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Sialyl Lewis X/A and Cytokeratin Crosstalk in Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030731. [PMID: 36765690 PMCID: PMC9913872 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) encompasses multiple entities and is generally highly aggressive and metastatic. We aimed to determine the clinical and biological relevance of Sialyl-Lewis X and A (sLeX/A)-a fucosylated glycan involved in metastasis-in TNBC. Here, we studied tissues from 50 TNBC patients, transcripts from a TNBC dataset from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, and a primary breast cancer cell line. All 50 TNBC tissue samples analysed expressed sLeX/A. Patients with high expression of sLeX/A had 3 years less disease-free survival than patients with lower expression. In tissue, sLeX/A negatively correlated with cytokeratins 5/6 (CK5/6, which was corroborated by the inverse correlation between fucosyltransferases and CK5/6 genes. Our observations were confirmed in vitro when inhibition of sLeX/A remarkably increased expression of CK5/6, followed by a decreased proliferation and invasion capacity. Among the reported glycoproteins bearing sLeX/A and based on the STRING tool, α6 integrin showed the highest interaction score with CK5/6. This is the first report on the sLeX/A expression in TNBC, highlighting its association with lower disease-free survival and its inverse crosstalk with CK5/6 with α6 integrin as a mediator. All in all, sLeX/A is critical for TNBC malignancy and a potential prognosis biomarker and therapeutic target.
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Shaker OG, Ay El-Deen MA, Abd El-Rahim MT, Talaat RM. Gene Expression of E-Selectin in Tissue and its Protein Level in Serum of Breast Cancer Patients. TUMORI JOURNAL 2019; 92:524-30. [PMID: 17260494 DOI: 10.1177/030089160609200610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aims and background This study aims to detect the expression of E-selectin in tissue and the serum level of its soluble form in patients with primary breast cancer and benign breast tumors and to correlate the results with the clinicopathological data of the subjects. Methods Fifty participants were included in the study and stratified into 3 subgroups. Group A comprised 30 patients with primary breast cancer, group B 9 patients with benign breast tumors, and group C 11 healthy control women undergoing reduction mammoplasty. E-selectin gene expression was investigated in breast tissues by PCR techniques and soluble E-selectin was measured in sera by ELISA. Results The E-selectin gene was expressed in 73.3% of group A, 44.4% of group B and 9.1% of group C. It was expressed in 61.5% of patients with grade 2 breast cancer and in 82.4% of patients with grade 3 breast cancer. E-selectin gene expression was detected in 60%, 73.3% and 100% of patients with stage II, III and IV tumors, respectively. It was detected in 81.8% of patients with node-positive primary breast cancer and in 50% of patients with node-negative cancer. PCR in situ hybridization was done to locate the site of E-selectin expression. E-selectin was found on the membranes of peritumoral endothelial cells while it was not found on breast epithelial cells. Serum levels of soluble E-selectin were significantly elevated in group A compared to groups B and C ( P <0.001). They increased significantly with increasing breast cancer stage ( P <0.001) and were significantly higher in patients with lymph node involvement than in patients without node involvement ( P <0.001). Conclusions The studied marker showed associations with established prognostic parameters such as lymph node involvement and histological tumor grade. Further studies are needed to evaluate E-selectin as a possible target for antimetastat-ic therapy through modulation of the expression of the cell adhesion molecule. E-selectin can be regarded as a promising strategy in improving tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olfat G Shaker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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3
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Cohen EN, Fouad TM, Lee BN, Arun BK, Liu D, Tin S, Gutierrez Barrera AM, Miura T, Kiyokawa I, Yamashita J, Alvarez RH, Valero V, Woodward WA, Shen Y, Ueno NT, Cristofanilli M, Reuben JM. Elevated serum levels of sialyl Lewis X (sLe X) and inflammatory mediators in patients with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 176:545-556. [PMID: 31054033 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The carbohydrate sialyl LewisX (sLeX) mediates cell adhesion, is critical in the normal function of immune cells, and is frequently over-expressed on cancer cells. We assessed the association, differential levels, and prognostic value of sLeX and inflammatory cytokines/chemokines in breast cancer sera. METHODS We retrospectively measured sLeX and a panel of cytokines/chemokines in the sera of 26 non-invasive ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), 154 invasive non-metastatic breast cancer (non-MBC), 63 metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients, and 43 healthy controls. Differences in sLeX and inflammatory cytokines among and between patient groups and healthy controls were assessed with nonparametric tests and we performed survival analysis for the prognostic potential of sLeX using a cut-off of 8 U/mL as previously defined. RESULTS Median serum sLeX was significantly higher than controls for invasive breast cancer patients (MBC and non-MBC) but not DCIS. In univariate analysis, we confirmed patients with serum sLeX > 8 U/mL have a significantly shorter progression-free survival (PFS) (P = 0.0074) and overall survival (OS (P = 0.0003). Similarly, patients with high serum MCP-1 and IP-10 had shorter OS (P = 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively) and PFS (P = 0.010 and P < 0.001, respectively). sLeX, MCP-1 and IP-10 remained significant in multivariate survival analysis. CONCLUSION Elevated serum sLeX was associated with invasive cancer but not DCIS. High serum sLeX levels were associated with inflammatory mediators and may play a role in facilitating local invasion of breast tumor. Furthermore, serum MCP-1, IP-10 and sLeX may have prognostic value in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan N Cohen
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1220 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Tamer M Fouad
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1220 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe, Unit 3552, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, The National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Road, Cairo, 11796, Egypt
| | - Bang-Ning Lee
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1220 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Conroe, TX, USA
| | - Banu K Arun
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe, Unit 3552, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Diane Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sanda Tin
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1220 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Angelica M Gutierrez Barrera
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe, Unit 3552, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Toshihide Miura
- Nittobo Medical Co., Ltd., 1, Shiojima Fukuhara, Fukuyama, Koriyama, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Iwao Kiyokawa
- Nittobo Medical Co., Ltd., 1, Shiojima Fukuhara, Fukuyama, Koriyama, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Jun Yamashita
