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Müller JN, Galardo AKR, Corrêa APSDA, Macoris MDLDG, de Melo-Santos MAV, Nakazawa MM, Martins AJ, Lima JBP. Impact of SumiLarv ® 2MR on Aedes aegypti larvae: a multicenter study in Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:88. [PMID: 38409019 PMCID: PMC10895835 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06064-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti is associated with dengue, Zika, and chikungunya transmission. These arboviruses are responsible for national outbreaks with severe public health implications. Vector control is one of the tools used to prevent mosquito proliferation, and SumiLarv® 2MR is an alternative commercial product based on pyriproxyfen for larval/pupal control. In this study, the residual effectiveness of SumiLarv® 2MR in different regions of Brazil was evaluated in simulated field conditions. METHODS We conducted a multicenter study across four Brazilian states-Amapá, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo-given the importance to the country's climatic variances in the north, northeast, and southeast regions and their influence on product efficiency. The populations of Ae. aegypti from each location were held in an insectary. Third-instar larvae (L3) were added every 2 weeks to water containers with SumiLarv® 2MR discs in 250-, 500- and 1000-l containers in Amapá and Rio de Janeiro, and 100-l containers in Pernambuco and São Paulo, using concentrations of 0.04, 0.08, and 0.16 mg/l. RESULTS Adult emergence inhibition over 420 days was observed in all tests conducted at a concentration of 0.16 mg/l; inhibition for 308-420 days was observed for 0.08 mg/l, and 224-420 days for 0.04 mg/l. CONCLUSIONS Sumilarv® 2MR residual activity demonstrated in this study suggests that this new pyriproxyfen formulation is a promising alternative for Aedes control, regardless of climatic variations and ideal concentration, since the SumiLarv® 2MR showed adult emergence inhibition of over 80% and residual activity greater than 6 months, a period longer than that recommended by the Ministry of Health of Brazil between product re-application in larval breeding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane Nogueira Müller
- Laboratory of Biology, Control and Surveillance of Vector Insects-LBCVIV FIOCRUZ/RJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Institute of Scientific and Technological Research of the State of Amapá-IEPA, Macapá, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Allan Kardec Ribeiro Galardo
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Institute of Scientific and Technological Research of the State of Amapá-IEPA, Macapá, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Sales de Andrade Corrêa
- Laboratory of Biology, Control and Surveillance of Vector Insects-LBCVIV FIOCRUZ/RJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Institute of Scientific and Technological Research of the State of Amapá-IEPA, Macapá, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Ademir Jesus Martins
- Laboratory of Biology, Control and Surveillance of Vector Insects-LBCVIV FIOCRUZ/RJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Bento Pereira Lima
- Laboratory of Biology, Control and Surveillance of Vector Insects-LBCVIV FIOCRUZ/RJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Campos KB, Alomar AA, Eastmond BH, Obara MT, S Dias LD, Rahman RU, Alto BW. Assessment of insecticide resistance of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) populations to insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen, in the northeast region of Brazil. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2023; 48:12-18. [PMID: 37255355 DOI: 10.52707/1081-1710-48.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Vector control has been an essential strategy in Brazil to manage vector-borne diseases, and the use of insecticides plays an important role in this effort. Pyriproxyfen (PPF) has become a common insect growth regulator used to control juvenile stages of mosquitoes by disturbing their growth and development. This study assesses the susceptibility and resistance status of Brazilian Ae. aegypti populations that previously showed low resistance levels to PPF. Eggs of Ae. aegypti were collected from six cities located in the northeast states of Ceará (Quixadá, Icó, and Juazeiro do Norte), and Bahia (Itabuna, Brumado, and Serrinha). We used the Ae. aegypti Rockefeller strain as an experimental control and a strain known to be susceptible to insecticides. Inhibition of emergence rates by 50% of Ae. aegypti populations varied from 0.0098-0.046 µg/L. Mosquitoes from Icó, Serrinha, and Brumado showed low resistance levels [resistance ratio (RR50) = 2.33, 4.52, and 4.83, respectively], whereas moderate levels of resistance were detected in populations from Juazeiro do Norte (RR50=5.83) and Itabuna (RR50=7.88). Aedes aegypti collected from the Quixadá population showed a high resistance level to pyriproxyfen (RR50=11). The evolution of resistance in Brazilian Ae. aegypti populations to PPF can compromise vector control efforts. Continuous monitoring of insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti is essential for making timely management decisions for effective vector control and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kauara B Campos
