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Tran TD, Nelms BM, Koschik ML, Scott JJ, Thiemann T. Prevalence of filarial parasites in field-caught mosquitoes in northwestern California. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2022; 47:61-68. [PMID: 36629357 DOI: 10.52707/1081-1710-47.1.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes were collected in Lake County, CA, in 2014 and tested using standard polymerase chain reaction for filarial parasite DNA. Filarial parasites were detected in 23 out of 1,008 total pools. DNA from Dirofilaria immitis, the parasite causing dog heartworm, was detected in Aedes increpitus (MIR=4.62), Aedes sierrensis (MIR=6.72), Anopheles freeborni (MIR=1.08), and Culex tarsalis (MIR=0.10). Setaria yehi, deer body worm, was detected in Ae. sierrensis (MIR=13.42), Anopheles franciscanus (MIR=0.55), An. freeborni (MIR=2.69), and Culex stigmatosoma (MIR=0.41). The avian parasite Splendidofilaria could not be identified to species but was detected in Cx. tarsalis (MIR=0.20). DNA was also detected for three unidentified filarial parasites in Culex. Filarial-positive pools spanned May-August, with Splendidofilaria earlier in the season and S. yehi later. For D. immitis, MIR tended to be highest in June, when the 130 HDU development threshold was reached. Interestingly, D. immitis was also detected prior to the HDU threshold, and D. immitis was not detected August-September, though HDU remained high enough for development. This suggests that there are other factors influencing dog heartworm transmission in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany D Tran
- University of the Pacific, Biological Sciences, Stockton, CA 95211, U.S.A
| | | | | | | | - Tara Thiemann
- University of the Pacific, Biological Sciences, Stockton, CA 95211, U.S.A.,
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2
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Adams DR, Golnar AJ, Hamer SA, Slotman MA, Hamer GL. Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) survivorship following the ingestion of bird blood infected with Haemoproteus sp. parasites. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:2343-2350. [PMID: 34110501 PMCID: PMC8263426 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07196-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Arthropod vectors are frequently exposed to a diverse assemblage of parasites, but the consequence of these infections on their biology and behavior are poorly understood. We experimentally evaluated whether the ingestion of a common protozoan parasite of avian hosts (Haemoproteus spp.; Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae) impacted the survivorship of Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) (Diptera: Culicidae). Blood was collected from wild northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) in College Station, Texas, and screened for the presence of Haemoproteus spp. parasites using microscopic and molecular methods. Experimental groups of Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes were offered Haemoproteus-positive cardinal blood through an artificial feeding apparatus, while control groups received Haemoproteus-negative cardinal blood or domestic canary (Serinus canaria domestica) blood. Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes exposed to Haemoproteus infected cardinal blood survived significantly fewer days than mosquitoes that ingested Haemoproteus-negative cardinal blood. The survival of mosquitoes fed on positive cardinal blood had a median survival time of 18 days post-exposure and the survival of mosquitoes fed on negative cardinal blood exceeded 50% across the 30 day observation period. Additionally, mosquitoes that fed on canary controls survived significantly fewer days than cardinal negative controls, with canary control mosquitoes having a median survival time of 17 days. This study further supports prior observations that Haemoproteus parasites can be pathogenic to bird-biting mosquitoes, and suggests that Haemoproteus parasites may indirectly suppress the transmission of co-circulating vector-borne pathogens by modulating vector survivorship. Our results also suggest that even in the absence of parasite infection, bloodmeals from different bird species can influence mosquito survivorship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayvion R Adams
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.,Schubot Center for Avian Health, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, 4467 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Andrew J Golnar
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.,United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Sarah A Hamer
- Schubot Center for Avian Health, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, 4467 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.,Department of Veterinary Integrative Bioscience, Texas A&M University, 4458 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Michel A Slotman
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Gabriel L Hamer
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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3
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Batson J, Dudas G, Haas-Stapleton E, Kistler AL, Li LM, Logan P, Ratnasiri K, Retallack H. Single mosquito metatranscriptomics identifies vectors, emerging pathogens and reservoirs in one assay. eLife 2021; 10:e68353. [PMID: 33904402 PMCID: PMC8110308 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are major infectious disease-carrying vectors. Assessment of current and future risks associated with the mosquito population requires knowledge of the full repertoire of pathogens they carry, including novel viruses, as well as their blood meal sources. Unbiased metatranscriptomic sequencing of individual mosquitoes offers a straightforward, rapid, and quantitative means to acquire this information. Here, we profile 148 diverse wild-caught mosquitoes collected in California and detect sequences from eukaryotes, prokaryotes, 24 known and 46 novel viral species. Importantly, sequencing individuals greatly enhanced the value of the biological information obtained. It allowed us to (a) speciate host mosquito, (b) compute the prevalence of each microbe and recognize a high frequency of viral co-infections, (c) associate animal pathogens with specific blood meal sources, and (d) apply simple co-occurrence methods to recover previously undetected components of highly prevalent segmented viruses. In the context of emerging diseases, where knowledge about vectors, pathogens, and reservoirs is lacking, the approaches described here can provide actionable information for public health surveillance and intervention decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gytis Dudas
