similar in structural architecture, show differences in their activities that could be key in delineating their individual roles in the pathophysiology of the disease.
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Balogun EO, Balogun JB, Yusuf S, Inuwa HM, Ndams IS, Sheridan P, Inaoka DK, Shiba T, Harada S, Kita K, Esievo KAN, Nok AJ. Anemia amelioration by lactose infusion during trypanosomosis could be associated with erythrocytes membrane de-galactosylation. Vet Parasitol 2013; 199:259-63. [PMID: 24238624 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
African trypanosomosis is a potentially fatal disease that is caused by extracellular parasitic protists known as African trypanosomes. These parasites inhabit the blood stream of their mammalian hosts and produce a number of pathological features, amongst which is anemia. Etiology of the anemia has been partly attributed to an autoimmunity-like mediated erythrophagocytosis of de-sialylated red blood cells (dsRBCs) by macrophages. Lactose infusion to infected animals has proven effective at delaying progression of the anemia. However, the mechanism of this anemia prevention is yet to be well characterized. Here, the hypothesis of a likely induced further modification of the dsRBCs was investigated. RBC membrane galactose (RBC m-GAL) and packed cell volume (PCV) were measured during the course of experimental trypanosomosis in mice infected with Trypanosoma congolense (stb 212). Intriguingly, while the membrane galactose on the RBCs of infected and lactose-treated mice (group D) decreased as a function of parasitemia, that of the lactose-untreated infected group (group C) remained relatively constant, as was recorded for the uninfected lactose-treated control (group B) animals. At the peak of infection, the respective cumulative percent decrease in PCV and membrane galactose were 30 and 185 for group D, and 84 and 13 for group C. From this observed inverse relationship between RBCs membrane galactose and PCV, it is logical to rationalize that the delay of anemia progression during trypanosomosis produced by lactose might have resulted from an induction of galactose depletion from dsRBCs, thereby preventing their recognition by the macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Balogun
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 2222, Nigeria; Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Applied Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
| | - J B Balogun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Dutse, P.M.B. 7156, Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria
| | - S Yusuf
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University, Uganda
| | - H M Inuwa
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 2222, Nigeria
| | - I S Ndams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 2222, Nigeria
| | - P Sheridan
- Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - D K Inaoka
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - T Shiba
- Department of Applied Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - S Harada
- Department of Applied Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - K Kita
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - K A N Esievo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 2222, Nigeria
| | - A J Nok
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 2222, Nigeria
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Identification of trans-sialidases as a common mediator of endothelial cell activation by African trypanosomes. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003710. [PMID: 24130501 PMCID: PMC3795030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding African Trypanosomiasis (AT) host-pathogen interaction is the key to an "anti-disease vaccine", a novel strategy to control AT. Here we provide a better insight into this poorly described interaction by characterizing the activation of a panel of endothelial cells by bloodstream forms of four African trypanosome species, known to interact with host endothelium. T. congolense, T. vivax, and T. b. gambiense activated the endothelial NF-κB pathway, but interestingly, not T. b. brucei. The parasitic TS (trans-sialidases) mediated this NF-κB activation, remarkably via their lectin-like domain and induced production of pro-inflammatory molecules not only in vitro but also in vivo, suggesting a considerable impact on pathogenesis. For the first time, TS activity was identified in T. b. gambiense BSF which distinguishes it from the subspecies T. b. brucei. The corresponding TS were characterized and shown to activate endothelial cells, suggesting that TS represent a common mediator of endothelium activation among trypanosome species with divergent physiopathologies.
