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Varjú I, Tóth E, Farkas ÁZ, Farkas VJ, Komorowicz E, Feller T, Kiss B, Kellermayer MZ, Szabó L, Wacha A, Bóta A, Longstaff C, Kolev K. Citrullinated fibrinogen forms densely packed clots with decreased permeability. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:2862-2872. [PMID: 36083779 PMCID: PMC9828116 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrin, the main scaffold of thrombi, is susceptible to citrullination by PAD (peptidyl arginine deiminase) 4, secreted from neutrophils during the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. Citrullinated fibrinogen (citFg) has been detected in human plasma as well as in murine venous thrombi, and it decreases the lysability and mechanical resistance of fibrin clots. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of fibrinogen citrullination on the structure of fibrin clots. METHODS Fibrinogen was citrullinated with PAD4 and clotted with thrombin. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to measure fiber thickness, fiber height/width ratio, and fiber persistence length in clots containing citFg. Fiber density was measured with laser scanning microscopy (LSM) and permeability measurements were carried out to estimate the porosity of the clots. The intra-fiber structure of fibrin was analyzed with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). RESULTS SEM images revealed a decrease in the median fiber diameter that correlated with the fraction of citFg in the clot, while the fiber width/length ratio remained unchanged according to AFM. With SAXS we observed that citrullination resulted in the formation of denser clots in line with increased fiber density shown by LSM. The permeability constant of citrullinated fibrin decreased more than 3-fold indicating significantly decreased porosity. SAXS also showed largely preserved periodicity in the longitudinal assembly of fibrin monomers. CONCLUSION The current observations of thin fibers combined with dense packing and low porosity in the presence of citFg can provide a structural framework for the mechanical fragility and lytic resistance of citrullinated fibrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Varjú
- Program in Cellular and Molecular MedicineBoston Children's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public HealthColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Erzsébet Tóth
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Ádám Z. Farkas
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Veronika J. Farkas
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Erzsébet Komorowicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Tímea Feller
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation BiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Balázs Kiss
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation BiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | | | - László Szabó
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
- Department of Functional and Structural Materials, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural SciencesHungarian Academy of SciencesBudapestHungary
| | - András Wacha
- Biological Nanochemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Centre for Natural SciencesHungarian Academy of SciencesBudapestHungary
| | - Attila Bóta
- Biological Nanochemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Centre for Natural SciencesHungarian Academy of SciencesBudapestHungary
| | - Colin Longstaff
- National Institute for Biological Standards and ControlSouth MimmsUK
| | - Krasimir Kolev
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
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Mao L, Mostafa R, Ibili E, Fert-Bober J. Role of protein deimination in cardiovascular diseases: potential new avenues for diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 18:1059-1071. [PMID: 34929115 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2021.2018303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Arginine deimination (citrullination) is a post-translational modification catalyzed by a family of peptidyl arginine deiminase (PAD) enzymes. Cell-based functional studies and animal models have manifested the key role of PADs in various cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). AREA COVERED This review summarizes the latest developments in the role of PADs in CVD pathogenesis. It focuses on the PAD functions and diverse citrullinated proteins in cardiovascular conditions like deep vein thrombosis, ischemia/reperfusion, and atherosclerosis. Identification of PAD isoforms and citrullinated targets are essential for directing diagnosis and clinical intervention. Finally, anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) are addressed as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events. A search of PubMed biomedical literature from the past ten years was performed with a combination of the following keywords: PAD/PADI, deimination/citrullination, autoimmune, fibrosis, NET, neutrophil, macrophage, inflammation, inflammasome, cardiovascular, heart disease, myocardial infarction, ischemia, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and aging. Additional papers from retrieved articles were also considered. EXPERT OPINION PADs are unique family of enzymes that converts peptidyl-arginine to -citrulline in protein permanently. Overexpression or increased activity of PAD has been observed in various CVDs with acute and chronic inflammation as the background. Importantly, far beyond being simply involved in forming neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), accumulating evidence indicated PAD activation as a trigger for numerous processes, such as transcriptional regulation, endothelial dysfunction, and thrombus formation. In summary, the findings so far have testified the important role of deimination in cardiovascular biology, while more basic and translational studies are essential to further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Mao
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Advanced Clinical Biosystems Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rowann Mostafa
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Advanced Clinical Biosystems Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Esra Ibili
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Advanced Clinical Biosystems Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Justyna Fert-Bober
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Advanced Clinical Biosystems Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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3
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Fibrin(ogen) as a Therapeutic Target: Opportunities and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136916. [PMID: 34203139 PMCID: PMC8268464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrinogen is one of the key molecular players in haemostasis. Thrombin-mediated release of fibrinopeptides from fibrinogen converts this soluble protein into a network of fibrin fibres that form a building block for blood clots. Thrombin-activated factor XIII further crosslinks the fibrin fibres and incorporates antifibrinolytic proteins into the network, thus stabilising the clot. The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin also exposes binding sites for fibrinolytic proteins to limit clot formation and avoid unwanted extension of the fibrin fibres. Altered clot structure and/or incorporation of antifibrinolytic proteins into fibrin networks disturbs the delicate equilibrium between clot formation and lysis, resulting in either unstable clots (predisposing to bleeding events) or persistent clots that are resistant to lysis (increasing risk of thrombosis). In this review, we discuss the factors responsible for alterations in fibrin(ogen) that can modulate clot stability, in turn predisposing to abnormal haemostasis. We also explore the mechanistic pathways that may allow the use of fibrinogen as a potential therapeutic target to treat vascular thrombosis or bleeding disorders. Better understanding of fibrinogen function will help to devise future effective and safe therapies to modulate thrombosis and bleeding risk, while maintaining the fine balance between clot formation and lysis.