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity CentreGothenburgSweden
| | | | | | - Lucy M Li
- Chan Zuckerberg BiohubSan FranciscoUnited States
| | | | - Kalani Ratnasiri
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Hanna Retallack
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
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4
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Binkienė R, Chagas CRF, Bernotienė R, Valkiūnas G. Molecular and morphological characterization of three new species of avian Onchocercidae (Nematoda) with emphasis on circulating microfilariae. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:137. [PMID: 33673865 PMCID: PMC7934436 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04614-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Blood parasites have been the subject of much research, with numerous reports of the presence of microfilariae in the peripheral blood (circulating microfilariae) of birds belonging to many orders. Current limitations in molecular characterization methods and species identification using morphological characters of circulating microfilariae are major obstacles to improving our understanding the biology of Filarioidea species, particularly in wildlife. The aim of this study was to partially fill these gaps, with particular emphasis on morphological features of microfilariae, which are the most readily accessible stages of these pathogens. Methods Peripheral blood samples of 206 birds belonging to genera Acrocephalus (five species) and Sylvia (five species) were examined using the buffy coat method to process the blood samples for the presence of microfilariae. Positive birds were dissected to collect adult nematodes. Microfilariae and adult nematodes were described, and sequences of their mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and nuclear 28S rDNA gene fragments were obtained and used for molecular characterization and Bayesian phylogenetic inferences. Results Overall prevalence of microfilariae was 2.9%. Microfilariae were found in the blood samples from six birds (2 Acrocephalus scirpaceus and 1 each of A. arundinaceus, Sylvia atricapilla, S. borin and S. curruca), which were dissected. All parasite species observed were new. Eufilaria acrocephalusi sp. n. and Eufilaria sylviae sp. n. were present in subcutaneous, peritracheal and periesophageal connective tissues in A. scirpaceus and S. borin, respectively. Splendidofilaria bartletti sp. n. was found in finger joins of S. atricapilla. Illustrations of microfilariae and adult nematodes are shown, and morphological and phylogenetic analyses identified the DNA barcode haplotypes that are associated with these species. Phylogenetic analysis places the parasites of different genera in different closely related clades. Conclusions Adult nematode morphological characters, which have been traditionally used in the taxonomy of Filarioidea species, have a phylogenetic value. Importantly, in our study parasites of different genera were readily distinguishable based on the morphology of their microfilariae. The link between molecular and morphology data requires more study in Filarioidea species research, particularly because this approach provides new knowledge on species identity using only readily accessible blood stages (microfilariae), thereby avoiding host dissection and thus minimizing harm to wildlife during research.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasa Binkienė
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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5
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Tzeng H, Wu H, Ting L, Chang N, Chou Y, Tu W. Monitoring Taiwanese bovine arboviruses and non-arboviruses using a vector-based approach. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 33:195-202. [PMID: 30488454 PMCID: PMC7168380 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In current sampling approaches, there exists a divergence between the surveillance of arthropod-borne and that of non-arthropod-borne viruses. It is commonly held that the collection of vector specimens applies only to arbovirus surveillance and that the surveillance of non-arboviruses must rely on traditional methods that involve the sampling of blood, faeces or saliva, or other examinations. The vector-based approach is a sampling method that has the ability to survey both arboviruses and non-arboviruses by distinguishing engorged vector specimens from entire vector samples. Accordingly, five arboviruses and three non-arboviruses were detected in a study using a vector-based approach conducted during 2012-2015. Hence, this report provides the first description of the Taiwanese vector species for the bovine arboviruses detected. The present investigations demonstrate that the vector-based approach applies not only to the surveillance of arboviruses, but also has potential as a possible tool for monitoring non-arboviruses on livestock farms in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- H.‐Y. Tzeng
- Department of EntomologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung CityTaiwan
| | - H.‐H. Wu
- Bachelor's Degree Programme in Pet GroomingTajen UniversityYanpu TownshipTaiwan
| | - L.‐J. Ting
- Epidemiology Division, Animal Health Research InstituteNew Taipei CityTaiwan
| | - N.‐T. Chang
- Department of Plant MedicineNational Pingtung University of Science and TechnologyNeipu TownshipTaiwan
| | - Y.‐C. Chou