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Guegan F, Plazolles N, Baltz T, Coustou V. Erythrophagocytosis of desialylated red blood cells is responsible for anaemia during Trypanosoma vivax infection. Cell Microbiol 2013; 15:1285-303. [PMID: 23421946 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomal infection-induced anaemia is a devastating scourge for cattle in widespread regions. Although Trypanosoma vivax is considered as one of the most important parasites regarding economic impact in Africa and South America, very few in-depth studies have been conducted due to the difficulty of manipulating this parasite. Several hypotheses were proposed to explain trypanosome induced-anaemia but mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. Here, we characterized a multigenic family of trans-sialidases in T. vivax, some of which are released into the host serum during infection. These enzymes are able to trigger erythrophagocytosis by desialylating the major surface erythrocytes sialoglycoproteins, the glycophorins. Using an ex vivo assay to quantify erythrophagocytosis throughout infection, we showed that erythrocyte desialylation alone results in significant levels of anaemia during the acute phase of the disease. Characterization of virulence factors such as the trans-sialidases is vital to develop a control strategy against the disease or parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Guegan
- Microbiologie fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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Natala AJ, Balogun EO, Balogun JAB, Inuwa HM, Nok AJ, Shiba T, Harada S, Kita K, Agbede RIS, Esievo KAN. Identification and characterization of sialidase-like activity in the developmental stages of Amblyomma variegatum. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 50:85-93. [PMID: 23427656 DOI: 10.1603/me12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Amblyomma variegatum F. are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites of livestock that serve as the vectors of Ehrlichia ruminantium (formerly known as Cowdria ruminantium), the causative agent of heartwater disease. In the light of the fact that they are blood-feeding, their salivary glands play prominent role in their acquisition of nutrients from the bloodmeal. Sialic acids are a major component of glycoprotein in mammalian blood fluid and cells. Sialome of hard ticks is still sparse. Here, for the first time, the possible expression of sialidase in A. variegatum was investigated. Our finding established the presence of type II sialidase-like activity in the three stages (larva, nymph, and adult) of the fed and unfed tick. There was no statistically significant difference in sialidase activity in the various stages of this ectoparasite (P > 0.05). The enzyme was purified by combination of salting out and ion exchange chromatography on DEAE--cellulose and hydroxylapatite columns. Characterization of the enzyme revealed that it is optimally active at 40 degrees C and pH 5.5, and is activated by bivalent cations Zn2+ or Fe2+. The enzyme has a Km of 0.023 mM and Vmax of 0.16 millimol/min with Fetuin as the substrate. To assess the susceptibility of some mammalian cells to the tick sialidase, we prepared erythrocyte ghost cells from different animals, which were incubated with the enzyme. Results revealed that the ruminant cells were better substrates. Our work and findings contribute to the preliminary characterization of the A. variegatum salivary proteome, and may pave way to the development of new acaricides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audu J Natala
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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Coustou V, Plazolles N, Guegan F, Baltz T. Sialidases play a key role in infection and anaemia in Trypanosoma congolense animal trypanosomiasis. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:431-45. [PMID: 22136727 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2011.01730.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Animal African trypanosomiasis is a major constraint to livestock productivity and has an important impact on millions of people in developing African countries. This parasitic disease, caused mainly by Trypanosoma congolense, results in severe anaemia leading to animal death. In order to characterize potential targets for an anti-disease vaccine, we investigated a multigenic trans-sialidase family (TcoTS) in T. congolense. Sialidase and trans-sialidase activities were quantified for the first time, as well as the tightly regulated TcoTS expression pattern throughout the life cycle. Active enzymes were expressed in bloodstream form parasites and released into the blood during infection. Using genetic tools, we demonstrated a significant correlation between TcoTS silencing and impairment of virulence during experimental infection with T. congolense. Reduced TcoTS expression affected infectivity, parasitaemia and pathogenesis development. Immunization-challenge experiments using recombinant TcoTS highlighted their potential protective use in an anti-disease vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Coustou
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Microbiologie fondamentale et Pathogénicité, Bordeaux, France.
