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Feng S, Jiang X, Wang R, Tan H, Zhong L, Cheng Y, Bao M, Qiao H, Zhang F. Histone H3K4 methyltransferase DcATX1 promotes ethylene induced petal senescence in carnation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:546-564. [PMID: 36623846 PMCID: PMC10152666 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Petal senescence is controlled by a complex regulatory network. Epigenetic regulation like histone modification influences chromatin state and gene expression. However, the involvement of histone methylation in regulating petal senescence remains poorly understood. Here, we found that the trimethylation of histone H3 at Lysine 4 (H3K4me3) is increased during ethylene-induced petal senescence in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). H3K4me3 levels were positively associated with the expression of transcription factor DcWRKY75, ethylene biosynthetic genes 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase (DcACS1), and ACC oxidase (DcACO1), and senescence associated genes (SAGs) DcSAG12 and DcSAG29. Further, we identified that carnation ARABIDOPSIS HOMOLOG OF TRITHORAX1 (DcATX1) encodes a histone lysine methyltransferase which can methylate H3K4. Knockdown of DcATX1 delayed ethylene-induced petal senescence in carnation, which was associated with the down-regulated expression of DcWRKY75, DcACO1, and DcSAG12, whereas overexpression of DcATX1 exhibited the opposite effects. DcATX1 promoted the transcription of DcWRKY75, DcACO1, and DcSAG12 by elevating the H3K4me3 levels within their promoters. Overall, our results demonstrate that DcATX1 is a H3K4 methyltransferase that promotes the expression of DcWRKY75, DcACO1, DcSAG12 and potentially other downstream target genes by regulating H3K4me3 levels, thereby accelerating ethylene-induced petal senescence in carnation. This study further indicates that epigenetic regulation is important for plant senescence processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Feng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- National R&D Center for Citrus Postharvest Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xinyu Jiang
- State key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ruiming Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- National R&D Center for Citrus Postharvest Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hualiang Tan
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- National R&D Center for Citrus Postharvest Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Linlin Zhong
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National R&D Center for Citrus Postharvest Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- National R&D Center for Citrus Postharvest Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Manzhu Bao
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Institute of Flowers Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Huazhong Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hong Qiao
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- National R&D Center for Citrus Postharvest Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Institute of Flowers Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Huazhong Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Wu Y, Zuo L, Ma Y, Jiang Y, Gao J, Tao J, Chen C. Protein Kinase RhCIPK6 Promotes Petal Senescence in Response to Ethylene in Rose ( Rosa Hybrida). Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1989. [PMID: 36360225 PMCID: PMC9689952 DOI: 10.3390/genes13111989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Cultivated roses have the largest global market share among ornamental crops. Postharvest release of ethylene is the main cause of accelerated senescence and decline in rose flower quality. To understand the molecular mechanism of ethylene-induced rose petal senescence, we analyzed the transcriptome of rose petals during natural senescence as well as with ethylene treatment. A large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed between developmental senescence and the ethylene-induced process. We identified 1207 upregulated genes in the ethylene-induced senescence process, including 82 transcription factors and 48 protein kinases. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis showed that ethylene-induced senescence was closely related to stress, dehydration, and redox reactions. We identified a calcineurin B-like protein (CBL) interacting protein kinase (CIPK) family gene in Rosa hybrida, RhCIPK6, that was regulated by age and ethylene induction. Reducing RhCIPK6 expression through virus-induced gene silencing significantly delayed petal senescence, indicating that RhCIPK6 mediates petal senescence. In the RhCIPK6-silenced petals, several senescence associated genes (SAGs) and transcription factor genes were downregulated compared with controls. We also determined that RhCIPK6 directly binds calcineurin B-like protein 3 (RhCBL3). Our work thus offers new insights into the function of CIPKs in petal senescence and provides a genetic resource for extending rose vase life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Wu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lanxin Zuo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanxing Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yunhe Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junping Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun Tao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Changxi Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Li F, Gao Y, Jin C, Wen X, Geng H, Cheng Y, Qu H, Liu X, Feng S, Zhang F, Ruan J, Yang C, Zhang L, Wang J. The chromosome-level genome of Gypsophila paniculata reveals the molecular mechanism of floral development and ethylene insensitivity. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac176. [PMID: 36204200 PMCID: PMC9533222 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Gypsophila paniculata, belonging to the Caryophyllaceae of the Caryophyllales, is one of the most famous worldwide cut flowers. It is commonly used as dried flowers, whereas the underlying mechanism of flower senescence has not yet been addressed. Here, we present a chromosome-scale genome assembly for G. paniculata with a total size of 749.58 Mb. Whole-genome duplication signatures unveil two major duplication events in its evolutionary history: an ancient one occurring before the divergence of Caryophyllaceae and a more recent one shared with Dianthus caryophyllus. The integrative analyses combining genomic and transcriptomic data reveal the mechanisms regulating floral development and ethylene response of G. paniculata. The reduction of AGAMOUS expression probably caused by sequence polymorphism and the mutation in miR172 binding site of PETALOSA are associated with the double flower formation in G. paniculata. The low expression of ETHYLENE RESPONSE SENSOR (ERS) and the reduction of downstream ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (ERF) gene copy number collectively lead to the ethylene insensitivity of G. paniculata, affecting flower senescence and making it capable of making dried flowers. This study provides a cornerstone for understanding the underlying principles governing floral development and flower senescence, which could accelerate the molecular breeding of the Caryophyllaceae species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Li
- Corresponding authors. E-mail: ; ;
| | | | | | | | - Huaiting Geng
- Floriculture Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Ornamental Horticulture, Key Laboratory for Flower Breeding of Yunnan Province, 650200, Kunming, China
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, 650504, Kunming, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Floriculture Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Ornamental Horticulture, Key Laboratory for Flower Breeding of Yunnan Province, 650200, Kunming, China
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, 650504, Kunming, China
| | - Haoyue Qu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
- National R&D Center for Citrus Postharvest Technology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
- National R&D Center for Citrus Postharvest Technology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiwei Ruan
- Floriculture Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Ornamental Horticulture, Key Laboratory for Flower Breeding of Yunnan Province, 650200, Kunming, China