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Bezuidenhout JA, Venter C, Roberts TJ, Tarr G, Kell DB, Pretorius E. Detection of Citrullinated Fibrin in Plasma Clots of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients and Its Relation to Altered Structural Clot Properties, Disease-Related Inflammation and Prothrombotic Tendency. Front Immunol 2020; 11:577523. [PMID: 33424834 PMCID: PMC7793985 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.577523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims The risk of cardiovascular events in patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is disproportionately heightened as a result of systemic inflammation. The relative effect of autoimmune-associated citrullination on the structure and thrombotic potential of fibrin(ogen) remains unknown. We therefore compared indices of vascular function, inflammation, coagulation and fibrin clot composition in RA patients with healthy controls and evaluated parameter association with disease presence. Methods Blood samples were collected from 30 RA patients and 30 age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers. Levels of serum amyloid A (SAA), c-reactive protein (CRP), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM-1) was measured using a sandwich immunoassay. Whole blood coagulation was assessed using Thromboelastography (TEG®). Fibrin clot networks and fiber structure was investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy. The detection and quantification of citrullination in formed fibrin clots was performed using a fluorescently labeled Citrulline monoclonal antibody with Fluorescence Wide Field Microscopy. Results Concentrations of SAA, CRP and ICAM-1 were significantly elevated in RA patients compared to controls. TEG parameters relating to coagulation initiation, rate of fibrin cross-linking, and time to reach maximum thrombus generation were attenuated in RA patients. Microscopic analysis revealed denser networks of thicker fibrin fibers in RA patients compared to controls and multiple citrullinated regions within fibrin clot structures in RA patients were present. Conclusion Our findings provide novel evidence for the citrullination of fibrin within vasculature is more prominent in RA plasma compared to control plasma and plasma is more accessible than synovial fluid. Citrullinated fibrinogen could play a role as a determinant of thrombotic risk in RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes A Bezuidenhout
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Chantelle Venter
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Timothy J Roberts
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Tarr
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Douglas B Kell
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Kemitorvet, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Current knowledge into the role of the peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) enzyme family in cardiovascular disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 891:173765. [PMID: 33249073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) family members have a vital role in maintaining the stability of the extracellular matrix (ECM) during remodelling in several heart diseases. PAD-mediated deamination, or citrullination, has been studied in different physiological and pathological conditions in the body. However, the role of PAD isoforms has not been fully studied in cardiovascular system. Citrullination is a post-translational modification that involves conversion of peptidyl-based arginine to peptidyl-based citrulline by PAD family members in a calcium-dependent manner. Upregulation of PADs have been observed in various cardiovascular diseases, including venous thrombosis, cardiac fibrosis, heart failure, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease and acute inflammation. In this review, experimental aspects of in vivo and in vitro studies related to the roles PAD isoforms in cardiovascular diseases including mechanisms, pathophysiological and therapeutic properties are discussed. Pharmacological strategies for targeting PAD family proteins in cardiac diseases have not yet been studied. Furthermore, the role played by PAD family members in the remodelling process during the progression of cardiovascular diseases is not fully understood.
