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Zentrichová V, Pechová A, Kovaříková S. Zinc Concentration in Blood Serum of Healthy Dogs. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 201:3356-3366. [PMID: 36224317 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03441-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to establish a reference interval for serum zinc in dogs and to determine the factors that affected it. We collected samples from 197 clinically healthy animals of various breeds and ages and obtained information about their sex, neuter status, age, breed, diet, lifestyle, weight, and body condition score. Serum zinc concentration was measured by a colorimetric method using a clinical chemistry analyzer. We established the reference interval for serum zinc as 4.9-19.7 µmol/L. When assessing the relationship of zinc with various biochemical parameters, we found significant correlation with albumin and triacylglycerols. The only observed factor that significantly influenced serum concentration was sex. Female dogs had higher levels (median 11.0 µmol/L) than males (median 8.9 µmol/L). The difference between intact females and intact males was also significant (medians 11.6 and 9.0 µmol/L respectively), but it was only numerical for neutered animals (median of neutered females 10.7 µmol/L and of neutered males 8.7 µmol/L). Despite the general belief that homemade food for dogs contains a lower amount of zinc than a commercial one, diet did not influence zinc serum levels significantly. There was also no impact of age, breed, lifestyle, weight, or body condition score on serum zinc concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Zentrichová
- Department of Animal Breeding, Animal Nutrition and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, 61242, Czech Republic.
| | - Alena Pechová
- Department of Animal Breeding, Animal Nutrition and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, 61242, Czech Republic
| | - Simona Kovaříková
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, 61242, Czech Republic
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Leverett K, Manjarín R, Laird E, Valtierra D, Santiago-Rodriguez TM, Donadelli R, Perez-Camargo G. Fresh Food Consumption Increases Microbiome Diversity and Promotes Changes in Bacteria Composition on the Skin of Pet Dogs Compared to Dry Foods. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12151881. [PMID: 35892531 PMCID: PMC9329806 DOI: 10.3390/ani12151881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is the first barrier the body has to protect itself from the environment. There are several bacteria that populate the skin, and their composition may change throughout the dog’s life due to several factors, such as environmental changes and diseases. The objective of this research was to determine the skin microbiome changes due to a change in diet on healthy pet dogs. Healthy client-owned dogs (8) were fed a fresh diet for 30 days then dry foods for another 30 days after a 4-day transition period. Skin bacterial population samples were collected after each 30-day feeding period and compared to determine microbiome diversity. Alpha diversity was higher when dogs were fed the fresh diet compared to the dry foods. Additionally, feeding fresh food to dogs increased the proportion of Staphylococcus and decreased Porphyromonas and Corynebacterium. In conclusion, changing from fresh diet to dry foods promoted a relative decrease in skin microbiome in healthy pet dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy Leverett
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Rodrigo Manjarín
- Animal Science Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA;
| | - Erica Laird
- Freshpet, Bethlehem, PA 18017, USA; (E.L.); (D.V.); (R.D.)
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Rosendahl S, Anturaniemi J, Vuori KA, Moore R, Hemida M, Hielm-Björkman A. Diet and dog characteristics affect major and trace elements in hair and blood of healthy dogs. Vet Res Commun 2021; 46:261-275. [PMID: 34741715 PMCID: PMC8791866 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09854-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Obtaining correct amounts of essential elements, and avoiding toxic metals are key factors in dog health. Through analyzing major and trace elements in hair and blood of 50 healthy companion dogs using ICP-MS, we study their associations with dog characteristics and diet, hypothesizing that eating the same diet long-term results in strong correlations between hair and blood element concentrations, and that dog characteristics and diet affect element status. The correlation between hair and blood was significant for Hg (R = 0.601, p = 0.000) and Pb (R = 0.384, p = 0.010). The following associations were significant (p < 0.05): Dark hair had higher Ca and Mg compared to light hair. Females had higher hair Zn, blood Mn, and blood As compared to males. Blood Mn and Se increased, while blood Pb decreased with age. Raw diet fed dogs had higher hair Zn and Se compared to dry or mixed diet fed dogs, and lower blood Mn compared to dry diet fed dogs. Dry and mixed diet fed dogs had higher blood Cd compared to raw diet fed dogs. Mixed diet fed dogs had higher hair Ca and Mg compared to raw or dry diet fed dogs, and higher hair Pb compared to dry diet fed dogs. Wild game consumption was associated with higher blood Pb, and rice consumption with higher blood As. In conclusion, hair provides an alternative for assessing Hg and Pb exposure, and major and trace elements status is affected by hair color, sex, age, and diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Rosendahl
