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Nandivada P, Anez-Bustillos L, O'Loughlin AA, Mitchell PD, Baker MA, Dao DT, Fell GL, Potemkin AK, Gura KM, Neufeld EJ, Puder M. Risk of post-procedural bleeding in children on intravenous fish oil. Am J Surg 2016; 214:733-737. [PMID: 27979360 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2016.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD) can be treated with parenteral fish oil (FO) monotherapy, but practitioners have raised concerns about a potential bleeding risk. This study aims to describe the incidence of clinically significant post-procedural bleeding (CSPPB) in children receiving FO monotherapy. METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed on patients at our institution treated with intravenous FO for IFALD. CSPPB was defined as bleeding leading to re-operation, transfer to the intensive care unit, re-admission, or death, up to one month after any invasive procedure. RESULTS From 244 patients reviewed, 183 underwent ≥1 invasive procedure(s) (n = 732). Five (0.68%, 95% CI 0.22-1.59%) procedures resulted in CSPPB. FO therapy was never interrupted. No deaths due to bleeding occurred. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that FO therapy is safe, with a CSPPB risk no greater than that reported in the general population. O3FA should not be held in preparation for procedures or in the event of bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathima Nandivada
- Vascular Biology Program and the Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lorenzo Anez-Bustillos
- Vascular Biology Program and the Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alison A O'Loughlin
- Vascular Biology Program and the Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul D Mitchell
- Clinical Research Center, Biostatistics Core, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meredith A Baker
- Vascular Biology Program and the Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Duy T Dao
- Vascular Biology Program and the Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gillian L Fell
- Vascular Biology Program and the Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexis K Potemkin
- Vascular Biology Program and the Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen M Gura
- Department of Pharmacy, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ellis J Neufeld
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark Puder
- Vascular Biology Program and the Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Moussavi Nik SH, Croft K, Mori TA, Lardelli M. The Comparison of Methods for Measuring Oxidative Stress in Zebrafish Brains. Zebrafish 2014; 11:248-54. [DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2013.0958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Hani Moussavi Nik
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kevin Croft
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Trevor A. Mori
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Michael Lardelli
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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3
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Ayas D, Ozogul Y, Yazgan H. The effects of season on fat and fatty acids contents of shrimp and prawn species. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201200081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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4
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Dyall SC. Methodological issues and inconsistencies in the field of omega-3 fatty acids research. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2011; 85:281-5. [PMID: 21925854 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
There is growing interest into researching omega-3 fatty acids; however, there are considerable variations in the methodologies employed. Many studies add oils to animal feed and under ambient conditions omega-3 fatty acids are particularly unstable and prone to autoxidation and peroxidative damage. It is therefore important to take specific precautions with the stock preparations and when preparing the experimental diets. There is a need for clarity in the reporting of methodologies employed, such as how oil preparations are stored and handled, how experimental diets are prepared, the potential effects of adding additional antioxidants, whether there is a clear rationale for the selection of control/placebo diets, which may be situation dependent, and consistency in expressing the experimental doses. The purpose of this article is to highlight some of these issues in the hope of promoting discussion, and potentially developing guidelines as to what represents best practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Dyall
- Department of Life Sciences, Roehampton University, Holybourne Avenue, London SW15 4JD, UK.
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Evolutionary aspects of diet: the omega-6/omega-3 ratio and the brain. Mol Neurobiol 2011; 44:203-15. [PMID: 21279554 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-010-8162-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Several sources of information suggest that human beings evolved on a diet that had a ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids (FA) of about 1/1; whereas today, Western diets have a ratio of 10/1 to 20-25/1, indicating that Western diets are deficient in omega-3 FA compared with the diet on which humans evolved and their genetic patterns were established. Omega-6 and omega-3 FA are not interconvertible in the human body and are important components of practically all cell membranes. Studies with nonhuman primates and human newborns indicate that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is essential for the normal functional development of the brain and retina, particularly in premature infants. DHA accounts for 40% of the membrane phospholipid FA in the brain. Both eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA have an effect on membrane receptor function and even neurotransmitter generation and metabolism. There is growing evidence that EPA and DHA could play a role in hostility and violence in addition to the beneficial effects in substance abuse disorders and alcoholism. The balance of omega-6 and omega-3 FA is important for homeostasis and normal development throughout the life cycle.