- Nittobo Medical Co., Ltd., 1, Shiojima Fukuhara, Fukuyama, Koriyama, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Ricardo H Alvarez
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1220 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe, Unit 3552, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Newnan, GA, USA
| | - Vicente Valero
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe, Unit 3552, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Wendy A Woodward
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1220 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe, Unit 76468, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yu Shen
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Naoto T Ueno
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1220 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe, Unit 3552, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Massimo Cristofanilli
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1220 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe, Unit 3552, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern Univeristy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James M Reuben
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1220 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Phadke GS, Satterwhite-Warden JE, Choudhary D, Taylor JA, Rusling JF. A novel and accurate microfluidic assay of CD62L in bladder cancer serum samples. Analyst 2018; 143:5505-5511. [PMID: 30295303 PMCID: PMC6231417 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01463a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a low-cost, sensitive, bead-based electrochemical immunoarray for soluble L-selectin (or CD62L protein), a potential biomarker for staging bladder cancer. We used a semi-automated modular microfluidic array with online antigen capture on superparamagnetic beads, which were subsequently delivered to a detection chamber housing multiple sensors. The assay was designed to accurately detect CD62L in diluted serum with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.25 ng mL-1 and a dynamic range of 0.25-100 ng mL-1. The microfluidic array gave significantly better accuracy and higher sensitivity than a standard ELISA kit, which was shown to be subject to significant systematic error at high and low concentration ranges. 31 serum samples from patients with varying grades of bladder cancer and cancer-free controls were analyzed by the immunoarray and ELISA, and the CD62L levels correlated. This work establishes a new accurate assay for determining CD62L levels and highlights the potential of this protein as a biomarker for detecting locoregional progression of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri S Phadke
- Department of Chemistry (U-3060), University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
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de Oliveira JT, Santos AL, Gomes C, Barros R, Ribeiro C, Mendes N, de Matos AJ, Vasconcelos MH, Oliveira MJ, Reis CA, Gärtner F. Anti-influenza neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir phosphate induces canine mammary cancer cell aggressiveness. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121590. [PMID: 25850034 PMCID: PMC4388625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oseltamivir phosphate is a widely used anti-influenza sialidase inhibitor. Sialylation, governed by sialyltransferases and sialidases, is strongly implicated in the oncogenesis and progression of breast cancer. In this study we evaluated the biological behavior of canine mammary tumor cells upon oseltamivir phosphate treatment (a sialidase inhibitor) in vitro and in vivo. Our in vitro results showed that oseltamivir phosphate impairs sialidase activity leading to increased sialylation in CMA07 and CMT-U27 canine mammary cancer cells. Surprisingly, oseltamivir phosphate stimulated, CMT-U27 cell migration and invasion capacity in vitro, in a dose-dependent manner. CMT-U27 tumors xenograft of oseltamivir phosphate-treated nude mice showed increased sialylation, namely α2,6 terminal structures and SLe(x) expression. Remarkably, a trend towards increased lung metastases was observed in oseltamivir phosphate-treated nude mice. Taken together, our findings revealed that oseltamivir impairs canine mammary cancer cell sialidase activity, altering the sialylation pattern of canine mammary tumors, and leading, surprisingly, to in vitro and in vivo increased mammary tumor aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana T. de Oliveira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies, Lisbon, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Ana L. Santos
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Gomes
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Barros
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Ribeiro
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Mendes
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Augusto J. de Matos
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Animal Science and Study Central (CECA), Food and Agrarian Sciences and Technologies Institute (ICETA), Porto, Portugal
| | - M. Helena Vasconcelos
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria José Oliveira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering (INEB), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Celso A. Reis
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Gärtner
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Aiming at the sweet side of cancer: Aberrant glycosylation as possible target for personalized-medicine. Cancer Lett 2014; 352:102-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Chang MH, Chang CN. Synthesis of three fluorescent boronic acid sensors for tumor marker Sialyl Lewis X in cancer diagnosis. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.05.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Cell surface sialic acid modulates extracellular matrix adhesion and migration in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. Pancreas 2014; 43:109-17. [PMID: 23921962 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e31829d9090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tumor cells modulate their extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion and migration to become more metastatic. Moreover, they show an increase in sialic acid, which could have an effect on their ECM adhesion and migration. This work describes the influence of pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell surface α2,3- and α2,6-sialic acid determinants on the aforementioned processes. METHODS We have characterized the cell surface α2,3- and α2,6-sialic acids, and sialyl-Lewis x levels and the integrin levels of 2 pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines, Capan-1 and MDAPanc-28, grown at different cell densities, and also of the ST3Gal III overexpressing Capan-1 cells, C31. We have measured their adhesion to several ECM proteins and their migration through collagen with and without blocking their sialic acid determinants. RESULTS Adhesion to ECM proteins of Capan-1 and MDAPanc-28 grown at different cell densities, and of C31, depended on their cell surface sialic acid determinants repertoire, correlating the higher α2,6-sialic acid levels with their increased ECM adhesion. Cell migration also depended on their sialic acid determinants expression; and in this case, higher α2,3-sialic acid levels correlated with a more migratory phenotype. CONCLUSION This study shows how the intrinsic heterogeneity of cell membrane sialylation regulates the adhesive and migratory potential of pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells.
