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Takamizawa S, Shimoi T, Yoshida M, Tokura M, Yazaki S, Mizoguchi C, Saito A, Kita S, Yamamoto K, Kojima Y, Sumiyoshi-Okuma H, Nishikawa T, Noguchi E, Sudo K, Yonemori K. Diagnostic value of tumor markers in identifying favorable or unfavorable subsets in patients with cancer of unknown primary: a retrospective study. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:412. [PMID: 35421961 PMCID: PMC9011955 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09514-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Routine measurement of tumor markers is not recommended in daily clinical practice for patients with cancer of unknown primary (CUP). We evaluated the diagnostic value of tumor markers in identifying favorable or unfavorable subsets in patients with CUP. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who were diagnosed with CUP between October 2010 and July 2015 at the National Cancer Center Hospital. The tumor markers of the patients were examined, including squamous cell carcinoma antigen, cytokeratin fraction, carcinoembryonic antigen, sialyl Lewis X, neuron-specific enolase, pro-gastrin-releasing peptide, α-fetoprotein, protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist II, prostate-specific antigen, soluble interleukin-2 receptor, carbohydrate antigen 19–9, cancer antigen 125, cancer antigen 15–3, NCC-ST-439 (ST439), elastase-1, human chorionic gonadotropin, and sialyl-Tn (STN). Results Among 199 patients with suspected CUP, 90 were diagnosed with confirmed CUP (12 in the favorable subset and 78 in the unfavorable subset). No tumor markers showed 100% sensitivity for unfavorable subsets. ST439 (p = 0.03) and STN (p = 0.049) showed 100% specificity for unfavorable subsets. Conclusions For patients with suspected CUP who show elevated ST439 or STN levels, the treatment strategy should be based on the premise that the patient is likely to be placed in the unfavorable subset.
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Thompson Z, Steed AJ, Millot J, Chen Y, Cowan JA. Exploring artificial metalloglycosidases as selective catalysts for the recognition and degradation of the sLe x tetrasaccharide. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02144g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Copper-bound fucose-binding peptide removes cellular sLex antigen that has been linked to cell adhesion and cancer metastasis. Catalytic and mass spectrometry assays further demonstrate degradation of native sLex tetrasaccharide in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zechariah Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Alexander J. Steed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Jack Millot
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Yinghua Chen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - J. A. Cowan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Hu Z, Bie L, Gao J, Wang X. Insights into Selectin Inhibitor Design from Endogenous Isomeric Ligands of SLe a and SLe x. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:6085-6093. [PMID: 34905361 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c01356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Selectins interact with cell-surface glycans to promote the initial tethering and rolling of leukocytes, and these interactions are targets for designs of inhibitors to neutralize diseases related to excessive inflammatory responses in many cardiovascular and immune dysfunctions, as well as tumor markers in different cancers. The isomeric endogenous tetrasaccharides, sialyl Lewis X (sLex) and sialyl Lewis A (sLea), are minimal sugar structures required for selectin binding. Understanding their subtle structural variances and significant advanced binding strengths of sLea over sLex could benefit the rational designs for selectin inhibitors. Modeling based on the E-selectin-sLex crystal structure in the present study demonstrated that the N-acetyl group of GlcNAc in sLex could form steric hindrances in the E-selectin-sLex complex, but the hydroxy methylene group of GlcNAc in sLea at the same position allows for stronger binding interactions. The subsequent designed inhibitor with a synthetic accessible linker molecule that has no exo-cyclic moieties replacing GlcNAc displayed comparable dynamic and energetic binding features to sLea. The present study deciphered the clues from endogenous isomeric sLea and sLex and provided insights into designing selectin inhibitors with simplified synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Hu
- Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Lihua Bie
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xiaocong Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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4