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6
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Barrento S, Marques A, Teixeira B, Anacleto P, Vaz-Pires P, Nunes ML. Effect of season on the chemical composition and nutritional quality of the edible crab Cancer pagurus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:10814-10824. [PMID: 19845352 DOI: 10.1021/jf9025597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cancer pagurus is most appreciated in southern Europe for its muscle and brown meat content. In Portugal, consumption occurs mostly in summer and at Christmas. In this study the seasonal nutritional quality of edible tissues of female and male C. pagurus was determined. Tissue composition was affected by season and sex. All tissues had a well-balanced essential amino acid composition. Muscle and gonads of females had n-3/n-6 ratios in the range of the usual recommended values, and all tissues had PUFA/SFA above the recommended level. Autumn was the season with the highest brown meat yield, total essential amino acids (muscle), taurine (all tissues), EPA (male gonads), and n-3/n-6 ratio (gonads). However, it was also the season with the highest fat content and cholesterol concentration in ovaries. Therefore, people with restricted diets should moderate the consumption of ovaries in autumn. The remaining tissues pose no risks with respect to their proximate chemical composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Barrento
- Research Unit of Upgrading of Fishery and Aquaculture Products (U-VPPA), National Institute of Biological Resources (INRB I.P./L-IPIMAR), Avenida de Brasilia, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal
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7
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Napolitano A, Carbone V, Saggese P, Takagaki K, Pizza C. Novel galactolipids from the leaves of Ipomoea batatas L.: characterization by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:10289-10297. [PMID: 17988089 DOI: 10.1021/jf071331z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Sixteen novel and ten known galactolipids have been isolated and characterized from the leaves of Ipomoea batatas L. (sweet potato) using an analytical method based on high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Using this technique, the structures and regiochemistries of the fatty acyl groups and the positions of the double bonds on the acyl chains were determined. Sugar moieties were identified by analysis of one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. The positions of the double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids were confirmed, and in some cases their geometries determined, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This is the first report of galactolipids in the leaves of sweet potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Napolitano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
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8
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Lauridsen C, Stagsted J, Jensen SK. n-6 and n-3 fatty acids ratio and vitamin E in porcine maternal diet influence the antioxidant status and immune cell eicosanoid response in the progeny. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2007; 84:66-78. [PMID: 17643889 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2007.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Revised: 04/10/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Five groups of lactating sows were fed diets containing 8% of either added rapeseed oil, fish oil or sunflower oil and 60 mg vitamin E/kg feed, or the diets with sunflower oil and fish oil, respectively, supplemented with 500 mg vitamin E/kg. Supplementation of vitamin E to the sows increased the concentration of alpha-tocopherol of the muscle, and addition of sunflower oil decreased the activity of glutathione peroxidase in liver cytosol compared to fish oil and rapeseed oil. The composition of fatty acids of alveolar macrophages (AM) of piglets was influenced by the dietary fat sources provided the sows, i.e., the ratio of n-6:n-3 fatty acids was highest in AM of piglets suckling sows of the sunflower oil treatments, and lowest in AM of piglets suckling sows fed fish oil with the rapeseed oil treatment in between. The ex vivo synthesis of prostaglandin E(2) and thromboxane B(2) in AM of piglets suckling sows fed sunflower oil was elevated compared to piglets suckling sows fed fish oil. Vitamin E supplementation to sows enhanced the synthesis of these eicosanoids, and also the concentration of alpha-tocopherol in the AM of the piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Lauridsen
- Department of Animal Health, Welfare and Nutrition, Aarhus University, Research Centre Foulum, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
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9
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Lipid composition of lactational diets influences the fatty acid profile of the progeny before and after suckling. Animal 2007; 1:952-62. [DOI: 10.1017/s175173110700033x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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10
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Benatti P, Peluso G, Nicolai R, Calvani M. Polyunsaturated fatty acids: biochemical, nutritional and epigenetic properties. J Am Coll Nutr 2005; 23:281-302. [PMID: 15310732 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2004.10719371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have effects on diverse physiological processes impacting normal health and chronic diseases, such as the regulation of plasma lipid levels, cardiovascular and immune function, insulin action and neuronal development and visual function. Ingestion of PUFA will lead to their distribution to virtually every cell in the body with effects on membrane composition and function, eicosanoid synthesis, cellular signaling and regulation of gene expression. Cell specific lipid metabolism, as well as the expression of fatty acid-regulated transcription factors, likely play an important role in determining how cells respond to changes in PUFA composition. This review will focus on recent advances on the essentiality of these molecules and on their interplay in cell physiology, leading to new perspective in different therapeutic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Benatti
- Scientific Department, Sigma Tau S.p.A., Pomezia, Rome, Italy.