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Abstract
Tumor cells exhibit striking changes in cell surface glycosylation as a consequence of dysregulated glycosyltransferases and glycosidases. In particular, an increase in the expression of certain sialylated glycans is a prominent feature of many transformed cells. Altered sialylation has long been associated with metastatic cell behaviors including invasion and enhanced cell survival; however, there is limited information regarding the molecular details of how distinct sialylated structures or sialylated carrier proteins regulate cell signaling to control responses such as adhesion/migration or resistance to specific apoptotic pathways. The goal of this review is to highlight selected examples of sialylated glycans for which there is some knowledge of molecular mechanisms linking aberrant sialylation to critical processes involved in metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Schultz
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, MCLM 982A 1918 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294-0005, USA
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Tumor-associated glycans and their role in gynecological cancers: accelerating translational research by novel high-throughput approaches. Metabolites 2012; 2:913-39. [PMID: 24957768 PMCID: PMC3901231 DOI: 10.3390/metabo2040913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycans are important partners in many biological processes, including carcinogenesis. The rapidly developing field of functional glycomics becomes one of the frontiers of biology and biomedicine. Aberrant glycosylation of proteins and lipids occurs commonly during malignant transformation and leads to the expression of specific tumor-associated glycans. The appearance of aberrant glycans on carcinoma cells is typically associated with grade, invasion, metastasis and overall poor prognosis. Cancer-associated carbohydrates are mostly located on the surface of cancer cells and are therefore potential diagnostic biomarkers. Currently, there is increasing interest in cancer-associated aberrant glycosylation, with growing numbers of characteristic cancer targets being detected every day. Breast and ovarian cancer are the most common and lethal malignancies in women, respectively, and potential glycan biomarkers hold promise for early detection and targeted therapies. However, the acceleration of research and comprehensive multi-target investigation of cancer-specific glycans could only be successfully achieved with the help of a combination of novel high-throughput glycomic approaches.
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Fujita T, Murayama K, Hanamura T, Okada T, Ito T, Harada M, Komatsu A, Koyama H, Kanai T, Maeno K, Mochizuki Y, Hama Y, Ito KI, Amano J, Fujimori M. CSLEX (Sialyl Lewis X) is a useful tumor marker for monitoring of breast cancer patients. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2010; 41:394-9. [PMID: 20956388 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyq190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CSLEX is a type II carbohydrate antigen that interacts with the CSLEX-1 monoclonal antibody. CSLEX in combination with carbohydrate antigen 15-3 may be more useful than Carcinoembryonic Antigen with carbohydrate antigen 15-3 as tumor markers for monitoring of breast cancer. METHODS The serum levels of tumor markers, including CSLEX, were measured in 480 consecutive breast cancer patients with or without metastasis who visited the outpatient clinic of the Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Shinshu University Hospital, between April 2007 and September 2007. RESULTS Serum levels of each of the tumor markers correlated significantly with the status of metastasis (P < 0.01). Combinations of Carcinoembryonic Antigen and carbohydrate antigen 15-3, Carcinoembryonic Antigen and Nation Cancer Center-Stomach-439, Carcinoembryonic Antigen and CSLEX, carbohydrate antigen 15-3 and Nation Cancer Center-Stomach-439, and carbohydrate antigen 15-3 and CSLEX levels also correlated significantly with the status of metastasis (P < 0.01). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy were almost the same for CSLEX and Nation Cancer Center-Stomach-439, which are both type II carbohydrate antigens. The cutoff indexes of serum CSLEX and Nation Cancer Center-Stomach-439 for detection of breast cancer metastasis were 38.8 ± 52.7-fold and 22.1 ± 27.8-fold, respectively (P = 0.16). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the diagnostic values of CSLEX and Nation Cancer Center-Stomach-439 are similar in single or combined use. However, the cutoff index of serum CSLEX tended to be higher than that of Nation Cancer Center-Stomach-439, which may make CSLEX more useful for detection of breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Fujita
- Department of Breast Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Ami Inashiki, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan