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Johanna Anturaniemi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina A Vuori
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robin Moore
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Manal Hemida
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Hielm-Björkman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Zinc in Dog Nutrition, Health and Disease: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11040978. [PMID: 33915721 PMCID: PMC8066201 DOI: 10.3390/ani11040978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This work compiles the current state of knowledge regarding zinc requirements of healthy dogs and biomarkers of zinc status. To ensure an adequate zinc status, it is important to know the zinc content of foods and their bioavailability to assess the need and the ideal supplementation strategy regarding levels and sources of additives in complete dog foods. As zinc is required for enzymatic, structural, and regulatory functions in the animal body, its nutritional status has been associated with several pathologies that may be due to, or exacerbated by, a deficit of dietary zinc supply. Abstract Zinc is an essential trace element, required for enzymatic, structural, and regulatory functions. As body reserves are scarce, an adequate zinc status relies on proper dietary supply and efficient homeostasis. Several biomarkers have been proposed that enable the detection of poor zinc status, but more sensitive and specific ones are needed to detect marginal deficiencies. The zinc content of commercial dry dog foods has great variability, with a more frequent non-compliance with the maximum authorized limit than with the nutritional requirement. The bioavailability of dietary zinc also plays a crucial role in ensuring an adequate zinc status. Despite controversial results, organic zinc sources have been considered more bioavailable than inorganic sources, albeit the zinc source effect is more evident after a restriction period of dietary zinc. Many disorders have been associated with inadequate zinc status, not being clear whether the occurrence of the disease is the consequence or the cause. This review presents data on zinc requirements and biomarkers for zinc status, that can be applied for the development of supplementation strategies of zinc in complete pet foods. Moreover, it provides an understanding of the role zinc plays in the health of dogs, and how altered zinc status affects diseases in dogs.
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Bai S, Zhang K, Ding X, Wang J, Zeng Q, Peng H, Bai J, Xuan Y, Su Z, Wu B. Uptake of Manganese from the Manganese-Lysine Complex in Primary Chicken Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9080559. [PMID: 31443255 PMCID: PMC6720897 DOI: 10.3390/ani9080559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Manganese (Mn) supplementation is especially necessary to avian species because the absorption of dietary Mn is relatively inefficient in birds. Recently, there has been increasing interest in the use of organic Mn to replace inorganic Mn as dietary Mn supplements in poultry. This study compared the uptake of Mn from Mn-lysine complex (MnLys) and MnSO4 in the primary chicken intestinal epithelial cells when the Fe, N-ethylmaleimide (a transport system y+ inhibitor), or cycloheximide (a transport system b0,+ activator) added in the culture medium. The results revealed that the uptake of Mn from the MnLys complex not only might be transported through the ionized Mn2+ pathway, but also appeared to be transported through the transport systems y+ and b0,+ in the intestine of chickens. Abstract Organic manganese (Mn) sources can replace inorganic Mn as dietary Mn supplements in poultry. To compare the uptake of Mn from the Mn-lysine complex (MnLys) and MnSO4, we first established the primary chicken intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) model and used it to determine Mn uptake. The MnLys increased the uptake of Mn compared to MnSO4. The uptake of Mn decreased in the IECs with Fe addition in the medium regardless of the Mn sources. The MnLys decreased the Mn2+ efflux transporter ferroportin 1 (FPN1) mRNA level but did not influence the Mn2+ influx transporter divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) mRNA expression when compared to MnSO4. The results above indicated that the increase of Mn accumulation for MnLys at least partly was due to the decrease of Mn efflux by reduced FPN1 expression. The addition of N-ethylmaleimide, an L-lysine transport system y+ inhibitor, decreased the uptake of Mn from MnLys but did not affect the uptake of Mn from MnSO4. The cycloheximide, as an L-lysine transport system b0,+ activator, increased the uptake of Mn from MnLys, whereas they did not influence the uptake of Mn from MnSO4. The MnLys increased the system y+ members cationic amino acid transporter (CAT) 1 and CAT2, and system b0,+ components rBAT and b0,+AT mRNA expression when compared to MnSO4. These results suggested that the uptake of MnLys complex might be transported by CAT1/2 and system b0,+, which was different from the ionized Mn2+ uptake pathway. In conclusion, the uptake of Mn from MnLys complex not only might be uptake through the ionized Mn2+ pathway, but also appeared to be transported through the CAT1/2 and system b0,+ in primary chicken IECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiping Bai
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Keying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuemei Ding