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11
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Serra-Majem L, de la Cruz JN, Ribas L, Salleras L. Mediterranean Diet and Health: Is all the Secret in Olive Oil? PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HAEMOSTASIS AND THROMBOSIS 2005; 33:461-5. [PMID: 15692261 DOI: 10.1159/000083846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to review and analyze the synergies of olive oil related food consumption and nutrient intake in a Mediterranean region. DESIGN Cross sectional study by face to face interview. SETTING Population based random sample derived from the Catalan Nutrition Survey. SUBJECTS 1600 individuals between 18 and 60 years of age. INTERVENTION Two 24-hour recalls were administered to measure food and nutrient intakes. Food group consumption and nutrient intakes ratios between the highest(greater than 13.5% of total calories, 4th quartile)and lowest quartiles (less than 6.8% of total calories,1st quartile) of olive oil consumption were calculated. RESULTS Comparing the highest quartile of olive oil consumption to the lowest, the highest ratios by food group consumption were observed for eggs, vegetables and fish in both men and women and non fried potatoes in women only. Lower ratios were associated in both sexes with soft drinks, commercially baked goods, processed meat and full fat milk and nuts in women only, and fried potatoes in men only. Analysis by nutrients showed higher ratios for carotenoids,monounsaturated fatty acids, vitamin E and folic acid in both sexes and Vitamin C and polyunsaturated fatty acids in women only. Lower ratios were seen for mono,di and polysaccharides, saturated fat, retinol and sodium in both genders and calcium niacin, thiamin,riboflavin and fibre in men only. CONCLUSION Olive oil is a key contributor to the healthy aspects attributed to the Mediterranean diet, since its own health attributes may be added to those of foods that it's commonly served with (fish, vegetables), thus contributing to its thrombosis related disease preventive properties. As such, nutritional objectives in Mediterranean countries should address reducing saturated fats, without modifying quantities of olive oil,and increasing fish, vegetables and nuts.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Serra-Majem
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
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12
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Abstract
Among the fatty acids, it is the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) which possess the most potent immunomodulatory activities, and among the omega-3 PUFA, those from fish oil-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)--are more biologically potent than alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). Some of the effects of omega-3 PUFA are brought about by modulation of the amount and types of eicosanoids made, and other effects are elicited by eicosanoid-independent mechanisms, including actions upon intracellular signaling pathways, transcription factor activity and gene expression. Animal experiments and clinical intervention studies indicate that omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties and, therefore, might be useful in the management of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Coronary heart disease, major depression, aging and cancer are characterized by an increased level of interleukin 1 (IL-1), a proinflammatory cytokine. Similarly, arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and lupus erythematosis are autoimmune diseases characterized by a high level of IL-1 and the proinflammatory leukotriene LTB(4) produced by omega-6 fatty acids. There have been a number of clinical trials assessing the benefits of dietary supplementation with fish oils in several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases in humans, including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis, lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis and migraine headaches. Many of the placebo-controlled trials of fish oil in chronic inflammatory diseases reveal significant benefit, including decreased disease activity and a lowered use of anti-inflammatory drugs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/diet therapy
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Asthma/diet therapy
- Asthma/immunology
- Asthma/metabolism
- Autoimmune Diseases/diet therapy
- Autoimmune Diseases/metabolism
- Cardiovascular Diseases/immunology
- Cardiovascular Diseases/metabolism
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Depressive Disorder, Major/diet therapy
- Depressive Disorder, Major/immunology
- Depressive Disorder, Major/metabolism
- Docosahexaenoic Acids/metabolism
- Eicosapentaenoic Acid/metabolism
