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Li C, Song Z, Gao P, Duan W, Liu X, Liang S, Gong Q, Guo J. Transaldolase inhibits CD36 expression by modulating glutathione-p38 signaling, exerting protective effects against macrophage foam cell formation. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:1496-1505. [PMID: 37528662 PMCID: PMC10520467 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In atherosclerosis, macrophage-derived foam cell formation is considered to be a hallmark of the pathological process; this occurs via the uptake of modified lipoproteins. In the present study, we aim to determine the role of transaldolase in foam cell formation and atherogenesis and reveal the mechanisms underlying its role. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) isolated from mice successfully form foam cells after treatment with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (80 μg/mL). Elevated transaldolase levels in the foam cell model are assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. Transaldolase overexpression and knockdown in BMDMs are achieved via plasmid transfection and small interfering RNA technology, respectively. We find that transaldolase overexpression effectively attenuates, whereas transaldolase knockdown accelerates, macrophage-derived foam cell formation through the inhibition or activation of cholesterol uptake mediated by the scavenger receptor cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) in a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling-dependent manner. Transaldolase-mediated glutathione (GSH) homeostasis is identified as the upstream regulator of p38 MAPK-mediated CD36-dependent cholesterol uptake in BMDMs. Transaldolase upregulates GSH production, thereby suppressing p38 activity and reducing the CD36 level, ultimately preventing foam cell formation and atherosclerosis. Thus, our findings indicate that the transaldolase-GSH-p38-CD36 axis may represent a promising therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyi Li
- Department of ImmunologySchool of MedicineYangtze UniversityJingzhou434023China
| | - Zihao Song
- Department of ImmunologySchool of MedicineYangtze UniversityJingzhou434023China
| | - Pengyue Gao
- Department of ImmunologySchool of MedicineYangtze UniversityJingzhou434023China
| | - Wei Duan
- Department of OncologyJingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze UniversityJingzhou434023China
| | - Xiu Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular SurgeryNanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Sijia Liang
- Department of Pharmacologyand Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research CenterZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Quan Gong
- Department of ImmunologySchool of MedicineYangtze UniversityJingzhou434023China
| | - Jiawei Guo
- Department of ImmunologySchool of MedicineYangtze UniversityJingzhou434023China
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Ahmadi A, Bagheri Ekta M, Sahebkar A. Mechanisms of antidiabetic drugs and cholesterol efflux: a clinical perspective. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:1679-1688. [PMID: 35182734 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) is a physiological process that reduces excess cholesterol in the body. Cholesterol efflux (CE), an important step in RCT, is mainly mediated by ATP-binding cassette transporters A1 and G1 and has a significant role in atheroprotection. Moreover, impairments in CE can lead to the development of diabetes and fatty liver disease. In this review, we summarize the possible effects of hypoglycemic agents on CE and how this might influence atherosclerosis and dyslipidemia-related pathologies. Newer antidiabetic agents could have significant potential for targeting CE and preventing or alleviating atherosclerosis, obesity, and liver steatosis, and simultaneously improving insulin secretion. However, more research is warranted to interpret the clinical relevance of these data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ahmadi
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948567, Iran
| | - Mariam Bagheri Ekta
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, A.P. Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupy Street, 117418 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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3
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Ahmadi A, Panahi Y, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. Antidiabetic drugs and oxidized low-density lipoprotein: A review of anti-atherosclerotic mechanisms. Pharmacol Res 2021; 172:105819. [PMID: 34400317 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of mortality globally. Atherosclerosis is an important step towards different types of cardiovascular disease. The role of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis has been thoroughly investigated in recent years. Moreover, clinical trials have established that diabetic patients are at a greater risk of developing atherosclerotic plaques. Hence, we aimed to review the clinical and experimental impacts of various classes of antidiabetic drugs on the circulating levels of oxLDL. Metformin, pioglitazone, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors were clinically associated with a suppressive effect on oxLDL in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. However, there is an insufficient number of studies that have clinically evaluated the relationship between oxLDL and newer agents such as agonists of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor or inhibitors of sodium-glucose transport protein 2. Next, we attempted to explore the multitude of mechanisms that antidiabetic agents exert to counter the undesirable effects of oxLDL in macrophages, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. In general, antidiabetic drugs decrease the uptake of oxLDL by vascular cells and reduce subsequent inflammatory signaling, which prevents macrophage adhesion and infiltration. Moreover, these agents suppress the oxLDL-induced transformation of macrophages into foam cells by either inhibiting oxLDL entrance, or by facilitating its efflux. Thus, the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties of antidiabetic agents abrogate changes induced by oxLDL, which can be extremely beneficial in controlling atherosclerosis in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ahmadi
- Pharmacotherapy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yunes Panahi
- Pharmacotherapy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Thomas P Johnston
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Medicine, The University of Western Asutralia, Perth, Australia; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948567, Iran.