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6
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Briot J, Simon M, Méchin MC. Deimination, Intermediate Filaments and Associated Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8746. [PMID: 33228136 PMCID: PMC7699402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Deimination (or citrullination) is a post-translational modification catalyzed by a calcium-dependent enzyme family of five peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs). Deimination is involved in physiological processes (cell differentiation, embryogenesis, innate and adaptive immunity, etc.) and in autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and lupus), cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. Intermediate filaments (IF) and associated proteins (IFAP) are major substrates of PADs. Here, we focus on the effects of deimination on the polymerization and solubility properties of IF proteins and on the proteolysis and cross-linking of IFAP, to finally expose some features of interest and some limitations of citrullinomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marie-Claire Méchin
- UDEAR, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, U1056, 31059 Toulouse, France; (J.B.); (M.S.)
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7
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Hoppe B, Schwedler C, Edelmann A, Pistioli A, Poddubnyy D, Burmester GR, Häupl T. Fibrinogen, factor XIII and α 2-antiplasmin genotypes are associated with inflammatory activity and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies. Thromb Res 2020; 191:90-96. [PMID: 32408093 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrin(ogen) derivatives, crosslinked fibrin and fibrinolysis play important roles in inflammation and are involved in pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). About 2/3 of RA patients exhibit anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) that target deiminated fibrinogen. Genetic variants of β-fibrinogen (FGB) (rs1800790G>A) and factor XIII A-subunit (F13A) Val34Leu (rs5985) are known to influence interactively inflammatory processes. It is hypothesized that predisposition for dense fibrin clots is related to better inflammation control. METHODS To test this hypothetical model a cohort of 924 patients (288 RA and 636 non-RA patients) (3545 observations) was genotyped for FGB (rs1800790G>A, rs1800788C>T), α-fibrinogen (FGA) (rs6050A>G, rs2070006G>A, rs2070016T>C), γ-fibrinogen (FGG) (rs1049636T>C), F13A Val34Leu (rs5985) and α2-antiplasmin (A2AP) Arg6Trp (rs2070863). Genotype constellations potentially predisposing for dense fibrin clots were defined and their relation to inflammatory activity as measured by C-reactive protein (CRP) and disease activity score of 28 joints (DAS28) was assessed in univariate and multivariate analyses. The relation of these genotype constellations with presence of ACPA was tested. RESULTS Genotype constellations involving FGB rs1800790G>A and FGA rs2070016T>C were inversely associated with CRP levels (≥10 mg/L) (OR: 0.49, P < 10-8/7adj = 0.0001; OR: 0.52, P < 0.0005/Padj = 0.01). In RA, both genotype constellations were observed with higher frequencies of low disease activity (DAS28 ≤ 3.2) (OR: 2.66, P = .009; OR 2.78, P = .01) and lower frequencies of high disease activity (DAS28>5.1) (OR: 0.52, P < .03, OR: 0.42, P = .01). Associations with CRP depended on A2AP 6Arg/Arg genotype known to be necessary for optimal anti-fibrinolytic capacity (P = .001). Finally, Genotype constellations involving FGB rs1800790G>A and FGA rs2070016T>C were found to be associated with ACPA-positivity in RA (OR: 2.18, P < .03; OR: 1.95, P = .09). CONCLUSIONS These results support the hypothesis that genotypes, which increase fibrin clot density and anti-fibrinolytic capacity, reduce inflammatory activity and are related to humoral autoimmunity in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berthold Hoppe
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, BG Klinikum Unfallkrankenhaus Berlin gGmbH, Warener Straße 7, 12683 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christian Schwedler
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anke Edelmann
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Labor Berlin - Charité Vivantes GmbH, Sylter Straße 2, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anneta Pistioli
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, BG Klinikum Unfallkrankenhaus Berlin gGmbH, Warener Straße 7, 12683 Berlin, Germany
| | - Denis Poddubnyy
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Epidemiology Unit, German Rheumatism Research Centre, Berlin, Charité-Platz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd-Rüdiger Burmester
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Platz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Häupl
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Platz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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8
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de Vries JJ, Snoek CJM, Rijken DC, de Maat MPM. Effects of Post-Translational Modifications of Fibrinogen on Clot Formation, Clot Structure, and Fibrinolysis: A Systematic Review. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:554-569. [PMID: 31914791 PMCID: PMC7043730 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Post-translational modifications of fibrinogen influence the occurrence and progression of thrombotic diseases. In this systematic review, we assessed the current literature on post-translational modifications of fibrinogen and their effects on fibrin formation and clot characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith J de Vries
- From the Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte J M Snoek
- From the Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dingeman C Rijken
- From the Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Moniek P M de Maat
