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Kang H, Park YK, Lee JY, Bae M. Roles of Histone Deacetylase 4 in the Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes. Diabetes Metab J 2024; 48:340-353. [PMID: 38514922 PMCID: PMC11140402 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2023.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4), a class IIa HDAC, has gained attention as a potential therapeutic target in treating inflammatory and metabolic processes based on its essential role in various biological pathways by deacetylating non-histone proteins, including transcription factors. The activity of HDAC4 is regulated at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational levels. The functions of HDAC4 are tissue-dependent in response to endogenous and exogenous factors and their substrates. In particular, the association of HDAC4 with non-histone targets, including transcription factors, such as myocyte enhancer factor 2, hypoxia-inducible factor, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, and forkhead box proteins, play a crucial role in regulating inflammatory and metabolic processes. This review summarizes the regulatory modes of HDAC4 activity and its functions in inflammation, insulin signaling and glucose metabolism, and cardiac muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunju Kang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Young-Ki Park
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Minkyung Bae
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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2
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Ogawa E, Suzuki N, Kamiya T, Hara H. Sebacic acid, a royal jelly-containing fatty acid, decreases LPS-induced IL-6 mRNA expression in differentiated human THP-1 macrophage-like cells. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2024; 74:192-198. [PMID: 38799138 PMCID: PMC11111463 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.23-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages produce many inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), in innate immune responses. However, excess production of these mediators by activated macrophages triggers deleterious effects, leading to disorders associated with inflammation. Royal jelly (RJ), a milky-white substance secreted by worker bees, contains unique fatty acids, including 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10H2DA) and sebacic acid (SA). 10H2DA has been reported to have various biological functions, such as anti-inflammation. However, the anti-inflammatory effect of SA is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of SA on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine expression using differentiated human THP-1 macrophage-like cells. SA dose-dependently decreased LPS-induced mRNA expression of IL-6, but not TNF-α and IL-1β. SA suppressed the phosphorylation of signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1) and STAT3, but hardly affected the activation of JNK, p38, or NF-κB. In addition, SA decreased LPS-induced interferon-β (IFN-β) expression, and the addition of IFN-β restored the inhibition by SA of LPS-induced STAT activation and IL-6 expression. Furthermore, SA suppressed LPS-induced nuclear translocation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), a transcription factor responsible for IFN-β expression. Taken together, we conclude that SA selectively decreases LPS-induced expression of IL-6 mRNA through inhibition of the IRF3/IFN-β/STAT axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Ogawa
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Nobuko Suzuki
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kamiya
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hara
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
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3
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Lu Y, Zhao Y, Gao C, Suresh S, Men J, Sawyers A, Smith GL. HDAC5 enhances IRF3 activation and is targeted for degradation by protein C6 from orthopoxviruses including Monkeypox virus and Variola virus. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113788. [PMID: 38461415 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) regulate gene expression and innate immunity. Previously, we showed that HDAC5 is degraded during Vaccinia virus (VACV) infection and is a restriction factor for VACV and herpes simplex virus type 1. Here, we report that HDAC5 promotes interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) activation downstream of Toll-IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor molecule-1 or Sendai virus-mediated stimulation without requiring HDAC activity. Loss of HDAC5-mediated IRF3 activation is restored by re-introduction of HDAC5 but not HDAC1 or HDAC4. The antiviral activity of HDAC5 is antagonized by VACV protein C6 and orthologs from the orthopoxviruses cowpox, rabbitpox, camelpox, monkeypox, and variola. Infection by many of these viruses induces proteasomal degradation of HDAC5, and expression of C6 alone can induce HDAC5 degradation. Mechanistically, C6 binds to the dimerization domain of HDAC5 and prevents homodimerization and heterodimerization with HDAC4. Overall, this study describes HDAC5 as a positive regulator of IRF3 activation and provides mechanistic insight into how the poxviral protein C6 binds to HDAC5 to antagonize its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxu Lu
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK; Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences-Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Yiqi Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK; Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences-Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chen Gao
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Shreehari Suresh
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Jinghao Men
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Amelia Sawyers
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Geoffrey L Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK; Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK; The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences-Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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4
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Xu W, Jin Q, Li X, Li D, Fu X, Chen N, Lv Q, Shi Y, He S, Dong L, Yang Y, Yan Y, Shi F. Crosstalk of HDAC4, PP1, and GSDMD in controlling pyroptosis. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:115. [PMID: 38326336 PMCID: PMC10850491 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06505-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Gasdermin D (GSDMD) functions as a pivotal executor of pyroptosis, eliciting cytokine secretion following cleavage by inflammatory caspases. However, the role of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) in GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis remains largely unexplored. In this study, we demonstrate that GSDMD can undergo acetylation at the Lysine 248 residue, and this acetylation enhances pyroptosis. We identify histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) as the specific deacetylase responsible for mediating GSDMD deacetylation, leading to the inhibition of pyroptosis both in vitro and in vivo. Deacetylation of GSDMD impairs its ubiquitination, resulting in the inhibition of pyroptosis. Intriguingly, phosphorylation of HDAC4 emerges as a critical regulatory mechanism promoting its ability to deacetylate GSDMD and suppress GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis. Additionally, we implicate Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) catalytic subunits (PP1α and PP1γ) in the dephosphorylation of HDAC4, thereby nullifying its deacetylase activity on GSDMD. This study reveals a complex regulatory network involving HDAC4, PP1, and GSDMD. These findings provide valuable insights into the interplay among acetylation, ubiquitination, and phosphorylation in the regulation of pyroptosis, offering potential targets for further investigation in the field of inflammatory cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilv Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiao Jin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyue Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Danyue Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyu Fu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nan Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qian Lv
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuhua Shi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Suhui He
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lu Dong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuqi Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fushan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Zhang H, Wang X, Qu M, Li Z, Yin X, Tang L, Liu X, Sun Y. Foot-and-mouth disease virus structural protein VP3 interacts with HDAC8 and promotes its autophagic degradation to facilitate viral replication. Autophagy 2023; 19:2869-2883. [PMID: 37408174 PMCID: PMC10549200 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2233847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy has been utilized by many viruses, including foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), to facilitate replication, while the underlying mechanism of the interplay between autophagy and innate immune responses is still elusive. This study showed that HDAC8 (histone deacetylase 8) inhibits FMDV replication by regulating innate immune signal transduction and antiviral response. To counteract the HDAC8 effect, FMDV utilizes autophagy to promote HDAC8 degradation. Further data showed that FMDV structural protein VP3 promotes autophagy during virus infection and interacts with and degrades HDAC8 in an AKT-MTOR-ATG5-dependent autophagy pathway. Our data demonstrated that FMDV evolved a strategy to counteract host antiviral activity by autophagic degradation of a protein that regulates innate immune response during virus infection.Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; ATG: autophagy related; Baf-A1: bafilomycin A1; CCL5: C-C motif chemokine ligand 5; Co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; CQ: chloroquine phosphate; DAPI: 4",6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; FMDV: foot-and-mouth disease virus; HDAC8: histone deacetylase 8; ISG: IFN-stimulated gene; IRF3: interferon regulatory factor 3; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MOI: multiplicity of infection; MAVS: mitochondria antiviral signaling protein; OAS: 2"-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase; RB1: RB transcriptional corepressor 1; SAHA: suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid; TBK1: TANK binding kinase 1; TCID50: 50% tissue culture infectious doses; TNF/TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor; TSA: trichostatin A; UTR: untranslated region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiangwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Min Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangping Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lijie Tang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuefeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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6