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4
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Effects of lipoproteins on endothelial cells and macrophages function and its possible implications on fetal adverse outcomes associated to maternal hypercholesterolemia during pregnancy. Placenta 2021; 106:79-87. [PMID: 33706211 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2021.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is one of the main risk factors associated with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death worldwide. During pregnancy, maternal hypercholesterolemia develops, and it can occur in a physiological (MPH) or supraphysiological (MSPH) manner, where MSPH is associated with endothelial dysfunction and early atherosclerotic lesions in the fetoplacental vasculature. In the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, endothelial activation and endothelial dysfunction, characterized by an imbalance in the bioavailability of nitric oxide, contribute to the early stages of this disease. Macrophages conversion to foam cells, cholesterol efflux from these cells and its differentiation into a pro- or anti-inflammatory phenotype are also important processes that contribute to atherosclerosis. In adults it has been reported that native and modified HDL and LDL play an important role in endothelial and macrophage function. In this review it is proposed that fetal lipoproteins could be also relevant factors involved in the detrimental vascular effects described in MSPH. Changes in the composition and function of neonatal lipoproteins compared to adults has been reported and, although in MSPH pregnancies the fetal lipid profile does not differ from MPH, differences in the lipidomic profiles of umbilical venous blood have been reported, which could have implications in the vascular function. In this review we summarize the available information regarding the effects of lipoproteins on endothelial and macrophage function, emphasizing its possible implications on fetal adverse outcomes associated to maternal hypercholesterolemia during pregnancy.
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5
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Ghodsian N, Yeandle A, Gieseg SP. Foam cell formation but not oxLDL cytotoxicity is inhibited by CD36 down regulation by the macrophage antioxidant 7,8-dihydroneopterin. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 133:105918. [PMID: 33421634 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.105918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) is a key scavenger receptor in the control of macrophage uptake of oxidised low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL). CD36 expression levels are not down regulated by intracellular cholesterol but are upregulated by oxidised low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) leading to the formation of lipid loaded foam cells, a major constituent of atherosclerotic plaques. We have previous shown that CD36 is down regulated by 7,8-dihydroneopterin, an antioxidant generated by γ-interferon activated macrophages. How CD36 down regulation affects oxLDL induced cytotoxicity, CD36 oxLDL upregulation and foam cell formation is examined using human monocyte like U937 cell line as a model system of human macrophages. METHODS Low density lipoprotein (LDL) was prepared by ultracentrifugation from human plasma and oxidised in copper chloride. CD36 levels in U937 cells were measured by western blot analysis. and lipid accumulation was measured by oil red-O staining and 7-ketocholesterol accumulation by high performance liquid chromatography. Cell viability was measured by flow cytometry analysis after propidium iodide staining. RESULTS 7,8-dihydroneopterin concentrations above 100 μM caused a concentration and time dependent decrease in cellular CD36 levels to 20 % of the untreated cells after 24 h. Upregulation of CD36 by oxLDL was inhibited by 7,8-dihydroneopterin treatment. The CD36 down regulation was associated with decrease in foam cell formation but not a reduction on oxLDL cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS 7,8-dihydroneopterin down regulated CD36 in U937 cells, inhibiting foam cell formation but not oxLDL mediated cell death. 7,8-dihydroneopterin may modulate foam cell formation in atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin Ghodsian
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Anthony Yeandle
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Steven P Gieseg
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Radiology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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6