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília/Distrito Federal CEP 70910-900, Brazil
- Coordenação Geral de Vigilância de Aboviroses, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília/ Distrito Federal CEP 70723-040, Brazil
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Bairro Benfica, Rio de Janeiro/Rio de Janeiro State CEP 20911-270, Brazil
| | - Abdullah A Alomar
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA
| | - Bradley H Eastmond
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA
| | - Marcos T Obara
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília/Distrito Federal CEP 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Luciana Dos S Dias
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Bairro Benfica, Rio de Janeiro/Rio de Janeiro State CEP 20911-270, Brazil
| | - Rafi U Rahman
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Bairro Benfica, Rio de Janeiro/Rio de Janeiro State CEP 20911-270, Brazil
| | - Barry W Alto
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA,
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Johnson HE, Clifton M, Harbison JE, Erkapic A, Barrett-Wilt GA, Paskewitz S, Bartholomay L. Assessment of Truck-Mounted Area-Wide S-methoprene Applications to Manage West Nile Virus Vector Species in the Suburbs of Chicago, IL, USA. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:384-391. [PMID: 36484651 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus remains the leading cause of arboviral neuroinvasive disease in the United States, despite extensive efforts to control the mosquito vectors involved in transmission. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of Altosid SR-20 (active ingredient, S-methoprene 20%) larvicide applications using truck-mounted ultra-low volume (ULV) dispersal equipment to target Culex pipiens Linnaeus (Diptera: Culicidae) and Cx. restuans (Theobald)larvae. A combination of emergence bioassays, open-field measurements of deposited S-methoprene and spray distribution using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and assessments of adult Culex spp. populations in response to applications were conducted over the summer of 2020 within the North Shore Mosquito Abatement District (IL, USA). Open-field applications revealed that dispersed Altosid SR-20 using ULV equipment was effective (75% emergence inhibition in susceptible lab strain Cx. pipiens larvae) up to 53 m. In suburban neighborhood applications, we found that S-methoprene deposition and larval emergence inhibition (EI) in front yards did not differ significantly from backyards. An overall EI of 46% and 28% were observed for laboratory strain Cx. pipiens and wild Cx. restuans larvae respectively, and both had an EI significantly higher than the untreated control group. The EI of exposed wild Cx. pipiens larvae did not differ from the untreated controls, suggesting an increased tolerance to S-methoprene. No difference in abundance of gravid or host-seeking adult Culex spp. post-application was detected between treated and untreated sites. These results document the ability of area-wide application to distribute S-methoprene, but this strategy will need further modifications and evaluation for Culex spp. management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley E Johnson
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1656 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Mark Clifton
- North Shore Mosquito Abatement District, 117 Northfield Road, Northfield, IL 60093, USA
| | - Justin E Harbison
- Loyola University Chicago, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Anastazia Erkapic
- North Shore Mosquito Abatement District, 117 Northfield Road, Northfield, IL 60093, USA
| | - Gregory A Barrett-Wilt
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 425 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Susan Paskewitz
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USAand
| | - Lyric Bartholomay