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Meng X, Wang X, Zhu X, Zhang R, Zhang Z, Sun Y. Quantitative analysis of acetylation in peste des petits ruminants virus-infected Vero cells. Virol J 2023; 20:227. [PMID: 37817180 PMCID: PMC10563215 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02200-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a highly contagious pathogen that strongly influences the productivity of small ruminants worldwide. Acetylation is an important post-translational modification involved in regulation of multiple biological functions. However, the extent and function of acetylation in host cells during PPRV infection remains unknown. METHODS Dimethylation-labeling-based quantitative proteomic analysis of the acetylome of PPRV-infected Vero cells was performed. RESULTS In total, 1068 proteins with 2641 modification sites were detected in response to PPRV infection, of which 304 differentially acetylated proteins (DAcPs) with 410 acetylated sites were identified (fold change < 0.83 or > 1.2 and P < 0.05), including 109 up-regulated and 195 down-regulated proteins. Gene Ontology (GO) classification indicated that DAcPs were mostly located in the cytoplasm (43%) and participated in cellular and metabolic processes related to binding and catalytic activity. Functional enrichment indicated that the DAcPs were involved in the minichromosome maintenance complex, unfolded protein binding, helicase activity. Only protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum pathway was enriched. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the identified proteins further indicated that a various chaperone and ribosome processes were modulated by acetylation. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on acetylome in PPRV-infected host cell. Our findings establish an important baseline for future study on the roles of acetylation in the host response to PPRV replication and provide novel insights for understanding the molecular pathological mechanism of PPRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Preventiony, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Yanchangpu, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
| | - Xiangwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Preventiony, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Yanchangpu, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Xueliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Preventiony, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Yanchangpu, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yuefeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Preventiony, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Yanchangpu, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730046, China
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7
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de Sousa GR, Salomão KB, Nagano LFP, Riemondy KA, Chagas PS, Veronez LC, Saggioro FP, Marie SKN, Yunes JA, Cardinalli IA, Brandalise SR, de Paula Queiroz RG, Scrideli CA, Donson AM, Foreman NK, Tone LG, Valera ET. Identification of HDAC4 as a potential therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker for ZFTA-fused ependymomas. Cancer Gene Ther 2023; 30:1105-1113. [PMID: 37041276 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-023-00616-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Members of the HDAC family are predictive biomarkers and regulate the tumorigenesis in several cancers. However, the role of these genes in the biology of intracranial ependymomas (EPNs) remains unexplored. Here, an analysis of eighteen HDACs genes in an EPN transcriptomic dataset, revealed significantly higher levels of HDAC4 in supratentorial ZFTA fusion (ST-ZFTA) compared with ST-YAP1 fusion and posterior fossa EPNs, while HDAC7 and SIRT2 were downregulated in ST-ZFTA. HDAC4 was also overexpressed in ST-ZFTA as measured by single-cell RNA-Seq, quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry. Survival analyses showed a significantly worse outcome for EPNs with higher HDAC4 and SIRT1 mRNA levels. Ontology enrichment analysis showed an HDAC4-high signature consistent with viral processes while collagen-containing extracellular matrix and cell-cell junction were enriched in those with an HDAC4-low signature. Immune gene analysis demonstrated a correlation between HDAC4 expression and low levels of NK resting cells. Several small molecules compounds targeting HDAC4 and ABCG2, were predicted by in silico analysis to be effective against HDAC4-high ZFTA. Our results provide novel insights into the biology of the HDAC family in intracranial ependymomas and reveal HDAC4 as a prognostic marker and potential therapeutic target in ST-ZFTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziella R de Sousa
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, 3900, Bandeirantes Avenue, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Karina B Salomão
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, 3900, Bandeirantes Avenue, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Luis F P Nagano
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, 3900, Bandeirantes Avenue, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Kent A Riemondy
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Pablo S Chagas
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, 3900, Bandeirantes Avenue, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana C Veronez
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, 3900, Bandeirantes Avenue, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Fabiano P Saggioro
- Department of Pathology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, 3900, Bandeirantes Avenue, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Suely K N Marie
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology (LIM 15), Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-903, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Rosane G de Paula Queiroz
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, 3900, Bandeirantes Avenue, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Scrideli
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, 3900, Bandeirantes Avenue, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, 3900, Bandeirantes Avenue, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Andrew M Donson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Nicholas K Foreman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Luiz G Tone
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, 3900, Bandeirantes Avenue, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, 3900, Bandeirantes Avenue, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Elvis T Valera
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, 3900, Bandeirantes Avenue, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
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8
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Ballard JWO, Field MA, Edwards RJ, Wilson LAB, Koungoulos LG, Rosen BD, Chernoff B, Dudchenko O, Omer A, Keilwagen J, Skvortsova K, Bogdanovic O, Chan E, Zammit R, Hayes V, Aiden EL. The Australasian dingo archetype: de novo chromosome-length genome assembly, DNA methylome, and cranial morphology. Gigascience 2023; 12:giad018. [PMID: 36994871 PMCID: PMC10353722 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giad018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One difficulty in testing the hypothesis that the Australasian dingo is a functional intermediate between wild wolves and domesticated breed dogs is that there is no reference specimen. Here we link a high-quality de novo long-read chromosomal assembly with epigenetic footprints and morphology to describe the Alpine dingo female named Cooinda. It was critical to establish an Alpine dingo reference because this ecotype occurs throughout coastal eastern Australia where the first drawings and descriptions were completed. FINDINGS We generated a high-quality chromosome-level reference genome assembly (Canfam_ADS) using a combination of Pacific Bioscience, Oxford Nanopore, 10X Genomics, Bionano, and Hi-C technologies. Compared to the previously published Desert dingo assembly, there are large structural rearrangements on chromosomes 11, 16, 25, and 26. Phylogenetic analyses of chromosomal data from Cooinda the Alpine dingo and 9 previously published de novo canine assemblies show dingoes are monophyletic and basal to domestic dogs. Network analyses show that the mitochondrial DNA genome clusters within the southeastern lineage, as expected for an Alpine dingo. Comparison of regulatory regions identified 2 differentially methylated regions within glucagon receptor GCGR and histone deacetylase HDAC4 genes that are unmethylated in the Alpine dingo genome but hypermethylated in the Desert dingo. Morphologic data, comprising geometric morphometric assessment of cranial morphology, place dingo Cooinda within population-level variation for Alpine dingoes. Magnetic resonance imaging of brain tissue shows she had a larger cranial capacity than a similar-sized domestic dog. CONCLUSIONS These combined data support the hypothesis that the dingo Cooinda fits the spectrum of genetic and morphologic characteristics typical of the Alpine ecotype. We propose that she be considered the archetype specimen for future research investigating the evolutionary history, morphology, physiology, and ecology of dingoes. The female has been taxidermically prepared and is now at the Australian Museum, Sydney.
