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Skorokhod O, Vostokova E, Gilardi G. The role of P450 enzymes in malaria and other vector-borne infectious diseases. Biofactors 2024; 50:16-32. [PMID: 37555735 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne infectious diseases are still an important global health problem. Malaria is the most important among them, mainly pediatric, life-threatening disease. Malaria and other vector-borne disorders caused by parasites, bacteria, and viruses have a strong impact on public health and significant economic costs. Most vector-borne diseases could be prevented by vector control, with attention to the ecological and biodiversity conservation aspects. Chemical control with pesticides and insecticides is widely used as a measure of prevention although increasing resistance to insecticides is a serious issue in vector control. Metabolic resistance is the most common mechanism and poses a big challenge. Insect enzyme systems, including monooxygenase CYP P450 enzymes, are employed by vectors mainly to metabolize insecticides thus causing resistance. The discovery and application of natural specific inhibitors/blockers of vector P450 enzymes as synergists for commonly used pesticides will contribute to the "greening" of insecticides. Besides vector CYPs, host CYP enzymes could also be exploited to fight against vector-borne diseases: using mostly their detoxifying properties and involvement in the immune response. Here, we review published research data on P450 enzymes from all players in vector-borne infections, that is, pathogens, vectors, and hosts, regarding the potential role of CYPs in disease. We discuss strategies on how to exploit cytochromes P450 in vector-borne disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksii Skorokhod
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ekaterina Vostokova
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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2
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Kayode FI, Taiwo IE, Adeogun AO, Olalekan O, Chimdalu IP, Olayilola OI, Amos OT, Nkemeh CL, Otubanjo OA, Oladosu Y, Otubanjo OA. Low frequency of knockdown resistance mutation (L1014F) and the efficacy of PBO synergist in multiple insecticide-resistant populations of Anopheles gambiae in Ikorodu, Lagos State, Nigeria. Afr Health Sci 2023; 23:255-261. [PMID: 37545927 PMCID: PMC10398442 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v23i1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective We evaluated the susceptibility status of Anopheles gambiae in two communities of Ikorodu, Lagos, Nigeria to DDT, deltamethrin, lambda cyhalothrin and bendiocarb. Methods Anopheles immature stages were collected from their habitats in the surveyed community and allowed to emerge before exposure adult females to discriminating doses of WHO insecticides including DDT, deltamethrin, lambda cyhalothrin, bendiocarb and malathion. PBO synergistic bioassay was conducted for insecticides where the mosquito samples showed resistance. PCR assay was used for the detection of kdr mutation in the mosquitoes. Results Resistance to DDT (40% and 86%) and lambda cyhalothrin (75% and 84%) in Oke-Ota and Majidun respectively. Suspected resistance to deltamethrin (94.9%) and bendiocarb (93.5%) was recorded in Oke-Ota community and the mosquitoes were susceptible to malathion in both communities. KDR mutation (L1014F) from resistance samples from both locations though with a low frequency that significantly departs from Hardy-Weinberg's probability (P> 0.01). PBO synergized bioassay was able to increase knockdown, percentage mortality and restore full susceptibility to deltamethrin and bendiocarb. Conclusion Results from this study indicates that the metabolic resistance mechanism is highly implicated in the resistance to different classes of insecticide in Ikorodu and this should be taken into consideration when implementing vector control activities in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adedapo O Adeogun
- Molecular Vector Research Unit, Nigeria Institute of Medical Research
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yusuf Oladosu
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
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3
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Peng H, Wang H, Guo X, Lv W, Liu L, Wang H, Cheng P, Liu H, Gong M. In Vitro and In Vivo Validation of CYP6A14 and CYP6N6 Participation in Deltamethrin Metabolic Resistance in Aedes albopictus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 108:609-618. [PMID: 36746656 PMCID: PMC9978559 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The extensive use of chemical insecticides for public health and agricultural purposes has increased the occurrence and development of insecticide resistance. This study used transcriptome sequencing to screen 10 upregulated metabolic detoxification enzyme genes from Aedes albopictus resistant strains. Of these, CYP6A14 and CYP6N6 were found to be substantially overexpressed in the deltamethrin-induced expression test, indicating their role in deltamethrin resistance in Ae. albopictus. Furthermore, the corresponding 