| | - Chunmei Yang
- Floriculture Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Ornamental Horticulture, Key Laboratory for Flower Breeding of Yunnan Province, 650200, Kunming, China
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Xu H, Luo D, Zhang F. DcWRKY75 promotes ethylene induced petal senescence in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:1473-1492. [PMID: 34587330 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) is one of the most important and typical ethylene sensitive cut flowers worldwide, although how ethylene influences the petal senescence process in carnation remains largely unknown. Here, we screened out one of the key transcription factors, DcWRKY75, using a constructed ethylene induced petal senescence transcriptome in carnation and found that it shows quick induction by ethylene treatment. Silencing of DcWRKY75 delays ethylene induced petal senescence in carnation. Molecular evidence confirms that DcWRKY75 can bind to the promoter regions of two main ethylene biosynthetic genes (DcACS1 and DcACO1) and a couple of senescence associated genes (DcSAG12 and DcSAG29) to activate their expression. Furthermore, we show that DcWRKY75 is a direct target gene of DcEIL3-1, which is a homolog of the ethylene signaling core transcription factor EIN3 in Arabidopsis. DcEIL3-1 can physically interact with DcWRKY75 and silencing of DcEIL3-1 also delays ethylene induced petal senescence in carnation and inhibits the ethylene induced expression of DcWRKY75 and its target genes. The present study demonstrates that the transcriptional regulation network is vitally important for ethylene induced petal senescence process in carnation and potentially in other ethylene sensitive cut flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National R&D Center for Citrus Postharvest Technology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National R&D Center for Citrus Postharvest Technology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Sun X, Qin M, Yu Q, Huang Z, Xiao Y, Li Y, Ma N, Gao J. Molecular understanding of postharvest flower opening and senescence. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2021; 1:7. [PMID: 37789453 PMCID: PMC10514961 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-021-00015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Flowers are key organs in many ornamental plants, and various phases of flower development impact their economic value. The final stage of petal development is associated with flower senescence, which is an irreversible process involving programmed cell death, and premature senescence of cut flowers often results in major losses in quality during postharvest handling. Flower opening and senescence are two sequential processes. As flowers open, the stamens are exposed to attract pollinators. Once pollination occurs, flower senescence is initiated. Both the opening and senescence processes are regulated by a range of endogenous phytohormones and environmental factors. Ethylene acts as a central regulator for the ethylene-sensitive flowers. Other phytohormones, including auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, jasmonic acid and abscisic acid, are also involved in the control of petal expansion and senescence. Water status also directly influences postharvest flower opening, while pollination is a key event in initiating the onset flower senescence. Here, we review the current understanding of flower opening and senescence, and propose future research directions, such as the study of interactions between hormonal and environmental signals, the application of new technology, and interdisciplinary research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Meizhu Qin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qin Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ziwei Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yue Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Nan Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junping Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Hewitt S, Kilian B, Hari R, Koepke T, Sharpe R, Dhingra A. Evaluation of multiple approaches to identify genome-wide polymorphisms in closely related genotypes of sweet cherry ( Prunus avium L.). Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2017; 15:290-298. [PMID: 28392892 PMCID: PMC5376269 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of genetic polymorphisms and subsequent development of molecular markers is important for marker assisted breeding of superior cultivars of economically important species. Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) is an economically important non-climacteric tree fruit crop in the Rosaceae family and has undergone a genetic bottleneck due to breeding, resulting in limited genetic diversity in the germplasm that is utilized for breeding new cultivars. Therefore, it is critical to recognize the best platforms for identifying genome-wide polymorphisms that can help identify, and consequently preserve, the diversity in a genetically constrained species. For the identification of polymorphisms in five closely related genotypes of sweet cherry, a gel-based approach (TRAP), reduced representation sequencing (TRAPseq), a 6k cherry SNParray, and whole genome sequencing (WGS) approaches were evaluated in the identification of genome-wide polymorphisms in sweet cherry cultivars. All platforms facilitated detection of polymorphisms among the genotypes with variable efficiency. In assessing multiple SNP detection platforms, this study has demonstrated that a combination of appropriate approaches is necessary for efficient polymorphism identification, especially between closely related cultivars of a species. The information generated in this study provides a valuable resource for future genetic and genomic studies in sweet cherry, and the insights gained from the evaluation of multiple approaches can be utilized for other closely related species with limited genetic diversity in the breeding germplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seanna Hewitt
- Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States; Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6414, United States
| | - Benjamin Kilian
- Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States; Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6414, United States
| | - Ramyya Hari
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6414, United States
| | - Tyson Koepke
- Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States; Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6414, United States
| | - Richard Sharpe
- Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States; Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6414, United States
| | - Amit Dhingra
- Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States; Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6414, United States
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Jensen L, Hegelund JN, Olsen A, Lütken H, Müller R. A natural frameshift mutation in Campanula EIL2 correlates with ethylene insensitivity in flowers. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:117. [PMID: 27215645 PMCID: PMC4877742 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0786-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phytohormone ethylene plays a central role in development and senescence of climacteric flowers. In ornamental plant production, ethylene sensitive plants are usually protected against negative effects of ethylene by application of chemical inhibitors. In Campanula, flowers are sensitive to even minute concentrations of ethylene. RESULTS Monitoring flower longevity in three Campanula species revealed C. portenschlagiana (Cp) as ethylene sensitive, C. formanekiana (Cf) with intermediate sensitivity and C. medium (Cm) as ethylene insensitive. We identified key elements in ethylene signal transduction, specifically in Ethylene Response Sensor 2 (ERS2), Constitutive Triple Response 1 (CTR1) and Ethylene Insensitive 3- Like 1 and 2 (EIL1 and EIL2) homologous. Transcripts of ERS2, CTR1 and EIL1 were constitutively expressed in all species both throughout flower development and in response to ethylene. In contrast, EIL2 was found only in Cf and Cm. We identified a natural mutation in Cmeil2 causing a frameshift which resulted in difference in expression levels of EIL2, with more than 100-fold change between Cf and Cm in young flowers. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the naturally occurring 7 bp frameshift discovered in Cmeil2, a key gene in the ethylene signaling pathway, correlates with ethylene insensitivity in flowers. We suggest that transfer of the eil2 mutation to other plant species will provide a novel tool to engineer ethylene insensitive flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Jensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé 9-13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Josefine Nymark Hegelund