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Affiliation(s)
- J William O Ballard
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Environment and Genetics, SABE, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Matt A Field
- Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia
- Immunogenomics Lab, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Richard J Edwards
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Laura A B Wilson
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2600, Australia
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Loukas G Koungoulos
- Department of Archaeology, School of Philosophical and Historical Inquiry, the University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Benjamin D Rosen
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Barry Chernoff
- College of the Environment, Departments of Biology, and Earth & Environmental Sciences, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
| | - Olga Dudchenko
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Theoretical and Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Arina Omer
- Center for Theoretical and Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Jens Keilwagen
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Julius Kühn-Institut, Quedlinburg 06484, Germany
| | - Ksenia Skvortsova
- Developmental Epigenomics Lab, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Ozren Bogdanovic
- Developmental Epigenomics Lab, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Eva Chan
- Developmental Epigenomics Lab, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Statewide Genomics, New South Wales Health Pathology, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia
| | - Robert Zammit
- Vineyard Veterinary Hospital,Vineyard, NSW 2765, Australia
| | - Vanessa Hayes
- Developmental Epigenomics Lab, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Erez Lieberman Aiden
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Theoretical and Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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9
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Ballard JWO, Field MA, Edwards RJ, Wilson LAB, Koungoulos LG, Rosen BD, Chernoff B, Dudchenko O, Omer A, Keilwagen J, Skvortsova K, Bogdanovic O, Chan E, Zammit R, Hayes V, Aiden EL. The Australasian dingo archetype: De novo chromosome-length genome assembly, DNA methylome, and cranial morphology. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.26.525801. [PMID: 36747621 PMCID: PMC9900879 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.26.525801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Background One difficulty in testing the hypothesis that the Australasian dingo is a functional intermediate between wild wolves and domesticated breed dogs is that there is no reference specimen. Here we link a high-quality de novo long read chromosomal assembly with epigenetic footprints and morphology to describe the Alpine dingo female named Cooinda. It was critical to establish an Alpine dingo reference because this ecotype occurs throughout coastal eastern Australia where the first drawings and descriptions were completed. Findings We generated a high-quality chromosome-level reference genome assembly (Canfam_ADS) using a combination of Pacific Bioscience, Oxford Nanopore, 10X Genomics, Bionano, and Hi-C technologies. Compared to the previously published Desert dingo assembly, there are large structural rearrangements on Chromosomes 11, 16, 25 and 26. Phylogenetic analyses of chromosomal data from Cooinda the Alpine dingo and nine previously published de novo canine assemblies show dingoes are monophyletic and basal to domestic dogs. Network analyses show that the mtDNA genome clusters within the southeastern lineage, as expected for an Alpine dingo. Comparison of regulatory regions identified two differentially methylated regions within glucagon receptor GCGR and histone deacetylase HDAC4 genes that are unmethylated in the Alpine dingo genome but hypermethylated in the Desert dingo. Morphological data, comprising geometric morphometric assessment of cranial morphology place dingo Cooinda within population-level variation for Alpine dingoes. Magnetic resonance imaging of brain tissue show she had a larger cranial capacity than a similar-sized domestic dog. Conclusions These combined data support the hypothesis that the dingo Cooinda fits the spectrum of genetic and morphological characteristics typical of the Alpine ecotype. We propose that she be considered the archetype specimen for future research investigating the evolutionary history, morphology, physiology, and ecology of dingoes. The female has been taxidermically prepared and is now at the Australian Museum, Sydney.
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Affiliation(s)
- J William O Ballard
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Environment and Genetics, SABE, La Trobe University, Melbourne Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Matt A Field
- Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia
- Immunogenomics Lab, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard J Edwards
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Laura A B Wilson
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2600, Australia
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Loukas G Koungoulos
- Department of Archaeology, School of Philosophical and Historical Inquiry, the University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia 2006
| | - Benjamin D Rosen
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Barry Chernoff
- College of the Environment, Departments of Biology, and Earth & Environmental Sciences, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
| | - Olga Dudchenko
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030 USA
- Center for Theoretical and Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Arina Omer
- Center for Theoretical and Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Jens Keilwagen
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany
| | | | - Ozren Bogdanovic
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Eva Chan
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Statewide Genomics, New South Wales Health Pathology, 45 Watt St, Newcastle NSW 2300, Australia
| | - Robert Zammit
- Vineyard Veterinary Hospital, 703 Windsor Rd, Vineyard, NSW 2765, Australia
| | - Vanessa Hayes
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Erez Lieberman Aiden
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030 USA
- Center for Theoretical and Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech, Pudong 201210, China
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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10
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Wu Y, Chen X, Wang L, Zhou X, Liu Y, Ji D, Ren P, Zhou GG, Zhao J. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Panobinostat Benefits the Therapeutic Efficacy of Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus Combined with PD-1/PD-L1 Blocking in Glioma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma Models. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122796. [PMID: 36560800 PMCID: PMC9781547 DOI: 10.3390/v14122796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combination therapy has been widely explored for oncolytic virus (OV), as it can be met with tumor resistance. The HDAC inhibitor (HDACi) panobinostat is a potent pan-deacetylase inhibitor which blocks multiple cancer-related pathways and reverses epigenetic events in cancer progression. METHODS In this study, oncolytic activity in vitro and antitumor therapeutic efficacy in vivo when combined with oHSV and panobinostat were investigated. RESULTS (1) Treatment with panobinostat enhanced oHSV propagation and cytotoxicity in human glioma A172 and squamous cell carcinoma SCC9 cells. (2) Combined treatment with oHSV and panobinostat enhanced virus replication mediated by the transcriptional downregulation of IFN-β- and IFN-responsive antiviral genes in human glioma A172 and squamous cell carcinoma SCC9 cells. (3) Panobinostat treatment induced upregulation of PD-L1 expression in both glioma and squamous cell carcinoma cells. (4) A significantly enhanced therapeutic efficacy was shown in vivo for the murine glioma CT-2A and squamous cell carcinoma SCC7 models when treated with a combination of oHSV, including PD-1/PD-L1 blockade and HDAC inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Consequently, these data provide some new clues for the clinical development of combination therapy with OVs, epigenetic modifiers, and checkpoint blockades for glioma and squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglin Wu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- Shenzhen International Institute for Biomedical Research, Shenzhen 518110, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shenzhen International Institute for Biomedical Research, Shenzhen 518110, China
- Research Center for Reproduction and Health Development, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xusha Zhou
- Shenzhen International Institute for Biomedical Research, Shenzhen 518110, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Shenzhen International Institute for Biomedical Research, Shenzhen 518110, China
| | - Dongmei Ji
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Cancer Center and Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Peigen Ren
- Research Center for Reproduction and Health Development, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Grace Guoying Zhou
- Shenzhen International Institute for Biomedical Research, Shenzhen 518110, China
- Correspondence: (G.G.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jing Zhao
- Shenzhen International Institute for Biomedical Research, Shenzhen 518110, China
- Correspondence: (G.G.Z.); (J.Z.)