60-kDa recombinant proteins, CYP6A14 and CYP6N6, were successfully expressed using the Escherichia coli expression system. Enzyme activity studies revealed that CYP6A14 (5.84 U/L) and CYP6N6 (6.3 U/L) have cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzyme activity. In vitro, the metabolic analysis revealed that the recombinant proteins degraded deltamethrin into 1-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine and 2',2'-dibromo-2'-deoxyguanosine. Subsequently, the CYP450 genes in larvae of Ae. albopictus were silenced by RNA interference technology to study deltamethrin resistance in vivo. The silencing of CYP6A14 and CYP6N6 increased the mortality rate of mosquitoes without affecting their survival time, spawning quantity, hatching rate, and other normal life activities. Altogether, CYP6A14 and CYP6N6 belong to the CYP6 family and mutually increase deltamethrin resistance in Ae. albopictus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuxia Guo
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, China
| | - Wenxiang Lv
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, China
| | - Haifang Wang
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, China
- Address correspondence to Peng Cheng or Hongmei Liu or Maoqing Gong, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong 272033, China. E-mails: or or
| | - Hongmei Liu
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, China
- Address correspondence to Peng Cheng or Hongmei Liu or Maoqing Gong, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong 272033, China. E-mails: or or
| | - Maoqing Gong
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, China
- Address correspondence to Peng Cheng or Hongmei Liu or Maoqing Gong, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong 272033, China. E-mails: or or
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4
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Tene‐Fossog B, Fotso‐Toguem YG, Amvongo‐Adjia N, Ranson H, Wondji CS. Temporal variation of high-level pyrethroid resistance in the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.l. in Yaoundé, Cameroon, is mediated by target-site and metabolic resistance. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 36:247-259. [PMID: 35521949 PMCID: PMC9545389 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Constant assessment of insecticide resistance levels is mandatory to implement adequate malaria control tools, but little information is available on the annual dynamics of resistance. We, therefore, monitored variations in resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l. over four seasons during 2 years in two localities of Yaoundé: urban Etoa-Meki and peri-urban Nkolondom. Mosquitoes were collected seasonally at larval stage and reared to adults for insecticide susceptibility tests and molecular analysis of resistance mechanisms. Anopheles coluzzii was found in Etoa-Meki and An. gambiae in Nkolondom. Low mortalities to pyrethroids were observed (permethrin <10%, deltamethrin <21%), and resistance extended to 5× and 10× diagnostic doses, revealing a marked increase compared to previous studies. A seasonal variation in resistance was observed with the highest levels within dry seasons in Etoa-Meki and rainy seasons in Nkolondom. The 1014F kdr allele shows a high frequency (0.9), associated with overexpression of metabolic genes (Cyp6M2, Cyp6P4, Cyp9K1, Cyp6Z1, and Cyp6Z2) varying significantly seasonally. This study reveals an escalation in resistance to pyrethroids in Yaoundé's malaria vectors with seasonal variations. An adequate choice of the implementation period of punctual vector control actions according to the resistance profile will help to potentiate the desired effect and thus improve its efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy Tene‐Fossog
- Department of Medical EntomologyCentre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)YaoundéCameroon
| | - Yvan Gaetan Fotso‐Toguem
- Department of Medical EntomologyCentre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)YaoundéCameroon
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Yaoundé 1YaoundéCameroon
| | - Nathalie Amvongo‐Adjia
- Department of Medical EntomologyCentre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)YaoundéCameroon
- Medical Research CentreInstitute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM)YaoundéCameroon
| | - Hilary Ranson
- Department of Vector BiologyLiverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK
| | - Charles S. Wondji
- Department of Medical EntomologyCentre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)YaoundéCameroon
- Department of Vector BiologyLiverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK
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5