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O-glycan recognition and function in mice and human cancers. Biochem J 2020; 477:1541-1564. [PMID: 32348475 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation represents a nearly ubiquitous post-translational modification, and altered glycosylation can result in clinically significant pathological consequences. Here we focus on O-glycosylation in tumor cells of mice and humans. O-glycans are those linked to serine and threonine (Ser/Thr) residues via N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), which are oligosaccharides that occur widely in glycoproteins, such as those expressed on the surfaces and in secretions of all cell types. The structure and expression of O-glycans are dependent on the cell type and disease state of the cells. There is a great interest in O-glycosylation of tumor cells, as they typically express many altered types of O-glycans compared with untransformed cells. Such altered expression of glycans, quantitatively and/or qualitatively on different glycoproteins, is used as circulating tumor biomarkers, such as CA19-9 and CA-125. Other tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs), such as the Tn antigen and sialyl-Tn antigen (STn), are truncated O-glycans commonly expressed by carcinomas on multiple glycoproteins; they contribute to tumor development and serve as potential biomarkers for tumor presence and stage, both in immunohistochemistry and in serum diagnostics. Here we discuss O-glycosylation in murine and human cells with a focus on colorectal, breast, and pancreatic cancers, centering on the structure, function and recognition of O-glycans. There are enormous opportunities to exploit our knowledge of O-glycosylation in tumor cells to develop new diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Mietzsch M, McKenna R, Väisänen E, Yu JC, Ilyas M, Hull JA, Kurian J, Smith JK, Chipman P, Lasanajak Y, Smith D, Söderlund-Venermo M, Agbandje-McKenna M. Structural Characterization of Cuta- and Tusavirus: Insight into Protoparvoviruses Capsid Morphology. Viruses 2020; 12:E653. [PMID: 32560452 PMCID: PMC7354515 DOI: 10.3390/v12060653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several members of the Protoparvovirus genus, capable of infecting humans, have been recently discovered, including cutavirus (CuV) and tusavirus (TuV). To begin the characterization of these viruses, we have used cryo-electron microscopy and image reconstruction to determine their capsid structures to ~2.9 Å resolution, and glycan array and cell-based assays to identify glycans utilized for cellular entry. Structural comparisons show that the CuV and TuV capsids share common features with other parvoviruses, including an eight-stranded anti-parallel β-barrel, depressions at the icosahedral 2-fold and surrounding the 5-fold axes, and a channel at the 5-fold axes. However, the viruses exhibit significant topological differences in their viral protein surface loops. These result in three separated 3-fold protrusions, similar to the bufaviruses also infecting humans, suggesting a host-driven structure evolution. The surface loops contain residues involved in receptor binding, cellular trafficking, and antigenic reactivity in other parvoviruses. In addition, terminal sialic acid was identified as the glycan potentially utilized by both CuV and TuV for cellular entry, with TuV showing additional recognition of poly-sialic acid and sialylated Lewis X (sLeXLeXLeX) motifs reported to be upregulated in neurotropic and cancer cells, respectively. These structures provide a platform for annotating the cellular interactions of these human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mietzsch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (M.M.); (R.M.); (J.C.Y.); (M.I.); (J.A.H.); (J.K.); (J.K.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (M.M.); (R.M.); (J.C.Y.); (M.I.); (J.A.H.); (J.K.); (J.K.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Elina Väisänen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (E.V.); (M.S.-V.)
| | - Jennifer C. Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (M.M.); (R.M.); (J.C.Y.); (M.I.); (J.A.H.); (J.K.); (J.K.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Maria Ilyas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (M.M.); (R.M.); (J.C.Y.); (M.I.); (J.A.H.); (J.K.); (J.K.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Joshua A. Hull
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (M.M.); (R.M.); (J.C.Y.); (M.I.); (J.A.H.); (J.K.); (J.K.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Justin Kurian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (M.M.); (R.M.); (J.C.Y.); (M.I.); (J.A.H.); (J.K.); (J.K.S.); (P.C.)
| | - J. Kennon Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (M.M.); (R.M.); (J.C.Y.); (M.I.); (J.A.H.); (J.K.); (J.K.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Paul Chipman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (M.M.); (R.M.); (J.C.Y.); (M.I.); (J.A.H.); (J.K.); (J.K.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Yi Lasanajak
- Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (Y.L.); (D.S.)
| | - David Smith
- Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (Y.L.); (D.S.)
| | | | - Mavis Agbandje-McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (M.M.); (R.M.); (J.C.Y.); (M.I.); (J.A.H.); (J.K.); (J.K.S.); (P.C.)