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11
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Zhao P, Malik S. The phosphorylation to acetylation/methylation cascade in transcriptional regulation: how kinases regulate transcriptional activities of DNA/histone-modifying enzymes. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:83. [PMID: 35659740 PMCID: PMC9164400 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00821-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors directly regulate gene expression by recognizing and binding to specific DNA sequences, involving the dynamic alterations of chromatin structure and the formation of a complex with different kinds of cofactors, like DNA/histone modifying-enzymes, chromatin remodeling factors, and cell cycle factors. Despite the significance of transcription factors, it remains unclear to determine how these cofactors are regulated to cooperate with transcription factors, especially DNA/histone modifying-enzymes. It has been known that DNA/histone modifying-enzymes are regulated by post-translational modifications. And the most common and important modification is phosphorylation. Even though various DNA/histone modifying-enzymes have been classified and partly explained how phosphorylated sites of these enzymes function characteristically in recent studies. It still needs to find out the relationship between phosphorylation of these enzymes and the diseases-associated transcriptional regulation. Here this review describes how phosphorylation affects the transcription activity of these enzymes and other functions, including protein stability, subcellular localization, binding to chromatin, and interaction with other proteins.
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12
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Xu C, Qin C, Jian J, Peng Y, Wang X, Chen X, Wu D, Song Y. Identification of an immune‐related gene signature as a prognostic target and the immune microenvironment for adrenocortical carcinoma. Immun Inflamm Dis 2022; 10:e680. [PMID: 36039643 PMCID: PMC9382862 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare endocrine malignancy. Even with complete tumor resection and adjuvant therapies, the prognosis of patients with ACC remains unsatisfactory. In the microtumor environment, the impact of a disordered immune system and abnormal immune responses is enormous. To improve treatment, novel prognostic predictors and treatment targets for ACC need to be identified. Hence, credible prognostic biomarkers of immune‐associated genes (IRGs) should be explored and developed. Material and methods We downloaded RNA‐sequencing data and clinical data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data set, Genotype‐Tissue Expression data set, and Gene Expression Omnibus data set. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was applied to reveal the potential functions of differentially expressed genes. Results GSEA indicated an association between ACC and immune‐related functions. We obtained 332 IRGs and constructed a prognostic signature on the strength of 3 IRGs (INHBA, HELLS, and HDAC4) in the training cohort. The high‐risk group had significantly poorer overall survival than the low‐risk group (p < .001). Multivariate Cox regression was performed with the signature as an independent prognostic indicator for ACC. The testing cohort and the entire TCGA ACC cohort were utilized to validate these findings. Moreover, external validation was conducted in the GSE10927 and GSE19750 cohorts. The tumor‐infiltrating immune cells analysis indicated that the quantity of T cells, natural killer cells, macrophage cells, myeloid dendritic cells, and mast cells in the immune microenvironment differed between the low‐risk and high‐risk groups. Conclusion Our three‐IRG prognostic signature and the three IRGs can be used as prognostic indicators and potential immunotherapeutic targets for ACC. Inhibitors of the three novel IRGs might activate immune cells and play a synergistic role in combination therapy with immunotherapy for ACC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengdang Xu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Caipeng Qin
- Department of Urology Peking University People's Hospital Beijing China
| | - Jingang Jian
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Yun Peng
- Department of Urology Peking University People's Hospital Beijing China
| | - Xinan Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Denglong Wu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Yuxuan Song
- Department of Urology Peking University People's Hospital Beijing China
- Department of Urology Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin China
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13
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Zhao M, Sha H, Li H, Zhang H, Huang L, Wang R. Interferon inducible porcine 2', 5'-oligoadenylate synthetase like-1 protein limits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2 infection via the MDA5-mediated interferon-signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 111:109151. [PMID: 36007390 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2 (PRRSV-2) is a constant threat to the swine industry worldwide. 2', 5'-oligoadenylate synthetase-like (OASL) protein has antiviral activity, but this has not been demonstrated for PRRSV-2, and the mechanism is not well elucidated. RESULTS In this study, the expression of OASL1 in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) induced by interferon (IFN)-β stimulation and PRRSV-2 infection was examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Ectopic expression and knockdown of porcine OASL1 (pOASL1) indicated the role of OASL1 in PRRSV-2 replication cycle. Results showed that the expression of OASL1 in PAMs was significantly increased by IFN-β stimulation or PRRSV-2 infection. OASL1 specific small interfering RNA promoted PRRSV-2 replication, whereas ectopic expression of pOASL1 inhibited PRRSV-2 infection. The mechanism revealed OASL1 interacts with Melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) to increase IFN responses, and the anti-PRRSV-2 activity was lost after the knockdown of the MDA5 RNA sensor. CONCLUSIONS OASL1 inhibits PRRSV-2 infection via the activation of MDA5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyang Sha
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, People's Republic of China
| | - Huawei Li
- Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangzong Huang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruining Wang
- Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Mou X, Jin Y, Jin D, Guan J, Zhang Q. Serum
HDAC4
level in rheumatoid arthritis: Longitudinal change during treatment and correlation with clinical outcomes. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24594. [PMID: 35792020 PMCID: PMC9396184 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) modulates immunity, inflammation, and osteoblast differentiation to engage in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) etiology. This study aimed to evaluate the HDAC4 longitudinal change and its relationship with clinical features and outcomes in RA patients. Methods Eighty‐three RA patients were enrolled. Their serum HDAC4 level was detected by ELISA at baseline (W0), week (W) 4, W12, and W24 after treatment. RA patients were divided into response or non‐response, low disease activity (LDA) or non‐LDA, remission or non‐remission patients according to their treatment outcomes at W24. Meanwhile, serum HDAC4 was detected by ELISA in 20 osteoarthritis patients and 20 healthy controls (HCs). Results HDAC4 level was reduced in RA patients compared with HCs (p < 0.001) and osteoarthritis patients (p = 0.009). HDAC4 was negatively related to some of the disease activity indexes such as C‐reactive protein (p = 0.003), tender joint count (p = 0.025), and disease activity score based on 28 joints (p = 0.013) in RA patients; it was also negatively correlated with TNF‐α (p = 0.003), IL‐6 (p = 0.022), and IL‐17A (p = 0.015). However, the HDAC4 level was not related to different treatment histories or current initiating treatment regimens (all p < 0.05). After treatment, HDAC4 was gradually elevated along with the time (p < 0.001). Interestingly, HDAC4 level at W12 (p = 0.041) and W24 (p = 0.012) was higher in response patients versus non‐response patients, and its level at W24 was higher in LDA patients versus non‐LDA patients (p = 0.019), and in remission patients versus non‐remission patients (p = 0.039). Conclusion HDAC4 gradually increases during treatment and its elevation estimates good treatment outcomes in RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Mou
- Department of RheumatologyFirst People's Hospital of TaizhouTaizhouChina
| | - Yi Jin
- Department of OphthalmologyFirst People's Hospital of TaizhouTaizhouChina
| | - Du Jin
- Department of RheumatologyFirst People's Hospital of TaizhouTaizhouChina
| | - Jintao Guan
- Department of RheumatologyFirst People's Hospital of TaizhouTaizhouChina
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of RheumatologyFirst People's Hospital of TaizhouTaizhouChina
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15
