1
|
Del Baldo F, Corsini A, Tardo AM, Tirolo A, Sapignoli A, Tumbarello M, Vasylyeva K, Fracassi F. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis recovery after intermediate-acting glucocorticoid treatment in client-owned dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:942-950. [PMID: 38321784 PMCID: PMC10937487 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In dogs, duration of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis suppression after systemic glucocorticoid treatment is reported to vary from a few days to up to 7 weeks after glucocorticoid discontinuation. These data are derived mainly from experimental studies in healthy dogs and not from animals with spontaneous disease. HYPOTHESIS AND OBJECTIVE To determine the timeline for recovery of the HPA axis in a group of ill dogs treated with intermediate-acting glucocorticoids (IAGCs). ANIMALS Twenty client-owned dogs that received IAGC for at least 1 week. METHODS Single-center prospective observational study. An ACTH stimulation test, endogenous ACTH concentration, serum biochemistry profile, and urinalysis were performed at T0 (2-6 days after IAGC discontinuation) and then every 2 weeks (eg, T1, T2, T3) until HPA axis recovery was documented (post-ACTH cortisol concentration > 6 μg/dL). RESULTS The median time of HPA axis recovery was 3 days (range, 2-133 days). Eleven of 20 dogs showed recovery of the HPA axis at T0, 6/20 at T1, and 1 dog each at T2, T5, and T9. Dose and duration of treatment were not correlated with timing of HPA axis recovery. Activities of ALT and ALP were significantly correlated with the post-ACTH cortisol concentration (rs = -0.34, P = .03; rs = -0.31, P = .05). Endogenous ACTH concentration was significantly correlated with pre (r = 0.72; P < .0001) and post-ACTH cortisol concentrations (r = 0.35; P = .02). The timing of HPA axis recovery of the dogs undergoing an alternate-day tapering dose was not different compared to dogs that did not (3.5 vs 3 days, P = .89). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Most dogs experienced HPA axis recovery within a few days after IAGC discontinuation. However, 2/20 dogs required >8 weeks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Del Baldo
- Department of Veterinary Medical SciencesUniversity of BolognaOzzano dell'EmiliaItaly
| | - Andrea Corsini
- Department of Veterinary Medical SciencesUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Antonio Maria Tardo
- Department of Veterinary Medical SciencesUniversity of BolognaOzzano dell'EmiliaItaly
| | - Alessandro Tirolo
- Department of Veterinary Medical SciencesUniversity of BolognaOzzano dell'EmiliaItaly
| | - Ada Sapignoli
- Department of Veterinary Medical SciencesUniversity of BolognaOzzano dell'EmiliaItaly
| | - Michele Tumbarello
- Department of Veterinary Medical SciencesUniversity of BolognaOzzano dell'EmiliaItaly
| | - Kateryna Vasylyeva
- Department of Veterinary Medical SciencesUniversity of BolognaOzzano dell'EmiliaItaly
| | - Federico Fracassi
- Department of Veterinary Medical SciencesUniversity of BolognaOzzano dell'EmiliaItaly
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Brunori L, Walesby OX, Lewis DH, Boag AM. A retrospective study of hydrocortisone continuous rate infusion compared with administration of dexamethasone boluses in dogs with adrenal crisis. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:951-959. [PMID: 38353573 PMCID: PMC10937513 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence indicating the optimal treatment protocol for dogs in adrenal crisis is lacking. OBJECTIVES Compare outcomes of dogs presented in adrenal crisis treated with either hydrocortisone (HC) continuous rate infusion (CRI) or intermittent dexamethasone (DEX) administration. ANIMALS Thirty-nine client-owned dogs. METHODS Multi-institutional retrospective observational study (July 2016-May 2022) including dogs diagnosed with adrenal crisis and with available sequential blood work during hospitalization. Dogs were excluded if already on treatment with exogenous corticosteroids. Outcomes assessed included duration of hospitalization, survival, number of repeat measurements of electrolyte concentrations, and time to normalization of electrolyte and acid-base status. RESULTS No significant difference was found between the groups for hospitalization time (P = .41; HC median [range] 48 h [19-105 h]; DEX 57 h [17-167 h]) nor case fatality rate 2/28 in the DEX group and 0/11 in the HC group (P = 1), nor in number of measurements of electrolyte concentrations (P = .90; HC 4 [2-10]; DEX 4.5 [2-15]). No significant differences were found between the 2 treatment groups in time to normalization of serum Na (P = .30; HC 33 h [7-66 h]; DEX 16 h [1.5-48 h]), K (P = .92; HC 17 h [4-48 h]; DEX 16 h [1.25-60 h]) or Na/K ratio (P = .08; HC 17 h [8-48 h]; DEX 26 h [1.5-60 h]). CONCLUSIONS This study detected no difference in outcomes for dogs in adrenal crisis treated with either DEX boluses or HC CRIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Brunori
- Emergency & Critical Care Specialist ServiceVetsNow 24/7 Pet Emergency & Specialty HospitalGlasgowUK
| | - Olivia X. Walesby
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Easter Bush CampusThe University of EdinburghMidlothianUK
| | - Daniel H. Lewis
- Emergency & Critical Care Specialist ServiceVetsNow 24/7 Pet Emergency & Specialty HospitalGlasgowUK