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1656 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Su T, Su H. Laboratory and semi-field evaluation on OmniPrene ™ G against Aedes, Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes. JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2022. [DOI: 10.52004/jemca2022.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
With the current existing, emerging, and resurging mosquito species and mosquito-borne diseases, and very low availability of mosquito control products, exploration of novel active ingredients and innovative formulations based on available active ingredients are crucial to ensure the sustainable mosquito control interventions. The larviciding by applying biorational mosquito larvicides with microbial and insect growth regulator origins is a routine practice in most areas. The current paper evaluated an innovated granular S-methoprene formulation, namely OmniPrene™ in the laboratory bioassays, as well as outdoor microcosms at 2.8, 5.6 and 11.2 kg/ha with 30.5 cm water depth, and at 2.8 kg/ha with shallow water (15.25 cm) against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles hermsi and Culex quinquefasciatus. Over 90% efficacy was achieved against Aedes and Anopheles for at least 49 days, and against Culex for up to 42 days at 2.8, 5.6 and 11.2 kg/ha when water depth was 30.5 cm. The control levels were further elevated when water depth was 15.25 cm, where over 90% control was observed for 63 days against Aedes and Anopheles, but 56 days against Culex. The high initial and residual efficacy were attributable to the unique diatomaceous earth carrier granules and proprietary binding process. With well documented bioactivity and safety of S-methoprene, demonstrated performance of the OmniPrene G, plus the unique feature of the formulation to render vegetation penetration, even coverage, and other advantages of dry granules, it would be reasonable to recommend this product as one of the routine larvicidal tools in a wide variety of habitats against mosquito species of public health importance while complying with the local regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Su
- EcoZone International LLC, 7237 Boice Ln., Riverside, CA 92506, USA
| | - H. Su
- Synergetica International Inc., 9 Inverness Dr., Marlboro, NJ 07746, USA
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Botelho ADS, Ferreira OO, de Oliveira MS, Cruz JN, Chaves SHDR, do Prado AF, do Nascimento LD, da Silva GA, do Amarante CB, Andrade EHDA. Studies on the Phytochemical Profile of Ocimum basilicum var. minimum (L.) Alef. Essential Oil, Its Larvicidal Activity and In Silico Interaction with Acetylcholinesterase against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911172. [PMID: 36232474 PMCID: PMC9569541 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) is an important transmitter of diseases in tropical countries and controlling the larvae of this mosquito helps to reduce cases of diseases such as dengue, zika and chikungunya. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the larvicidal potential of the essential oil (EO) of Ocimum basilicum var. minimum (L.) Alef. The EO was extracted by stem distillation and the chemical composition was characterized by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS and GC-FID). The larvicidal activity of EO was evaluated against third instar Ae. aegypti following World Health Organization (WHO) standard protocol and the interaction of the major compounds with the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was evaluated by molecular docking. The predominant class was oxygenated monoterpenes with a concentration of 81.69% and the major compounds were limonene (9.5%), 1,8-cineole (14.23%), linalool (24.51%) and methyl chavicol (37.41%). The O. basilicum var. minimum EO showed unprecedented activity against third instar Ae. aegypti larvae at a dose-dependent relationship with LC50 of 69.91 (µg/mL) and LC90 of 200.62 (µg/mL), and the major compounds were able to interact with AChE in the Molecular Docking assay, indicating an ecological alternative for mosquito larvae control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson de Santana Botelho
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Corrêa Street, S/N, Guamá, Belém 66075-900, Pará, Brazil
- Correspondence: (A.d.S.B.); (M.S.d.O.)
| | - Oberdan Oliveira Ferreira
- Adolpho Ducke Laboratory—Botany Coordination, Emílio Goeldi Museum of Pará, Perimetral Avenue, 1901, Terra Firme, Belém 66077-830, Pará, Brazil
| | - Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira
- Adolpho Ducke Laboratory—Botany Coordination, Emílio Goeldi Museum of Pará, Perimetral Avenue, 1901, Terra Firme, Belém 66077-830, Pará, Brazil
- Correspondence: (A.d.S.B.); (M.S.d.O.)