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Chamnanya S, Yanola J, Nachaiwieng W, Lumjuan N, Walton C, Somboon P. Novel real-time PCR assay detects widespread distribution of knock down resistance (kdr) mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance in the mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, in Thailand. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 186:105172. [PMID: 35973764 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Susceptibility to pyrethroids in the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus, the major vector of lymphatic filariasis, is being seriously threatened worldwide. Knockdown resistance (kdr), caused by mutations in the voltage gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene, particularly the L1014F mutation, is an important resistance mechanism. Our aim was to develop a real-time PCR with melt curve analysis to evaluate the distribution of the L1014F mutation in Cx. quinquefasciatus throughout Thailand and to determine the polymorphism pattern of a VGSC gene fragment spanning the L1014F mutation. A total of 3760 females from 18 localities across five regions of Thailand were bio-assayed by exposure to 0.05% deltamethrin WHO papers, showing mortality rates ranging from 2.4% to 83.0%. Genotyping of 753 dead and surviving mosquitoes using our novel real-time PCR assay with melt curve analysis and tetra-primer allele-specific PCR revealed the mutant F1014 allele is closely associated with the deltamethrin resistance phenotype. The L1014F mutation was found at high frequency throughout Thailand, particularly in the North. However, some survivors were homozygous for wild type L1014 allele, which were further sequenced for the IIP-IIS6 region of VGSC gene. The haplotype network of phenotypically characterized individuals indicated the presence of other possible kdr alleles/resistance mechanisms at play including two novel mutations, V978E and D992E. The finding of new putative kdr alleles and widespread distribution of the F1014 allele emphasizes the significant role of kdr mutations in pyrethroid resistance in Thai Cx. quinquefasciatus populations. Monitoring kdr variations and phenotypic resistance is critical for managing resistance in Cx. quinquefasciatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saowanee Chamnanya
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jintana Yanola
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | | | - Nongkran Lumjuan
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Catherine Walton
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
| | - Pradya Somboon
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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Zhou G, Li Y, Jeang B, Wang X, Cummings RF, Zhong D, Yan G. Emerging Mosquito Resistance to Piperonyl Butoxide-Synergized Pyrethroid Insecticide and Its Mechanism. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:638-647. [PMID: 35050361 PMCID: PMC8924976 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Piperonyl butoxide (PBO)-synergized pyrethroid products are widely available for the control of pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes. To date, no study has examined mosquito resistance after pre-exposure to PBO and subsequent enzymatic activity when exposed to PBO-synergized insecticides. We used Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae), an important vector of arboviruses and lymphatic filariasis, as a model to examine the insecticide resistance mechanisms of mosquitoes to PBO-synergized pyrethroid using modified World Health Organization tube bioassays and biochemical analysis of metabolic enzyme expressions pre- and post-PBO exposure. Mosquito eggs and larvae were collected from three cities in Orange County in July 2020 and reared in insectary, and F0 adults were used in this study. A JHB susceptible strain was used as a control. Mosquito mortalities and metabolic enzyme expressions were examined in mosquitoes with/without pre-exposure to different PBO concentrations and exposure durations. Except for malathion, wild strain Cx quinquefasciatus mosquitoes were resistant to all insecticides tested, including PBO-synergized pyrethroids (mortality range 3.7 ± 4.7% to 66.7 ± 7.7%). Wild strain mosquitoes had elevated levels of carboxylesterase (COE, 3.8-fold) and monooxygenase (P450, 2.1-fold) but not glutathione S-transferase (GST) compared to susceptible mosquitoes. When wild strain mosquitoes were pre-exposed to 4% PBO, the 50% lethal concentration of deltamethrin was reduced from 0.22% to 0.10%, compared to 0.02% for a susceptible strain. The knockdown resistance gene mutation (L1014F) rate was 62% in wild strain mosquitoes. PBO pre-exposure suppressed P450 enzyme expression levels by 25~34% and GST by 11%, but had no impact on COE enzyme expression. Even with an optimal PBO concentration (7%) and exposure duration (3h), wild strain mosquitoes had significantly higher P450 enzyme expression levels after PBO exposure compared to the susceptible laboratory strain. These results further demonstrate other studies that PBO alone may not be enough to control highly pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes due to multiple resistance mechanisms. Mosquito resistance to PBO-synergized insecticide should be closely monitored through a routine resistance management program for effective control of mosquitoes and the pathogens they transmit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofa Zhou
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Yiji Li
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Brook Jeang