| | - Alisdair M. Boag
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Easter Bush CampusThe University of EdinburghMidlothianUK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Treeful AE, Searle KM, Carroll DM, Yost KJ, Hedger AL, Friedenberg SG. A case-control survey study of environmental risk factors for primary hypoadrenocorticism in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:2073-2083. [PMID: 37830238 PMCID: PMC10658521 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary hypoadrenocorticism in dogs is thought to be multifactorial with roles for both genetic and environmental factors. The contributions of environmental factors remain unexplored. OBJECTIVE Identify environmental and lifestyle exposures associated with primary hypoadrenocorticism in 2 dog breeds with high risk of developing the disease. ANIMALS Animals were not used in this study. Owners of Standard Poodles (STPDs) and Portuguese water dogs (POWDs) participated in a survey. METHODS Retrospective case-control study. Dog owners were invited to participate in an online survey through convenience sampling. Questions regarded the demographics, health histories, and indoor/outdoor environments in which their dogs live and play. Responses for dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism were compared to those without the disease using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS Five thousand forty-seven responses (358 cases, 4689 controls) met initial inclusion criteria. Significant associations with modest effect size were found for community type, ingestion of canned food, and use of lawn fertilizer in some analysis models. Reproductive (spay/neuter) status exhibited the strongest association with high effect size across all models with adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.5 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-4.5; P = .003) for spayed females and 6.0 (95% CI, 2.6-13.9; P < .001) for neutered males. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The large effect size for reproductive status reflects its high potential clinical relevance, whereas modest effect sizes for other environmental variables suggest lower potential clinical relevance. These findings are associations and do not necessarily imply causation. Before any actionable recommendations are warranted, additional evidence regarding biological mechanisms is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy E. Treeful
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. Paul, Minnesota 55108USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. Paul, Minnesota 55108USA
| | - Kelly M. Searle
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public HealthUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolis, Minnesota 55455USA
| | - Dana M. Carroll
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public HealthUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolis, Minnesota 55455USA
| | - Kathleen J. Yost
- Department of Quantitative Health SciencesMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Anna L. Hedger
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. Paul, Minnesota 55108USA
| | - Steven G. Friedenberg
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. Paul, Minnesota 55108USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jackson D, Di Bella A. Concurrent hypoadrenocorticism, immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia and immune‐mediated haemolytic anaemia in a Jack Russell Terrier dog. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Jackson
- Southern Counties Veterinary Specialists Ringwood UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gershony LC, Belanger JM, Hytönen MK, Lohi H, Famula TR, Oberbauer AM. Genetic characterization of Addison's disease in Bearded Collies. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:833. [PMID: 33243158 PMCID: PMC7690126 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07243-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary hypoadrenocorticism (or Addison's disease, AD) is an autoimmune disease that results in destruction of the adrenal cortex and consequent adrenal insufficiency. The disease has been described in purebred and mixed breed dogs, although some breeds, including the Bearded Collie, are at increased risk for AD. Candidate gene approaches have yielded few associations that appear to be breed-specific. A single other genome-wide association study reported no significant regions of association for AD in Standard Poodles. The present study aimed to identify genomic regions of association for canine AD in Bearded Collies. RESULTS Our study consists of the first genome-wide association analysis to identify a genome-wide significant region of association with canine AD (CFA18). Peaks of suggestive association were also noted on chromosomes 11, 16 and 29. Logistic regression analysis supported an additive effect of risk genotypes at these smaller effect loci on the probability of disease associated with carrying a risk genotype on CFA18. Potential candidate genes involved in adrenal steroidogenesis, regulation of immune responses and/or inflammation were identified within the associated regions of chromosomes 11 and 16. The gene-poor regions of chromosomes 18 and 29 may, however, harbor regulatory sequences that can modulate gene expression and contribute to disease susceptibility. CONCLUSION Our findings support the polygenic and complex nature of canine AD and identified a strongly associated locus on CFA18 that, when combined with three other smaller effect loci, was predictive of disease. The results offer progress in the identification of susceptibility loci for canine AD in the Bearded Collie. Further studies are needed to confirm association with the suggested candidate genes and identify actual causative mutations involved with AD susceptibility in this breed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liza C Gershony
- Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) fellow, Brasilia, DF, 71605, Brazil
| | - Janelle M Belanger
- Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Marjo K Hytönen
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
| | - Hannes Lohi
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
| | - Thomas R Famula
- Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Anita M Oberbauer
- Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Boag AM, Short A, Kennedy LJ, Syme H, Graham PA, Catchpole B. Polymorphisms in the CTLA4 promoter sequence are associated with canine hypoadrenocorticism. Canine Med Genet 2020; 7:2. [PMID: 32835228 PMCID: PMC7371821 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-020-0081-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine hypoadrenocorticism is an immune-mediated endocrinopathy that shares both clinical and pathophysiological similarities with Addison’s disease in humans. Several dog breeds are overrepresented in the disease population, suggesting that a genetic component is involved, although this is likely to be polygenic. Previous research has implicated CTLA4 as a potential susceptibility gene. CTLA4 is an important regulator of T cell function and polymorphisms/mutations in CTLA4 have been associated with a number of autoimmune phenotypes in both humans and rodent models of autoimmunity. The aim of the current study was to undertake a case:control association study of CTLA4 promotor polymorphisms in three dog breeds, cocker spaniels, springer spaniels and West Highland white terriers (WHWT). Results Polymorphisms in the CTLA4 promoter were determined by PCR and sequence-based typing. There were significant associations with three promoter haplotypes in cocker spaniels (p = 0.003). A series of SNPs were also associated with hypoadrenocorticism in cocker spaniels and springer spaniels, including polymorphisms in predicted NFAT and SP1 transcription factor binding sites. Conclusions This study provides further evidence that CTLA4 promotor polymorphisms are associated with this complex genetic disease and supports an immune mediated aetiopathogenesis of canine hypoadrenocorticism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alisdair M Boag
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK.,The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrea Short
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Lorna J Kennedy
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Hattie Syme
- Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Peter A Graham
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Brian Catchpole
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Soutter F, Solano-Gallego L, Attipa C, Gradoni L, Fiorentino E, Foglia Manzillo V, Oliva G, Tasker S, Helps C, Catchpole B. An investigation of polymorphisms in innate and adaptive immune response genes in canine leishmaniosis. Vet Parasitol 2019; 269:34-41. [PMID: 31079826 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The outcome of infection with Leishmania infantum in dogs is variable, which is thought to be due to the nature of the immune response mounted by the host. As a consequence, the clinical signs and severity of canine leishmaniosis vary between individual dogs. Host immunogenetic factors might play an important role in determining the outcome of infection. The aim of this study was to examine polymorphisms in innate and adaptive immune response genes, to determine whether any of these were associated with susceptibility or resistance to L. infantum infection. Genomic DNA was obtained from two groups: pet dogs in endemic regions of Europe and a group of Beagles exposed to sand fly infection as part of a vaccine study. Genotyping was performed using a SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) array for selected immune response genes. The first part of the study compared 62 clinical cases with 101 clinically unaffected dogs that were seronegative for Leishmania antibodies. One SNP in the CIITA gene demonstrated a significantly higher minor allele frequency in the case group, compared with the control group at the individual SNP level after permutation, but was not significant after correction for multiple testing. The second part of the study examined 48 Beagle dogs exposed to L. infantum over two transmission seasons. Twenty-seven dogs with a resistant phenotype (no evidence of clinical disease, seronegative at the end of the study period, negative on lymph node culture and only transiently PCR positive in bone marrow) were compared with 21 dogs demonstrating a susceptible phenotype (clinical disease, seropositive, positive lymph node culture and consistently PCR positive in bone marrow). Three SNPs in TLR3, two SNPs in PTPN22 and one SNP in TLR4 and IL1A were associated with the susceptible phenotype in the Beagle group at the individual SNP level after permutation analysis, but were not significant after correction for multiple testing. Further validation of these SNPs is required in a larger cohort of dogs, ideally with extreme phenotypes to confirm an association with the outcome of L. infantum infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Soutter