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Noyes HA, Alimohammadian MH, Agaba M, Brass A, Fuchs H, Gailus-Durner V, Hulme H, Iraqi F, Kemp S, Rathkolb B, Wolf E, de Angelis MH, Roshandel D, Naessens J. Mechanisms controlling anaemia in Trypanosoma congolense infected mice. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5170. [PMID: 19365556 PMCID: PMC2664899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trypanosoma congolense are extracellular protozoan parasites of the blood stream of artiodactyls and are one of the main constraints on cattle production in Africa. In cattle, anaemia is the key feature of disease and persists after parasitaemia has declined to low or undetectable levels, but treatment to clear the parasites usually resolves the anaemia. Methodology/Principal Findings The progress of anaemia after Trypanosoma congolense infection was followed in three mouse strains. Anaemia developed rapidly in all three strains until the peak of the first wave of parasitaemia. This was followed by a second phase, characterized by slower progress to severe anaemia in C57BL/6, by slow recovery in surviving A/J and a rapid recovery in BALB/c. There was no association between parasitaemia and severity of anaemia. Furthermore, functional T lymphocytes are not required for the induction of anaemia, since suppression of T cell activity with Cyclosporin A had neither an effect on the course of infection nor on anaemia. Expression of genes involved in erythropoiesis and iron metabolism was followed in spleen, liver and kidney tissues in the three strains of mice using microarrays. There was no evidence for a response to erythropoietin, consistent with anaemia of chronic disease, which is erythropoietin insensitive. However, the expression of transcription factors and genes involved in erythropoiesis and haemolysis did correlate with the expression of the inflammatory cytokines Il6 and Ifng. Conclusions/Significance The innate immune response appears to be the major contributor to the inflammation associated with anaemia since suppression of T cells with CsA had no observable effect. Several transcription factors regulating haematopoiesis, Tal1, Gata1, Zfpm1 and Klf1 were expressed at consistently lower levels in C57BL/6 mice suggesting that these mice have a lower haematopoietic capacity and therefore less ability to recover from haemolysis induced anaemia after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry A. Noyes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Morris Agaba
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Andy Brass
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- GMC at the Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich/Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Helen Hulme
- School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Fuad Iraqi
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Stephen Kemp
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Birgit Rathkolb
- GMC at the Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich/Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eckard Wolf
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabé de Angelis
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Chair for Experimental Genetics, Center of Life and Food Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Delnaz Roshandel
- School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Naessens
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
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Grébaut P, Chuchana P, Brizard JP, Demettre E, Seveno M, Bossard G, Jouin P, Vincendeau P, Bengaly Z, Boulangé A, Cuny G, Holzmuller P. Identification of total and differentially expressed excreted-secreted proteins from Trypanosoma congolense strains exhibiting different virulence and pathogenicity. Int J Parasitol 2009; 39:1137-50. [PMID: 19285981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Animal trypanosomosis is a major constraint to livestock productivity in the tropics and has a significant impact on the life of millions of people globally (mainly in Africa, South America and south-east Asia). In Africa, the disease in livestock is caused mainly by Trypanosoma congolense, Trypanosoma vivax, Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma brucei brucei. The extracellular position of trypanosomes in the bloodstream of their host requires consideration of both the parasite and its naturally excreted-secreted factors (secretome) in the course of pathophysiological processes. We therefore developed and standardised a method to produce purified proteomes and secretomes of African trypanosomes. In this study, two strains of T. congolense exhibiting opposite properties of both virulence and pathogenicity were further investigated through their secretome expression and its involvement in host-parasite interactions. We used a combined proteomic approach (one-dimensional SDS-PAGE and two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry) to characterise the whole and differentially expressed protein contents of secretomes. The molecular identification of differentially expressed trypanosome molecules and their correlation with either the virulence process or pathogenicity are discussed with regard to their potential as new diagnostic or therapeutic tools against animal trypanosomosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Grébaut