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Pérez-Garay M, Arteta B, Pagès L, de Llorens R, de Bolòs C, Vidal-Vanaclocha F, Peracaula R. alpha2,3-sialyltransferase ST3Gal III modulates pancreatic cancer cell motility and adhesion in vitro and enhances its metastatic potential in vivo. PLoS One 2010; 5. [PMID: 20824144 PMCID: PMC2931708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cell surface sialylation is emerging as an important feature of cancer cell metastasis. Sialyltransferase expression has been reported to be altered in tumours and may account for the formation of sialylated tumour antigens. We have focused on the influence of alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase ST3Gal III in key steps of the pancreatic tumorigenic process. Methodology/Principal Findings ST3Gal III overexpressing pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines Capan-1 and MDAPanc-28 were generated. They showed an increase of the tumour associated antigen sialyl-Lewisx. The transfectants' E-selectin binding capacity was proportional to cell surface sialyl-Lewisx levels. Cellular migration positively correlated with ST3Gal III and sialyl-Lewisx levels. Moreover, intrasplenic injection of the ST3Gal III transfected cells into athymic nude mice showed a decrease in survival and higher metastasis formation when compared to the mock cells. Conclusion In summary, the overexpression of ST3Gal III in these pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines underlines the role of this enzyme and its product in key steps of tumour progression such as adhesion, migration and metastasis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pérez-Garay
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Arteta
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Basque Country University, Leioa, Spain
| | - Lluís Pagès
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Rafael de Llorens
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Carme de Bolòs
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Vidal-Vanaclocha
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Basque Country University, Leioa, Spain
| | - Rosa Peracaula
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Cazet A, Julien S, Bobowski M, Burchell J, Delannoy P. Tumour-associated carbohydrate antigens in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2010; 12:204. [PMID: 20550729 PMCID: PMC2917018 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation changes that occur in cancer often lead to the expression of tumour-associated carbohydrate antigens. In breast cancer, these antigens are usually associated with a poor prognosis and a reduced overall survival. Cellular models have shown the implication of these antigens in cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and tumour growth. The present review summarizes our current knowledge of glycosylation changes (structures, biosynthesis and occurrence) in breast cancer cell lines and primary tumours, and the consequences on disease progression and aggressiveness. The therapeutic strategies attempted to target tumour-associated carbohydrate antigens in breast cancer are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Cazet
- Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR CNRS 8576, University of Sciences and Technologies of Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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Cazet A, Julien S, Bobowski M, Krzewinski-Recchi MA, Harduin-Lepers A, Groux-Degroote S, Delannoy P. Consequences of the expression of sialylated antigens in breast cancer. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:1377-83. [PMID: 20231016 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Changes in cell surface glycosylation are common modifications that occur during oncogenesis, leading to the over-expression of tumour-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACA). Most of these antigens are sialylated and the increase of sialylation is a well-known feature of transformed cells. In breast cancer, expression of TACA such as sialyl-Lewis(x) or sialyl-Tn is usually associated with a poor prognosis and a decreased overall survival of patients. However, the specific role of these sialylated antigens in breast tumour development and aggressiveness is not clearly understood. These glycosylation changes result from the modification of the expression of genes encoding specific glycosyltransferases involved in glycan biosynthesis and the level of expression of sialyltransferase genes has been proposed to be a prognostic marker for the follow-up of breast cancer patients. Several human cellular models have been developed in order to explain the mechanisms by which carbohydrate antigens can reinforce breast cancer progression and aggressiveness. TACA expression is associated with changes in cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and tumour growth. In addition, recent data on glycolipid biosynthesis indicate an important role of G(D3) synthase expression in breast cancer progression. The aim of this review is to summarize our current knowledge of sialylation changes that occur in breast cancer and to describe the cellular models developed to analyze the consequences of these changes on disease progression and aggressiveness.