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/administration & dosage
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/metabolism
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/physiology
- Fatty Acids, Omega-6
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/metabolism
- Fish Oils/administration & dosage
- Fish Oils/chemistry
- Humans
- Inflammation/diet therapy
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diet therapy
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/immunology
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/metabolism
- Prostaglandins/metabolism
- Psoriasis/immunology
- Psoriasis/metabolism
- Psoriasis/therapy
- alpha-Linolenic Acid/metabolism
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Abstract
The association of Helicobacter pylori in the stomach, trachea and lungs with the incidence of SIDS, gastric ulcers and cancer may have a counterpart in animals. In field studies of white muscle disease (WMD) and hepatic necrosis in selenium-deficient pigs dying suddenly, veterinarians identified gastric ulcers in 40% of inspected piglets. The lesion was also commonly observed by researchers in experimentally produced vitamin E-selenium deficiency and other researchers suspected that gastric ulcers in swine may be associated with vitamin E-selenium deficiency. Mice preferentially concentrated (75)selenium in peritoneal exudative cells (PEC) when (75)selenium as selenium selenate was administered by stomach tube to selenium-deficient mice. Selenium concentrated in PECs as glutathione peroxidase (GSHP(x)). GSHP(x)-deficient leucocytes in peritoneal exudate failed to kill yeast cells. GSHP(x) deficiency has also been associated with decreased microbicidal activity of leucocytes in patients with chronic granulomatosis. The selenium-deficient swine were usually growing rapidly in crowded conditions, and, apart from WMD and hepatic necrosis, edema was prominent in the spiral colon, subcutaneous tissues, lungs and submucosa of the stomach. The elevated immunological response in the spleen and lungs of SIDS victims suggests an initial defective microbicidal propensity of the peritoneal exudative cells.
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Bourre JME, Dumont OL, Piciotti MJ, Clément ME, Durand GA. Comparison of vegetable and fish oil in the provision of N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for nervous tissue and selected organs. J Nutr Biochem 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2863(97)00059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Baybutt RC, Smith JE, Gillespie MN, Newcomb TG, Yeh YY. Arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid stimulate type II pneumocyte surfactant secretion. Lipids 1994; 29:535-9. [PMID: 7990659 DOI: 10.1007/bf02536624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid and its leukotriene metabolites have been shown to stimulate surfactant secretion by alveolar type II cells. The present study was undertaken to determine the effects of various unsaturated fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid, on surfactant secretion. Surfactant secretion was expressed as the percent of [3H]choline-derived phospholipids released into culture medium by type II pneumocytes of adult rats. Consistent with the earlier findings, arachidonic acid stimulated secretion in a concentration-dependent fashion (3.5-21 microM), doubling baseline secretion at 21 microM. Eicosapentaenoic acid was found to be equally effective as arachidonic acid in stimulating secretion. A comparison with palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids revealed that highly unsaturated fatty acids stimulated secretion to the greatest extent. This was supported by a positive correlation between degree of unsaturation (i.e., 0, 1, 2, 4 and 5 double bonds) and stimulation of surfactant secretion. In the present study, exogenous leukotriene E4 (10(-13)-10(-6) did not stimulate surfactant secretion. Neither nordihydroguairetic acid (0.1 microM) nor indomethacin (0.1 microM) affected arachidonic acid-stimulated secretion. The stimulatory effects of arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid on surfactant secretion were related to the highly unsaturated nature of the fatty acids and were not mediated by increased levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate or calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Baybutt
- Nutrition Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
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16