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Di Giorgio E, Xodo LE. Endogenous Retroviruses (ERVs): Does RLR (RIG-I-Like Receptors)-MAVS Pathway Directly Control Senescence and Aging as a Consequence of ERV De-Repression? Front Immunol 2022; 13:917998. [PMID: 35757716 PMCID: PMC9218063 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.917998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bi-directional transcription of Human Endogenous Retroviruses (hERVs) is a common feature of autoimmunity, neurodegeneration and cancer. Higher rates of cancer incidence, neurodegeneration and autoimmunity but a lower prevalence of autoimmune diseases characterize elderly people. Although the re-expression of hERVs is commonly observed in different cellular models of senescence as a result of the loss of their epigenetic transcriptional silencing, the hERVs modulation during aging is more complex, with a peak of activation in the sixties and a decline in the nineties. What is clearly accepted, instead, is the impact of the re-activation of dormant hERV on the maintenance of stemness and tissue self-renewing properties. An innate cellular immunity system, based on the RLR-MAVS circuit, controls the degradation of dsRNAs arising from the transcription of hERV elements, similarly to what happens for the accumulation of cytoplasmic DNA leading to the activation of cGAS/STING pathway. While agonists and inhibitors of the cGAS-STING pathway are considered promising immunomodulatory molecules, the effect of the RLR-MAVS pathway on innate immunity is still largely based on correlations and not on causality. Here we review the most recent evidence regarding the activation of MDA5-RIG1-MAVS pathway as a result of hERV de-repression during aging, immunosenescence, cancer and autoimmunity. We will also deal with the epigenetic mechanisms controlling hERV repression and with the strategies that can be adopted to modulate hERV expression in a therapeutic perspective. Finally, we will discuss if the RLR-MAVS signalling pathway actively modulates physiological and pathological conditions or if it is passively activated by them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eros Di Giorgio
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Luigi E Xodo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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16
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Wei M, Qin Y, Qian K, Shang S, Zhao Y, Xie T, Xi J, Tang B. Class Ⅰ histone deacetylase inhibitor regulate of Mycobacteria-Driven guanylate-binding protein 1 gene expression. Microb Pathog 2022; 169:105655. [PMID: 35753598 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) are a class of interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes with well-established activity against viruses, intracellular bacteria, and parasites. The effect of epigenetic modification on GBP activity upon Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection is poorly understood. In this study, we found that Mtb infection can significantly increase the expression of GBPs. Class Ⅰ histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) MS-275 can selectively inhibit GBP1 expression, ultimately affecting the release of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and suppressing Mtb intracellular survival. Moreover, interfering with GBP1 expression could reduce the production of IL-1β and the level of cleaved-caspase-3 in response to Mtb infection. GBP1 silencing did not affect Mtb survival. Besides, using the bisulfite sequencing PCR, we showed that the CpG site of the GBP1 promoter was hypermethylated, and the methylation status of the GBP1 promoter did not change significantly upon Mtb infection. Overall, this study sheds light on the role of GBP in Mtb infection and provides a link between epigenetics and GBP1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meili Wei
- School of Life Science, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Yuexuan Qin
- School of Life Science, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, China
| | - Kaiqiang Qian
- School of Life Science, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, China
| | - Shengwen Shang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, China
| | - Yongjie Zhao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, China
| | - Tong Xie
- School of Life Science, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, China
| | - Jun Xi
- School of Life Science, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, China
| | - Bikui Tang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, China.
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17
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Yang H, Zhu J, Guo H, Tang A, Chen S, Zhang D, Yuan L, Liu G. Molecular cloning, characterization, and functional analysis of the uncharacterized C11orf96 gene. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:170. [PMID: 35538492 PMCID: PMC9086667 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03224-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mammalian genome encodes millions of proteins. Although many proteins have been discovered and identified, a large part of proteins encoded by genes are yet to be discovered or fully characterized. In the present study, we successfully identified a host protein C11orf96 that was significantly upregulated after viral infection. Results First, we successfully cloned the coding sequence (CDS) region of the cat, human, and mouse C11orf96 gene. The CDS region of the C11orf96 gene is 372 bp long, encodes 124 amino acids, and is relatively conserved in different mammals. From bioinformatics analysis, we found that C11orf96 is rich in Ser and has multiple predicted phosphorylation sites. Moreover, protein interaction prediction analysis revealed that the protein is associated with several transmembrane family proteins and zinc finger proteins. Subsequently, we found that C11orf96 is strictly distributed in the cytoplasm. According to the tissue distribution characteristics, C11orf96 is distributed in all tissues and organs, with the highest expression levels in the kidney. These results indicate that C11orf96 may play a specific biological role in the kidney. Conclusions Summarizing, these data lay the foundation for studying the biological functions of C11orf96 and for exploring its role in viral replication. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03224-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China.,Innovation Team of Small Animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Innovation Team of Small Animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyuan Guo
- Innovation Team of Small Animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Aoxing Tang
- Innovation Team of Small Animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoyu Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Zhang
- Innovation Team of Small Animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Ligang Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guangqing Liu
- Innovation Team of Small Animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Runde AP, Mack R, S J PB, Zhang J. The role of TBK1 in cancer pathogenesis and anticancer immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2022; 41:135. [PMID: 35395857 PMCID: PMC8994244 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02352-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is a serine/threonine kinase belonging to the non-canonical inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (IκB) kinase (IKK) family. TBK1 can be activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), inflammatory cytokines, and oncogenic kinases, including activated K-RAS/N-RAS mutants. TBK1 primarily mediates IRF3/7 activation and NF-κB signaling to regulate inflammatory cytokine production and the activation of innate immunity. TBK1 is also involved in the regulation of several other cellular activities, including autophagy, mitochondrial metabolism, and cellular proliferation. Although TBK1 mutations have not been reported in human cancers, aberrant TBK1 activation has been implicated in the oncogenesis of several types of cancer, including leukemia and solid tumors with KRAS-activating mutations. As such, TBK1 has been proposed to be a feasible target for pharmacological treatment of these types of cancer. Studies suggest that TBK1 inhibition suppresses cancer development not only by directly suppressing the proliferation and survival of cancer cells but also by activating antitumor T-cell immunity. Several small molecule inhibitors of TBK1 have been identified and interrogated. However, to this point, only momelotinib (MMB)/CYT387 has been evaluated as a cancer therapy in clinical trials, while amlexanox (AMX) has been evaluated clinically for treatment of type II diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and obesity. In this review, we summarize advances in research into TBK1 signaling pathways and regulation, as well as recent studies on TBK1 in cancer pathogenesis. We also discuss the potential molecular mechanisms of targeting TBK1 for cancer treatment. We hope that our effort can help to stimulate the development of novel strategies for targeting TBK1 signaling in future approaches to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin P Runde
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Ryan Mack
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Peter Breslin S J
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.,Departments of Molecular/Cellular Physiology and Biology, Loyola University Medical Center and Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA
| | - Jiwang Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA. .,Departments of Pathology and Radiation Oncology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.