- From the Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Citrullination of fibrinogen by peptidylarginine deiminase 2 impairs fibrin clot structure. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 501:6-11. [PMID: 31730822 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citrullination is the post-translational conversion of arginine into citrulline in proteins. The reaction is catalyzed by peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD), of which five isoforms exist. Fibrinogen is a substrate for PAD2 and PAD4, and citrullinated fibrinogen (cFBG) has been detected in patients with inflammatory diseases. In purified systems, cFBG is known to inhibit the release of fibrinopeptide A (FPA) and B (FPB) and impairs fibrin polymerization. However, the effect of cFBG on fibrin structure and fibrinolysis in a plasma environment remains unclear. We hypothesized that citrullination of fibrinogen impairs fibrin properties. METHODS Fibrinogen was citrullinated by recombinant PAD2 and PAD4. The impact of cFBG on fibrin structure was investigated by turbidity measurements in fibrinogen-deficient plasma spiked with cFBG or native fibrinogen. RESULTS Citrullination of fibrinogen by PAD2 dose-dependently reduced the rate of fibrin polymerization, as well as the overall hemostasis potential of fibrin, the maximum velocity of fibrin formation, the fibrin mass/length ratio, and the lysis of fibrin clots. CONCLUSION Citrullination of fibrinogen by PAD2 affects not only fibrin polymerization but also fibrin fiber properties, indicating that the fibrin network formed in the presence of cFBG may influence hemostasis. Our results suggest that citrullination of fibrinogen alters the composition of fibrin fibers which may lead to a looser fibrin network that is more susceptible to fibrinolysis and thereby affecting the hemostatic balance.
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10
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Networks that stop the flow: A fresh look at fibrin and neutrophil extracellular traps. Thromb Res 2019; 182:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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11
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Vejlstrup A, Møller AM, Nielsen CH, Damgaard D. Release of active peptidylarginine deiminase into the circulation during acute inflammation induced by coronary artery bypass surgery. J Inflamm Res 2019; 12:137-144. [PMID: 31213874 PMCID: PMC6549760 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s198611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) catalyzes citrullination, a post-translational modification that can alter structure, function and antigenicity of proteins. Citrullination in the lungs due to smoking is believed to initiate an anti-citrulline immune response in rheumatoid arthritis. Citrullination in other inflamed organs has also been demonstrated, but it is not known whether smoking or inflammatory processes in general result in release of relevant amounts of PAD into the circulation with potential to cause citrullination of proteins at various anatomical sites. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) induces an acute systemic inflammation response. In the present study, we investigate whether smoking or acute systemic inflammation causes release of PAD into the circulation. Patients and methods: This study included 36 patients with coronary heart disease (16 smokers and 20 non-smokers) undergoing CABG surgery with CPB. Circulating levels of PAD2 and PAD4, PAD activity, the neutrophil activation markers MPO, MMP-9 and lipocalin-2, the cytokines IL-6 and IL-10, and the chemokine CXCL8 were measured 2 hrs preoperatively and 2 hrs postoperatively. Results: At baseline, serum PAD2 and PAD4 concentration did not differ between smokers and non-smokers. However, serum from non-smokers contained higher PAD activity than serum from smokers. Circulating PAD2 levels and PAD activity increased markedly in both groups after surgery, as did all neutrophil activation markers, cytokines and chemokine. PAD2 levels correlated with neutrophil activation markers, but not with cytokine and chemokine levels. Conclusion: Blood levels of PAD2 did not differ significantly between smokers and non-smokers, but smokers had decreased PAD activity in the circulation. PAD2 levels and PAD activity increased in blood during inflammation induced by CABG with CPB. This suggests that acute inflammation, ischemia or reperfusion, or a combination of these, leads to systemic spreading of enzymatically active PAD, which may affect protein function and induce generation of citrullinated self-antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Vejlstrup
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Claus Henrik Nielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Section for Periodontology, Microbiology and Community Dentistry, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dres Damgaard
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Section for Periodontology, Microbiology and Community Dentistry, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Zhou Y, Chen B, Mittereder N, Chaerkady R, Strain M, An LL, Rahman S, Ma W, Low CP, Chan D, Neal F, Bingham CO, Sampson K, Darrah E, Siegel RM, Hasni S, Andrade F, Vousden KA, Mustelin T, Sims GP. Spontaneous Secretion of the Citrullination Enzyme PAD2 and Cell Surface Exposure of PAD4 by Neutrophils. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1200. [PMID: 28993780 PMCID: PMC5622307 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies directed against citrullinated epitopes of proteins are highly diagnostic of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and elevated levels of protein citrullination can be found in the joints of patients with RA. Calcium-dependent peptidyl-arginine deiminases (PAD) are the enzymes responsible for citrullination. PAD2 and PAD4 are enriched in neutrophils and likely drive citrullination under inflammatory conditions. PADs may be released during NETosis or cell death, but the mechanisms responsible for PAD activity under physiological conditions have not been fully elucidated. To understand how PADs citrullinate extracellular proteins, we investigated the cellular localization and activity of PAD2 and PAD4, and we report that viable neutrophils from healthy donors have active PAD4 exposed on their surface and spontaneously secrete PAD2. Neutrophil activation by some stimulatory agents increased the levels of immunoreactive PAD4 on the cell surface, and some stimuli reduced PAD2 secretion. Our data indicate that live neutrophils have the inherent capacity to express active extracellular PADs. These novel pathways are distinguished from intracellular PAD activation during NETosis and calcium influx-mediated hypercitrullination. Our study implies that extracellular PADs may have a physiological role under non-pathogenic conditions as well as a pathological role in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yebin Zhou
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Nanette Mittereder
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Raghothama Chaerkady
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC., Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Martin Strain