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Rossi E, Costa M. Fish oil derivatives as a prophylaxis of recurrent miscarriage associated with antiphospholipid antibodies (APL): a pilot study. Lupus 1993; 2:319-23. [PMID: 8305926 DOI: 10.1177/096120339300200508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Since 1989, 22 patients with persistent antiphospholipid syndrome (PAPS) associated with recurrent miscarriage (defined as three or more miscarriages) were treated with fish oil, equivalent to 5.1 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) at a ratio of 1.5 EPA to DHA. Twenty-two patients had 23 pregnancies (one patient had two pregnancies) over a period of 3 years. There was only one intrauterine fetal death at the 27th week associated with pre-eclampsia. Twenty-one pregnancies, 19 of which ended after the 37th week, produced a baby. Two pregnancies ended with cesarean section for pre-eclampsia at 30th and 35th week of gestation and one is ongoing at 32nd week. All babies are well. The weight at birth of babies delivered at term was always > 2500 g. These encouraging results favour a therapeutic role, without any adverse reaction, of fish oil to prevent recurrent miscarriage in PAPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rossi
- Department of Haematology I, Ospedale S. Martino, Genova, Italy
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17
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Bourre JM, Bonneil M, Clément M, Dumont O, Durand G, Lafont H, Nalbone G, Piciotti M. Function of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in the nervous system. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1993; 48:5-15. [PMID: 8093816 DOI: 10.1016/0952-3278(93)90003-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The brain is the organ with the second greatest concentration of lipids; they are directly involved in the functioning of membranes. Brain development is genetically programmed; it is therefore necessary to ensure that nerve cells receive an adequate supply of lipids during their differentiation and multiplication. Indeed the effects of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) deficiency have been extensively studied; prolonged deficiency leads to death in animals. Linoleic acid (LA) is now universally recognized to be an essential nutrient. On the other hand, alpha-linolenic acid (ALNA) was considered non-essential until recently, and its role needs further studies. In our experiments, feeding animals with oils that have a low alpha-linolenic content results in all brain cells and organelles and various organs in reduced amounts of 22:6(n-3), compensated by an increase in 22:5(n-6). The speed of recuperation from these anomalies is extremely slow for brain cells, organelles and microvessels, in contrast with other organs. A decrease in alpha-linolenic series acids in the membranes results in a 40% reduction in the Na-K-ATPase of nerve terminals and a 20% reduction in 5'-nucleotidase. Some other enzymatic activities are not affected, although membrane fluidity is altered. A diet low in ALNA induces alterations in the electroretinogram which disappear with age: motor function and activity are little affected but learning behaviour is markedly altered. The presence of ALNA in the diet confers a greater resistance to certain neurotoxic agents, i.e. triethyl-lead. We have shown that during the period of cerebral development, there is a linear relationship between brain content of (n-3) acids and the (n-3) content of the diet up to the point where alpha-linolenic levels reach 200 mg for 100 g food intake. Beyond that level there is a plateau. For the other organs, such as the liver, the relationship is also linear up to 200 mg/100 g, but then there is merely an abrupt change in slope and not a plateau. By varying the dietary 18:2(n-6) content, it was noted that 20:4(n-6) optimum values were obtained at 150 mg/100 g for all nerve structures, at 300 mg for testicle and muscle, 800 mg for the kidney, and 1200 mg for the liver, lung and heart. A deficiency in ALNA or an excess of LA has the same main effect: an increase in 22:5(n-6) levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Bourre
- INSERM Unité 26, Hôpital Fernand Widal, Paris, France
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18
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Bourre JM, Bonneil M, Chaudière J, Clément M, Dumont O, Durand G, Lafont H, Nalbone G, Pascal G, Piciotti M. Structural and functional importance of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in the nervous system. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1992; 318:211-29. [PMID: 1636491 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-3426-6_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system is the organ with the second greatest concentration of lipids. These lipids participate directly in membrane functioning. Brain development is genetically programmed. It is therefore necessary to ensure that nerve cells receive an adequate supply of nutrients, especially of lipids, during their differentiation and multiplication, and throughout their lives. The effects of polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency have been extensively studied; prolonged deficiency leads to death in animals. Linoleic acid is now universally recognized to be an essential nutrient. Until recently, however, alpha-linolenic acid was considered non-essential. Feeding animals with oils that have a low alpha-linolenic content results in all brain cells and organelles and various organs having reduced amounts of 22:6n-3, which is compensated for by an increase in 22:5n-6. The speed of recuperation from these anomalies is extremely slow for brain cells, organelles, and microvessels, in contrast to other organs. A decrease in alpha-linolenic series acids in the membranes results in a 40% reduction in the Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase of nerve terminals and a 20% reduction in 5'-nucleotidase. Some other enzymatic activities are not affected, although membrane fluidity is altered. A diet low in alpha-linolenic acid induces alterations in the electroretinogram which disappear with age; motor function and activity are little affected, but learning behavior is markedly altered. The presence of alpha-linolenic acid in the diet confers a greater resistance to certain neurotoxic agents (triethyl-lead). During the period of cerebral development, there is a linear relationship between brain content of n-3 acids and the n-3 content of the diet up to the point where alpha-linolenic levels reach 200 mg for 100 g of food intake. Beyond that level there is a plateau. For other organs, such as the liver, the relationship is also linear up to 200 mg/100 g, but then there is merely an abrupt change in slope and not a plateau. When dietary 18:2n-6 content was varied, it was noted that 20:4n-6 optimum values were obtained at 150 mg/100 g for all nerve structures, 300 mg for testicle and muscle, 800 mg for kidney, and 1200 mg for liver, lung and heart. A deficiency in alpha-linolenic acid and an excess of linoleic acid have the same main effect: an increase in 22:5n-6 levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Bourre
- INSERM Unité 26, Hôpital Fernand Widal, Paris, France
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Fincham JE, Gouws E, Woodroof CW, van Wyk MJ, Kruger M, Smuts CM, van Jaarsveld PJ, Taljaard JJ, Schall R, Strauss JA. Atherosclerosis. Chronic effects of fish oil and a therapeutic diet in nonhuman primates. ARTERIOSCLEROSIS AND THROMBOSIS : A JOURNAL OF VASCULAR BIOLOGY 1991; 11:719-32. [PMID: 1851432 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.11.3.719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged testing of marine fish oil (FO) as a dietary supplement is necessary because of widespread claims that it is antiatherogenic. The basis for such claims is inadequate because atherogenesis is chronic and may not respond to short-term changes induced by dietary treatments. A proven (vervet) model of atherosclerosis promoted by an atherogenic diet (AD) was used to test dietary supplementation with Atlantic pilchard FO for 20 months in 47 omnivorous nonhuman primates. Responses were controlled against known favorable effects of changing from the AD to a therapeutic diet (TD). Compliance was achieved, and tissue responses to the FO dose were confirmed. Compromise of reflex vasoconstriction by atherosclerosis was demonstrated for the first time in the model. Aortic, peripheral, coronary, and cerebral atherosclerosis were assessed by light microscopy and computerized image analysis. No component of atherosclerosis regressed after dietary FO, and several deteriorated. After a change to the TD, stainable lipid was cleared from aortas and there were few lipophages, but advanced atherosclerosis was not reduced. Male vervets developed more severe atherosclerosis than did females, and the association among aortic, peripheral, and coronary atherosclerosis was positive in males. Females were resistant to coronary atherosclerosis. Only mild cerebral atherosclerosis was detected. In conclusion, the FO used was not antiatherogenic in the model, and there is a need for caution. The TD regresses some components of atherosclerosis, but it was not effective against fibrosis, mineralization, and cholesterol crystals within 20 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Fincham
- Research Institute for Nutritional Diseases, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg
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20