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Laia Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animal, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Charalampos Attipa
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK; Cyvets Veterinary Center, Paphos, Cyprus
| | - Luigi Gradoni
- Unit of Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Fiorentino
- Unit of Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gaetano Oliva
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Naples University, Naples, Italy
| | - Séverine Tasker
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Diagnostic Laboratories, Langford Vets, University of Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Chris Helps
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Diagnostic Laboratories, Langford Vets, University of Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Brian Catchpole
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Treeful AE, Rendahl AK, Friedenberg SG. DLA class II haplotypes show sex-specific associations with primary hypoadrenocorticism in Standard Poodle dogs. Immunogenetics 2019; 71:373-382. [PMID: 30968193 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-019-01113-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Addison's disease (AD) is a life-threatening endocrine disorder that occurs spontaneously in both humans and dogs. Associations between MHC class II genes and AD have been shown in several human studies. Our goal was to identify MHC class II associations with AD in a large population of Standard Poodles, a breed highly predisposed to AD. We sequenced exon 2 of the class II genes DLA-DRB1, DLA-DQA1, and DLA-DQB1 in 110 affected and 101 unaffected Standard Poodles and tested for association with AD. After correcting for population structure, two haplotypes were found to confer risk of developing AD in a sex-specific manner: DLA-DRB1*015:01-DQA1*006:01-DQB1*023:01 in males (x2p = 0.03, OR 2.1) and DLA-DRB1*009:01-DQA1*001:01-DQB1*008:01:1 in females (x2p = 0.02, OR 8.43). Sex-specific associations have been previously described in human populations, but this is the first report of this kind in dogs. Consistent with findings in other studies, we found the DLA-DQA1*006:01 allele (x2p = 0.04) to be associated with AD in males independent of haplotype. In females, the haplotype DLA-DRB1*009:01-DQA1*001:01-DQB1*008:01:1 confers a very high risk for developing AD, although its frequency was rare (9 of 124 females) in our study population. Further studies are warranted to validate the findings of this exploratory dataset and to assess the usefulness of this haplotype as a risk marker for AD in female Standard Poodles. Our results highlight the importance of evaluating MHC class II disease associations in large populations, and accounting for both biological sex and population structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Treeful
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Aaron K Rendahl
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Steven G Friedenberg
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gershony LC, Belanger JM, Short AD, Le M, Hytönen MK, Lohi H, Famula TR, Kennedy LJ, Oberbauer AM. DLA class II risk haplotypes for autoimmune diseases in the bearded collie offer insight to autoimmunity signatures across dog breeds. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2019; 6:2. [PMID: 30783534 PMCID: PMC6376674 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-019-0070-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary hypoadrenocorticism (Addison's disease, AD) and symmetrical lupoid onychodystrophy (SLO) are two clinical conditions with an autoimmune etiology that occur in multiple dog breeds. In man, autoimmunity is associated with polymorphisms in immune-related genes that result in a reduced threshold for, or defective regulation of, T cell activation. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genes encode molecules that participate in these functions, and polymorphisms within these genes have been associated with autoimmune conditions in dogs and humans. Bearded collies have a relatively high prevalence of autoimmune diseases, particularly AD and SLO. Our study assessed the relationship between particular MHC (dog leukocyte antigen, DLA) class II haplotypes and the two autoimmune diseases most common in this breed. Moreover, five unrelated breeds at increased risk for AD were studied for comparative purposes and analyzed in the context of extant literature. RESULTS A single DLA class II three-locus haplotype, determined by sequence-based typing, was associated with increased risk for AD (DLA-DRB1*009:01/DQA1*001:01/DQB1*008:02) in bearded collies. Comparative analysis with the five additional breeds showed limited allele sharing, with DQA1*001:01 and DQB1*002:01 being the only alleles observed in all breeds. A distinct three-locus risk haplotype (DLA-DRB1*001:01/DQA1*001:01/DQB1*002:01) was associated with AD in the West