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Abd Hamid UM, Royle L, Saldova R, Radcliffe CM, Harvey DJ, Storr SJ, Pardo M, Antrobus R, Chapman CJ, Zitzmann N, Robertson JF, Dwek RA, Rudd PM. A strategy to reveal potential glycan markers from serum glycoproteins associated with breast cancer progression. Glycobiology 2008; 18:1105-18. [PMID: 18818422 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation on glycoproteins that are either presented on the surface or secreted by cancer cells is a potential source of disease biomarkers and provides insights into disease pathogenesis. N-Glycans of the total serum glycoproteins from advanced breast cancer patients and healthy individuals were sequenced by HPLC with fluorescence detection coupled with exoglycosidase digestions and mass spectrometry. We observed a significant increase in a trisialylated triantennary glycan containing alpha1,3-linked fucose which forms part of the sialyl Lewis x epitope. Following digestion of the total glycan pool with a combination of sialidase and beta-galactosidase, we segregated and quantified a digestion product, a monogalactosylated triantennary structure containing alpha1,3-linked fucose. We compared breast cancer patients and controls and detected a 2-fold increase in this glycan marker in patients. In 10 patients monitored longitudinally, we showed a positive correlation between this glycan marker and disease progression and also demonstrated its potential as a better indicator of metastasis compared to the currently used biomarkers, CA 15-3 and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). A pilot glycoproteomic study of advanced breast cancer serum highlighted acute-phase proteins alpha1-acid glycoprotein, alpha1-antichymotrypsin, and haptoglobin beta-chain as contributors to the increase in the glycan marker which, when quantified from each of these proteins, marked the onset of metastasis in advance of the CA 15-3 marker. These preliminary findings suggest that specific glycans and glycoforms of proteins may be candidates for improved markers in the monitoring of breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umi M Abd Hamid
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX13QU, UK
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16
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Gion M, Fabricio AS. Editor's Comments. Int J Biol Markers 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/172460080802300201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Carlsson A, Wingren C, Ingvarsson J, Ellmark P, Baldertorp B, Fernö M, Olsson H, Borrebaeck CAK. Serum proteome profiling of metastatic breast cancer using recombinant antibody microarrays. Eur J Cancer 2008; 44:472-80. [PMID: 18171612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2007.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Revised: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The driving force behind oncoproteomics is to identify biomarker signatures associated with a particular malignancy. Here, we have for the first time used large-scale recombinant scFv antibody microarrays in an attempt to classify metastatic breast cancer versus healthy controls, based on differential protein expression profiling of whole serum samples. Using this multiplexed and miniaturised assay set-up providing pM range sensitivities, breast cancer could be classified with a specificity and sensitivity of 85% based on 129 serum analytes. However, by adopting a condensed 11 analyte biomarker signature, composed of nine non-redundant serum proteins, we were able to distinguish cancer versus healthy serum proteomes with a 95% sensitivity and specificity, respectively. When a subgroup of patients, not receiving anti-inflammatory drugs, was analysed, a novel eight analyte biomarker signature with a further improved predictive power was indicated. In a longer perspective, antibody microarray analysis could provide a tool for the development of improved diagnostics and intensified biomarker discovery for breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Carlsson
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, BMC D13, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
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18
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Gout S, Tremblay PL, Huot J. Selectins and selectin ligands in extravasation of cancer cells and organ selectivity of metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2007; 25:335-44. [PMID: 17891461 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-007-9096-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic spreading is a dreadful complication of neoplastic diseases that is responsible for most deaths due to cancer. It consists in the formation of secondary neoplasms from cancer cells that have detached from the primary site. The formation of these secondary sites is not random and several clinical observations indicate that the metastatic colonization exhibits organ selectivity. This organ tropism relies mostly on the complementary adhesive interactions between the cancer cells and their microenvironment. In particular, several lines of evidence suggest that the organ selectivity of colon cancer cells for the liver involves the binding of the circulating cancer cells to endothelial E-selectin. The aim of this review is to make an integrative up-date of the mechanisms that govern the organ selectivity of the metastatic process focusing more especially on the role of selectins and selectin ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Gout
- Le Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de l'Université Laval, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Quebec, Canada.
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19
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Sialyl Lewis x expression in canine malignant mammary tumours: correlation with clinicopathological features and E-Cadherin expression. BMC Cancer 2007; 7:124. [PMID: 17617904 PMCID: PMC1933546 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-7-124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sialyl Lewis x (sLex) antigen is a carbohydrate antigen that is considered not only a marker for cancer but also implicated functionally in the malignant behaviour of cancer cells. Overexpression of sLex is associated with enhanced progression and metastases of many types of cancer including those of the mammary gland. Canine mammary tumours can invade and give rise to metastases via either lymphatic or blood vessels. E-Cadherin is specifically involved in epithelial cell-to-cell adhesion. In cancer, E-Cadherin underexpression is one of the alterations that characterizes the invasive phenotype and is considered an invasion/tumour suppressor gene. Partial or complete loss of E-Cadherin expression correlates with poor prognosis in canine malignant mammary cancer. The aim of this study was to analyse the sLex expression in canine malignant mammary tumours and to evaluate if the presence of sLex correlates with the expression of E-Cadherin and with clinicopathological features. Methods Fifty-three cases of canine mammary carcinomas were analysed immunohistochemically using monoclonal antibodies against sLex (IgM) and E-Cadherin (IgG). The clinicopathological data were then assessed to determine whether there was a correlation with sLex tumour expression. Double labelled immunofluorescence staining was performed to analyse the combined expression of sLex and E-Cadherin. Results sLex expression was consistently demonstrated in all cases of canine mammary carcinomas with different levels of expression. We found a significant relationship between the levels of sLex expression and the presence of lymph node metastases. We also demonstrated that when E-Cadherin expression was increased sLex was reduced and vice-versa. The combined analysis of both adhesion molecules revealed an inverse relationship. Conclusion In the present study we demonstrate the importance of sLex in the malignant phenotype of canine malignant mammary tumours. Our results support the use of sLex as a prognostic tumour marker in canine mammary carcinomas. Furthermore, we showed that sLex and E-Cadherin expression were inversely correlated. Future studies are warranted to clarify the molecular mechanism underlying the relation between sLex and E-Cadherin in canine mammary carcinoma cells which represents an important comparative model to woman breast cancer.