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Jin F, Wang F. The physiological and pathological roles and applications of sialyl Lewis x, a common carbohydrate ligand of the three selectins. Glycoconj J 2020; 37:277-291. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-020-09912-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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7
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Cohen EN, Fouad TM, Lee BN, Arun BK, Liu D, Tin S, Gutierrez Barrera AM, Miura T, Kiyokawa I, Yamashita J, Alvarez RH, Valero V, Woodward WA, Shen Y, Ueno NT, Cristofanilli M, Reuben JM. Elevated serum levels of sialyl Lewis X (sLe X) and inflammatory mediators in patients with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 176:545-556. [PMID: 31054033 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The carbohydrate sialyl LewisX (sLeX) mediates cell adhesion, is critical in the normal function of immune cells, and is frequently over-expressed on cancer cells. We assessed the association, differential levels, and prognostic value of sLeX and inflammatory cytokines/chemokines in breast cancer sera. METHODS We retrospectively measured sLeX and a panel of cytokines/chemokines in the sera of 26 non-invasive ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), 154 invasive non-metastatic breast cancer (non-MBC), 63 metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients, and 43 healthy controls. Differences in sLeX and inflammatory cytokines among and between patient groups and healthy controls were assessed with nonparametric tests and we performed survival analysis for the prognostic potential of sLeX using a cut-off of 8 U/mL as previously defined. RESULTS Median serum sLeX was significantly higher than controls for invasive breast cancer patients (MBC and non-MBC) but not DCIS. In univariate analysis, we confirmed patients with serum sLeX > 8 U/mL have a significantly shorter progression-free survival (PFS) (P = 0.0074) and overall survival (OS (P = 0.0003). Similarly, patients with high serum MCP-1 and IP-10 had shorter OS (P = 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively) and PFS (P = 0.010 and P < 0.001, respectively). sLeX, MCP-1 and IP-10 remained significant in multivariate survival analysis. CONCLUSION Elevated serum sLeX was associated with invasive cancer but not DCIS. High serum sLeX levels were associated with inflammatory mediators and may play a role in facilitating local invasion of breast tumor. Furthermore, serum MCP-1, IP-10 and sLeX may have prognostic value in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan N Cohen
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1220 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Tamer M Fouad
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1220 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe, Unit 3552, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, The National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Road, Cairo, 11796, Egypt
| | - Bang-Ning Lee
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1220 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Conroe, TX, USA
| | - Banu K Arun
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe, Unit 3552, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Diane Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sanda Tin
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1220 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Angelica M Gutierrez Barrera
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe, Unit 3552, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Toshihide Miura
- Nittobo Medical Co., Ltd., 1, Shiojima Fukuhara, Fukuyama, Koriyama, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Iwao Kiyokawa
- Nittobo Medical Co., Ltd., 1, Shiojima Fukuhara, Fukuyama, Koriyama, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Jun Yamashita
- Nittobo Medical Co., Ltd., 1, Shiojima Fukuhara, Fukuyama, Koriyama, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Ricardo H Alvarez
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1220 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe, Unit 3552, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Newnan, GA, USA
| | - Vicente Valero
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe, Unit 3552, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Wendy A Woodward
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1220 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe, Unit 76468, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yu Shen
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Naoto T Ueno
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1220 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe, Unit 3552, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Massimo Cristofanilli
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1220 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe, Unit 3552, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern Univeristy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James M Reuben
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1220 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Selectin Ligands Sialyl-Lewis a and Sialyl-Lewis x in Gastrointestinal Cancers. BIOLOGY 2017; 6:biology6010016. [PMID: 28241499 PMCID: PMC5372009 DOI: 10.3390/biology6010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The tetrasaccharide structures Siaα2,3Galβ1,3(Fucα1,4)GlcNAc and Siaα2,3Galβ1,4(Fucα1,3)GlcNAc constitute the epitopes of the carbohydrate antigens sialyl-Lewis a (sLea) and sialyl-Lewis x (sLex), respectively, and are the minimal requirement for selectin binding to their counter-receptors. Interaction of sLex expressed on the cell surface of leucocytes with E-selectin on endothelial cells allows their arrest and promotes their extravasation. Similarly, the rolling of cancer cells ectopically expressing the selectin ligands on endothelial cells is potentially a crucial step favoring the metastatic process. In this review, we focus on the biosynthetic steps giving rise to selectin ligand expression in cell lines and native tissues of gastrointestinal origin, trying to understand whether and how they are deregulated in cancer. We also discuss the use of such molecules in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal cancers, particularly in light of recent data questioning the ability of colon cancers to express sLea and the possible use of circulating sLex in the early detection of pancreatic cancer. Finally, we reviewed the data dealing with the mechanisms that link selectin ligand expression in gastrointestinal cells to cancer malignancy. This promising research field seems to require additional data on native patient tissues to reach more definitive conclusions.