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiufeng Zeng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Huanwei Peng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Xuan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Zuowei Su
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Chinese Chelota Group, Liangshui Industrial Estate, Jinyu District, Guanghan 618300, Sichuan, China
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Lu L, Zhang L, Li X, Liao X, Zhang L, Luo X. Organic iron absorption by in situ ligated jejunal and ileal loops of broilers. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:5198-5208. [PMID: 30256967 PMCID: PMC6276550 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of organic and inorganic Fe sources on the Fe absorption and gene expression of Fe and amino acid transporters in the ligated jejunal and ileal segments of broilers. The in situ ligated jejunal and ileal loops from Fe-deficient broiler chicks (28-d-old) were perfused with Fe solutions containing 0, 3.58, or 7.16 mM Fe from one of the following Fe sources: Fe sulfate (FeSO4∙7H2O), the mixtures of FeSO4∙7H2O with either Met or Gly, Fe-Gly chelate, or three Fe-amino acid or protein chelates with weak, moderate or extremely strong chelation strengths (Fe-Met W, Fe-Pro M, or Fe-Pro ES), respectively, for up to 30 min. Iron absorption was increased (P < 0.0001) as the perfused Fe concentrations increased, and no differences (P > 0.07) were detected in the Fe absorption between the jejunum and ileum. Regardless of intestinal segments, Fe absorption was higher (P < 0.006) for Fe-Pro ES and Fe-Pro M than for FeSO4·7H2O, and for Fe-Pro ES than for Fe-Met W. Glycine but not Met supplementation increased (P < 0.03) the absorption of Fe as FeSO4. Regardless of Fe source, Fe addition inhibited (P < 0.05) the mRNA expressions of divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) in the jejunum and ileum, but enhanced (P < 0.05) the mRNA expressions of l-type amino transporter 1 (LAT1) and B0-type amino acid transporter 1 (B0AT1) in the jejunum and ileum. No differences (P > 0.05) among different Fe sources were observed in the mRNA expression levels of Fe and amino acid transporters in both the jejunum and the ileum. The mRNA expression levels of DMT1, ferroportin 1, B0AT1, or y+LAT1 were higher (P < 0.0001), but those of excitatory amino acid transporter 3, LAT1, or y+l-type amino transporter 2 were lower (P < 0.04) in the jejunum than in the ileum. The supplementation of inorganic or organic Fe had no effect (P > 0.14) on the protein expression levels of DMT1 and FPN1 in the jejunum and ileum. The above results indicate that organic Fe sources with stronger chelation strengths showed higher Fe absorption in the jejunum and ileum of broiler chicks. Glycine was more effective in facilitating Fe absorption than Met as a ligand. The mRNA expressions of Fe and amino acid transporters in the jejunum were different from those in the ileum. The DMT1, LAT1, and B0AT1 might be involved in the Fe absorption in the jejunum or ileum of broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lu
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhang
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiudong Liao
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Liyang Zhang
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xugang Luo
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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Cui H, Zhang TT, Nie H, Wang ZC, Zhang XL, Shi B, Yang FH, Gao XH. Effects of sources and concentrations of zinc on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and fur quality of growing-furring female mink ( Mustela vison). J Anim Sci 2018; 95:5420-5429. [PMID: 29293767 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A completely randomized 3 × 3 + 1 factorial experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of sources and concentrations of Zn on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, serum biochemical endpoints, and fur quality in growing-furring female black mink. One hundred fifty healthy 15-wk-old female mink were randomly allocated to 10 dietary treatments ( = 15/group) for a 60-d trial. Animals in the control group were fed a basal diet, which consisted of mainly corn, soybean oil, meat and bone meal, and fish meal, with no Zn supplementation. Mink in the other 9 treatments were fed the basal diet supplemented with Zn from either zinc sulfate (ZnSO), zinc glycinate (ZnGly), or Zn pectin oligosaccharides (ZnPOS) at concentrations of either 100, 300, or 900 mg Zn/kg DM. The results showed that mink in the ZnPOS groups had higher ADG than those in the ZnSO groups (main effect, < 0.05). The addition of Zn reduced the G:F ( < 0.05). In addition, CP and crude fat digestibility were linearly increased with Zn supplementation ( < 0.05) and N retention tended to increase with Zn addition ( = 0.08). Dietary Zn supplementation increased the concentration of serum albumin and activity of alkaline phosphatase ( < 0.05). There was a linear effect of dietary Zn on the concentration of tibia Zn and pancreatic Zn ( < 0.05). For fur quality characteristics, the fur density and hair color of mink were improved by dietary Zn concentration ( < 0.05). Compared with ZnSO (100%), relative bioavailability values of ZnGly were 115 and 118%, based on tibia and pancreatic Zn, respectively, and relative bioavailability values of ZnPOS were 152 and 142%, respectively. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that Zn supplementation can promote growth and increase nutrient digestibility and fur quality and that ZnPOS is more bioavailable than ZnSO and ZnGly in growing-furring female mink.