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19
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Histone deacetylase 3 contributes to the antiviral innate immunity of macrophages by interacting with FOXK1 to regulate STAT1/2 transcription. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110302. [PMID: 35081346 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that interferon (IFN)-α/-β activates the JAK/STAT signaling pathway and suppresses viral replication through the induction of IFN stimulated genes (ISGs). Here, we report that knockout of HDAC3 from macrophages results in the decreased expression of STAT1 and STAT2, leading to defective antiviral immunity in cells and mice. Further studies show that HDAC3 interacts with a conserved transcription factor Forkhead Box K1 (FOXK1), co-localizes with FOXK1 at the promoter of STAT1 and STAT2, and is required for protecting FOXK1 from lysosomal system-mediated degradation. FOXK1-deficient macrophages also show low STAT1 and STAT2 expression with defective responses to viruses. Thus, our studies uncover the biological importance of HDAC3 in regulating the antiviral immunity of macrophages through interacting with FOXK1 to regulate the expression of STAT1 and STAT2.
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20
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Histone deacetylase 5 deacetylates the phosphatase PP2A for positively regulating NF-κB signaling. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101380. [PMID: 34740611 PMCID: PMC8634046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5) has been reported to have a strong regulatory function in the proinflammatory response, but the mechanism is still unknown. Here, we identified HDAC5 as a positive regulator of NF-κB signaling in vivo. HDAC5-deficient mice exhibited enhanced survival in response to LPS challenge. Using LPS, TNFα, different kinds of viruses, hydrogen peroxide, or ultraviolet stimulation, we demonstrate that HDAC5-mediated regulation of NF-κB occurs in manners both dependent on and independent of IKK, an upstream kinase in the NF-κB signaling pathway. Deficiency in HDAC5 impaired the phosphorylation of IKKβ, subsequent phosphorylation of the NF-κB inhibitor protein IκBα and NF-κB subunit p65. We also show that the phosphatase PP2A repressed transcriptional activation of NF-κB by decreasing phosphorylation of IKKβ, p65, and IκBα. In vitro deacetylation experiments and site-directed mutagenesis experiments indicated that HDAC5 directly deacetylated PP2Ac at Lys136, which resulted in the deactivation of PP2A. Our data add mechanistic insight into the cross talk between epigenetic and posttranslational modifications regulating NF-κB signaling and protein phosphatase activation that mediate survival in response to inflammatory challenges.
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21
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Chathuranga K, Weerawardhana A, Dodantenna N, Lee JS. Regulation of antiviral innate immune signaling and viral evasion following viral genome sensing. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:1647-1668. [PMID: 34782737 PMCID: PMC8592830 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00691-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A harmonized balance between positive and negative regulation of pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-initiated immune responses is required to achieve the most favorable outcome for the host. This balance is crucial because it must not only ensure activation of the first line of defense against viral infection but also prevent inappropriate immune activation, which results in autoimmune diseases. Recent studies have shown how signal transduction pathways initiated by PRRs are positively and negatively regulated by diverse modulators to maintain host immune homeostasis. However, viruses have developed strategies to subvert the host antiviral response and establish infection. Viruses have evolved numerous genes encoding immunomodulatory proteins that antagonize the host immune system. This review focuses on the current state of knowledge regarding key host factors that regulate innate immune signaling molecules upon viral infection and discusses evidence showing how specific viral proteins counteract antiviral responses via immunomodulatory strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiramage Chathuranga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Asela Weerawardhana
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Niranjan Dodantenna
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea.