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Bourre JM, Bonneil M, Dumont O, Piciotti M, Calaf R, Portugal H, Nalbone G, Lafont H. Effect of increasing amounts of dietary fish oil on brain and liver fatty composition. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1043:149-52. [PMID: 2317525 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(90)90288-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Increasing dietary fish oil in rat had the following effect on brain lipids: Arachidonic acid regularly decreased; eicosapentanenoic acid, normally nearly undetectable, was present; 22:5(n - 3), dramatically increased but remained below 1% of total fatty acids; cervonic acid was increased by 30% at high fish oil concentration. Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were not affected regardless of chain-length. In contrast, in the liver, nearly all fatty acids (saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated) were affected by high dietary content of fish oil, but liver function was normal: serum vitamin A and E, glutathione peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, transaminases were not affected. Serum total cholesterol, unesterified cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine were slightly affected. In contrast, triacylglycerols were dramatically reduced in proportion to the fish oil content of the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Bourre
- INSERM Unité 26, Hôpital Fernand Widal, Paris, France
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21
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Nilsson WB, Gauglitz EJ, Hudson JK. Supercritical fluid fractionation of fish oil esters using incremental pressure programming and a temperature gradient. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02636184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William B. Nilsson
- ; U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Serice; Utilization Research Division, NWFSC; 2725 Montlake Boulevard East Seattle 98112 WA
| | - Erich J. Gauglitz
- ; U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Serice; Utilization Research Division, NWFSC; 2725 Montlake Boulevard East Seattle 98112 WA
| | - Joanne K. Hudson
- ; U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Serice; Utilization Research Division, NWFSC; 2725 Montlake Boulevard East Seattle 98112 WA
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22
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Bourre JM, Bonneil M, Dumont O, Piciotti M, Nalbone G, Lafont H. High dietary fish oil alters the brain polyunsaturated fatty acid composition. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1988; 960:458-61. [PMID: 3382685 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(88)90055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Feeding adult rats a 17% corn-oil diet for 8 weeks did not change brain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) compared to rats fed 2.2% corn oil (with 2.2% lard added). When the corn-oil diet was supplemented with 14.5% cod liver oil or 12.5% salmon oil, the fatty acid composition of brain PUFA was significantly altered, even if alpha-tocopherol was added to the salmon-oil diet. Comparing salmon-oil- and cod-liver-oil-fed animals with corn-oil-fed animals, arachidonic acid 22:4(n-6) and 22:5(n-6) were reduced, and 20:5(n-3), 22:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3) were increased. Liver fatty acids were also significantly altered. Thus, the brain is not protected against a large excess of very-long-chain n-3 PUFA, which increase n-3/n-6 ratio and could lead to abnormal function, and which might be difficult to reverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Bourre
- INSERM Unité 26, Hôpital Fernand Widal, Paris, France
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23
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Kettler AH, Baughn RE, Orengo IF, Black H, Wolf JE. The effect of dietary fish oil supplementation on psoriasis. Improvement in a patient with pustular psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988; 18:1267-73. [PMID: 2838536 DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(88)70133-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
An open study testing the effects of fish oil supplementation on psoriasis in 26 patients is described. None of the patients with plaque-type psoriasis vulgaris showed clinically significant improvement; however, a patient with generalized pustular psoriasis showed marked improvement with the fish oil supplementation. In this patient, scale leukotriene B4 levels were determined and shown to be significantly decreased after completion of the study, but the leukotriene B4 levels did not correlate with her clinical course. The results of our study are contrasted with those of a recent study that did show beneficial effects of fish oil supplementation on plaque-type psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Kettler
- Department of Dermatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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