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LTD., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ling-Ling An
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Saifur Rahman
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Wenting Ma
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Choon Pei Low
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LTD., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Denice Chan
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LTD., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Frances Neal
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LTD., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Clifton O Bingham
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kevon Sampson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Erika Darrah
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Richard M Siegel
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sarfaraz Hasni
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Felipe Andrade
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Katherine A Vousden
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LTD., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tomas Mustelin
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Gary P Sims
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
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Decreased severity of experimental autoimmune arthritis in peptidylarginine deiminase type 4 knockout mice. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2016; 17:205. [PMID: 27150598 PMCID: PMC4858923 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-016-1055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Peptidylarginine deiminase type 4 (PADI4) has been identified as a susceptibility gene for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by genome-wide association studies. PADI4 is highly expressed in the bone marrow, macrophages, neutrophils, and monocytes. Peptidyl citrulline is an interesting molecule in RA because it is a target antigen for anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies, and only PADs (translated proteins from PADI genes) can provide peptidyl citrulline via the modification of protein substrates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of the PADI4 gene in the progression of RA. Methods We generated Padi4 knockout (Padi4−/−) DBA1J mice. The Padi4−/− DBA1J and wild-type mice were immunized with bovine type II collagen (CII) to develop collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). The expression of various inflammatory cytokines and Padi genes in immune cells was detected by the real-time TaqMan assay. Cytokine concentrations in sera were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Localization of the PAD4 and PAD2 proteins was indicated by immunohistochemistry. Results We demonstrated that the clinical disease score was significantly decreased in the Padi4−/− mice and Padi4 expression was induced by CII immunization. In the Padi4−/− mice, serum anti-type II collagen (CII) immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG, and inflammatory cytokine levels were significantly decreased compared with those in the wild-type mice. Padi2 expression was induced in the immune cells of the Padi4−/− mice as a compensation for the defect in Padi4. Conclusions Padi4 affected disease severity in the CIA mice and was involved in the enhancement of the collagen-initiated inflammatory responses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12891-016-1055-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Lazarou I, Petitpierre N, Auger I, Reber G, Roux-Lombard P, Boehlen F, Villard J. Felty's syndrome and hypofibrinogenemia: an unusual target for anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies? Mod Rheumatol 2013; 25:790-3. [PMID: 24252003 DOI: 10.3109/14397595.2013.844392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a risk factor for the development of Felty's syndrome and large granular lymphocyte (LGL) leukemia. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibodies are considered highly specific for RA and are directed against various citrullinated antigens, including citrullinated fibrinogen. Anti-CCP antibodies may interfere with the detection of citrullinated proteins and their function. In this article, we describe the possible inhibition of fibrinogen by anti-CCP antibodies with clinical consequences which have never been reported in the literature to our best knowledge. CASE REPORT We present the case of a 79-year-old Caucasian woman with a longstanding history of untreated seropositive RA and who had been investigated for severe neutropenia since several months. The association of splenomegaly led to suspicion of Felty's syndrome. Flux cytometry was compatible with T-cell LGL leukemia. In addition, severe hypofibrinogenemia was detected. The later finding has not been consistently associated with the former clinical entities. Further investigations demonstrated that the anti-CCP antibodies of the patient also recognized the P41 peptide of citrullinated fibrinogen. The patient deceased of intracranial hemorrhage. CONCLUSION It is likely, yet not definite, that high anti-citrullinated fibrinogen titers may contribute to low fibrinogen levels and could have contributed to the fatal hemorrhagic event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Lazarou
- a Division of Immunology and Allergology, University Hospitals of Geneva , Switzerland
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15
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Raijmakers R, van Beers JJBC, El-Azzouny M, Visser NFC, Božič B, Pruijn GJM, Heck AJR. Elevated levels of fibrinogen-derived endogenous citrullinated peptides in synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:R114. [PMID: 22584083 PMCID: PMC3446491 DOI: 10.1186/ar3840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of the joints and the presence of autoantibodies directed against proteins containing the non-standard arginine-derived amino acid citrulline. The protein fibrinogen, which has an essential role in blood clotting, is one of the most prominent citrullinated autoantigens in RA, particularly because it can be found in the inflamed tissue of affected joints. Here, we set out to analyze the presence of citrullinated endogenous peptides in the synovial fluid of RA and arthritic control patients. Methods Endogenous peptides were isolated from the synovial fluid of RA patients and controls by filtration and solid phase extraction. The peptides were identified and quantified using high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results Our data reveal that the synovial fluid of RA patients contains soluble endogenous peptides, derived from fibrinogen, containing significant amounts of citrulline residues and, in some cases, also phosphorylated serine. Several citrullinated peptides are found to be more abundantly present in the synovial fluid of RA patients compared to patients suffering from other inflammatory diseases affecting the joints. Conclusions The increased presence of citrullinated peptides in RA patients points toward a possible specific role of these peptides in the immune response at the basis of the recognition of citrullinated peptides and proteins by RA patient autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinout Raijmakers