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Cui H, Zhang T, Nie H, Wang Z, Zhang X, Shi B, Xing X, Yang F, Gao X. Effects of Different Sources and Levels of Zinc on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Fur Quality of Growing-Furring Male Mink (Mustela vison). Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 182:257-264. [PMID: 28689237 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1081-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different sources and levels of zinc (Zn) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, serum biochemical parameters, and fur quality in growing-furring male mink. Animals in the control group were fed a basal diet with no Zn supplementation. Mink in the other nine treatments were fed the basal diet supplemented with Zn from either grade Zn sulfate (ZnSO4·7H2O), Zn glycinate (ZnGly), or Zn pectin oligosaccharides (ZnPOS) at concentrations of either 100, 300, or 900 mg Zn/kg dry matter. One hundred and fifty healthy 15-week-old male mink were randomly allocated to ten dietary treatments (n = 15/group) for a 60-day trial from mid-September to pelting in December. Mink in the Zn-POS groups had higher average daily gain than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Zn source slightly improved the feed/gain (P = 0.097). N retention was increased by Zn addition (P < 0.05). Mink supplemented with dietary Zn had higher (P < 0.05) pancreas Zn level than the control group. Fur length was greater (P < 0.05) in ZnGly and ZnPOS groups compared with the control. In addition, fur length and fur density increased (linear, P < 0.05) with Zn supplementation in the diet. In conclusion, our data show that dietary Zn addition improves growth performance by increasing nitrogen retention and fat digestibility in growing-furring mink and Z-POS is equally bioavailable to mink compared to ZnGly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Cui
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Tietao Zhang
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130112, China
| | - Hao Nie
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhongcheng Wang
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xuelei Zhang
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130112, China
| | - Bo Shi
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiumei Xing
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130112, China
| | - Fuhe Yang
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130112, China
| | - Xiuhua Gao
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Beijing, China.
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Abstract
In Expt 1, a Zn-unsupplemented basal diet (control) and the basal diet supplemented with one of four different Zn sources, including ZnSO4, Zn-amino acid chelate with a weak chelation strength (Zn-AA W), Zn-protein chelate with a moderate chelation strength (Zn-Pro M) and Zn-protein chelate with a strong chelation strength (Zn-Pro S) were fed to broiler chickens from days 14 to 28. On day 28, Zn content in plasma from the hepatic portal vein increased (P0·05) and Zn-AA W(P<0·04) were higher than those for ZnSO4. These findings indicate that organic Zn absorption (especially Zn-Pro S) in intact living broilers was more effective than that of inorganic Zn; organic Zn absorption in the ligated duodenal segment was a saturable carrier-mediated process similar to that of ZnSO4. Moreover, except for MT, there might be other Zn transporters involved in Zn absorption that are affected by different Zn sources.