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22
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Fuess LE, Weber JN, den Haan S, Steinel NC, Shim KC, Bolnick DI. Between-population differences in constitutive and infection-induced gene expression in threespine stickleback. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:6791-6805. [PMID: 34582586 PMCID: PMC8796319 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrate immunity is a complex system consisting of a mix of constitutive and inducible defences. Furthermore, host immunity is subject to selective pressure from a range of parasites and pathogens which can produce variation in these defences across populations. As populations evolve immune responses to parasites, they may adapt via a combination of (1) constitutive differences, (2) shared inducible responses, or (3) divergent inducible responses. Here, we leverage a powerful natural host‐parasite model system (Gasterosteus aculeatus and Schistochephalus solidus) to tease apart the relative contributions of these three types of adaptations to among‐population divergence in response to parasites. Gene expression analyses revealed limited evidence of significant divergence in constitutive expression of immune defence, and strong signatures of conserved inducible responses to the parasite. Furthermore, our results highlight a handful of immune‐related genes which show divergent inducible responses which may contribute disproportionately to functional differences in infection success or failure. In addition to investigating variation in evolutionary adaptation to parasite selection, we also leverage this unique data set to improve understanding of cellular mechanisms underlying a putative resistance phenotype (fibrosis). Combined, our results provide a case study in evolutionary immunology showing that a very small number of genes may contribute to genotype differences in infection response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Fuess
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | - Jesse N Weber
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Stijn den Haan
- International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics (IIIEE), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Natalie C Steinel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kum Chuan Shim
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel I Bolnick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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23
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Goswami S, Hu X, Chen Q, Qiu J, Yang J, Poudyal D, Sherman BT, Chang W, Imamichi T. Profiles of MicroRNAs in Interleukin-27-Induced HIV-Resistant T Cells: Identification of a Novel Antiviral MicroRNA. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2021; 86:378-387. [PMID: 33196551 PMCID: PMC7879852 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Interleukin-27 (IL-27) is known as an anti-HIV cytokine. We have recently demonstrated that IL-27-pretreatment promotes phytohemagglutinin-stimulated CD4(+) T cells into HIV-1-resistant cells by inhibiting an uncoating step. PURPOSE To further characterize the function of the HIV resistant T cells, we investigated profiles of microRNA in the cells using microRNA sequencing (miRNA-seq) and assessed anti-HIV effect of the microRNAs. METHODS Phytohemagglutinin-stimulated CD4(+) T cells were treated with or without IL-27 for 3 days. MicroRNA profiles were analyzed using miRNA-seq. To assess anti-HIV effect, T cells or macrophages were transfected with synthesized microRNA mimics and then infected with HIVNL4.3 or HIVAD8. Anti-HIV effect was monitored by a p24 antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-β, or IFN-λ production was quantified using each subtype-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. RESULTS A comparative analysis of microRNA profiles indicated that expression of known miRNAs was not significantly changed in IL-27-treated cells compared with untreated T cells; however, a total of 15 novel microRNAs (miRTC1 ∼ miRTC15) were identified. Anti-HIV assay using overexpression of each novel microRNA revealed that 10 nM miRTC14 (GenBank accession number: MF281439) remarkably suppressed HIV infection by (99.3 ± 0.27%, n = 9) in macrophages but not in T cells. The inhibition was associated through induction of >1000 pg/mL of IFN-αs and IFN-λ1. CONCLUSION We discovered a total of 15 novel microRNAs in T cells and characterized that miRTC14, one of the novel microRNAs, was a potent IFN-inducing anti-HIV miRNA, implicating that regulation of the expression of miRTC14 may be a potent therapeutic tool for not only HIV but also other virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suranjana Goswami
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and Immunoinformatics, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Xiaojun Hu
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and Immunoinformatics, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
- United States Department of Agriculture, Plant Germplasm Quarantine Program, Beltsville, MD; and
| | - Qian Chen
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and Immunoinformatics, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Ju Qiu
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and Immunoinformatics, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Jun Yang
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and Immunoinformatics, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Deepak Poudyal
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and Immunoinformatics, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
- Covance Central Laboratory Services, Inc, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Brad T. Sherman
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and Immunoinformatics, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Weizhong Chang
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and Immunoinformatics, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Tomozumi Imamichi
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and Immunoinformatics, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
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24
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Role of Host-Mediated Post-Translational Modifications (PTMs) in RNA Virus Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010323. [PMID: 33396899 PMCID: PMC7796338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Being opportunistic intracellular pathogens, viruses are dependent on the host for their replication. They hijack host cellular machinery for their replication and survival by targeting crucial cellular physiological pathways, including transcription, translation, immune pathways, and apoptosis. Immediately after translation, the host and viral proteins undergo a process called post-translational modification (PTM). PTMs of proteins involves the attachment of small proteins, carbohydrates/lipids, or chemical groups to the proteins and are crucial for the proteins’ functioning. During viral infection, host proteins utilize PTMs to control the virus replication, using strategies like activating immune response pathways, inhibiting viral protein synthesis, and ultimately eliminating the virus from the host. PTM of viral proteins increases solubility, enhances antigenicity and virulence properties. However, RNA viruses are devoid of enzymes capable of introducing PTMs to their proteins. Hence, they utilize the host PTM machinery to promote their survival. Proteins from viruses belonging to the family: Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Retroviridae, and Coronaviridae such as chikungunya, dengue, zika, HIV, and coronavirus are a few that are well-known to be modified. This review discusses various host and virus-mediated PTMs that play a role in the outcome during the infection.
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25
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Zan J, Xu R, Tang X, Lu M, Xie S, Cai J, Huang Z, Zhang J. RNA helicase DDX5 suppresses IFN-I antiviral innate immune response by interacting with PP2A-Cβ to deactivate IRF3. Exp Cell Res 2020; 396:112332. [PMID: 33065113 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
DEAD-box (DDX) helicases are critical for recognizing viral nucleic acids to regulate antiviral innate immunity. Although DDX5 has been reported to participate in various virus infection, whether DDX5 regulates innate immune responses and its underlying mechanisms are still unknown. Here, we report that DDX5 is a negative regulator of type I IFN (IFN-I) production in antiviral responses. DDX5 knockdown significantly promoted DNA or RNA virus infection-induced IFN-I production and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) expression, while ectopic expression of DDX5 inhibited IFN-I production and promoted viral replication. Furthermore, we found that DDX5 specifically interacted with serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2 A catalytic subunit beta (PP2A-Cβ) and viral infection enhanced the interaction between DDX5 and PP2A-Cβ. Besides, PP2A-Cβ interacted with IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), and PP2A-Cβ knockdown promoted viral infection-induced IRF3 phosphorylation and IFN-I production. In addition, DDX5 knockdown rendered the mice more resistant to viral infection and enhanced antiviral innate immunity in vivo. Thus, DDX5 suppresses IFN-I antiviral innate immune response by interacting with PP2A-Cβ to deactivate IRF3. Together, these findings identify a negative role of DDX5 on regulating IFN-I signaling in innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zan
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Ruixian Xu
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xialin Tang
- The Second Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Minyi Lu
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shanshan Xie
- The Second Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jun Cai
- The Second Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Zhi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Disease, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550002, China; The Infectious Disease Monitoring Laboratory of Guizhou International Travel Heathcare Center, Guiyang, 550002, China.
| | - Jinyang Zhang
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
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26
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Histone deacetylase 3 promotes innate antiviral immunity through deacetylation of TBK1. Protein Cell 2020; 12:261-278. [PMID: 32772249 PMCID: PMC8018997 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-020-00751-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), a core kinase of antiviral pathways, activates the production of interferons (IFNs). It has been reported that deacetylation activates TBK1; however, the precise mechanism still remains to be uncovered. We show here that during the early stage of viral infection, the acetylation of TBK1 was increased, and the acetylation of TBK1 at Lys241 enhanced the recruitment of IRF3 to TBK1. HDAC3 directly deacetylated TBK1 at Lys241 and Lys692, which resulted in the activation of TBK1. Deacetylation at Lys241 and Lys692 was critical for the kinase activity and dimerization of TBK1 respectively. Using knockout cell lines and transgenic mice, we confirmed that a HDAC3 null mutant exhibited enhanced susceptibility to viral challenge via impaired production of type I IFNs. Furthermore, activated TBK1 phosphorylated HDAC3, which promoted the deacetylation activity of HDAC3 and formed a feedback loop. In this study, we illustrated the roles the acetylated and deacetylated forms of TBK1 play in antiviral innate responses and clarified the post-translational modulations involved in the interaction between TBK1 and HDAC3.