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University and Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands.
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16
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Acharya NK, Nagele EP, Han M, Coretti NJ, DeMarshall C, Kosciuk MC, Boulos PA, Nagele RG. Neuronal PAD4 expression and protein citrullination: possible role in production of autoantibodies associated with neurodegenerative disease. J Autoimmun 2012; 38:369-80. [PMID: 22560840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Peptidyl arginine deiminases (PADs) catalyze a post-translational protein modification reaction called citrullination, where arginine is converted to citrulline. This modification has been linked to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). More recently, several studies have suggested that Alzheimer's disease (AD), a devastating neurodegenerative disorder, may have an autoimmune component. In the present study, we have investigated the possibility that expression of PADs and protein citrullination plays a role in the production of brain-reactive autoantibodies that may contribute to Alzheimer's-related brain pathology. Here, we report the selective expression of the PAD isoforms, PAD2 and PAD4, in astrocytes and neurons, respectively, and the concomitant accumulation of citrullinated proteins within PAD4-expressing cells, including neurons of the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Expression of PADs and citrullinated proteins is prominent in brain regions engaged in neurodegenerative changes typical for AD pathology. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that the pentatricopeptide repeat domain2 (PTCD2) protein, an antigen target of a prominent AD diagnostic autoantibody, is present in a citrullinated form in AD brains. Our results suggest that disease-associated neuronal loss results in the release of cellular contents, including citrullinated proteins, into the brain interstitium. We propose that these citrullinated proteins and their degradation fragments enter into the blood and lymphatic circulation, and some are capable of eliciting an immune response that results in the production of autoantibodies. The long-term and progressive nature of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases results in chronic exposure of the immune system to these citrullinated products and may drive the continual production of autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimish K Acharya
- New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging (NJISA) at University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ), School of Osteopathic medicine (SOM), 2-Medical Center Drive, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
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Lyapina LA, Obergan TY, Pastorova VE. Regulatory role of heparin compounds with low molecular ligands of blood in plasma and thromocyte hemostasis. BIOL BULL+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359011020063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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Nikolaeva LS, Semenov AN, Burova LI. Calculations of chemical equilibria in heparin-arginine-H2O-NaCl and MCl2-heparin-arginine-H2O-NaCl systems (M = Ca2+, Mg2+) in a physiological solution. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024410120058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Wegner N, Wait R, Sroka A, Eick S, Nguyen KA, Lundberg K, Kinloch A, Culshaw S, Potempa J, Venables PJ. Peptidylarginine deiminase from Porphyromonas gingivalis citrullinates human fibrinogen and α-enolase: implications for autoimmunity in rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:2662-72. [PMID: 20506214 DOI: 10.1002/art.27552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 453] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate protein citrullination by the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis as a potential mechanism for breaking tolerance to citrullinated proteins in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS The expression of endogenous citrullinated proteins was analyzed by immunoblotting of cell extracts from P gingivalis and 10 other oral bacteria. P gingivalis-knockout strains lacking the bacterial peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) or gingipains were created to assess the role of these enzymes in citrullination. Citrullination of human fibrinogen and α-enolase by P gingivalis was studied by incubating live wild-type and knockout strains with the proteins and analyzing the products by immunoblotting and mass spectrometry. RESULTS Endogenous protein citrullination was abundant in P gingivalis but lacking in the other oral bacteria. Deletion of the bacterial PAD gene resulted in complete abrogation of protein citrullination. Inactivation of arginine gingipains, but not lysine gingipains, led to decreased citrullination. Incubation of wild-type P gingivalis with fibrinogen or α-enolase caused degradation of the proteins and citrullination of the resulting peptides at carboxy-terminal arginine residues, which were identified by mass spectrometry. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that among the oral bacterial pathogens tested, P gingivalis is unique in its ability to citrullinate proteins. We further show that P gingivalis rapidly generates citrullinated host peptides by proteolytic cleavage at Arg-X peptide bonds by arginine gingipains, followed by citrullination of carboxy-terminal arginines by bacterial PAD. Our results suggest a novel model where P gingivalis-mediated citrullination of bacterial and host proteins provides a molecular mechanism for generating antigens that drive the autoimmune response in RA.