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé 9-13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Andreas Olsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé 9-13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Henrik Lütken
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé 9-13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Renate Müller
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé 9-13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
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Olsen A, Lütken H, Hegelund JN, Müller R. Ethylene resistance in flowering ornamental plants - improvements and future perspectives. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2015; 2:15038. [PMID: 26504580 PMCID: PMC4591681 DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2015.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Various strategies of plant breeding have been attempted in order to improve the ethylene resistance of flowering ornamental plants. These approaches span from conventional techniques such as simple cross-pollination to new breeding techniques which modify the plants genetically such as precise genome-editing. The main strategies target the ethylene pathway directly; others focus on changing the ethylene pathway indirectly via pathways that are known to be antagonistic to the ethylene pathway, e.g. increasing cytokinin levels. Many of the known elements of the ethylene pathway have been addressed experimentally with the aim of modulating the overall response of the plant to ethylene. Elements of the ethylene pathway that appear particularly promising in this respect include ethylene receptors as ETR1, and transcription factors such as EIN3. Both direct and indirect approaches seem to be successful, nevertheless, although genetic transformation using recombinant DNA has the ability to save much time in the breeding process, they are not readily used by breeders yet. This is primarily due to legislative issues, economic issues, difficulties of implementing this technology in some ornamental plants, as well as how these techniques are publically perceived, particularly in Europe. Recently, newer and more precise genome-editing techniques have become available and they are already being implemented in some crops. New breeding techniques may help change the current situation and pave the way toward a legal and public acceptance if products of these technologies are indistinguishable from plants obtained by conventional techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Olsen
- Faculty of Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Alle 9-13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Henrik Lütken
- Faculty of Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Alle 9-13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Josefine Nymark Hegelund
- Faculty of Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Alle 9-13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Renate Müller
- Faculty of Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Alle 9-13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
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9
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Shahri W, Tahir I. Flower senescence: some molecular aspects. PLANTA 2014; 239:277-97. [PMID: 24178586 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1984-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
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In BC, Binder BM, Falbel TG, Patterson SE. Analysis of gene expression during the transition to climacteric phase in carnation flowers (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:4923-37. [PMID: 24078672 PMCID: PMC3830478 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
It has been generally thought that in ethylene-sensitive plants such as carnations, senescence proceeds irreversibly once the tissues have entered the climacteric phase. While pre-climacteric petal tissues have a lower sensitivity to ethylene, these tissues are converted to the climacteric phase at a critical point during flower development. In this study, it is demonstrated that the senescence process initiated by exogenous ethylene is reversible in carnation petals. Petals treated with ethylene for 12h showed sustained inrolling and senescence, while petals treated with ethylene for 10h showed inrolling followed by recovery from inrolling. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis revealed differential expression of genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis and ethylene signalling between 10h and 12h ethylene treatment. Ethylene treatment at or beyond 12h (threshold time) decreased the mRNA levels of the receptor genes (DcETR1, DcERS1, and DcERS2) and DcCTR genes, and increased the ethylene biosynthesis genes DcACS1 and DcACO1. In contrast, ethylene treatment under the threshold time caused a transient decrease in the receptor genes and DcCTR genes, and a transient increase in DcACS1 and DcACO1. Sustained DcACS1 accumulation is correlated with decreases in DcCTR genes and increase in DcEIL3 and indicates that tissues have entered the climacteric phase and that senescence proceeds irreversibly. Inhibition of ACS (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase) prior to 12h ethylene exposure was not able to prevent reduction in transcripts of DcCTR genes, yet suppressed transcript of DcACS1 and DcACO1. This leads to the recovery from inrolling of the petals, indicating that DcACS1 may act as a signalling molecule in senescence of flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Chun In
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Brad M. Binder
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular, and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Tanya G. Falbel
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sara E. Patterson
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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11
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Rogers HJ. From models to ornamentals: how is flower senescence regulated? PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 82:563-74. [PMID: 22983713 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9968-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Floral senescence involves an ordered set of events coordinated at the plant, flower, organ and cellular level. This review assesses our current understanding of the input signals, signal transduction and cellular processes that regulate petal senescence and cell death. In many species a visible sign of petal senescence is wilting. This is accompanied by remobilization of nutrients from the flower to the developing ovary or to other parts of the plant. In other species, petals abscise while still turgid. Coordinating signals for floral senescence also vary across species. In some species ethylene acts as a central regulator, in others floral senescence is ethylene insensitive and other growth regulators are implicated. Due to the variability in this coordination and sequence of events across species, identifying suitable models to study petal senescence has been challenging, and the best candidates are reviewed. Transcriptomic studies provide an overview of the MAP kinases and transcription factors that are activated during petal senescence in several species including Arabidopsis. Our understanding of downstream regulators such as autophagy genes and proteases is also improving. This gives us insights into possible signalling cascades that regulate initiation of senescence and coordination of cell death processes. It also identifies the gaps in our knowledge such as the role of microRNAs. Finally future prospects for using all this information from model to non-model species to extend vase life in ornamental species is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary J Rogers
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Main Building Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3TL, UK.