- Tainan City Animal Health Inspection and Protection OfficeTainan CityTaiwan
| | - W.‐C. Tu
- Department of EntomologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung CityTaiwan
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Martin E, Chu E, Shults P, Golnar A, Swanson DA, Benn J, Kim D, Schneider P, Pena S, Culver C, Medeiros MCI, Hamer SA, Hamer GL. Culicoides species community composition and infection status with parasites in an urban environment of east central Texas, USA. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:39. [PMID: 30651144 PMCID: PMC6335769 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3283-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite their importance as vectors of zoonotic parasites that can impact human and animal health, Culicoides species distribution across different habitat types is largely unknown. Here we document the community composition of Culicoides found in an urban environment including developed and natural sites in east central Texas, a region of high vector diversity due to subtropical climates, and report their infection status with haemoparasites. RESULTS A total of 251 individual Culicoides were collected from May to June 2016 representing ten Culicoides species, dominated by C. neopulicaris followed by C. crepuscularis. We deposited 63 sequences to GenBank among which 25 were the first deposition representative for six Culicoides species: C. arboricola (n = 1); C. nanus (n = 4); C. debilipalpis (n = 2); C. haematopotus (n = 14); C. edeni (n = 3); and C. hinmani (n = 1). We also record for the first time the presence of C. edeni in Texas, a species previously known to occur in the Bahamas, Florida and South Carolina. The urban environments with natural area (sites 2 and 4) had higher species richness than sites more densely populated or in a parking lot (sites 1 and 3) although a rarefaction analysis suggested at least two of these sites were not sampled sufficiently to characterize species richness. We detected a single C. crepuscularis positive for Onchocercidae gen. sp. DNA and another individual of the same species positive for Haemoproteus sacharovi DNA, yielding a 2.08% prevalence (n = 251) for both parasites in this species. CONCLUSIONS We extend the knowledge of the Culicoides spp. community in an urban environment of Texas, USA, and contribute to novel sequence data for these species. Additionally, the presence of parasite DNA (Onchocercidae gen. sp. and H. sacharovi) from C. crepuscularis suggests the potential for this species to be a vector of these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Martin
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
| | - Elaine Chu
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Phillip Shults
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew Golnar
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Dustin A Swanson
- USDA-ARS Arthropod-Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA
| | - Jamie Benn
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Dongmin Kim
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Peter Schneider
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Samantha Pena
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Cassie Culver
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew C I Medeiros
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA
| | - Sarah A Hamer
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Gabriel L Hamer
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
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7
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Niare S, Tandina F, Davoust B, Doumbo O, Raoult D, Parola P, Almeras L. Accurate identification of Anopheles gambiae Giles trophic preferences by MALDI-TOF MS. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 63:410-419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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8
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Medeiros MCI, Ricklefs RE, Brawn JD, Ruiz MO, Goldberg TL, Hamer GL. Overlap in the Seasonal Infection Patterns of Avian Malaria Parasites and West Nile Virus in Vectors and Hosts. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95:1121-1129. [PMID: 27621305 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple vector-borne pathogens often circulate in the same vector and host communities, and seasonal infection dynamics influence the potential for pathogen interactions. Here, we explore the seasonal infection patterns of avian malaria (Haemosporida) parasites (Plasmodium and Haemoproteus) and West Nile virus (WNV) in birds and mosquitoes in suburban Chicago. We show that both pathogens vary seasonally in Culex mosquitoes and avian hosts, but that patterns of covariation are complex. Different putative Plasmodium species varied asynchronously across the season in mosquitoes and birds, suggesting that different forces may govern their transmission. Infections of Culex mosquitoes with Plasmodium parasites were positively associated with WNV infections in pools of individuals aggregated from the same time and site, suggesting that these pathogens respond to common environmental drivers and co-circulate among the same host and vector populations. Future research should focus on these common drivers, and whether these pathogens interact in vectors and hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert E Ricklefs
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jeffrey D Brawn
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Marilyn O Ruiz
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Gabriel L Hamer
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.
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Bravo-Barriga D, Parreira R, Almeida AP, Calado M, Blanco-Ciudad J, Serrano-Aguilera FJ, Pérez-Martín JE, Sánchez-Peinado J, Pinto J, Reina D, Frontera E. Culex pipiens as a potential vector for transmission of Dirofilaria immitis and other unclassified Filarioidea in Southwest Spain. Vet Parasitol 2016; 223:173-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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