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Kanoke A, Nishijima Y, Ljungberg M, Omodaka S, Yang SY, Wong S, Rabiller G, Tominaga T, Hsieh CL, Liu J. The effect of type 2 diabetes on CD36 expression and the uptake of oxLDL: Diabetes affects CD36 and oxLDL uptake. Exp Neurol 2020; 334:113461. [PMID: 32926860 PMCID: PMC8504205 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a risk factor of stroke, affects the level of scavenger receptor CD36 and the uptake of its ligand, oxidized LDL (oxLDL); and whether pioglitazone, a drug that enhances CD36, promotes oxLDL uptake. Compared to normoglycemic db/+ mice, adult db/db mice showed a pronounced reduction in surface CD36 expression on myeloid cells from the blood, brain, and bone marrow as detected by flow cytometry, which correlated with elevated plasma soluble-CD36 as determined by ELISA. Increased CD36 expression was found in brain macrophages and microglia of both genotypes 7 days after ischemic stroke. In juvenile db/db mice, prior to obesity and hyperglycemia, only a mild reduction of surface CD36 was found in blood neutrophils, while all other myeloid cells showed no difference relative to the db/+ strain. In vivo, oral pioglitazone treatment for four weeks increased CD36 levels on myeloid cells in db/db mice. In vitro, uptake of oxLDL by bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) of db/db mice was reduced relative to db/+ mice in normal glucose medium. OxLDL uptake inversely correlated with glucose levels in the medium in db/+ BMDMs. Furthermore, pioglitazone restored oxLDL uptake by BMDMs from db/db mice cultured in high glucose. Our data suggest that T2DM is associated with reduced CD36 on adult myeloid cells, and pioglitazone enhances CD36 expression in db/db cells. T2DM or high glucose reduces oxLDL uptake while pioglitazone enhances oxLDL uptake. Our findings provide new insight into the mechanism by which pioglitazone may be beneficial in the treatment of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kanoke
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Yasuo Nishijima
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Magnus Ljungberg
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; Linköping University, Linköping SE-581 83, Sweden
| | - Shunsuke Omodaka
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Shih Yen Yang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Suwai Wong
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Gratianne Rabiller
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Teiji Tominaga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Christine L Hsieh
- SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Jialing Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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7
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Zhang F, Xia X, Chai R, Xu R, Xu Q, Liu M, Chen X, Liu B, Liu S, Liu N. Inhibition of USP14 suppresses the formation of foam cell by promoting CD36 degradation. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:3292-3302. [PMID: 31970862 PMCID: PMC7131911 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is regarded as a chronic progressive inflammatory disease and is a basic pathophysiological process in coronary artery disease which is life threatening in clinic. The formation of foam cell plays a key role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. OxLDL is a significant factor in progression of coronary artery disease. Our studies have demonstrated that USP14 promotes cancer development and mediates progression of cardiac hypertrophy and LPS‐induced inflammation. However, the underlying mechanism of USP14 is unknown. In this study, we found that the inhibition of USP14 significantly suppressed the oxLDL uptake, subsequently decreased the foam cell formation. Surprisingly, USP14 has an effect on the expression of CD36 but not SR‐A, ABCA1, Lox‐1, ABCG1 and SR‐Bl. Furthermore, USP14 stabilizes CD36 protein via cleaving the ubiquitin chain on CD36. Blocking CD36 activation using antibody‐dependent blocking assay remarkably attenuated the function of USP14 on the formation of foam cell. In summary, our results suggested that the inhibition of USP14 decreases foam cell formation by down‐regulating CD36‐mediated lipid uptake and provides a potential therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangcheng Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Xia
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Renjie Chai
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruqin Xu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Xu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingke Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuke Chen
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiming Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ningning Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Xue XH, Shi FF, Chen T, Wei W, Zhou XM, Chen LD. Inhibition of ERK1/2 improves lipid balance in rat macrophages via ABCA1/G1 and CD36. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:1533-40. [PMID: 26707062 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette transporters A1 (ABCA1) and G1 (ABCG1), and macrophage scavenger receptor, cluster of differentiation (CD)36, function as key mediators of cholesterol efflux and influx from macrophages. In addition, they are associated with foam cell formation and the development of atherosclerosis (AS). The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) inhibition on lipid balance in oxidized-low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL)-stimulated rat macrophages, and to examine the role of ERK1/2 inhibitors in AS. Rat peritoneal macrophages were treated with Ox-LDL alone or in combination with an ERK1/2 inhibitor, U0126, and untreated cells served