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Robert F Cummings
- Orange County Mosquito and Vector Control District, Garden Grove, CA, USA
| | - Daibin Zhong
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Guiyun Yan
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Ojianwuna CC, Omotayo AI, Enwemiwe VN, Adetoro FA, Eyeboka DN, Adesalu K, Egedegbe A, Esiwo E, Oyeniyi TA. Pyrethroid Susceptibility in Culex quinquefasciatus Say. (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations from Delta State, Niger-Delta Region, Nigeria. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:758-763. [PMID: 35024861 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of insecticide resistance in different species of mosquitoes to Pyrethroids is a major challenge for vector-borne diseases transmitted by mosquitoes. Failure of Pyrethroids in control of mosquitoes would impact negatively on the gains recorded in control of mosquito-borne diseases in previous years. In anticipation of a country-wide deployment of Pyrethroid-treated nets for control of mosquito-borne diseases in Nigeria, this study assessed susceptibility of Culex quinquefasciatus Say. (Diptera: Culicidae) to Pyrethroids in Owhelogbo, Ejeme and Oria-Abraka communities in Delta State, Niger-Delta, Nigeria. Three to five day old Cx. quinquefasciatus were exposed to Deltamethrin (0.05%), Permethrin (0.75%), and Alphacypermethrin (0.05%) using World Health Organization bioassay method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed in characterization of species and knockdown mutation. Results revealed that Cx. quinquefasciatus were generally susceptible (98-100%) to Deltamethrin, Permethrin, and Alphacypermethrin in the three communities with the exception of Owhelogbo where resistance to Deltamethrin (97%) was suspected. Knockdown time to Deltamethrin (11.51, 11.23, and 12.68 min), Permethrin (28.75, 13.26, and 14.49 min), and Alphacypermethrin (15.07, 12.50, and 13.03 min) were considerably low for Owhelogbo, Ejeme, and Oria-Abraka Cx. quinquefasciatus populations, respectively. Species identification result showed that all amplified samples were Cx. quinquefasciatus; however, no kdr allele was found in the three populations. Deployment of pyrethroid-treated nets for control of mosquito-borne diseases in Niger-Delta region of Nigeria is capable of reducing burden of diseases transmitted by Cx. quinquefasciatus as well as addressing nuisance value of the vector; however, caution must be entertained so as not to increase selection pressure thereby aiding resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chioma C Ojianwuna
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Ahmed I Omotayo
- Molecular Entomology and Vector Control Research Laboratory, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Victor N Enwemiwe
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Fouad A Adetoro
- Department of Zoology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Destiny N Eyeboka
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Kemi Adesalu
- Molecular Entomology and Vector Control Research Laboratory, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Allan Egedegbe
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Eric Esiwo
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Tolulope A Oyeniyi
- Molecular Entomology and Vector Control Research Laboratory, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
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8
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Occurrence of L1014F and L1014S mutations in insecticide resistant Culex quinquefasciatus from filariasis endemic districts of West Bengal, India. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010000. [PMID: 35025867 PMCID: PMC9135371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lymphatic filariasis causes long term morbidity and hampers the socio-economic status. Apart from the available treatments and medication, control of vector population Culex quinquefasciatus Say through the use of chemical insecticides is a widely applied strategy. However, the unrestrained application of these insecticides over many decades has led to resistance development in the vectors. METHODS In order to determine the insecticide susceptibility/resistance status of Cx. quinquefasciatus from two filariasis endemic districts of West Bengal, India, wild mosquito populations were collected and assayed against six different insecticides and presence of L1014F; L1014S kdr mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene was also screened along with the use of synergists to evaluate the role of major detoxifying enzymes in resistance development. RESULTS The collected mosquito populations showed severe resistance to insecticides and the two synergists used-PBO (piperonyl butoxide) and TPP (triphenyl phosphate), were unable to restore the susceptibility status of the vector thereupon pointing towards a minor role of metabolic enzymes. kdr mutations were present in the studied populations in varying percent with higher L1014F frequency indicating its association with the observed resistance to pyrethroids and DDT. This study reports L1014S mutation in Cx. quinquefasciatus for the first time.