- CIRAD UMR 17 Trypanosomes (UMR 177 IRD-CIRAD Interactions Hôtes-Vecteurs-Parasites dans les Trypanosomoses), TA A-17/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Host-parasite interactions in trypanosomiasis: on the way to an antidisease strategy. Infect Immun 2009; 77:1276-84. [PMID: 19168735 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01185-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Stijlemans B, Guilliams M, Raes G, Beschin A, Magez S, De Baetselier P. African trypanosomosis: From immune escape and immunopathology to immune intervention. Vet Parasitol 2007; 148:3-13. [PMID: 17560035 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
African trypanosomes can cause prolonged chronic infections through a mechanism of antigen variation whereby they manipulate the humoral immune system of their hosts. However, besides antigenic variation these extracellular parasites exert other immunoregulatory activities mainly mediated by innate cells in particular macrophage-like (M) cells. In this review, the modulation of M cells through parasite factors and host cytokines as well as their role in parasite control and immunopathology will be examined. The concept of M cell polarization into distinct activation states (M1, M2) that may contribute to trypanosusceptibility or resistance will be discussed. Finally, the possibility to interfere with such activation states hereby providing new therapeutical modalities in the treatment of this infectious disease will be illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Stijlemans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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28
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Useh NM, Aina AI, Adeiza AA, Nok AJ. Erythrocyte surface sialic acid levels of clinically healthy mongrel and exotic (alsatian and terrier) breeds of dogs. Glycoconj J 2007; 24:491-5. [PMID: 17505881 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-007-9041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The erythrocyte surface sialic acid concentration of clinically healthy mongrel and exotic (Alsatian i.e. German shepherd and Terrier) breeds of dogs was analyzed in order to determine their role in the genetic resistance of these breeds of dogs to diseases that cause anaemia. The mean erythrocyte surface sialic acid (ESA) concentration was 57.08 +/- 1.67, 34.50 +/- 2.30 and 20.20 +/- 3.54 mg/dl for Mongrel, Alsatian (German shepherd) and Terrier breeds of dogs, respectively, on acid hydrolysis. The mean values of ESA obtained following enzymic hydrolysis of haemoglobin-free erythrocyte membranes using Clostridium chauvoei (Jakari strain) sialidase were 49.08 +/- 0.41, 30.97 +/- 1.82 and 18.64 +/- 0.75 mg/dl for Mongrel, Alsatian (German shepherd) and Terrier dogs respectively. When Trypanosoma vivax sialidase was used the ESA values obtained were 50.81 +/- 0.37, 41.70 +/- 0.94 and 19.65 + 0.65 mg/dl for Mongrel, Alsatian (German shepherd) and Terrier breeds of dogs respectively. This represents a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001) between the mean ESA concentration of all the breeds of dogs investigated in this study. The higher mean ESA concentration in Mongrel dogs, compared to the exotic breeds may be responsible for their resistance to disease conditions, whose aetiologic agents produce neuraminidase and also cause anaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicodemus M Useh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
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29
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Oluyinka OO, Mairo IH, Ajanusi JA, David O, Sekoni V, Nok AJ. Semen sialic acid surge and modulation of alpha-L-fucosidase activity: possible link to loss in reproductive capacity during trypanosomiasis. Cell Biochem Funct 2007; 26:154-61. [PMID: 17487932 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The profiles of semen sialic acid and the enzyme alpha-L-fucosidase were studied in rams undergoing chronic infection by Trypanosoma congolense. Our data showed a significant surge in the level of sialic acid with parasitaemia. The pattern followed a polynomial function we had reported for erythrocyte sialic acid in mice undergoing acute infection by T. congolense. The activity of the enzyme alpha-fucosidase decreased progressively with approximately 60% decrease at the end of the 14 weeks of infection. Representative semen samples from the control and infected rams were subjected to kinetic characterization. While the uninfected semen sample showed two active pH peaks at 4.5-5.5 and at 6.8-7.2, respectively, there was an apparent shift to only a single pH optimum at 4.5-5.5 for the pathological semen. The fucosidases from both sources were optimally active at 35 degrees C albeit with contrasting activation energies (E(a)) with values 20.58 and 35 kJ/mol for the control and infected semen, respectively. Kinetic studies using methylumbelliferyl-beta-fucoside (4MU-Fuc) as substrate gave K(M) and V(max) values of 3.25 microM and 14.6 micromol. min(-1) mg(-1), respectively for the control semen. The values for the infected semen were 18.25 microM and 10.5 micromol. min(-1) mg(-1), respectively. The significance of these results is discussed as they relate to loss in reproductive capacity in trypanosomoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okubanjo O Oluyinka