| | - Jorddy Neves Cruz
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil
| | - Sandro Henrique dos Reis Chaves
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Corrêa Street, S/N, Guamá, Belém 66075-900, Pará, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Ferraz do Prado
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Corrêa Street, S/N, Guamá, Belém 66075-900, Pará, Brazil
| | - Lidiane Diniz do Nascimento
- Adolpho Ducke Laboratory—Botany Coordination, Emílio Goeldi Museum of Pará, Perimetral Avenue, 1901, Terra Firme, Belém 66077-830, Pará, Brazil
| | - Geilson Alcantara da Silva
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Corrêa Street, S/N, Guamá, Belém 66075-900, Pará, Brazil
| | - Cristine Bastos do Amarante
- Chemical Analysis Laboratory—Coordination of Earth Sciences and Ecology, Emílio Goeldi Museum of Pará, Perimetral Avenue, 1901, Terra Firme, Belém 66077-830, Pará, Brazil
| | - Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Corrêa Street, S/N, Guamá, Belém 66075-900, Pará, Brazil
- Adolpho Ducke Laboratory—Botany Coordination, Emílio Goeldi Museum of Pará, Perimetral Avenue, 1901, Terra Firme, Belém 66077-830, Pará, Brazil
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil
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Burtis JC, Bickerton MW, Indelicato N, Poggi JD, Crans SC, Harrington LC. Effectiveness of a Buffalo Turbine and A1 Mist Sprayer for the Areawide Deployment of Larvicide for Mosquito Control in an Urban Residential Setting. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:903-910. [PMID: 35289899 PMCID: PMC10601396 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The control of medically important container-inhabiting mosquitoes is an ongoing challenge for mosquito control operations. Truck-mounted application equipment is a common option for rapid areawide larvicide deployment utilized by mosquito control operations. We tested the effectiveness of two truck-mounted sprayers (A1 Super Duty + Buffalo Turbine CSM3), for the deployment of water-dispersible biopesticides (VectoBac WDG:VectoLex WDG 50:50). Sixty residences within four residential neighborhoods in New Jersey were treated in 2019 and 2020. Three empty bioassay cups were placed in specific locations on each property (front yard/ back yard/ side of house), with an additional cup placed in an adjacent catch basin. This approach was replicated in two untreated control neighborhoods. Following larvicide application, cups were subjected to bioassays wherein larval mortality was tracked through adult eclosion. Overall, average larval mortality rates were 56% higher in treated cups compared against untreated controls. Mortality rates were affected by cup location, with 39% mortality in bioassay cups from back yards, 54% in those from the sides of houses, 73% in front yards, and 76% from cups in catch basins. Mortality did not differ significantly between the four treated neighborhoods, nor by the type of sprayer used. Our research shows that truck-mounted sprayers can be an effective method for larvicide deployment in residential neighborhoods, but effectiveness may depend upon the location of the target treatment area in relation to residences and other geographic obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C. Burtis
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Matthew W. Bickerton
- Bergen County Department of Health Services, Mosquito Control, Hackensack, NJ 07601, USA
- Rutgers University, Center for Vector Biology, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | | | - Joseph D. Poggi
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Scott C. Crans
- NJDEP, Office of Mosquito Control Coordination, Trenton, NJ 08625, USA
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Alomar AA, Alto BW. Evaluation of Pyriproxyfen Effects on Aedes aegypti and Predatory Mosquito Toxorhynchites rutilus (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:585-590. [PMID: 34865101 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Control of mosquito vectors of pathogens remains heavily dependent on the application of conventional insecticides. Pyriproxyfen (PPF) is a novel insecticide that has been proposed for use in autodissemination techniques to control mosquito vectors. The use of PPF can inhibit adult emergence but does not inhibit larval development. This feature is favorable for controlling Aedes aegypti because PPF has the potential to work in combination with natural sources of mortality (competition, predation) during the immature stages, and other control methods, including biocontrol agents that further suppress recruitment of adult mosquitoes. However, the PPF effects on life-history traits of Ae. aegypti in comparison to predatory mosquito Toxorhynchites rutilus, a source of mortality, are not fully understood. Here, we show that larval exposure to PPF concentrations that inhibit 50-90% of adult emergence in Ae. aegypti had a negligible effect on adult emergence and lifespan of Tx. rutilus. Weights of adult Ae. aegypti and Tx. rutilus were not influenced by PPF. These findings suggest that the use of PPF to control mosquito vectors may have low effects on mosquito biocontrol agents. Our results extend and confirm earlier data showing that PPF has potential to implement with Tx. rutilus to suppress Ae. aegypti and provide an additional advantage of PPF use in autodissemination control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A Alomar
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, 32962, USA
| | - Barry W Alto
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, 32962, USA