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12
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Agarwal G, Choudhary D, Singh VP, Arora A. Role of ethylene receptors during senescence and ripening in horticultural crops. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:827-46. [PMID: 22751331 PMCID: PMC3583974 DOI: 10.4161/psb.20321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The past two decades have been rewarding in terms of deciphering the ethylene signal transduction and functional validation of the ethylene receptor and downstream genes involved in the cascade. Our knowledge of ethylene receptors and its signal transduction pathway provides us a robust platform where we can think of manipulating and regulating ethylene sensitivity by the use of genetic engineering and making transgenic. This review focuses on ethylene perception, receptor mediated regulation of ethylene biosynthesis, role of ethylene receptors in flower senescence, fruit ripening and other effects induced by ethylene. The expression behavior of the receptor and downstream molecules in climacteric and non climacteric crops is also elaborated upon. Possible strategies and recent advances in altering the ethylene sensitivity of plants using ethylene receptor genes in an attempt to modulate the regulation and sensitivity to ethylene have also been discussed. Not only will these transgenic plants be a boon to post-harvest physiology and crop improvement but, it will also help us in discovering the mechanism of regulation of ethylene sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Virendra P. Singh
- Division of Plant Physiology; Indian Agricultural Research Institute; PUSA Campus; New Delhi, India
| | - Ajay Arora
- Division of Plant Physiology; Indian Agricultural Research Institute; PUSA Campus; New Delhi, India
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13
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Nomura Y, Morita S, Harada T, Satoh S. Cloning, Characterization and Expression of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) Ubiquitin Genes and Their Use as a Normalization Standard for Gene Expression Analysis in Senescing Petals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.2503/jjshs1.81.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Trivellini A, Ferrante A, Vernieri P, Serra G. Effects of abscisic acid on ethylene biosynthesis and perception in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. flower development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:5437-52. [PMID: 21841180 PMCID: PMC3223042 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the complex relationship between ethylene and abscisic acid (ABA) on flower development and senescence in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. was investigated. Ethylene biosynthetic (HrsACS and HrsACO) and receptor (HrsETR and HrsERS) genes were isolated and their expression evaluated in three different floral tissues (petals, style-stigma plus stamens, and ovaries) of detached buds and open flowers. This was achieved through treatment with 0.1 mM 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) solution, 500 nl l(-1) methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), and 0.1 mM ABA solution. Treatment with ACC and 1-MCP confirmed that flower senescence in hibiscus is ethylene dependent, and treatment with exogenous ABA suggested that ABA may play a role in this process. The 1-MCP impeded petal in-rolling and decreased ABA content in detached open flowers after 9 h. This was preceded by an earlier and sequential increase in ABA content in 1-MCP-treated petals and style-stigma plus stamens between 1 h and 6 h. ACC treatment markedly accelerated flower senescence and increased ethylene production after 6 h and 9 h, particularly in style-stigma plus stamens. Ethylene evolution was positively correlated in these floral tissues with the induction of the gene expression of ethylene biosynthetic and receptor genes. Finally, ABA negatively affected the ethylene biosynthetic pathway and tissue sensitivity in all flower tissues. Transcript abundance of HrsACS, HrsACO, HrsETR, and HrsERS was reduced by exogenous ABA treatment. This research underlines the regulatory effect of ABA on the ethylene biosynthetic and perception machinery at a physiological and molecular level when inhibitors or promoters of senescence are exogenously applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Trivellini
- Department of Crop Biology, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 24, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Ferrante
- Department of Plant Production, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Vernieri
- Department of Crop Biology, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 24, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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16
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Yu Y, Wang H, Liu J, Fu Z, Wang J, Liu J. Transcriptional regulation of two RTE-like genes of carnation during flower senescence and upon ethylene exposure, wounding treatment and sucrose supply. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2011; 13:719-724. [PMID: 21815975 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2010.00441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
RTE1 (REVERSION-TO-ETHYLENE SENSITIVITY1) was identified as a positive regulator of ETR1 (ethylene resistant1) function in Arabidopsis; RTEs are a small gene family. Ethylene plays a crucial role in the senescence of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flowers. Two cDNA clones encoding putative RTE-like protein (DCRTE1 and DCRTH1) were obtained from total RNA isolated from senescing carnation petals using RT-PCR and RACE techniques. The predicted proteins of DCRTE1 and DCRTH1 consist of 228 and 233 amino acids, respectively. Interestingly, the deduced DCRTE1 protein, like most other RTEs, includes two putative transmembrane domains, while the deduced DCRTH1 protein includes five putative transmembrane domains, according to the TMHMM database. Northern blots showed that the level of DCRTE1 mRNA in petals first decreased then increased remarkably after ethylene production started, and DCRTE1 expression showed an increasing trend in ovaries during natural flower senescence. The amount of DCRTH1 transcripts increased gradually in both petals and ovaries during natural senescence. Exogenous ethylene increased transcript abundance of DCRTE1 and DCRTH1 to various degrees in both petals and ovaries. STS treatment decreased the level of DCRTH1 mRNA in petals and ovaries compared with the control. DCRTE1 and DCRTH1 showed a rapid increase and then a decrease in mRNA accumulation in leaves after wounding. These results suggest that both DCRTE1 and DCRTH1 could play important roles in flower senescence-related signalling. Sucrose treatment did not remarkably affect the amount of DCRTE1 and DCRTH1 mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yu