Highland white terrier and Leonberger. Two different risk haplotypes were associated with increased risk for SLO in the bearded collie (DLA-DRB1*018:01/DQA1*001:01/DQB1*002:01 and DLA-DRB1*018:01/DQA1*001:01/ DQB1*008:02). CONCLUSION Two-locus DQ haplotypes composed of DLA-DQA1*001:01 in association with DLA-DQB1*002:01 or DLA-DQB1*008:02 make up the four risk haplotypes identified in the present study and are also found in other risk haplotypes previously associated with diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism across different dog breeds. Our findings build upon previously published data to suggest that this two-locus (DQ) model serves as a good indicator for susceptibility to multiple organ-specific autoimmune diseases in the canine population. However, it is also clear that additional loci are necessary for actual disease expression. Investigation of affected and unaffected dogs carrying these predisposing DQ haplotype signatures may allow for the identification of those additional genetic components that determine autoimmune disease expression and organ specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liza C. Gershony
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) fellow, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Janelle M. Belanger
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Andrea D. Short
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Myly Le
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Marjo K. Hytönen
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannes Lohi
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas R. Famula
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Lorna J. Kennedy
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anita M. Oberbauer
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Boag AM, Christie MR, McLaughlin KA, Syme HM, Graham P, Catchpole B. A longitudinal study of autoantibodies against cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme in dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) affected with hypoadrenocorticism (Addison's disease). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 202:41-45. [PMID: 30078597 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Autoantibodies directed against the P450 side chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc) have been recently described in dogs affected with hypoadrenocorticism, consistent with an immune-mediated pathogenesis of this endocrinopathy. In human autoimmune Addison's disease, autoantibodies may have a predictive value, being detectable before clinical signs developing, and have been shown to persist for a period of time after diagnosis. Furthermore, an autoantibody positive status post-diagnosis has been associated with successful remission of Addison's disease following B-cell depletion, suggesting active immunopathology in these cases. The current study was designed to investigate changes in serum P450scc autoantibody status over time in dogs diagnosed with spontaneous hypoadrenocorticism. P450scc autoantibodies were measured using a species-specific radioimmunoprecipitation assay in an initial cohort of 213 dogs, indicating a prevalence of 24%. Thirty two of these dogs had repeat samples (n = 80 in total) available for analysis. Five dogs were consistently P450scc autoantibody positive in all samples, for up to 425 days following first sampling. Three dogs were initially autoantibody positive, then became seronegative at later time points. One dog, a 1 year old female entire standard poodle, was initially negative for P450scc autoantibodies, but seroconverted 18 months after diagnosis. The remaining 23 dogs with multiple samples available were consistently P450scc autoantibody negative. Persistence was not associated with sex (p = .673). This study demonstrates persistence of P450scc autoantibodies in a subset of dogs affected with hypoadrenocorticism and seroconversion over one year post-diagnosis. P450scc autoantibody reactivity in human autoimmune Addison's disease has been associated with sex, with females having a higher prevalence, possibly due to P450scc expression in the ovary acting as an additional source of antigenic stimulation. However, there was no sex difference in autoantibody persistence in the dogs affected with hypoadrenocorticism. Autontibody persistence in dogs with hypoadrenocorticism might represent persistent pathology, due to residual antigenic stimulation and autoimmune inflammation in the adrenal gland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alisdair M Boag
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom; The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kerry A McLaughlin
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet M Syme
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Graham
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Catchpole