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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Useh NM, Ajanusi JO, Esievo KAN, Nok AJ. Characterization of a sialidase (neuraminidase) isolated fromClostridium chauvoei (Jakari strain). Cell Biochem Funct 2006; 24:347-52. [PMID: 15942928 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A sialidase from Clostridium chauvoei (Jakari strain), an indigenous bacterial strain that causes blackleg in Nigerian cattle and other ruminants was isolated and partially purified by chromatography on DEAE cellulose, hydroxyapatite and phenyl agarose columns. The enzyme migrated as a 65-kDa protein after electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gels. It was optimally active at pH 4.5 and 40 degrees C with an activation energy (Ea) of 13.40 kJ mol(-1). It had Km and Vmax values of 170 microM and 200 micromole h(-1) mg(-1) respectively with fetuin as substrate. When sialyllactose (Neu5Ac2,3 lactose) was used as substrate the Km and Vmax values were 8 microM and 5 micromoles min(-1) mg(-1) respectively. The Clostridium chauvoei sialidase cleaved sialic acids from RBC ghosts of sheep, horse, goat, cattle, pig and mice as well as mouse brain cells, albeit at different rates. The enzyme was activated by Ca2+ and Mg2+ and inhibited by the group-specific reagents diethylpyrocarbonate (DEP) and N-ethylmalemide (NEM). The sialidase inhibitors, 2,3 didehydroneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac2,3en) and paranitrophenyl oxamic acid (pNPO) inhibited the enzyme competitively with Ki values of 40 and 30 microM respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Useh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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31
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Useh NM, Omeiza GK, Nok AJ, Esievo KAN. Comparative studies on erythrocyte sialic acid levels in apparently healthy indigenous Nigerian poultry species. Cell Biochem Funct 2006; 24:143-6. [PMID: 15682434 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The erythrocyte surface sialic acid levels of 200 apparently healthy indigenous Nigerian poultry species (pigeons, guinea fowls, ducks and chickens, n = 50 for each species) presented for slaughter at a poultry abattoir in Zaria, Nigeria was determined. Other parameters determined were packed cell volume (PCV) and plasma total protein (TP) concentration. The mean erythrocyte surface sialic acid concentration of pigeons, guinea fowls, ducks and chickens were 7.88 +/- 2.51, 14.6 +/- 2.51, 17.6 +/- 2.51 and 14.2 +/- 2.51 mg mg(-1) respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the mean erythrocyte surface sialic acid concentration of all the species of poultry sampled (P < 0.05). The high erythrocyte surface sialic acid concentration in the indigenous Nigerian poultry species could be responsible for their resistance to infectious diseases, whose aetiologic agents produce neuraminidases. The mean PCV of the pigeons, guinea fowls, ducks and chickens were 46.22 +/- 6.91, 38.24 +/- 6.91, 36.50 +/- 6.91 and 36.46 +/- 6.91% respectively. The difference between the mean PCV values of pigeons on the one hand and guinea fowls, ducks and chickens on the other was statistically significant (P < 0.05). A negative correlation (r = -0.36, P < 0.05) between mean erythrocyte surface sialic acid concentrations and PCV was observed, i.e. the birds with the highest mean PCV values had the lowest levels of erythrocyte surface sialic acid. There was no correlation between TP concentration and either erythrocyte surface sialic acid concentration or PCV values. It is suggested, based on this study, that erythrocyte sialic acid types in these species should be determined, as the results may be vital in selective breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Useh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
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Useh NM, Nok AJ, Ambali SF, Esievo KAN. The inhibition of Clostridium chauvoei (jakari strain) neuraminidase activity by methanolic extracts of the stem barks of Tamarindus indicus and Combretum fragrans. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2005; 19:339-42. [PMID: 15558950 DOI: 10.1080/14756360409162447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of neuraminidase from Clostridium chauvoei (jakari strain) with partially purified methanolic extracts of some plants used in Ethnopharmacological practice was evaluated. Extracts of two medicinal plants, Tamarindus indicus and Combretum fragrans at 100-1000 microg/ml, both significantly reduced the activity of the enzyme in a dose-dependent fashion (P < 0.001). The estimated IC50 values for Tamarindus indicus and Combretum fragrans were 100 and 150 microg/ml respectively. Initial velocity studies conducted, using fetuin as substrate revealed a non-competitive inhibition with the Vmax significantly altered from 500 micromole min(-1) mg(-1) to 240 micromole min(-1) mg(-1) and 340 micromole min(-1) mg(-1) in the presence of Tamarindus indicus and Combretum fragrans respectively. The KM remained unchanged at 0.42 mM. The computed Index of physiological efficiency was reduced from 1.19min(-1) to 0.57min(-1) and 0.75min(-1) with Tamarindus indicus and Combretum fragrans as inhibitors respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Useh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
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