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Harada T, Torii Y, Morita S, Masumura T, Satoh S. Differential expression of genes identified by suppression subtractive hybridization in petals of opening carnation flowers. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:2345-54. [PMID: 20308205 PMCID: PMC2877890 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flower opening is an event accompanied by morphological changes in petals which include elongation, expansion, and outward-curving. Petal cell growth is a fundamental process that underlies such phenomena, but its molecular mechanism remains largely unknown. Suppression subtractive hybridization was performed between petals during the early elongation period (stage 1) and during the opening period (stage 5) in carnation flowers and a pair of subtraction libraries abundant in differentially expressed genes was constructed at each stage. 393 cDNA clones picked up by differential screening out of 1728 clones were sequenced and 235 different cDNA fragments were identified, among which 211 did not match any known nucleotide sequence of carnation genes in the databases. BLASTX search of nucleotide sequences revealed that putative functions of the translational products can be classified into several categories including transcription, signalling, cell wall modification, lipid metabolism, and transport. Open reading frames of 15 selected genes were successfully determined by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Time-course analysis of these genes by real-time RT-PCR showed that transcript levels of several genes correlatively fluctuate in petals of opening carnation flowers, suggesting an association with the morphological changes by elongation or curving. Based on the results, it is suggested that the growth of carnation petals is controlled by co-ordinated gene expression during the progress of flower opening. In addition, the possible roles of some key genes in the initiation of cell growth, the construction of the cell wall and cuticle, and transport across membranes were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Harada
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Yuka Torii
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Shigeto Morita
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
- Kyoto Prefectural Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seika-cho 619-0224, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan
| | - Takehiro Masumura
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
- Kyoto Prefectural Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seika-cho 619-0224, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan
| | - Shigeru Satoh
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
- Kyoto Prefectural Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seika-cho 619-0224, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: E-mail:
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Nuñez-Palenius HG, Gomez-Lim M, Ochoa-Alejo N, Grumet R, Lester G, Cantliffe DJ. Melon fruits: genetic diversity, physiology, and biotechnology features. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2008; 28:13-55. [PMID: 18322855 DOI: 10.1080/07388550801891111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Among Cucurbitaceae, Cucumis melo is one of the most important cultivated cucurbits. They are grown primarily for their fruit, which generally have a sweet aromatic flavor, with great diversity and size (50 g to 15 kg), flesh color (orange, green, white, and pink), rind color (green, yellow, white, orange, red, and gray), form (round, flat, and elongated), and dimension (4 to 200 cm). C. melo can be broken down into seven distinct types based on the previously discussed variations in the species. The melon fruits can be either climacteric or nonclimacteric, and as such, fruit can adhere to the stem or have an abscission layer where they will fall from the plant naturally at maturity. Traditional plant breeding of melons has been done for 100 years wherein plants were primarily developed as open-pollinated cultivars. More recently, in the past 30 years, melon improvement has been done by more traditional hybridization techniques. An improvement in germplasm is relatively slow and is limited by a restricted gene pool. Strong sexual incompatibility at the interspecific and intergeneric levels has restricted rapid development of new cultivars with high levels of disease resistance, insect resistance, flavor, and sweetness. In order to increase the rate and diversity of new traits in melon it would be advantageous to introduce new genes needed to enhance both melon productivity and melon fruit quality. This requires plant tissue and plant transformation techniques to introduce new or foreign genes into C. melo germplasm. In order to achieve a successful commercial application from biotechnology, a competent plant regeneration system of in vitro cultures for melon is required. More than 40 in vitro melon regeneration programs have been reported; however, regeneration of the various melon types has been highly variable and in some cases impossible. The reasons for this are still unknown, but this plays a heavy negative role on trying to use plant transformation technology to improve melon germplasm. In vitro manipulation of melon is difficult; genotypic responses to the culture method (i.e., organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, etc.) as well as conditions for environmental and hormonal requirements for plant growth and regeneration continue to be poorly understood for developing simple in vitro procedures to culture and transform all C. melo genotypes. In many cases, this has to be done on an individual line basis. The present paper describes the various research findings related to successful approaches to plant regeneration and transgenic transformation of C. melo. It also describes potential improvement of melon to improve fruit quality characteristics and postharvest handling. Despite more than 140 transgenic melon field trials in the United States in 1996, there are still no commercial transgenic melon cultivars on the market. This may be a combination of technical or performance factors, intellectual property rights concerns, and, most likely, a lack of public acceptance. Regardless, the future for improvement of melon germplasm is bright when considering the knowledge base for both techniques and gene pools potentially useable for melon improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector G Nuñez-Palenius