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Wegner N, Lundberg K, Kinloch A, Fisher B, Malmström V, Feldmann M, Venables PJ. Autoimmunity to specific citrullinated proteins gives the first clues to the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Rev 2010; 233:34-54. [PMID: 20192991 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00850.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is now clearly a true autoimmune disease with accumulating evidence of pathogenic disease-specific autoimmunity to citrullinated proteins. Citrullination, also termed deimination, is a modification of arginine side chains catalyzed by peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) enzymes. This post-translational modification has the potential to alter the structure, antigenicity, and function of proteins. In RA, antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptides are now well established for clinical diagnosis, though we argue that the identification of specific citrullinated antigens, as whole proteins, is necessary for exploring pathogenic mechanisms. Four citrullinated antigens, fibrinogen, vimentin, collagen type II, and alpha-enolase, are now well established, with others awaiting further characterization. All four proteins are expressed in the joint, and there is evidence that antibodies to citrullinated fibrinogen and collagen type II mediate inflammation by the formation of immune complexes, both in humans and animal models. Antibodies to citrullinated proteins are associated with HLA 'shared epitope' alleles, and autoimmunity to at least one antigenic sequence, the CEP-1 peptide from citrullinated alpha-enolase (KIHAcitEIFDScitGNPTVE), shows a specific association with HLA-DRB1*0401, *0404, 620W PTPN22, and smoking. Periodontitis, in which Porphyromonas gingivalis is a major pathogenic bacterium, has been linked to RA in epidemiological studies and also shares similar gene/environment associations. This is also the only bacterium identified that expresses endogenous citrullinated proteins and its own bacterial PAD enzyme, though the precise molecular mechanisms of bacterial citrullination have yet to be explored. Thus, both smoking and Porphyromonas gingivalis are attractive etiological agents for further investigation into the gene/environment/autoimmunity triad of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Wegner
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Ul’yanov AM, Obergan TY, Shubina TA, Pastorova VE, Lyapina LA. The protective effect of the arginine-heparin complex under simulation of insulin-dependent diabetes. BIOL BULL+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359010010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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22
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Uysal H, Nandakumar KS, Kessel C, Haag S, Carlsen S, Burkhardt H, Holmdahl R. Antibodies to citrullinated proteins: molecular interactions and arthritogenicity. Immunol Rev 2010; 233:9-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00853.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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23
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Lyapina LA, Obergan TY, Pastorova VE. Anticoagulant effects of a complex of high molecular weight heparin and arginine. Bull Exp Biol Med 2009; 147:328-30. [PMID: 19529854 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-009-0501-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Heparin forms a complex compound with arginine in a pure system, which was shown by biochemical methods. A method for obtaining the complex in vitro has been developed. At arginine/heparin molar ratio of 3:1 the complex exhibited anticoagulant, antiplatelet, and fibrin-depolymerization activities. High fibrin-depolymerization and anticoagulant activities were documented in the blood of animals 10 min after intravenous injection of the arginine-heparin complex, in contrast to the picture after injection of the complex components (heparin and arginine) alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Lyapina
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Biological Faculty, M. V. Lomonosov State Moscow University, Russia.