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Lee FF, Bradley CW, Cain CL, White SD, Outerbridge CA, Murphy LA, Mauldin EA. Localized parakeratotic hyperkeratosis in sixteen Boston terrier dogs. Vet Dermatol 2017; 27:384-e96. [PMID: 27620706 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although zinc responsive dermatosis is typically a disorder of Arctic breed dogs, this study identifies similar cutaneous lesions on the face and pressure points of Boston terrier dogs. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To document the clinical and histological features of localized parakeratotic hyperkeratosis of Boston terrier dogs, to determine if the lesions respond to zinc supplementation and to determine whether tissue zinc levels were decreased in affected versus unaffected dogs. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixteen Boston terrier dogs with similar gross and histological findings were identified retrospectively from two institutions. Follow-up information for nine dogs from one institution was obtained from referring veterinarians using a questionnaire. Tissue zinc levels were measured from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded skin biopsy samples of affected and unaffected dogs using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. RESULTS Mild to severe parakeratotic hyperkeratosis with follicular involvement was present in all 16 cases. Of the nine dogs for which follow-up information was available, five dogs received oral zinc supplementation and four dogs had documented clinical improvement or resolution of dermatological lesions. The median skin zinc levels were not significantly different between affected and unaffected dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE To the best of the authors' knowledge this is the first report of localized parakeratotic hyperkeratosis in Boston terrier dogs, some of which improved with oral zinc supplementation. Prospective studies in Boston terrier dogs are warranted to document potential zinc deficiency (serum and/or tissue levels, pre- and post-treatment) and to objectively assess response to zinc supplementation and other therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona F Lee
- Department of Clinical Studies, Section of Dermatology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Charles W Bradley
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Christine L Cain
- Department of Clinical Studies, Section of Dermatology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Stephen D White
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Garrod Dr, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Catherine A Outerbridge
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Garrod Dr, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Lisa A Murphy
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Mauldin
- Department of Clinical Studies, Section of Dermatology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Wang Z, Yu H, Wu X, Zhang T, Cui H, Wan C, Gao X. Effects of Dietary Zinc Pectin Oligosaccharides Chelate Supplementation on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Tissue Zinc Concentrations of Broilers. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 173:475-82. [PMID: 26920737 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0654-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of zinc pectin oligosaccharides (Zn-POS) chelate on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and tissue zinc concentrations of Arbor Acre broilers aged from 1 to 42 days. A total of 576 1-day-old broilers were randomly assigned into 4 groups with 9 replicates per group and 16 chicks per replicate. Chicks were fed either a basal diet (control) or basal diet supplemented with Zn-POS at 300 (Zn-POS-300), 600 (Zn-POS-600), or 900 mg/kg (Zn-POS-900), respectively, for 42 days. A 3-day metabolism trial was conducted during the last week of the experiment feeding. The average daily gain and the average daily feed intake of Zn-POS-600 were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of either the control, Zn-POS-300, or Zn-POS-900. Zn-POS-600 had the highest apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and metabolic energy among all groups. The control group had the lowest apparent digestibility of dry matter (P < 0.05), whereas the apparent digestibility of dry matter in Zn-POS-600 was higher (P < 0.05) than that of Zn-POS-300. The apparent digestibility of crude protein in Zn-POS-600 or Zn-POS-900 was higher (P < 0.05) compared to Zn-POS-300 or the control. The apparent digestibility of metabolic energy in Zn-POS-600 or Zn-POS-900 was higher (P < 0.05) than that of Zn-POS-300. Zn-POS-600 had the highest liver zinc concentrations (P < 0.05), while Zn-POS-900 had the highest pancreatic zinc concentrations (P < 0.05). Our data suggest that the supplementation of 600 mg/kg Zn-POS is optimal in improving the average daily gain and the average daily feed intake, utilization of dietary dry matter and crude protein, and increasing tissue zinc concentrations in liver and pancreas of broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongcheng Wang
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Huimin Yu
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xuezhuang Wu
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Tietao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hu Cui
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chunmeng Wan
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiuhua Gao
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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12
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Zhang H, Gilbert ER, Zhang K, Ding X, Luo Y, Wang J, Zeng Q, Bai S. Uptake of manganese from manganese-lysine complex in the primary rat intestinal epithelial cells. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 101:147-158. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Zhang
- Animal Nutrition Institute; Sichuan Agricultural University Ya'an; Sichuan China
| | - E. R. Gilbert
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences; Virginia Tech University; Blacksburg VA USA
| | - K. Zhang
- Animal Nutrition Institute; Sichuan Agricultural University Ya'an; Sichuan China
| | - X. Ding
- Animal Nutrition Institute; Sichuan Agricultural University Ya'an; Sichuan China
| | - Y. Luo
- Animal Nutrition Institute; Sichuan Agricultural University Ya'an; Sichuan China
| | - J. Wang
- Animal Nutrition Institute; Sichuan Agricultural University Ya'an; Sichuan China
| | - Q. Zeng
- Animal Nutrition Institute; Sichuan Agricultural University Ya'an; Sichuan China
| | - S. Bai