as controls. Ox-LDL-induced lipid accumulation was detected by DiI fluorescence and oil red O staining. In addition, the mRNA and protein expression levels of ABCA1, ABCG1 and CD36 were determined using polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. Treatment with Ox-LDL significantly increased lipid accumulation and upregulated the mRNA and protein expression levels of ABCA1, ABCG1 and CD36 in macrophages. The addition of U0126 resulted in a marked reduction of lipid deposition, upregulation of ABCA1/G1 expression and suppression of CD36 expression in Ox-LDL-stimulated macrophages. The results of the present study indicated a novel association between ERK1/2 signaling and lipid metabolism, thus suggesting that inhibition of ERK1/2 may be considered a promising therapeutic strategy against AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xie-Hua Xue
- Department of Neurology, Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350003, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Fei Shi
- Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Rehabilitation Technology Collaborative Innovation Center, College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350003, P.R. China
| | - Tong Chen
- Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Rehabilitation Technology Collaborative Innovation Center, College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350003, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Neurology, Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350003, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Mao Zhou
- Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Rehabilitation Technology Collaborative Innovation Center, College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350003, P.R. China
| | - Li-Dian Chen
- Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Rehabilitation Technology Collaborative Innovation Center, College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350003, P.R. China
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9
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Yin YW, Liao SQ, Zhang MJ, Liu Y, Li BH, Zhou Y, Chen L, Gao CY, Li JC, Zhang LL. TLR4-mediated inflammation promotes foam cell formation of vascular smooth muscle cell by upregulating ACAT1 expression. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1574. [PMID: 25522268 PMCID: PMC4454165 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) foam cell formation is an important hallmark, especially in advanced atherosclerosis lesions. Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1) promotes foam cell formation by promoting intracellular cholesteryl ester synthesis. The present study tests the hypothesis that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) increases the ACAT1 expression by activating the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated inflammation, and ultimately promotes VSMC foam cell formation. Wild-type, ApoE(-/-), TLR4(-/-) and ACAT1(-/-) mice on a C57BL/6J background were used. Increased TLR4, proinflammatory cytokines and ACAT1 were observed in high-fat (HF) diet-induced atherosclerotic plaque formation and in oxLDL-stimulated VSMCs. ACAT1 deficiency impeded the HF diet-induced atherosclerotic plaque formation and impaired the TLR4-manipulated VSMC foam cell formation in response to oxLDL. TLR4 deficiency inhibited the upregulation of myeloid-differentiating factor 88 (MyD88), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), proinflammatory cytokines and ACAT1, and eventually attenuated the HF diet-induced atherosclerotic plaque formation and suppressed the oxLDL-induced VSMC foam cell formation. Knockdown of MyD88 and NF-κB, respectively, impaired the TLR4-manipulated VSMC foam cell formation in response to oxLDL. Rosiglitazone (RSG) attenuated HF diet-induced atherosclerotic plaque formation in ApoE(-/-) mice, accompanied by reduced expression of TLR4, proinflammatory cytokines and ACAT1 accordingly. Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) suppressed oxLDL-induced VSMC foam cell formation and inhibited the expression of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, proinflammatory cytokines and ACAT1, whereas inhibition of PPARγ exerted the opposite effect. TLR4(-/-) mice and VSMCs showed impaired atherosclerotic plaque formation and foam cell formation, and displayed no response to PPARγ manipulation. In conclusion, our data showed that oxLDL stimulation can activate the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway in VSMCs, which in turn upregulates the ACAT1 expression and finally promotes VSMC foam cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-W Yin
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - S-Q Liao
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - M-J Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - B-H Li
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Y Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - L Chen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - C-Y Gao
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - J-C Li
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - L-L Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, China
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