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9
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Yamashita J, Kobayashi I, Tatematsu K, Sezutsu H, Noda K, Ishihara H. Sandwich ELISA Using a Mouse/Human Chimeric CSLEX-1 Antibody. Clin Chem 2016; 62:1516-1523. [PMID: 27591290 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.260968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An assay using a mouse antisialyl Lewis X (sLeX) antibody (CSLEX-1) is used clinically for screening and monitoring patients with breast cancer in Japan. However, the IgM isoform of CSLEX-1 is not preferred for the assay because the bulkiness of IgM generally causes poor accessibility to the antigen. To solve this problem, we developed an antisLeX mouse/human chimeric IgG antibody, CH-CSLEX-1, using transgenic silkworms. The performance of a homologous sandwich ELISA of CH-CSLEX1 was then evaluated. METHODS To generate CH-CSLEX-1, we used a GAL4/UAS binary gene expression system in transgenic silkworms. The reactivities of CSLEX-1 and CH-CSLEX-1 were determined in a Biacore analysis. To confirm antigen specificity, 3 antigens [sLeX, sLeA, and Lewis Y (LeY)] were used. RESULTS CH-CSLEX-1 formed correctly as an IgG class of immunoglobulin molecule with an isoelectric point close to the predicted value. The best combination for capturing and probing in a sandwich ELISA was determined as a homologous combination of CH-CSLEX-1. The CH-CSLEX-1 assay specifically detected sLeX, but not sLeA and LeY. A correlation analysis with 107 human samples showed good concordance between the conventional CSLEX-1 assay (homologous sandwich ELISA using CSLEX-1) and the CH-CSLEX-1 assay (r = 0.98). Moreover, the CH-CSLEX-1 assay was not affected by either human antimouse IgG antibodies (HAMA IgG) or HAMA IgM. CONCLUSIONS The mouse/human chimeric antibody CH-CSLEX-1 allowed the establishment of a highly specific sandwich ELISA for sLeX that was not affected by HAMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yamashita
- R&D Department, Nittobo Medical Co., Ltd., Koriyama, Japan
| | - I Kobayashi
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - K Tatematsu
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - H Sezutsu
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - K Noda
- R&D Department, Nittobo Medical Co., Ltd., Koriyama, Japan
| | - H Ishihara
- R&D Department, Nittobo Medical Co., Ltd., Koriyama, Japan;
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Cheng TC, Tu SH, Chen LC, Chen MY, Chen WY, Lin YK, Ho CT, Lin SY, Wu CH, Ho YS. Down-regulation of α-L-fucosidase 1 expression confers inferior survival for triple-negative breast cancer patients by modulating the glycosylation status of the tumor cell surface. Oncotarget 2016. [PMID: 26204487 PMCID: PMC4673265 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
α-L-fucosidase 1 (FUCA1) is a lysosomal enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of the terminal fucose residue in breast cancer cells. FUCA1 mRNA levels were detected by real-time PCR, and there was a greater than 139-fold increase in FUCA1 mRNA expression in breast tumor samples compared with normal breast tissue samples (*P = 0.005, n = 236). Higher FUCA1 mRNA expression was preferentially detected in early-stage tumors (stage 0 to 2) compared with advanced-stage tumors (stage 3 to 4) (stage 0-1 versus stage 3, *P = 0.015; stage 0-1 versus stage 4, *P = 0.024). FUCA1 protein levels were higher in advanced-stage tumors concomitant with decreased fucosylated Lewis-x antigen expression, as evidenced using the immunohistochemical staining H-score method (*P < 0.001). Statistical analysis revealed that lower FUCA1 levels significantly predicted an inferior overall survival rate among triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients compared with non-TNBC patients (*P = 0.009). Two stable FUCA1 siRNA knock-down MDA-MB-231 cell lines were established, and the results suggest that transient FUCA inhibition creates a selective pressure that triggers the metastasis of primary tumor cells, as detected by wound healing and invasion assays (*P < 0.01). The results suggest that FUCA1 may be a potential prognostic molecular target for clinical use, especially in TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Chun Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsin Tu