- Animal Nutrition Institute; Sichuan Agricultural University Ya'an; Sichuan China
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13
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Study on Zn relative concentration and chemical state in broilers duodenum by micro-X-ray fluorescence and micro-X-ray absorption fine structure. Livest Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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14
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Shen SF, Wang RL, Lu L, Li SF, Liu SB, Xie JJ, Zhang LY, Wang ML, Luo XG. Effect of intravenously injected zinc on tissue zinc and metallothionein gene expression of broilers. Br Poult Sci 2013; 54:381-90. [PMID: 23705842 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2013.787158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
1. The effect of intravenously injected zinc (Zn) on tissue Zn concentrations and pancreas metallothionein (MT) gene expression in broilers was investigated to detect differences in the tissue utilisation of Zn from different Zn sources. 2. A total of 432 male chickens were randomly allotted on d 22 post-hatch to one of nine treatments in a completely randomised design. Chickens were injected with either a 0.9% (w/v) NaCl solution (control) or a saline solution supplemented with Zn sulphate or one of three organic Zn chelates with weak (Zn-AA W), moderate (Zn-Pro M) or strong (Zn-Pro S) chelation strengths at two injected Zn dosages calculated according to two Zn absorbability levels (6 and 12%). 3. Bone and pancreas Zn concentrations, pancreas MT mRNA levels and MT concentrations increased on d 6 and 12 after Zn injections as the injected Zn dosages increased. Chickens injected with the Zn-Pro S had lower bone Zn concentration than those injected with the Zn-Pro M or Zn-AA W on d 6 after injections. However, no differences among Zn sources were observed in bone Zn concentration on d 12 after injections, pancreas Zn concentrations, pancreas MT mRNA levels and MT concentrations on both d 6 and d 12 after injections. 4. It was concluded that the injected Zn-Pro S was the least favourable for bone Zn utilisation of broilers. The pancreas Zn concentration and pancreas MT gene expressions might not be sensitive enough to detect differences in the tissue utilisation of injected Zn in broilers between organic and inorganic Zn sources or among organic Zn sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Shen
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,No. 2Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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15
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Yu Y, Lu L, Wang R, Xi L, Luo X, Liu B. Effects of zinc source and phytate on zinc absorption by in situ ligated intestinal loops of broilers. Poult Sci 2010; 89:2157-65. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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16
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Hu XB, Gong Y, Li L, Nie SP, Wang YX, Xie MY. Safety Evaluation of Zinc Threoninate Chelate. Int J Toxicol 2010; 29:372-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581810367438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The acute toxicity of zinc threoninate chelate was assessed. The oral lethal dose 50% (LD50) was 2710 mg/kg in female rats and 3160 mg/kg in male rats. Genotoxicity was assessed by Ames test in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA97, TA98, TA100, and TA102, by bone marrow mouse micronucleus test and a sperm abnormality test with mice. Thirty-day repeat dose toxicity study was conducted at oral daily doses of 0, 42, 169, and 675 mg/kg in rats. Teratogenicity was assessed at the same daily dose in pregnant rats by gavage. No significant changes in body weight, food consumption, organ weight, relative organ weight, hematology, blood biochemistry, histopathology, behavior, mortality, sperm abnormality, mutagenicity, and micronucleus formation were observed and no clinical signs or adverse effects were detected. Zinc threoninate chelate had no significant teratogenic effect at a daily dose of 42 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-bo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yi Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lei Li
- Laboratory Center for Health Analysis, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shao-ping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yuan-xing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ming-yong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China
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17
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Cummings JE, Kovacic JP. The ubiquitous role of zinc in health and disease. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2009; 19:215-40. [PMID: 19691507 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2009.00418.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review zinc physiology and pathophysiology and the importance of zinc toxicity and deficiency in veterinary patients. DATA SOURCES A review of human and veterinary medical literature. HUMAN DATA SYNTHESIS There is a significant amount of original research in humans and animals on the role of zinc in multiple organ systems. There is also significant data available on human patients with zinc abnormalities. VETERINARY DATA SYNTHESIS Zinc deficiency has been studied in dogs with genetic disease and dietary deficiency leading to dermatological disease and immune deficiency. Zinc toxicity has been described after ingestion of metallic foreign bodies containing zinc. CONCLUSIONS Historically, the role of zinc in health and disease has been studied through patients with toxicity or severe deficiency with obvious clinical signs. As the ubiquitous contribution of zinc to structure and function in biological systems was discovered, clinically significant but subtle deficiency states have been revealed. In human medicine, mild zinc deficiencies are currently thought to cause chronic metabolic derangement leading to or exacerbating immune deficiency, gastrointestinal problems, endocrine disorders, neurologic dysfunction, cancer, accelerated aging, degenerative disease, and more. Determining the causal relationships between mild zinc deficiency and concurrent disease is complicated by the lack of sensitive or specific tests for zinc deficiency. The prevalence of zinc deficiency and its contribution to disease in veterinary patients is not well known. Continued research is warranted to develop more sensitive and specific tests to assess zinc status, to determine which patients are at risk for deficiency, and to optimize supplementation in health and disease.