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Alomar AA, Alto BW, Walker ED. Spinosyns Delivered in Sugar Meals to Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae): Acute Toxicity and Subacute Effects on Survival, Fecundity, and Fertility. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:623-630. [PMID: 34994376 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sugar is an essential source of nutrition for adult mosquitoes to acquire energy. Toxic sugar bait (TSB) provides a promising method for mosquito control by incorporating toxins into artificial sources of sugar (i.e., toxic baits) presented to wild populations. Spinosyns comprise a family of bacterial secondary metabolites with a unique mode of action against the insect nervous system, an appealing environmental safety profile, and potential for incorporation into sugar baits. This research evaluated acute and subacute effects of spinosad (spinosyns A and D) and spinetoram (spinosyns J and L) in sugar meals on survival, fecundity, and fertility of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Acute toxicity of spinosyns doubled from 24 to 48 h of assessment, revealing a relatively slow and cumulative action of the formulated spinosyns. Median lethal concentrations at 48 h were lower for spinetoram than for spinosad, lower for Ae. albopictus than Ae. aegypti, and lower for males than females. When exposed to subacute LC50 concentrations of spinosad and spinetoram for 24 h, survival of males and females of both species was diminished compared with controls, fecundity of females was increased, but fertility as measured by hatch rate of eggs was decreased. The formulations may have increased the nutritive value of the sugar meals thereby boosting fecundity, while toxifying embryos, reducing fertility. The inclusion of subacute effects of spinosyns allows assessment of the broader consequences of TSB for adult mosquito control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A Alomar
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, USA
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Barry W Alto
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, USA
| | - Edward D Walker
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Bacterial Toxins Active against Mosquitoes: Mode of Action and Resistance. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080523. [PMID: 34437394 PMCID: PMC8402332 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Larvicides based on the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis svar. israelensis (Bti) and Lysinibacillus sphaericus are effective and environmentally safe compounds for the control of dipteran insects of medical importance. They produce crystals that display specific and potent insecticidal activity against larvae. Bti crystals are composed of multiple protoxins: three from the three-domain Cry type family, which bind to different cell receptors in the midgut, and one cytolytic (Cyt1Aa) protoxin that can insert itself into the cell membrane and act as surrogate receptor of the Cry toxins. Together, those toxins display a complex mode of action that shows a low risk of resistance selection. L. sphaericus crystals contain one major binary toxin that display an outstanding persistence in field conditions, which is superior to Bti. However, the action of the Bin toxin based on its interaction with a single receptor is vulnerable for resistance selection in insects. In this review we present the most recent data on the mode of action and synergism of these toxins, resistance issues, and examples of their use worldwide. Data reported in recent years improved our understanding of the mechanism of action of these toxins, showed that their combined use can enhance their activity and counteract resistance, and reinforced their relevance for mosquito control programs in the future years.
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Susceptibility of South Texas Aedes aegypti to Pyriproxyfen. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12050460. [PMID: 34067509 PMCID: PMC8157070 DOI: 10.3390/insects12050460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary We evaluated the susceptibility of an Ae. aegypti strain from the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) of South Texas to the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen. We observed a difference in the inhibition of emergence to the lowest doses of pyriproxyfen tested between our field strain and a susceptible strain. However, the doses used are 10 times lower from the recommended application of <50 ppb for vector control programs. Our results suggest that pyriproxyfen should be an effective active ingredient in the LRGV to help reduce Ae. aegypti populations in the LRGV. Abstract An integral part to integrated mosquito management is to ensure chemical products used for area-wide control are effective against a susceptible population of mosquitoes. Prior to conducting an intervention trial using an insect growth regulator, pyriproxyfen, in South Texas to control Aedes aegypti, we conducted a larval bioassay to evaluate baseline levels of susceptibility. We used seven serially-diluted doses ranging from 2.5 ppb to 6.3 × 10−4 ppb. We observed 100% inhibition emergence (IE) at even the lowest dose of 6.3 × 10−4 ppb in our susceptible reference colony of Ae. aegypti Liverpool. In our field strain of Ae. aegypti (F5 colonized from South Texas) we observed 79.8% IE at 6.3 × 10−4 ppb, 17.7% IE at 1.25 × 10−3 ppb, 98.7% IE at 1.25 × 10−2 ppb, and 100% emergence inhibition for the remainder of the doses. Given that commercial pyriproxyfen products are labeled for doses ranging to 50 ppb, we conclude that the field population sampled by this study are susceptible to this insect growth regulator.