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Ramaswamy B, Elias AD, Kelbick NT, Dodley A, Morrow M, Hauger M, Allen J, Rhoades C, Kendra K, Chen HX, Eckhardt SG, Shapiro CL. Phase II trial of bevacizumab in combination with weekly docetaxel in metastatic breast cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:3124-9. [PMID: 16707611 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the safety and efficacy of bevacizumab and weekly docetaxel as first- or second-line therapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC). PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-seven MBC patients received i.v. bevacizumab at 10 mg/kg on days 1 and 15 in combination with i.v. docetaxel 35 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, and 15 of a 28-day cycle. Primary end points were to assess toxicity, overall response rate, and progression-free survival. A secondary end point was to assess the relationship between plasma endothelial and cell adhesion markers and clinical outcomes. RESULTS One-hundred fifty-eight treatment cycles were administered with a median of six cycles (range 1-15 cycles) per patient. The most common grade 4 toxicities per patient were as follows: 2 (7%)-pulmonary embolus, 1 (4%)-febrile neutropenia, and 1 (4%)-infection; grade 3 toxicities were 4 (15%)-neutropenia, 4 (15%)-fatigue, 2 (7%)-neuropathy, 2 (7%)-athralgias, 2 (7%)-stomatitis, 1 (7%)-pleural effusion, and 1 (4%)-hypertension. The overall response rate was 52% [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 32-71%], median response duration was 6.0 months (95% CI, 4.6-6.5 months), and the median progression-free survival was 7.5 months (95% CI, 6.2-8.3 months). In hypothesis-generating univariate and limited multivariate analyses, E-selectin was statistically significantly associated with response to the combination. CONCLUSION Bevazicumab in combination with weekly docetaxel is active with acceptable toxicities in MBC. Additional studies evaluating E-selectin as a marker of response to bevacizumab-containing chemotherapy are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuvaneswari Ramaswamy
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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21
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Kurebayashi J, Nomura T, Hirono M, Okubo S, Udagawa K, Shiiki S, Ikeda M, Nakashima K, Tanaka K, Sonoo H. Combined measurement of serum sialyl Lewis X with serum CA15-3 in breast cancer patients. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2006; 36:150-3. [PMID: 16520359 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyi235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum CA15-3 has been one of the most reliable tumor markers used in monitoring breast cancer patients; however, its sensitivity in detecting metastases is limited. To increase its sensitivity, the combined measurement of other tumor markers with CA15-3 was investigated. METHODS Serum CA15-3, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and sialyl Lewis X (CSLEX) were simultaneously measured in a prospective series of 455 postoperative breast cancer patients with or without metastasis. The diagnostic parameters sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy for detecting metastases were compared. The correlation of values between pairs of tumor markers was analyzed. The efficacy of combined measurement of two different tumor markers was also evaluated. RESULTS The sensitivity for detecting metastases was 61.5, 56.9 and 52.3%; specificity was 97.2, 93.6 and 96.2%; PPV was 78.4, 59.7 and 69.4%; NPV was 93.8, 92.9 and 92.4%; and accuracy was 92.1, 88.8 and 89.9% for CA15-3, CEA and CSLEX, respectively. The values for CA15-3 were significantly correlated with those for CEA (P < 0.001) but not those for CSLEX. The combined measurement of CSLEX and CA15-3 increased the sensitivity by 17.0% but that of CEA and CA15-3 increased the sensitivity by only 10.8%. All diagnostic parameters for the combined measurement of CSLEX and CA15-3 were higher than those for the combined measurement of CEA and CA15-3. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that CSLEX may be more useful than CEA in combination with CA15-3 in monitoring breast cancer patients. The results of this study suggest that CSLEX may be more useful than CEA in combination with CA15-3 in monitoring breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Kurebayashi
- Department of Breast & Thyroid Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan.