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18
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Mert H, Mert N, Dogan I, Cellat M, Yasar S. Element status in different breeds of dogs. Biol Trace Elem Res 2008; 125:154-9. [PMID: 18491036 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-008-8160-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The serum levels of copper, zinc, iron, manganese, nickel, cadmium, cobalt, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium were determined in seven different breeds of dogs: Pointer, Poodle, Setter, Labrador Retriever, Golden Retriever, German Shepherd, and Mallinois. Only slight variations were found among the different breeds, and the results presented in this study can be used for laboratory studies in veterinary science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handan Mert
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yuzuncu Yil University, 65080, Van, Turkey.
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19
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Opinion on certain bisglycinates as sources of copper, zinc, calcium, magnesium and glycinate nicotinate as source of chromium in foods intended for the general population (including food supplements) and foods for particular nutritional uses - Scientific. EFSA J 2008. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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21
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White SD, Bourdeau P, Rosychuk RA, Cohen B, Bonenberger T, Fieseler KV, Ihrke P, Chapman PL, Schultheiss P, Zur G, Cannon A, Outerbridge C. Zinc-responsive dermatosis in dogs: 41 cases and literature review. Vet Dermatol 2001; 12:101-9. [PMID: 11360336 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3164.2001.00233.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Forty-one cases of zinc-responsive dermatosis in the dog are described. The Siberian husky was the predominant breed affected. Periocular crusts were the most common clinical sign and parakeratosis was noted in the skin biopsy specimens of all dogs. Treatment with oral zinc ameliorated the clinical signs in most dogs, but cases necessitating other treatments such as parenteral zinc or retinoids are reported. The authors recommend a starting dose of 2-3 mg kg-1 elemental zinc per day in the treatment of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D White
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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23
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Lowe JA, Murphy M, Nash V. Changes in plasma and muscle creatine concentration after increases in supplementary dietary creatine in dogs. J Nutr 1998; 128:2691S-2693S. [PMID: 9868243 DOI: 10.1093/jn/128.12.2691s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J A Lowe
- Gilbertson & Page Ltd., Welwyn Garden City, Herts, AL7 1LF, UK
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24
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Lowe JA, Wiseman J. A comparison of the bioavailability of three dietary zinc sources using four different physiologic parameters in dogs. J Nutr 1998; 128:2809S-2811S. [PMID: 9868274 DOI: 10.1093/jn/128.12.2809s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J A Lowe
- Gilbertson & Page Ltd., Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, AL7 1LF, UK
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25
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Brinkhaus F, Mann J, Zorich C, Greaves JA. Bioavailability of zinc propionate in dogs. J Nutr 1998; 128:2596S-2597S. [PMID: 9868213 DOI: 10.1093/jn/128.12.2596s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F Brinkhaus
- Research and Development Department, Kemin Industries, Des Moines, IA
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26
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Kuhlman G, Rompala RE. The influence of dietary sources of zinc, copper and manganese on canine reproductive performance and hair mineral content. J Nutr 1998; 128:2603S-2605S. [PMID: 9868216 DOI: 10.1093/jn/128.12.2603s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G Kuhlman
- Pet Products Plus Incorporated, St. Peters, MO 63376, USA
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