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Su T, Thieme J, Cummings R, Cheng ML, Brown MQ. Cross Resistance in S-Methoprene-Resistant Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:398-402. [PMID: 32914856 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The juvenile hormone analog S-methoprene is the only synthetic biopesticide that is registered with the United States Environmental Protection Agency to control arthropods of economic importance in public health, livestock, pets, urban, and stored products. The high activity, relative target specificity, and benign environmental profile of S-methoprene have been well documented. While the risk of resistance in mosquitoes to S-methoprene is generally low, there is a lack of information regarding cross resistance in S-methoprene-resistant mosquitoes to other pesticides. In this paper, a population of the southern house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Say from southern California acquired low levels of resistance to S-methoprene in the field, where the resistance ratios ranged 7.0- to 8.8-fold as compared with a laboratory reference colony. After 30 generations of laboratory selections by S-methoprene when resistance was elevated to 57.4- to 168.3-fold relative to an unselected population, various levels of cross resistance to other commonly used pesticides were revealed in the selected population. Cross resistance to the microbial mosquito larvicide Lysinibacillus sphaericus (Meyer & Neide) (Bacillales: Bacillaceae) was the most profound, amounting to 77.50- to 220.50-fold. The mechanism and potential management tactics toward cross resistance are discussed to preserve the unique value of this synthetic biopesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyun Su
- West Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District, Ontario, CA
| | - Jennifer Thieme
- West Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District, Ontario, CA
| | - Robert Cummings
- Orange County Mosquito and Vector Control District, Garden Grove, CA
| | - Min-Lee Cheng
- West Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District, Ontario, CA
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Mullens P, Su T, Vong Q, Thieme J, Brown MQ. Establishment of the Invasive Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in the West Valley Area of San Bernardino County, CA. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:365-371. [PMID: 32901801 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762), is the most aggressive invasive mosquito species with worldwide distribution. In addition to being a notorious nuisance species, it can pose significant public health concern because of its ability to transmit various viral pathogens. The first adult capture in the West Valley area of San Bernardino County, CA, occurred in September 2015 in Montclair. A strategic surveillance plan was implemented accordingly by the West Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District to document the infestation. The Biogent Sentinel (BG-2) trap augmented with BG-Lure and carbon dioxide (CO2) was deployed as a routine surveillance tool during 2017-2019. Extensive trapping revealed an expanding infestation, when positive trap nights (TN) increased from 14.2% in 2017 to 23.9% in 2018 and 55.6% in 2019. The average counts/TN increased from 0.65 in 2017 and 0.90 in 2018 to 3.83 in 2019. The cities of Montclair, Chino, and Ontario had much higher infestation than other cities in the district with the highest positive TN of 46.0% in Montclair, and highest average trap count of 3.23/TN in Chino. It was interesting to note that males coincided with females with more profound trend during warmer months of July to October when ratios of males ranged 28.4-35.0%. The BG-2 trap significantly outperformed the CO2 trap and gravid trap. The establishment of this invasive species in semiarid inland Southern California was further confirmed by concurrent larval collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mullens
- West Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District, Ontario, CA
| | - Tianyun Su
- West Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District, Ontario, CA
| | - Quan Vong
- West Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District, Ontario, CA
| | - Jennifer Thieme
- West Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District, Ontario, CA