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27
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Yang Q, Tang J, Xu C, Zhao H, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Yang M, Chen X, Chen J. Histone deacetylase 4 inhibits NF-κB activation by facilitating IκBα sumoylation. J Mol Cell Biol 2020; 12:933-945. [PMID: 32770227 PMCID: PMC7948076 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjaa043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein modification by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is an important regulatory mechanism for multiple cellular processes. Although the canonical pathway involving the ubiquitylation or phosphorylation of IκBα has been well characterized, little is known about the sumoylation of IκBα in the control of NF-κB activity. Here, we find that histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) negatively regulates tumor necrosis factor-alpha- or lipopolysaccharide-triggered NF-κB activation. HDAC4 belongs to the SUMO E3 ligase family and can directly sumoylate IκBα. The cytoplasm location of HDAC4 is essential for IκBα sumoylation. The Cys292 of HDAC4 is a key site for its SUMO E3 ligase activity. The sumoylation of IκBα prevents its polyubiquitination and degradation because these two modifications occur both at the Lys21. Our findings reveal a previously undiscovered role for HDAC4 in the inflammatory response as a SUMO E3 ligase for IκBα sumoylation. Our work provides insight into mechanisms ensuring optimal mediation of the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou 510623, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jielin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chonghui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - He Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yanyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Xinwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.,Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Jizheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
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28
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Al-Eitan LN, Alghamdi MA, Tarkhan AH, Al-Qarqaz FA. Genome-wide identification of methylated CpG sites in nongenital cutaneous warts. BMC Med Genomics 2020; 13:100. [PMID: 32641122 PMCID: PMC7346436 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-020-00745-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-risk HPV infection has not been the subject of epigenetic investigation. The present study was carried out in order to investigate the methylation status of CpG sites in non-genital cutaneous warts. METHODS Genomic DNA was extracted from 24 paired epidermal samples of warts and normal skin. DNA samples were bisulfite converted and underwent genome-wide methylation profiling using the Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip Kit. RESULTS From a total of 844,234 CpG sites, 56,960 and 43,040 CpG sites were found to be hypo- and hypermethylated, respectively, in non-genital cutaneous warts. The most differentially methylated CpG sites in warts were located within the C10orf26, FAM83H-AS1, ZNF644, LINC00702, GSAP, STAT5A, HDAC4, NCALD, and EXOC4 genes. CONCLUSION Non-genital cutaneous warts exhibit a unique CpG methylation signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith N Al-Eitan
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Mansour A Alghamdi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
- Genomics and Personalized Medicine Unit, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amneh H Tarkhan
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Firas A Al-Qarqaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, King Abdullah University Hospital Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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29
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Wang J, Sun L, Nie Y, Duan S, Zhang T, Wang W, Ye RD, Hou S, Qian F. Protein Kinase C δ (PKCδ) Attenuates Bleomycin Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis via Inhibiting NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Front Physiol 2020; 11:367. [PMID: 32390869 PMCID: PMC7188947 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive and lethal interstitial lung disease characterized by consistent pulmonary inflammation. Although protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) is involved in broad scope cellular response, the role of PKCδ in IPF is complicated and has not been fully defined yet. Here, we reported that PKCδ deficiency (PKCδ-/-) aggravated bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis and inflammation. Upon challenge with BLM, the pulmonary capillary permeability, immune cell infiltration, inflammatory cytokine production, and collagen deposition were enhanced in PKCδ-/- mice compared to that in PKCδ+/+ mice. In response to poly(I:C) stimulation, PKCδ deficient macrophages displayed an increased production of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-33, which were associated with an enhanced NF-κB activation. Furthermore, we found that PKCδ could directly bind to and phosphorylate A20, an inhibitory protein of NF-κB signal. These results suggested that PKCδ may inhibit the NF-κB signaling pathway via enhancing the stability and activity of A20, which in turn attenuates pulmonary fibrosis, suggesting that PKCδ is a promising target for treating pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunjuan Nie
- Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Shixin Duan
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- College of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Richard D Ye
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shangwei Hou
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Qian
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
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30
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TGFβ blocks IFNα/β release and tumor rejection in spontaneous mammary tumors. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4131. [PMID: 31511510 PMCID: PMC6739328 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11998-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN) are being rediscovered as potent anti-tumoral agents. Activation of the STimulator of INterferon Genes (STING) by DMXAA (5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid) can induce strong production of IFNα/β and rejection of transplanted primary tumors. In the present study, we address whether targeting STING with DMXAA also leads to the regression of spontaneous MMTV-PyMT mammary tumors. We show that these tumors are refractory to DMXAA-induced regression. This is due to a blockade in the phosphorylation of IRF3 and the ensuing IFNα/β production. Mechanistically, we identify TGFβ, which is abundant in spontaneous tumors, as a key molecule limiting this IFN-induced tumor regression by DMXAA. Finally, blocking TGFβ restores the production of IFNα by activated MHCII+ tumor-associated macrophages, and enables tumor regression induced by STING activation. On the basis of these findings, we propose that type I IFN-dependent cancer therapies could be greatly improved by combinations including the blockade of TGFβ.
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Lu Y, Stuart JH, Talbot-Cooper C, Agrawal-Singh S, Huntly B, Smid AI, Snowden JS, Dupont L, Smith GL. Histone deacetylase 4 promotes type I interferon signaling, restricts DNA viruses, and is degraded via vaccinia virus protein C6. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:11997-12006. [PMID: 31127039 PMCID: PMC6575207 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1816399116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) represent an important host defense against viruses. Type I IFNs induce JAK-STAT signaling and expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), which mediate antiviral activity. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) perform multiple functions in regulating gene expression and some class I HDACs and the class IV HDAC, HDAC11, influence type I IFN signaling. Here, HDAC4, a class II HDAC, is shown to promote type I IFN signaling and coprecipitate with STAT2. Pharmacological inhibition of class II HDAC activity, or knockout of HDAC4 from HEK-293T and HeLa cells, caused a defective response to IFN-α. This defect in HDAC4-/- cells was rescued by reintroduction of HDAC4 or catalytically inactive HDAC4, but not HDAC1 or HDAC5. ChIP analysis showed HDAC4 was recruited to ISG promoters following IFN stimulation and was needed for binding of STAT2 to these promoters. The biological importance of HDAC4 as a virus restriction factor was illustrated by the observations that (i) the replication and spread of vaccinia virus (VACV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) were enhanced in HDAC4-/- cells and inhibited by overexpression of HDAC4; and (ii) HDAC4 is targeted for proteasomal degradation during VACV infection by VACV protein C6, a multifunctional IFN antagonist that coprecipitates with HDAC4 and is necessary and sufficient for HDAC4 degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxu Lu
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, CB2 1QP Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer H Stuart
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, CB2 1QP Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Callum Talbot-Cooper
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, CB2 1QP Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Shuchi Agrawal-Singh
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, CB2 0XY Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Huntly
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, CB2 0XY Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrei I Smid
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, CB2 1QP Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph S Snowden
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, CB2 1QP Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Liane Dupont
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, CB2 1QP Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey L Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, CB2 1QP Cambridge, United Kingdom;
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