- Plant Genetic Engineering Department, Guanajuato Campus. Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav-IPN), National Polytechnic Institute, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
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19
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van Doorn WG, Woltering EJ. Physiology and molecular biology of petal senescence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2008; 59:453-80. [PMID: 18310084 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erm356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Petal senescence is reviewed, with the main emphasis on gene expression in relation to physiological functions. Autophagy seems to be the major mechanism for large-scale degradation of macromolecules, but it is still unclear if it contributes to cell death. Depending on the species, petal senescence is controlled by ethylene or is independent of this hormone. EIN3-like (EIL) transcription factors are crucial in ethylene-regulated senescence. The presence of adequate sugar levels in the cell delays senescence and prevents an increase in the levels of EIL mRNA and the subsequent up-regulation of numerous senescence-associated genes. A range of other transcription factors and regulators are differentially expressed in ethylene-sensitive and ethylene-insensitive petal senescence. Ethylene-independent senescence is often delayed by cytokinins, but it is still unknown whether these are natural regulators. A role for caspase-like enzymes or metacaspases has as yet not been established in petal senescence, and a role for proteins released by organelles such as the mitochondrion has not been shown. The synthesis of sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids, and the degradation of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, fatty acids, and cell wall components are discussed. It is claimed that there is not enough experimental support for the widely held view that a gradual increase in cell leakiness, resulting from gradual plasma membrane degradation, is an important event in petal senescence. Rather, rupture of the vacuolar membrane and subsequent rapid, complete degradation of the plasma membrane seems to occur. This review recommends that more detailed analysis be carried out at the level of cells and organelles rather than at that of whole petals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter G van Doorn
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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20
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Tripathi SK, Tuteja N. Integrated signaling in flower senescence: an overview. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2007; 2:437-45. [PMID: 19517004 PMCID: PMC2634333 DOI: 10.4161/psb.2.6.4991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Flower senescence is the terminal phase of developmental processes that lead to the death of flower, which include, flower wilting, shedding of flower parts and fading of blossoms. Since it is a rapid process as compared to the senescence of other parts of the plant it therefore provides excellent model system for the study of senescence. During flower senescence, developmental and environmental stimuli enhance the upregulation of catabolic processes causing breakdown and remobilization of cellular constituents. Ethylene is well known to play regulatory role in ethylene-sensitive flowers while in ethylene-insensitive flowers abscisic acid (ABA) is thought to be primary regulator. Subsequent to perception of flower senescence signal, death of petals is accompanied by the loss of membrane permeability, increase in oxidative and decreased level of protective enzymes. The last stages of senescence involve the loss of of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), proteins and organelles, which is achieved by activation of several nucleases, proteases and wall modifiers. Environmental stimuli such as pollination, drought and other stresses also affect senescence by hormonal imbalance. In this article we have covered the following: perception mechanism and specificity of flower senescence, flower senescence-associated events, like degradation of cell membranes, proteins and nucleic acids, environmental/external factors affecting senescence, like pollination and abiotic stress, hormonal and non-hormonal regulation of flower/petal senescence and finally the senescence associated genes (SAGs) have also been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Kaushal Tripathi
- Plant Molecular Biology Group; International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; New Delhi, India
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21
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Amagai A, Soramoto SS, Saito SH, Maeda Y. Ethylene induces zygote formation through an enhanced expression of zyg1 in Dictyostelium mucoroides. Exp Cell Res 2007; 313:2493-503. [PMID: 17499244 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Revised: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that a potent plant hormone, ethylene induces sexual development including zygote formation in Dictyostelium cells, and that a novel gene (zyg1) is also involved in zygote formation. Based on these findings, the present work was mainly designed to reveal (1) the precise relationship between the ethylene amount and zygote formation, and (2) the relation of in situ ethylene synthesis to zyg1 expression, using transformants that over- or under-produce ACC-oxidase (Dd-aco) involved in ethylene biosynthesis. ACO(OE) cells overexpressing Dd-aco gene overproduced ethylene and exhibited the augmented zygote formation. In contrast, ACO-RNAi cells, in which the expression of Dd-aco was suppressed by the RNAi method, showed a reduced level of ethylene production, thus resulting in inhibition of zygote formation. Importantly, the expression of zyg1 was affected by the amount of ethylene produced: Zyg1 expression was augmented in ACO(OE) cells, but was significantly suppressed in ACO-RNAi cells. In another experiment, we found that 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), which is known to inhibit the function of ethylene by binding specifically to ethylene receptors, greatly suppresses zygote formation. These results indicate that ethylene is capable of inducing zygote formation through the expression of zyg1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Amagai
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, Japan.