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Campos KB, Martins AJ, Rodovalho CDM, Bellinato DF, Dias LDS, Macoris MDLDG, Andrighetti MTM, Lima JBP, Obara MT. Assessment of the susceptibility status of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) populations to pyriproxyfen and malathion in a nation-wide monitoring of insecticide resistance performed in Brazil from 2017 to 2018. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:531. [PMID: 33109249 PMCID: PMC7590490 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04406-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemical mosquito control using malathion has been applied in Brazil since 1985. To obtain chemical control effectiveness, vector susceptibility insecticide monitoring is required. This study aimed to describe bioassay standardizations and determine the susceptibility profile of Ae. aegypti populations to malathion and pyriproxyfen, used on a national scale in Brazil between 2017 and 2018, and discuss the observed impacts in arbovirus control. METHODS The diagnostic-doses (DD) of pyriproxyfen and malathion were determined as the double of adult emergence inhibition (EI) and lethal doses for 99% of the Rockefeller reference strain, respectively. To monitor natural populations, sampling was performed in 132 Brazilian cities, using egg traps. Colonies were raised in the laboratory for one or two generations (F1 or F2) and submitted to susceptibility tests, where larvae were exposed to the pyriproxyfen DD (0.03 µg/l) and adults, to the malathion DD determined in the present study (20 µg), in addition to the one established by the World Health Organization (WHO) DD (50 µg) in a bottle assay. Dose-response (DR) bioassays with pyriproxyfen were performed on populations that did not achieve 98% EI in the DD assays. RESULTS Susceptibility alterations to pyriproxyfen were recorded in six (4.5%) Ae. aegypti populations from the states of Bahia and Ceará, with Resistance Ratios (RR95) ranging from 1.51 to 3.58. Concerning malathion, 73 (55.3%) populations distributed throughout the country were resistant when exposed to the local DD 20 µg/bottle. On the other hand, no population was resistant, and only 10 (7.6%) populations in eight states were considered as exhibiting decreased susceptibility (mortality ratios between 90 and 98%) when exposed to the WHO DD (50 µg/bottle). CONCLUSIONS The feasibility of conducting an insecticide resistance monitoring action on a nation-wide scale was confirmed herein, employing standardized and strongly coordinated sampling methods and laboratory bioassays. Brazilian Ae. aegypti populations exhibiting decreased susceptibility to pyriproxyfen were identified. The local DD for malathion was more sensitive than the WHO DD for early decreased susceptibility detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kauara Brito Campos
- Coordenação Geral de Vigilância de Aboviroses, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Edifício PO 700, SRTV 702, Via W 5 Norte, Brasília/Distrito Federal, CEP 70723-040 Brazil
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília/Distrito Federal, CEP 70910-900 Brazil
| | - Ademir Jesus Martins
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Francisco Manuel no 102, Bairro Benfica, Rio de Janeiro/Rio de Janeiro State, CEP 20911-270 Brasil
| | - Cynara de Melo Rodovalho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Francisco Manuel no 102, Bairro Benfica, Rio de Janeiro/Rio de Janeiro State, CEP 20911-270 Brasil
| | - Diogo Fernandes Bellinato
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Francisco Manuel no 102, Bairro Benfica, Rio de Janeiro/Rio de Janeiro State, CEP 20911-270 Brasil
| | - Luciana dos Santos Dias
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Francisco Manuel no 102, Bairro Benfica, Rio de Janeiro/Rio de Janeiro State, CEP 20911-270 Brasil
| | - Maria de Lourdes da Graça Macoris
- Laboratório de Entomologia Aplicada, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Avenida Santo Antônio no 1627, Bairro Somenzari, Marília/São Paulo, CEP 17506-970 Brasil
| | - Maria Teresa Macoris Andrighetti
- Laboratório de Entomologia Aplicada, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Avenida Santo Antônio no 1627, Bairro Somenzari, Marília/São Paulo, CEP 17506-970 Brasil
| | - José Bento Pereira Lima
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Francisco Manuel no 102, Bairro Benfica, Rio de Janeiro/Rio de Janeiro State, CEP 20911-270 Brasil
| | - Marcos Takashi Obara
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília/Distrito Federal, CEP 70910-900 Brazil
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