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Doumbe-Belisse P, Kopya E, Ngadjeu CS, Sonhafouo-Chiana N, Talipouo A, Djamouko-Djonkam L, Awono-Ambene HP, Wondji CS, Njiokou F, Antonio-Nkondjio C. Urban malaria in sub-Saharan Africa: dynamic of the vectorial system and the entomological inoculation rate. Malar J 2021; 20:364. [PMID: 34493280 PMCID: PMC8424958 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03891-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sub-Saharan Africa is registering one of the highest urban population growth across the world. It is estimated that over 75% of the population in this region will be living in urban settings by 2050. However, it is not known how this rapid urbanization will affect vector populations and disease transmission. The present study summarizes findings from studies conducted in urban settings between the 1970s and 2020 to assess the effects of urbanization on the entomological inoculation rate pattern and anopheline species distribution. Different online databases such as PubMed, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, Google were screened. A total of 90 publications were selected out of 1527. Besides, over 200 additional publications were consulted to collate information on anopheline breeding habitats and species distribution in urban settings. The study confirms high malaria transmission in rural compared to urban settings. The study also suggests that there had been an increase in malaria transmission in most cities after 2003, which could also be associated with an increase in sampling, resources and reporting. Species of the Anopheles gambiae complex were the predominant vectors in most urban settings. Anopheline larvae were reported to have adapted to different aquatic habitats. The study provides updated information on the distribution of the vector population and the dynamic of malaria transmission in urban settings. The study also highlights the need for implementing integrated control strategies in urban settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Doumbe-Belisse
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - E Kopya
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - C S Ngadjeu
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - N Sonhafouo-Chiana
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Cameroon, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - A Talipouo
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - L Djamouko-Djonkam
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang Cameroon, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - H P Awono-Ambene
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - C S Wondji
- Vector Group Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - F Njiokou
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - C Antonio-Nkondjio
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun. .,Vector Group Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
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10
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Muhammad A, Ibrahim SS, Mukhtar MM, Irving H, Abajue MC, Edith NMA, Da’u SS, Paine MJI, Wondji CS. High pyrethroid/DDT resistance in major malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii from Niger-Delta of Nigeria is probably driven by metabolic resistance mechanisms. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247944. [PMID: 33705436 PMCID: PMC7951933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Entomological surveillance of local malaria vector populations is an important component of vector control and resistance management. In this study, the resistance profile and its possible mechanisms was characterised in a field population of the major malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii from Port Harcourt, the capital of Rivers state, in the Niger-Delta Region of Nigeria. Larvae collected in Port-Harcourt, were reared to adulthood and used for WHO bioassays. The population exhibited high resistance to permethrin, deltamethrin and DDT with mortalities of 6.7% ± 2.4, 37.5% ± 3.2 and 6.3% ± 4.1, respectively, but were fully susceptible to bendiocarb and malathion. Synergist bioassays with piperonylbutoxide (PBO) partially recovered susceptibility, with mortalities increasing to 53% ± 4, indicating probable role of CYP450s in permethrin resistance (χ2 = 29.48, P < 0.0001). Transcriptional profiling revealed five major resistance-associated genes overexpressed in the field samples compared to the fully susceptible laboratory colony, Ngoussou. Highest fold change (FC) was observed with GSTe2 (FC = 3.3 in permethrin exposed and 6.2 in unexposed) and CYP6Z3 (FC = 1.4 in exposed and 4.6 in unexposed). TaqMan genotyping of 32 F0 females detected the 1014F and 1575Y knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations with frequencies of 0.84 and 0.1, respectively, while 1014S mutation was not detected. Sequencing of a fragment of the voltage-gated sodium channel, spanning exon 20 from 13 deltamethrin-resistant and 9 susceptible females revealed only 2 distinct haplotypes with a low haplotype diversity of 0.33. The findings of high pyrethroid resistance but with a significant degree of recovery after PBO synergist assay suggests the need to move to PBO-based nets. This could be complemented with carbamate- or organophosphate-based indoor residual spraying in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullahi Muhammad
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre for Biotechnology Research, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Sulaiman S. Ibrahim
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
- LSTM Research Unit, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Helen Irving
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Maduamaka C. Abajue
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Noutcha M. A. Edith
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Sabitu S. Da’u
- Department of Science, School of Continuing Education, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Mark J. I. Paine
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Charles S. Wondji
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, United Kingdom
- LSTM Research Unit, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Fagbohun IK, Idowu ET, Otubanjo OA, Awolola TS. First report of AChE1 (G119S) mutation and multiple resistance mechanisms in Anopheles gambiae s.s. in Nigeria. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7482. [PMID: 32366848 PMCID: PMC7198501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64412-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility and PBO synergist bioassays were done using 3–5 days old female Anopheles mosquito collected from Lagos State, Nigeria with WHO test papers DDT (4%), permethrin (0.75%), Bendiocarb (1%) and PBO (4%) according to standard procedures. The activities of cytochrome P450s, glutathione S-transferase and carboxylesterases were determined using biochemical assays. The presence of kdr-w, kdr-e and Ace-1R mutations were examined using molecular assays. Resistance to DDT and permethrin in An gambiae s.s from the four Local Government Areas (LGAs) was recorded while suspected resistance to bendiocarb was recorded in mosquitoes from Alimosho and Kosofe LGAs. PBO synergist reduced the knockdown time and also recorded significantly (P < 0.05) higher 24 hrs percentage mortality compared to non-synergized bioassays. Increased activities of detoxifying enzymes was recorded in wild mosquito compared to the insecticides susceptible laboratory strain and this was significant (P < 0.05) in P450s, esterase α and β. Kdr-w was detected in An. gambiae s.s from all the LGAs, kdr-e (L1014S) was detected in Alimosho, Kosofe and Ibeju-Lekki, while the Ace-1R gene was detected in Alimosho and Kosofe. Results from this study provide evidence for resistance of An. gambiae from Lagos State to multiple classes of neurotoxic insecticides with multiple resistance mechanisms to these insecticides.