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ching Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yao Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ye Chen
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Kuang Lin
- Biological Statistics and Research Consultation Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Shyr-Yi Lin
- Department of General Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsiung Wu
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Soon Ho
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Comprehensive Cancer Center of Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Ex vivo and in vivo capture and deactivation of circulating tumor cells by dual-antibody-coated nanomaterials. J Control Release 2015; 209:159-69. [PMID: 25933713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been detected by us and others in cancer patient blood. However, little is known about how to specifically capture and deactivate CTCs in vivo, which may lead to successful metastasis prevention in asymptomatic cancer survivors after surgery. We hypothesize that the dual antibody conjugates may have the advantage of capturing CTCs specifically over their single antibody counterparts. Here we show that the surface-functionalized dendrimers can be sequentially coated with two antibodies directed to surface biomarkers (EpCAM and Slex) of human colorectal CTCs. The dual antibody-coated dendrimers exhibit a significantly enhanced specificity in capturing CTCs in the presence of interfering blood cells, and in both eight-patient bloods and nude mice administered with the labeled CTCs in comparison to their single antibody-coated counterparts. The dual antibody-coated conjugates down-regulate the captured CTCs. This study provides the first conceptual evidence that two antibodies can be biocompatibly conjugated to a nanomaterial to capture and down-regulate CTCs in vivo with the enhanced specificity.
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Xie J, Zhao R, Gu S, Dong H, Wang J, Lu Y, Sinko PJ, Yu T, Xie F, Wang L, Shao J, Jia L. The architecture and biological function of dual antibody-coated dendrimers: enhanced control of circulating tumor cells and their hetero-adhesion to endothelial cells for metastasis prevention. Am J Cancer Res 2014; 4:1250-63. [PMID: 25285173 PMCID: PMC4184002 DOI: 10.7150/thno.8775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dissemination of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in blood and their hetero-adhesion to vascular endothelial bed of distant metastatic secondary organs are the critical steps to initiate cancer metastasis. The rarity of CTCs made their in vivo capture technically challenging. Current techniques by virtue of nanostructured scaffolds monovalently conjugated with a single antibody and/or drug seem less efficient and specific in capturing CTCs. Here, we report a novel platform developed to re-engineer nanoscale dendrimers for capturing CTCs in blood and interfering their adhesion to vascular endothelial bed to form micrometastatic foci. The nanoscale dendrimers were spatiotemporally accommodated with dual antibodies to target two surface biomarkers of colorectal CTCs. Physiochemical characterization, including spectra, fluorescence, electron microscope, dynamic light scattering, electrophoresis, and chromatography analyses, was conducted to demonstrate the successful conjugation of dual antibodies to dendrimer surface. The dual antibody conjugates were able to specifically recognize and bind CTCs, moderately down-regulate the activity of the captured CTCs by arresting them in S phase. The related adhesion assay displayed that the dual antibody conjugates interfered the hetero-adhesion of CTCs to fibronectin (Fn)-coated substrates and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The dual antibody conjugates also showed the enhanced specificity and efficiency in vitro and in vivo in restraining CTCs in comparison with their single antibody counterparts. The present study showed a novel means to effectively prevent cancer metastatic initiation by binding, restraining CTCs and inhibiting their hetero-adhesion to blood vessels, not by traditional cytotoxic-killing of cancer cells.