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gunn E, Shiel RE, Mooney CT. Hydrocortisone in the management of acute hypoadrenocorticism in dogs: a retrospective series of 30 cases. J Small Anim Pract 2016; 57:227-33. [PMID: 27101159 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to describe the efficacy, outcome and adverse effects of intravenous hydrocortisone and fluid therapy for the management of acute hypoadrenocorticism in dogs. METHODS A retrospective review of dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism receiving intravenous hydrocortisone and fluid therapy was performed. RESULTS Thirty newly-diagnosed dogs were included. There was an excellent clinical response, with all dogs surviving to discharge within a median of 2 days. In 23 cases with complete data, the mean rate of change of sodium over 24 hours was 0·48 (±0·28) mmol/L/hour, while the mean rate of change of potassium was -0·12 (±0·06) mmol/L/hour. Circulating potassium concentration normalised in 68·4% and 100% of cases of by 12 and 24 hours, respectively. Additional treatment for hyperkalaemia was not found necessary. Plasma sodium concentration increased by >12 mmol/L/24 hours on 7 of 23 (30·4%) occasions. One dog exhibited associated temporary neurological signs. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Intravenous hydrocortisone infusion and fluid therapy for the management of acute hypoadrenocorticism is associated with a rapid resolution of hyperkalaemia and is well tolerated with few adverse effects. Regular electrolyte monitoring is required to ensure that rapid increases in sodium concentration are avoided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Gunn
- Small Animal Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - R E Shiel
- Small Animal Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - C T Mooney
- Small Animal Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Friedenberg SG, Buhrman G, Chdid L, Olby NJ, Olivry T, Guillaumin J, O'Toole T, Goggs R, Kennedy LJ, Rose RB, Meurs KM. Evaluation of a DLA-79 allele associated with multiple immune-mediated diseases in dogs. Immunogenetics 2015; 68:205-17. [PMID: 26711123 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-015-0894-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Immune-mediated diseases are common and life-threatening disorders in dogs. Many canine immune-mediated diseases have strong breed predispositions and are believed to be inherited. However, the genetic mutations that cause these diseases are mostly unknown. As many immune-mediated diseases in humans share polymorphisms among a common set of genes, we conducted a candidate gene study of 15 of these genes across four immune-mediated diseases (immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, immune-mediated polyarthritis (IMPA), and atopic dermatitis) in 195 affected and 206 unaffected dogs to assess whether causative or predictive polymorphisms might exist in similar genes in dogs. We demonstrate a strong association (Fisher's exact p = 0.0004 for allelic association, p = 0.0035 for genotypic association) between two polymorphic positions (10 bp apart) in exon 2 of one allele in DLA-79, DLA-79*001:02, and multiple immune-mediated diseases. The frequency of this allele was significantly higher in dogs with immune-mediated disease than in control dogs (0.21 vs. 0.12) and ranged from 0.28 in dogs with IMPA to 0.15 in dogs with atopic dermatitis. This allele has two non-synonymous substitutions (compared with the reference allele, DLA-79*001:01), resulting in F33L and N37D amino acid changes. These mutations occur in the peptide-binding pocket of the protein, and based upon our computational modeling studies, are likely to affect critical interactions with the peptide N-terminus. Further studies are warranted to confirm these findings more broadly and to determine the specific mechanism by which the identified variants alter canine immune system function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Friedenberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA. .,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
| | - Greg Buhrman
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Lhoucine Chdid
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Natasha J Olby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Thierry Olivry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Julien Guillaumin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Theresa O'Toole
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - Robert Goggs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Lorna J Kennedy
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK, M13 9PT
| | - Robert B Rose
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Kathryn M Meurs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hanson JM, Tengvall K, Bonnett BN, Hedhammar Å. Naturally Occurring Adrenocortical Insufficiency--An Epidemiological Study Based on a Swedish-Insured Dog Population of 525,028 Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 30:76-84. [PMID: 26683136 PMCID: PMC4913634 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Naturally occurring adrenocortical insufficiency (NOAI) in dogs is considered an uncommon disease with good prognosis with hormonal replacement treatment. However, there are no epidemiological studies with estimates for the general dog population. Objectives To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of NOAI in a large population of insured dogs. Animals Data were derived from 525,028 client‐owned dogs insured by a Swedish insurance company representing 2,364,652 dog‐years at risk (DYAR) during the period between 1995–2006. Methods Retrospective cohort study. Incidence rates, prevalences, and relative risks for dogs with NOAI (AI with no previous claim for hypercortisolism), were calculated for the whole dog population, and