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Chukwuekezie O, Nwosu E, Nwangwu U, Dogunro F, Onwude C, Agashi N, Ezihe E, Anioke C, Anokwu S, Eloy E, Attah P, Orizu F, Ewo S, Okoronkwo A, Joseph A, Ikeakor I, Haruna S, Gnanguenon V. Resistance status of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) to four commonly used insecticides for malaria vector control in South-East Nigeria. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:152. [PMID: 32209131 PMCID: PMC7092433 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04027-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progress made in the control of malaria vectors globally is largely due to the use of insecticides. However, success in the fight against malaria has slowed down or even stalled due to a host of factors including insecticide resistance. The greatest burden of the disease is felt in Africa, particularly Nigeria. Unfortunately, adequate information on insecticide resistance is lacking in many parts of the country, particularly the South-East Zone. Hence, this study aims to bridge the information gap in the Zone. METHODS The study was conducted from April to December 2016. Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) larvae and pupae were collected from one community each, in the five states of the South-East Zone and reared to the adult stage. The adults were subjected to bioassays for insecticide resistance in accordance with the World Health Organization test procedures, across the four classes of insecticides used in public health. The mosquitoes were also subjected to molecular identification to the species level, and genotyped for West African knockdown resistance mutation (L1014F) and insensitive acetylcholinesterase-1 resistance mutation (G119S). RESULTS The mosquitoes were susceptible (100%) to bendiocarb but resistant to pirimiphos-methyl (39.6%), deltamethrin (57%) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) (13%). Molecular analysis revealed that only An. gambiae (sensu stricto) was found in all the states except for Ebonyi, where only Anopheles coluzzii was present. High frequencies (0.6-0.9) of the L1014F mutation were found across the zone. The L1014F mutation was significantly higher in An. gambiae (s.s.) than in An. coluzzii (P < 0.0001). A relatively low frequency (0.2) of the G119S mutation was found in An. coluzzii, and only in Ebonyi State. CONCLUSION The results show that mosquitoes collected from the South-East Zone of Nigeria were resistant to all insecticides used, except for bendiocarb. The presence of L1014F and G119S resistance mutations reported in this study calls for urgent attention to stop the growing threat of insecticide resistance in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuel Nwosu
- National Arbovirus and Vectors Research Centre (NAVRC), Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Udoka Nwangwu
- National Arbovirus and Vectors Research Centre (NAVRC), Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Festus Dogunro
- National Arbovirus and Vectors Research Centre (NAVRC), Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Cosmas Onwude
- National Arbovirus and Vectors Research Centre (NAVRC), Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Nneka Agashi
- National Arbovirus and Vectors Research Centre (NAVRC), Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Ebuka Ezihe
- National Arbovirus and Vectors Research Centre (NAVRC), Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Clementina Anioke
- National Arbovirus and Vectors Research Centre (NAVRC), Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Stephen Anokwu
- National Arbovirus and Vectors Research Centre (NAVRC), Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Emelda Eloy
- National Arbovirus and Vectors Research Centre (NAVRC), Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Peter Attah
- National Arbovirus and Vectors Research Centre (NAVRC), Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Francis Orizu
- National Arbovirus and Vectors Research Centre (NAVRC), Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Sylvester Ewo
- National Arbovirus and Vectors Research Centre (NAVRC), Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Angela Okoronkwo
- National Arbovirus and Vectors Research Centre (NAVRC), Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Anumba Joseph
- National Arbovirus and Vectors Research Centre (NAVRC), Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Ijeoma Ikeakor
- National Arbovirus and Vectors Research Centre (NAVRC), Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Sylvester Haruna
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria
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