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22
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Fernández-Otero CI, de la Torre F, Iglesias R, Rodríguez-Gacio MC, Matilla AJ. Stage- and tissue-expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis and signalling of ethylene in reproductive organs of damson plum (Prunus domestica L. subsp. insititia). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2007; 45:199-208. [PMID: 17416534 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, four cDNA clones (Pd-ACS1,AJ890088; Pd-ETR1 and Pd-ERS1, AJ890092, AJ890091; and Pd-CTR1, AJ890089) encoding an ACC-synthase, two putative ethylene (ET) receptors, and a putative MAPKKK, respectively, were isolated and phylogenetically characterized in Prunus domestica L. subsp. insititia. Their expression was studied by real-time PCR during flower (closed, open and senescent) and fruit (early green, late green, maturation and ripening) development of damson plum, which is climateric. While two peaks of ET production were quantified at early green and ripening stages in whole fruits, the seed was not able to produce it during maturation and ripening stages. All studied genes were differentially expressed during flower and fruit development. In general, the level of transcripts of Pd-ACS1 was higher in fruits than in flowers. However, it was noteworthy that: (1) Pd-ACS1 expression was hardly detected in closed flowers and at low levels during early green stage; and fruit development provoked a notable differential expression in seeds, and pericarp; (2) the results of Pd-ACS1 expression during fruit development suggest a preponderant role of this gene from late green stage onward. The stamen was the only floral organ in which expression of both Pd-ETR1 and Pd-ERS1 receptor genes was not significantly altered during development; however, their expression decreased concomitantly with development of pistil (only floral organ to register a net ET production when fertilized) and during first days of ovary development (the highest ET production during all fruit development). Contrary to Pd-ERS1, the level of Pd-ETR1 mRNA was temporally quite similar in the seed. With regard Pd-ETR1, even its expression was very scarce during maturation of mesocarp, was stimulated during ripening. In the epicarp, Pd-ERS1 and Pd-ETR1 were low expressed during pit hardening increasing onward and decreasing during ripening. Pd-CTR1 expression was in the seed>mesocarp>>epicarp. Spatial and temporal levels of Pd-ACS1, Pd-ETR1, Pd-ERS1 and Pd-CTR1 mRNAs described in this work demonstrate that the expression of these genes is not always constitutive and that control of its transcription may play an important role in regulating the development of reproductive organs of damson plum.
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Affiliation(s)
- C I Fernández-Otero
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
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Tanase K, Ichimura K. Expression of ethylene receptors Dl-ERS1-3 and Dl-ERS2, and ethylene response during flower senescence in Delphinium. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 163:1159-66. [PMID: 16500725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2005.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2005] [Accepted: 12/16/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
To clarify the relationships of flower senescence, especially sepal abscission, and ethylene receptor gene expression in different flower parts, we isolated two cDNAs encoding ethylene receptors Dl-ERS1-3 and Dl-ERS2 from Delphinium flowers. Deduced polypeptides possessed no response regulator domain, indicating that they belong to a family of ethylene response sensor (ERS) ethylene receptors. Dl-ERS1-3 and Dl-ERS2 exhibited constitutive levels during flower senescence. Exogenous ethylene increased transcript levels in sepals, which are influenced by ethylene but not in gynoecia and receptacles, which produce ethylene. It was suggested that expression of ethylene receptor genes under ethylene exposure was differentially regulated in each organ of the flower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Tanase
- National Institute of Floricultural Science, National Agriculture and Bio-oriented Research Organization, Fujimoto 2-1, Tsukuba 305-8519, Ibaraki, Japan.
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De la Torre F, Del Carmen Rodríguez-Gacio M, Matilla AJ. How ethylene works in the reproductive organs of higher plants: a signaling update from the third millennium. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2006; 1:231-42. [PMID: 19516984 PMCID: PMC2634124 DOI: 10.4161/psb.1.5.3389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene (ET) is a notable signaling molecule in higher plants. In the year 1993 the ET receptor gene, ETR1, was identified; this ETR1 receptor protein being the first plant hormone receptor to be isolated. It is striking that there are six ET receptors in tomato instead of five in Arabidopsis, the two best-known signaling-model systems. Even though over the last few years great progress has been made in elucidating the genes and proteins involved in ET signaling, the complete pathway remains to be established. The present review examines the most representative successive advances that have taken place in this millennium in terms of the signaling pathway of ET, as well as the implications of the signaling in the reproductive organs of plants (i.e., flowers, fruits, seeds and pollen grains). A detailed comparative study is made on the advances in knowledge in the last decade, showing how the characterization of ET signaling provides clues for understanding how higher plants regulate their ET sensitivity. Also, it is indicated that ET signaling is at present sparking interest within phytohormonal molecular physiology and biology, and it is explained why several socio-economic aspects (flowering and fruit ripening) are undoubtedly involved in ET physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco De la Torre
- Department of Plant Physiology; Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
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Iordachescu M, Verlinden S. Transcriptional regulation of three EIN3-like genes of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. Improved White Sim) during flower development and upon wounding, pollination, and ethylene exposure. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2005; 56:2011-8. [PMID: 15983019 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eri199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Using a combination of approaches, three EIN3-like (EIL) genes DC-EIL1/2 (AY728191), DC-EIL3 (AY728192), and DC-EIL4 (AY728193) were isolated from carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) petals. DC-EIL1/2 deduced amino acid sequence shares 98% identity with the previously cloned and characterized carnation DC-EIL1 (AF261654), 62% identity with DC-EIL3, and 60% identity with DC-EIL4. DC-EIL3 deduced amino acid sequence shares 100% identity with a previously cloned carnation gene fragment, Dc106 (CF259543), 61% identity with Dianthus caryophyllus DC-EIL1 (AF261654), and 59% identity with DC-EIL4. DC-EIL4 shared 60% identity with DC-EIL1 (AF261654). Expression analyses performed on vegetative and flower tissues (petals, ovaries, and styles) during growth and development and senescence (natural and ethylene-induced) indicated that the mRNA accumulation of the DC-EIL family of genes in carnation is regulated developmentally and by ethylene. DC-EIL3 mRNA showed significant accumulation upon ethylene exposure, during flower development, and upon pollination in petals and styles. Interestingly, decreasing levels of DC-EIL3 mRNA were found in wounded leaves and ovaries of senescing flowers whenever ethylene levels increased. Flowers treated with sucrose showed a 2 d delay in the accumulation of DC-EIL3 transcripts when compared with control flowers. These observations suggest an important role for DC-EIL3 during growth and development. Changes in DC-EIL1/2 and DC-EIL4 mRNA levels during flower development, and upon ethylene exposure and pollination were very similar. mRNA levels of the DC-EILs in styles of pollinated flowers showed a positive correlation with ethylene production after pollination. The cloning and characterization of the EIN3-like genes in the present study showed their transcriptional regulation not previously observed for EILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Iordachescu