for subgroups divided by breed and sex. Mortality rates were calculated and compared in dogs with NOAI and the remaining dogs overall. Results In total 534 dogs were identified with NOAI. The overall incidence was 2.3 cases per 10,000 DYAR. The relative risk of disease was significantly higher in the Portuguese Water Dog, Standard Poodle, Bearded Collie, Cairn Terrier, and Cocker Spaniel compared with other breeds combined. Female dogs overall were at higher risk of developing AI than male dogs (RR 1.85; 95% CI, 1.55–2.22; P < .001). The relative risk of death was 1.9 times higher in dogs with NOAI than in dogs overall. Conclusion and Clinical Importance The data supports the existence of breed‐specific differences in incidence rates of NOAI in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Hanson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - K Tengvall
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B N Bonnett
- B Bonnett Consulting, Georgian Bluffs, ON, Canada
| | - Å Hedhammar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Boag AM, Christie MR, McLaughlin KA, Syme HM, Graham P, Catchpole B. Autoantibodies against Cytochrome P450 Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme in Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) Affected with Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison's Disease). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143458. [PMID: 26618927 PMCID: PMC4664467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine hypoadrenocorticism likely arises from immune-mediated destruction of adrenocortical tissue, leading to glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid deficiency. In humans with autoimmune Addison's disease (AAD) or autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome (APS), circulating autoantibodies have been demonstrated against enzymes associated with adrenal steroid synthesis. The current study investigates autoantibodies against steroid synthesis enzymes in dogs with spontaneous hypoadrenocorticism. Coding regions of canine CYP21A2 (21-hydroxylase; 21-OH), CYP17A1 (17-hydroxylase; 17-OH), CYP11A1 (P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme; P450scc) and HSD3B2 (3β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; 3βHSD) were amplified, cloned and expressed as 35S-methionine radiolabelled recombinant protein. In a pilot study, serum samples from 20 dogs with hypoadrenocorticism and four unaffected control dogs were screened by radio-immunoprecipitation assay. There was no evidence of reactivity against 21-OH, 17-OH or 3βHSD, but five dogs with hypoadrenocorticism showed immunoreactivity to P450scc compared with controls. Serum samples were subsequently obtained from 213 dogs diagnosed with hypoadrenocorticism and 110 dogs from a hospital control population. Thirty control dogs were randomly selected to establish a threshold for antibody positivity (mean + 3 × standard deviation). Dogs with hypoadrenocorticism were more likely to be P450scc autoantibody positive than hospital controls (24% vs. 1.2%, respectively; p = 0.0016). Sex was significantly associated with the presence of P450scc autoantibodies in the case population, with 30% of females testing positive compared with 17% of males (p = 0.037). Significant associations with breed (p = 0.015) and DLA-type (DQA1*006:01 allele; p = 0.017) were also found. This cross-sectional study indicates that P450scc autoantibodies are present in a proportion of dogs affected with hypoadrenocorticism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alisdair M. Boag
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R. Christie
- Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, King’s College London, Hodgkin Building, Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - Kerry A. McLaughlin
- Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, King’s College London, Hodgkin Building, Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet M. Syme
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Graham
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Catchpole
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Threlfall AJ, Boag AM, Soutter F, Glanemann B, Syme HM, Catchpole B. Analysis of DLA-DQB1 and polymorphisms in CTLA4 in Cocker spaniels affected with immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2015; 2:8. [PMID: 26401336 PMCID: PMC4579385 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-015-0020-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cocker spaniels are predisposed to immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA), suggesting that genetic factors influence disease susceptibility. Dog leukocyte antigen (DLA) class II genes encode major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules that are involved in antigen presentation to CD4(+) T cells. Several DLA haplotypes have been associated with autoimmune disease, including IMHA, in dogs, and breed specific differences have been identified. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) is a critical molecule involved in the regulation of T-cell responses. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CTLA4 promoter have been shown to be associated with several autoimmune diseases in humans and more recently with diabetes mellitus and hypoadrenocorticism in dogs. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether DLA-DQB1 alleles or CTLA4 promoter variability are associated with risk of IMHA in Cocker spaniels. RESULTS There were a restricted number of DLA-DQB1 alleles identified, with a high prevalence of DLA-DQB1*007:01 in both groups. A high prevalence of DLA-DQB1 homozygosity was identified, although there was no significant difference between IMHA cases and controls. CTLA4 promoter haplotype diversity was limited in Cocker spaniels, with all dogs expressing at least one copy of haplotype 8. There was no significant difference comparing haplotypes in the IMHA affected group versus control group (p = 0.23). Homozygosity for haplotype 8 was common in Cocker spaniels with IMHA (27/29; 93 %) and in controls (52/63; 83 %), with no statistically significant difference in prevalence between the two groups (p = 0.22). CONCLUSIONS DLA-DQB1 allele and CTLA4 promoter haplotype were not found to be significantly associated with IMHA in Cocker spaniels. Homozygosity for DLA-DQB1*007:01 and the presence of CTLA4 haplotype 8 in Cocker spaniels might increase overall susceptibility to IMHA in this breed, with other genetic and environmental factors involved in disease expression and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna J Threlfall
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, AL9 7TA Hertfordshire UK
| | - Alisdair M Boag
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Francesca Soutter
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, AL9 7TA Hertfordshire UK
| | - Barbara Glanemann
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, AL9 7TA Hertfordshire UK
| | - Harriet M Syme
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, AL9 7TA Hertfordshire UK
| | - Brian Catchpole
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, AL9 7TA Hertfordshire UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Hypoadrenocorticism is an uncommon disease in dogs and rare in humans, where it is known as Addison disease (ADD). The disease is characterized by a deficiency in corticosteroid production from the adrenal cortex, requiring lifelong hormone replacement therapy. When compared with humans, the pathogenesis of hypoadrenocorticism in dogs is not well established, although the evidence supports a similar autoimmune etiology of adrenocortical pathology. Several immune response genes have been implicated in determining susceptibility to Addison disease in humans, some of which are shared with other autoimmune syndromes. Indeed, other types of autoimmune disease are common (approximately 50%) in patients affected with ADD. Several lines of evidence suggest a genetic component to the etiology of canine hypoadrenocorticism. Certain dog breeds are overrepresented in epidemiologic studies, reflecting a likely genetic influence, supported by data from pedigree analysis. Molecular genetic studies have identified similar genes and signaling pathways, involved in ADD in humans, to be also associated with susceptibility to canine hypoadrenocorticism. Immune response genes such as the dog leukocyte antigen (DLA) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) genes seem to be particularly important. It is clear that there are genetic factors involved in determining susceptibility to canine hypoadrenocorticism, although similar to the situation in humans, this is likely to represent a complex genetic disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alisdair M Boag
- Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland.
| | - Brian Catchpole
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rose JH, Kwiatkowska M, Henderson ER, Granger N, Murray JK, Harcourt-Brown TR. The impact of demographic, social, and environmental factors on the development of steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis (SRMA) in the United Kingdom. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:1199-202. [PMID: 24773082 PMCID: PMC4857946 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Steroid‐responsive meningitis‐arteritis (SRMA) is an inflammatory disease of dogs that is suspected to be immune‐mediated. The development of other immune‐mediated diseases has been linked to vaccinations, time of the year, geographic location, sex, neuter status, and breed. Hypothesis/Objectives To identify if the development of SRMA is associated with time of year, vaccination, geographic location, sex, neuter status, and breed. Animals Sixty SRMA cases and 180 controls, all ≤24 months of age and matched for year of presentation, from a referral hospital population in the United Kingdom. Methods Retrospective case‐control study with unconditional logistic regression analysis. Results Beagles (P = .001), Border Collies (P = .001), Boxers (P = .032), Jack Russell Terriers (P = .001), Weimaraners (P = .048), and Whippets (P < .001) had significantly greater odds of developing SRMA in this population of dogs. Vaccination, time of year, geographic category, sex, and neuter status did not increase the odds of developing SRMA. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Only breed increased the odds of developing SRMA. It would be prudent to investigate the genetics of the identified breeds to help elucidate the etiopathogenesis of SRMA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J H Rose
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford Small Animal Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|