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22
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Croce MV, Isla-Larrain M, Tur R, Rabassa ME, Segal-Eiras A. Antigenic differences between metastatic cells in bone marrow and primary tumours and the anti-MUC1 humoral immune response induced in breast cancer patients. Clin Exp Metastasis 2004; 21:139-47. [PMID: 15168731 DOI: 10.1023/b:clin.0000024739.43297.ba] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The dissemination of a malignant neoplasia is a complex process, which requires a set of molecules that remains unknown. It has been suggested that mucins and their carbohydrate-associated antigens may be implicated in tumour spreading which may be also influenced by an anti-MUC1 immune response. In this pilot study, we report the pattern of carbohydrate and peptidic MUC1-associated epitopes on carcinoma cells isolated from bone marrow (BM), taking into account primary tumour histopathologic features. We also bring information about the anti-MUC1 humoral response in these patients. Seventeen patients with invasive breast carcinoma were included. A sample of the primary tumour, a serum sample and a BM aspirate were obtained from each patient. Clinical features studied were tumour size, number of metastatic nodes, histological type and disease stage. Standard immunohistochemistry was performed with antigenic retrieval using different monoclonal antibodies (MAbs): anti carbohydrate antigens: Lewis x (KM380), sLewis x (KM93), Lewis y (C14) and Tn, anti-MUC1 peptide core MAbs: C595, HMFG2 and SM3, anti-cytokeratins, anti-protoncogenes ErbB2 and ErbB3 (IgG) MAbs and also anti-CD34 and anti-CD45 MAbs. ELISA techniques were employed to study circulating MUC1 as well as free and complexed anti-MUC1 antibodies. Immunohistochemical results showed that carbohydrate antigenic expression increases in BM neoplastic cells compared to the original tumours. However, we were not able to demonstrate that a humoral immune response to MUC1 has been induced in these patients. Finally, the employed procedures allow the selective immortalisation of micrometastatic carcinoma cells since short-term cell lines were established.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/blood
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Bone Marrow/immunology
- Breast Neoplasms/blood
- Breast Neoplasms/immunology
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal/immunology
- Carcinoma, Ductal/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/immunology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/immunology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Papillary/immunology
- Carcinoma, Papillary/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Epitopes/immunology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Mucin-1/immunology
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/immunology
- Oligosaccharides/immunology
- Peptides/immunology
- Pilot Projects
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Croce
- Centro de Investigaciones Inmunológicas Básicas y Aplicadas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, UNLP La Plata, Argentina
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23
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Kannagi R, Izawa M, Koike T, Miyazaki K, Kimura N. Carbohydrate-mediated cell adhesion in cancer metastasis and angiogenesis. Cancer Sci 2004; 95:377-84. [PMID: 15132763 PMCID: PMC11159147 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb03219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2004] [Accepted: 03/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant transformation is associated with abnormal glycosylation, resulting in the synthesis and expression of altered carbohydrate determinants including sialyl Lewisa and sialyl Lewisx. The sialyl Lewisa and sialyl Lewisx determinants appear in the sera of patients with cancer, and are extensively utilized for serum diagnosis of cancers in Japan. Sialyl Lewisa and sialyl Lewisx are involved in selectin-mediated adhesion of cancer cells to vascular endothelium, and these determinants are thought to be closely associated with hematogenous metastasis of cancers. Recent progress in this area includes the following: 1. Substantial increases in solid clinical statistics that further confirm the contribution of these determinants in the progression of a wide variety of cancers; 2. Elucidation of the ligand specificity of the three family members of selectins and evaluation of the roles of these molecules in cancer cell adhesion; and 3. Advances in the study of the mechanism that leads to the enhanced expression of the sialyl Lewis(a/x) determinants in malignant cells. These recent results have confirmed that these determinants are not merely markers for cancers, but are functionally implicated in the malignant behavior of cancer cells. The results also suggested that the increase of these determinants in malignant cells is an inevitable consequence of the malignant transformation of cells. Considerable new knowledge has also been accumulated regarding the therapeutic implications for suppression of hematogenous metastasis targeting this cell adhesion system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiji Kannagi
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan.