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Sanmartí R, Graell E, Perez ML, Ercilla G, Viñas O, Gómez-Puerta JA, Gratacós J, Balsa A, Gómara MJ, Larrosa M, Cañete JD, Haro I. Diagnostic and prognostic value of antibodies against chimeric fibrin/filaggrin citrullinated synthetic peptides in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:R135. [PMID: 19725967 PMCID: PMC2787276 DOI: 10.1186/ar2802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evidence suggests that citrullinated fibrin(ogen) may be a potential in vivo target of anticitrullinated protein/peptide antibodies (ACPA) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We compared the diagnostic yield of three enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests by using chimeric fibrin/filaggrin citrullinated synthetic peptides (CFFCP1, CFFCP2, CFFCP3) with a commercial CCP2-based test in RA and analyzed their prognostic values in early RA. METHODS Samples from 307 blood donors and patients with RA (322), psoriatic arthritis (133), systemic lupus erythematosus (119), and hepatitis C infection (84) were assayed by using CFFCP- and CCP2-based tests. Autoantibodies also were analyzed at baseline and during a 2-year follow-up in 98 early RA patients to determine their prognostic value. RESULTS With cutoffs giving 98% specificity for RA versus blood donors, the sensitivity was 72.1% for CFFCP1, 78.0% for CFFCP2, 71.4% for CFFCP3, and 73.9% for CCP2, with positive predictive values greater than 97% in all cases. CFFCP sensitivity in RA increased to 80.4% without losing specificity when positivity was considered as any positive anti-CFFCP status. Specificity of the three CFFCP tests versus other rheumatic populations was high (> 90%) and similar to those for the CCP2. In early RA, CFFCP1 best identified patients with a poor radiographic outcome. Radiographic progression was faster in the small subgroup of CCP2-negative and CFFCP1-positive patients than in those negative for both autoantibodies. CFFCP antibodies decreased after 1 year, but without any correlation with changes in disease activity. CONCLUSIONS CFFCP-based assays are highly sensitive and specific for RA. Early RA patients with anti-CFFCP1 antibodies, including CCP2-negative patients, show greater radiographic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimon Sanmartí
- Rheumatology Service, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
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Abstract
Besides atherosclerosis and lung cancer, smoking is considered to play a major role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. It has long been known that there is a connection between rheumatoid factor-positive rheumatoid arthritis and cigarette smoking. Recently, an important gene-environment interaction has been revealed; that is, carrying specific HLA-DRB1 alleles encoding the shared epitope and smoking establish a significant risk for anti-citrullinated protein antibody-positive rheumatoid arthritis. We summarize how smoking-related alteration of the cytokine balance, the increased risk of infections (the possibility of cross-reactivity) and modifications of autoantigens by citrullination may contribute to the development of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Baka
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4., Budapest, H-1445, Hungary
| | - Edit Buzás
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4., Budapest, H-1445, Hungary
| | - György Nagy
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4., Budapest, H-1445, Hungary
- Department of Rheumatology, Semmelweis University, Árpád fejedelem útja 7., Budapest, H-1023, Hungary
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Okumura N, Haneishi A, Terasawa F. Citrullinated fibrinogen shows defects in FPA and FPB release and fibrin polymerization catalyzed by thrombin. Clin Chim Acta 2008; 401:119-23. [PMID: 19109936 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody-antigen complexes formed by IgG autoantibodies against citrullinated proteins and citrullinated forms of the alpha- and beta-chains of fibrin in rheumatoid synovial tissue play a key role in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS Recombinant fibrinogen was citrullinated by rabbit skeletal muscle peptidylarginine deiminase so that we could analyze the function of citrullinated fibrinogen. Namely, thrombin-catalyzed fibrin polymerization and fibrinopeptide release, protection against plasmin digestion, and factor XIIIa-catalyzed cross-linking of fibrin or fibrinogen were performed. RESULTS Strong citrullination of the Aalpha- and Bbeta-chains and weak citrullination of the gamma-chain were detected by an anti-modified citrulline detection kit. Citrullinated fibrinogen did not release FPA or FPB by thrombin catalyzation and no thrombin-stimulated conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin occurred. The citrullination of fibrinogen did not affect the 3 functions of the C-terminal gamma-chain, "a-hole," low affinity Ca binding, and gamma-gamma cross-linking. CONCLUSION Our functional analyses demonstrated that no thrombin-stimulated conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin occurred, because citrullinated fibrinogen did not release FPA or FPB after thrombin catalyzation. Our results and those of other reports suggest that citrullinated fibrin and fibrinogen are present in the synovium and might both be associated with the pathophysiology of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Okumura
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, Shinshu University, Japan.
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