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Yoshida S, Yoshida K, Jaroensong T, Lee SJ, Kamida A, Saeki K, Fujita N, Nishimura R, Sasaki N, Nakagawa T. Aberrant expression of sLex and sLea as candidate prognostic factors for feline mammary gland tumour. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 16:257-64. [PMID: 24043722 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13503826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the carbohydrate antigens sialyl Lewis x (sLe(x)) and a (sLe(a)) was evaluated in feline mammary gland tumours (FMGT). Immunohistochemical analysis of tissues from 21 FMGT patients and 11 healthy cats revealed significantly higher sLe(x) and sLe(a) antigen expression in adenocarcinoma tissues compared with that of normal mammary tissues (P <0.01). Serum concentration of sLe(x) was evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and was significantly higher in the 11 FMGT patients (4.71 ± 10.1 U/ml) than the 22 patients with other disease (2.69 ± 1.59 U/ml) (P = 0.03) and the 22 healthy cats (3.71 ± 1.10 U/ml), although the latter difference was not significant. Although the number of cases examined in this study was small, our findings suggest that aberrant expression of sLe antigens may be induced by tumourigenesis in FMGT and that sLe antigens are potential prognostic tumour markers for FMGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Yoshida
- 1Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Tumor cells exhibit striking changes in cell surface glycosylation as a consequence of dysregulated glycosyltransferases and glycosidases. In particular, an increase in the expression of certain sialylated glycans is a prominent feature of many transformed cells. Altered sialylation has long been associated with metastatic cell behaviors including invasion and enhanced cell survival; however, there is limited information regarding the molecular details of how distinct sialylated structures or sialylated carrier proteins regulate cell signaling to control responses such as adhesion/migration or resistance to specific apoptotic pathways. The goal of this review is to highlight selected examples of sialylated glycans for which there is some knowledge of molecular mechanisms linking aberrant sialylation to critical processes involved in metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Schultz
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, MCLM 982A 1918 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294-0005, USA
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Gao Y, Vlahakis JZ, Szarek WA, Brockhausen I. Selective inhibition of glycosyltransferases by bivalent imidazolium salts. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:1305-11. [PMID: 23375091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Galactosyltransferases (GalTs) extend the glycan chains of mammalian glycoproteins by adding Gal to terminal GlcNAc residues, and thus build the scaffolds for biologically important glycan structures. We have shown that positively charged bivalent imidazolium salts in which the two imidazolium groups are linked by an aliphatic chain of 20 or 22 carbons form potent inhibitors of purified human β3-GalT5, using GlcNAcβ-benzyl as acceptor substrate. The inhibitors are not substrate analogs and also inhibited a selected number of other glycosyltransferases. These bis-imidazolium compounds represent a new class of glycosyltransferase inhibitors with potential as anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Gao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
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Carlsson MC, Cederfur C, Schaar V, Balog CIA, Lepur A, Touret F, Salomonsson E, Deelder AM, Fernö M, Olsson H, Wuhrer M, Leffler H. Galectin-1-binding glycoforms of haptoglobin with altered intracellular trafficking, and increase in metastatic breast cancer patients. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26560. [PMID: 22028908 PMCID: PMC3196588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sera from 25 metastatic breast cancer patients and 25 healthy controls were subjected to affinity chromatography using immobilized galectin-1. Serum from the healthy subjects contained on average 1.2 mg per ml (range 0.7-2.2) galectin-1 binding glycoproteins, whereas serum from the breast cancer patients contained on average 2.2 mg/ml (range 0.8-3.9), with a higher average for large primary tumours. The major bound glycoproteins were α-2-macroglobulin, IgM and haptoglobin. Both the IgM and haptoglobin concentrations were similar in cancer compared to control sera, but the percentage bound to galectin-1 was lower for IgM and higher for haptoglobin: about 50% (range 20-80) in cancer sera and about 30% (range 25-50) in healthy sera. Galectin-1 binding and non-binding fractions were separated by affinity chromatography from pooled haptoglobin from healthy sera. The N-glycans of each fraction were analyzed by mass spectrometry, and the structural differences and galectin-1 mutants were used to identify possible galectin-1 binding sites. Galectin-1 binding and non-binding fractions were also analyzed regarding their haptoglobin function. Both were similar in forming complex with haemoglobin and mediate its uptake into alternatively activated macrophages. However, after uptake there was a dramatic difference in intracellular targeting, with the galectin-1 non-binding fraction going to a LAMP-2 positive compartment (lysosomes), while the galectin-1 binding fraction went to larger galectin-1 positive granules. In conclusion, galectin-1 detects a new type of functional biomarker for cancer: a specific type of glycoform of haptoglobin, and possibly other serum glycoproteins, with a different function after uptake into tissue cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Carlsson
- Section Microbiology, Immunology, Glycobiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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