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24
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Monzavi-Karbassi B, Cunto-Amesty G, Luo P, Shamloo S, Blaszcyk-Thurin M, Kieber-Emmons T. Immunization with a carbohydrate mimicking peptide augments tumor-specific cellular responses. Int Immunol 2001; 13:1361-71. [PMID: 11675368 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/13.11.1361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The metastatic potential of some tumor cells is associated with the expression of the neolactoseries antigens sialyl-Lewis x (sLex) and sialyl-Lewis a (sLea) as they are ligands for selectins. We have recently shown that peptide mimetics of these antigens can potentiate IgG2a antibodies, which are associated with a Th1-type cellular response. As L-selectin is preferentially expressed on CD4+ Th1 and CD8+ T cell populations, specific induction of these phenotypes could augment a response to L-selectin ligand-expressing tumor cells. Here we demonstrate that immunization with a multiple antigen peptide (MAP) mimetic of sugar constituents of neolactoseries antigens induces a MHC-dependent peptide-specific cellular response that triggers IFN-gamma production upon peptide stimulation, correlating with IgG2a induction. Surprisingly, T lymphocytes from peptide-immunized animals were activated in vitro by sLex, also triggering IFN-gamma production in a MHC-dependent manner. Stimulation by peptide or carbohydrate resulted in loss of L-selectin on CD4+ T cells confirming a Th1 phenotype. We also observed an enhancement in cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity in vitro against sLex-expressing Meth A cells using effector cells from Meth A-primed/peptide-boosted animals. CTL activity was inhibited by both anti-MHC class I and anti-L-selectin antibodies. These results further support a role for L-selectin in tumor rejection along with the engagement by the TCR for most likely processed tumor-associated glycopeptides, focusing on peptide mimetics as a means to induce carbohydrate reactive cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Monzavi-Karbassi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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25
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Laferriere J, Houle F, Taher MM, Valerie K, Huot J. Transendothelial migration of colon carcinoma cells requires expression of E-selectin by endothelial cells and activation of stress-activated protein kinase-2 (SAPK2/p38) in the tumor cells. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:33762-72. [PMID: 11448946 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m008564200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion and migration of tumor cells on and through the vascular endothelium are critical steps of the metastatic invasion. We investigated the roles of E-selectin and of stress-activated protein kinase-2 (SAPK2/p38) in modulating endothelial adhesion and transendothelial migration of HT-29 colon carcinoma cells. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) strongly increased the expression of E-selectin in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). This effect was independent of the activation of SAPK2/p38 induced by TNF alpha. Adhesion of HT-29 cells on a monolayer of HUVEC pretreated with TNF alpha was dependent on E-selectin expression but was independent of SAPK2/p38 activity of both HUVEC and tumor cells. The adhesion of HT-29 cells to E-selectin-expressing HUVEC led to the activation of SAPK2/p38 in the tumor cells as reflected by the increased phosphorylation of the actin-polymerizing factor HSP27 by mitogen-activated protein kinase 2/3, a direct target of SAPK2/p38. Moreover, a recombinant E-selectin/Fc chimera quickly increased the activation of SAPK2/p38 in HT-29 cells. Blocking the increased activity of SAPK2/p38 of HT-29 cells by SB203580 or by expressing a dominant negative form of SAPK2/p38 inhibited their transendothelial migration. Similarly, HeLa cells stably expressing a kinase-inactive mutant of SAPK2/p38 showed a decreased capacity to cross a layer of HUVEC. Overall, our results suggest that the regulation of transendothelial migration of tumor cells involves two essential steps as follows: adhesion to the endothelium through adhesion molecules, such as E-selectin, and increased motogenic potential through adhesion-mediated activation of the SAPK2/p38 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Laferriere
- Le Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de l'Université Laval, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec G1R-2J6, Canada
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27
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Abstract
The haematogenous phase of cancer metastasis facilitates the transport of metastatic cells within the blood and incorporates a sequence of interactions between circulating intravascular cancer cells and the endothelium of blood vessels at the sites of tumour cell arrest. Initial interactions involve mechanical contact and transient adhesion, mediated by endothelial selectins and their ligands on the neoplastic cells. This contact initiates a sequence of activation pathways that involves cytokines, growth factors, bioactive lipids, and reactive oxygen species produced by either the cancer cell or the endothelium. These molecules elicit expression of integrin adhesion molecules in cancer cells and the endothelium, matrix metalloproteinases, and chemotactic factors that promote the attachment of tumour cells to the vessel wall and/or transvascular penetration. Induction of endothelial free radicals can be cytotoxic to cancer cells. Collectively, the sum of these interactions constitutes an interdependent relationship, the outcome of which determines the fate of the metastatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- F W Orr
- Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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28
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Hefler L, Tempfer C, Haeusler G, Kucera E, Mayerhofer K, Zeillinger R, Reinthaller A, Kainz C. Cytosol concentrations of CD44 isoforms in breast cancer tissue. Int J Cancer 1998; 79:541-5. [PMID: 9761127 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19981023)79:5<541::aid-ijc17>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The role of the adhesion molecule CD44 in the natural history of breast cancer is controversial. We investigated the CD44 isoform CD44v5 and CD44v6 concentrations in the cytosol of 90 breast cancer specimens, 9 fibroadenomas and 22 normal breast tissue specimens by means of ELISA. CD44v5 and CD44v6 cytosol concentrations were statistically significantly higher in breast cancer compared with fibroadenoma and normal breast tissue (Mann-Whitney U-test, p = 0.009 and p < 0.001, respectively). When CD44 isoforms were correlated with lymph node involvement, histological grading, histological type, tumor stage and age at diagnosis, we found no statistically significant correlation with any of the investigated clinico-pathological parameters. In univariate and multivariate analyses, CD44v5 and CD44v6 were of no prognostic relevance regarding disease-free survival in breast cancer patients (log-rank test, p = 0.16 and p = 0.08, respectively). Our results indicate that CD44 isoforms are increased in samples from tumors relative to normal tissue. Our data show that CD44v5 and CD44v6 isoform expression, although up-regulated by malignant transformation, is not required to acquire a metastatic phenotype in breast cancer. Furthermore, our data support the assumption that cytosolic CD44 isoforms are of no prognostic relevance for disease-free survival of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hefler
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University of Vienna Medical School, Austria.
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