- Genetics and Developmental Biology Program, Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, 1090 Agricultural Science Building, PO Box 6108, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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CHEN YIFENG, ETHERIDGE NAOMI, SCHALLER GERIC. Ethylene signal transduction. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2005; 95:901-15. [PMID: 15753119 PMCID: PMC4246747 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mci100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2004] [Revised: 12/11/2004] [Accepted: 12/17/2004] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phytohormone ethylene is a key regulator of plant growth and development. Components of the pathway for ethylene signal transduction were identified by genetic approaches in Arabidopsis and have now been shown to function in agronomically important plants as well. SCOPE This review focuses on recent advances in our knowledge on ethylene signal transduction, in particular on recently proposed components of the pathway, on the interaction between the pathway components and on the roles of transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation in ethylene signalling. CONCLUSIONS Data indicate that the site of ethylene perception is at the endoplasmic reticulum and point to the importance of protein complexes in mediating the initial steps in ethylene signal transduction. The expression level of pathway components is regulated by both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms, degradation of the transcription factor EIN3 being a primary means by which the sensitivity of plants to ethylene is regulated. EIN3 also represents a control point for cross-talk with other signalling pathways, as exemplified by the effects of glucose upon its expression level. Amplification of the initial ethylene signal is likely to play a significant role in signal transduction and several mechanisms exist by which this may occur based on properties of known pathway components. Signal output from the pathway is mediated in part by carefully orchestrated changes in gene expression, the breadth of these changes now becoming clear through expression analysis using microarrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- YI-FENG CHEN
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - NAOMI ETHERIDGE
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - G. ERIC SCHALLER
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Casanova E, Trillas MI, Moysset L, Vainstein A. Influence of rol genes in floriculture. Biotechnol Adv 2005; 23:3-39. [PMID: 15610964 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2004.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2004] [Revised: 06/11/2004] [Accepted: 06/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, new traits have been introduced into ornamental plants through classical breeding. However, genetic engineering now enables specific alterations of single traits in already successful varieties. New or improved varieties of floricultural crops can be obtained by acting on floral traits, such as color, shape or fragrance, on vase life in cut-flower species, and on rooting potential or overall plant morphology. Overexpression of the rol genes of the Ri plasmid of Agrobacterium rhizogenes in plants alters several of the plant's developmental processes and affects their architecture. Both A. rhizogenes- and rol-transgenic plants display the "hairy-root phenotype", although specific differences are found between species and between transgenic lines. In general, these plants show a dwarfed phenotype, reduced apical dominance, smaller, wrinkled leaves, increased rooting, altered flowering and reduced fertility. Among the rol genes, termed rolA, B, C and D, rolC has been the most widely studied because its effects are the most advantageous in terms of improving ornamental and horticultural traits. In addition to the dwarfness and the increase in lateral shoots that lead to a bushy phenotype, rolC-plants display more, smaller flowers, and advanced flowering; surprisingly, these plants may have better rooting capacity and they show almost no undesirable traits. rolD, the least studied among the rol genes, offers promising applications due to its promotion of flowering. Although the biochemical functions of rol genes remain poorly understood, they are useful tools for improving ornamental flowers, as their expression in transgenic plants yields many beneficial traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Casanova
- Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Unitat de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avgda. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Kuroda S, Hirose Y, Shiraishi M, Davies E, Abe S. Co-expression of an ethylene receptor gene, ERS1, and ethylene signaling regulator gene, CTR1, in Delphinium during abscission of florets. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2004. [PMID: 15474381 DOI: 10.1016/s0981-9428(03)00115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We are trying to determine the mechanisms responsible for ethylene-induced floret abscission in cut flowers of Delphinium and recently identified an ethylene receptor gene, ERS1, and studied its response to ethylene treatment. In order to identify additional components of the ethylene response network in Delphinium, we performed 3' and 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) using the consensus sequence of the serine/threonine kinase domain of the ethylene signaling regulator gene (CTR1) involved in the constitutive triple response (CTR) to ethylene. The full-length cDNA (2754 nt) encoded a protein of 800 amino acids, which contained the expected serine/threonine kinase domain, the consensus ATP-binding site, and the serine/threonine kinase catalytic site. The protein had quite high (>50%) overall identity to CTR1 from Arabidopsis and tomato, and 70-75% identity in the catalytic site. The amount of mRNA encoding both CTR1 and ERS1 more than doubled within 6 h in cut florets incubated in the presence of exogenous ethylene. Similarly, the amount of ERS1 transcript doubled in florets within 6 d of harvesting, presumably in response to endogenous ethylene, while CTR1 mRNA increased to about 40% over the same period. However, in the presence of silver thiosulfate (STS), an ethylene inhibitor, the level of both transcripts remained essentially unchanged for the first 8 d before declining to very low levels. Florets on the control plants had almost completely abscised by 6 d, but the florets on STS-treated plants had not abscised by 20 d, by which time the flowers were almost dead. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that endogenous ethylene evokes the accumulation of both these transcripts (and their encoded proteins), thereby speeding up abscission and reducing the useful shelf life of the cut flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kuroda
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biological Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 7908566, Japan
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