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Costa AVD, Rattes IC, Goes CP, Lobo LHG, Barreto LBE, Gama P. Breastfeeding lifespan control of growth, maintenance, and metabolism of small intestinal epithelium. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:2304-2315. [PMID: 37555566 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal epithelial cells respond to milk-born molecules throughout breastfeeding, influencing growth, and development. The rapid renewal of the small intestine depends on the proliferation in the crypt that drives cell fates. We used early weaning model to investigate immediate and late effects of breastfeeding on proliferation, differentiation of jejunal epithelial cells. Wistar rats were either allowed to suckle (S) until 21 postnatal days or submitted to early weaning (EW) at 15 days. By comparing ages (18, 60, and 120 days), we found that EW decreased Ki67 indices and villi height at 18 and 60 days (p < 0.05), and at 120 days they were similar between diets. Proliferative reduction and augmented expression of Cdkn1b (p27 gene) were parallel. In the stem cell niche, EW increased the number and activity (Defa24) of Paneth cells at 18 and 60 days (p < 0.05), and Lgr5 and Ascl2 genes showed inverted responses between ages. Among target cells, EW decreased goblet cell number at 18 and 60 days (p < 0.05) and increased it at 120 days (p < 0.05), whereas enteroendocrine marker genes were differentially altered. EW reduced enterocytes density at 18 days (p < 0.05), and at 120 days this population was decreased (vs. 60 days). Among cell fate crypt-controlling genes, Notch and Atoh1 were the main targets of EW. Metabolically, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance was immediately reduced (18 days), being reverted until 120 days (p < 0.05). Currently, we showed that breastfeeding has a lifespan influence on intestinal mucosa and on its stem cell compartment. We suggest that, although jejunum absorptive function is granted after early weaning, the long lasting changes in gene expression might prime the mucosa with a different sensitivity to gut disorders that still have to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Vasques da Costa
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isadora Campos Rattes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Purcell Goes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa Honda Greco Lobo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laylla Barreto E Barreto
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Gama
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Mesquita da Silva K, Rattes IC, Pereira GMA, Gama P. Lifelong Adaptation of Gastric Cell Proliferation and Mucosa Structure to Early Weaning-Induced Effects. Front Physiol 2021; 12:721242. [PMID: 34588994 PMCID: PMC8475651 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.721242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastric mucosa is disturbed when breastfeeding is interrupted, and such early weaning (EW) condition permanently affects the differentiation of zymogenic cells. The aim of the study was to evaluate the immediate and long-term effects of EW on gastric cell proliferation, considering the molecular markers for cell cycle, inflammation, and metaplasia. Overall, we investigated the lifelong adaptation of gastric growth. Wistar rats were divided into suckling-control (S) and EW groups, and gastric samples were collected at 18, 30, and 60 days for morphology, RNA, and protein isolation. Inflammation and metaplasia were not identified, but we observed that EW promptly increased Ki-67-proliferative index (PI) and mucosa thickness (18 days). From 18 to 30 days, PI increased in S rats, whereas it was stable in EW animals, and such developmental change in S made its PI higher than in EW. At 60 days, the PI decreased in S, making the indices similar between groups. Spatially, during development, proliferative cells spread along the gland, whereas, in adults, they concentrate at the isthmus-neck area. EW pushed dividing cells to this compartment (18 days), increased PI at the gland base (60 days), but it did not interfere in expression of cell cycle molecules. At 18 days, EW reduced Tgfβ2, Tgfβ3, and Tgfbr2 and TβRII and p27 levels, which might regulate the proliferative increase at this age. We demonstrated that gastric cell proliferation is immediately upregulated by EW, corroborating previous results, but for the first time, we showed that such increased PI is stable during growth and aging. We suggest that suckling and early weaning might use TGFβs and p27 to trigger different proliferative profiles during life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kethleen Mesquita da Silva
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isadora Campos Rattes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gizela Maria Agostini Pereira
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Gama
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Wang J, Tan B, Li J, Kong X, Tan M, Wu G. Regulatory role of l-proline in fetal pig growth and intestinal epithelial cell proliferation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 6:438-446. [PMID: 33364460 PMCID: PMC7750805 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
l-proline (Pro) is a precursor of ornithine, which is converted into polyamines via ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). Polyamines plays a key role in the proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells. The study investigated the effect of Pro on polyamine metabolism and cell proliferation on porcine enterocytes in vivo and in vitro. Twenty-four Huanjiang mini-pigs were randomly assigned into 1 of 3 groups and fed a basal diet that contained 0.77% alanine (Ala, iso-nitrogenous control), 1% Pro or 1% Pro + 0.0167% α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) from d 15 to 70 of gestation. The fetal body weight and number of fetuses per litter were determined, and the small and large intestines were obtained on d 70 ± 1.78 of gestation. The in vitro study was performed in intestinal porcine epithelial (IPEC-J2) cells cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium-high glucose (DMEM-H) containing 0 μmol/L Pro, 400 μmol/L Pro, or 400 μmol/L Pro + 10 mmol/L DFMO for 4 d. The results showed that maternal dietary supplementation with 1% Pro increased fetal weight; the protein and DNA concentrations of the fetal small intestine; and mRNA levels for potassium voltage-gated channel, shaker-related subfamily, member 1 (Kv1.1) in the fetal small and large intestines (P < 0.05). Supplementing Pro to either gilts or IPEC-J2 cells increased ODC protein abundances and polyamine concentrations in the fetal intestines and IPEC-J2 cells (P < 0.05). In comparison with the Pro group, the combined administration of Pro and DFMO reduced the expression of ODC protein and spermine concentration in the fetal intestine, as well as the concentrations of putrescine, spermidine and spermine in IPEC-J2 cells (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the percentage of cells in the S-phase and the mRNA levels of proto-oncogenes c-fos and c-myc were increased in response to Pro supplementation, whereas depletion of cellular polyamines with DFMO increased tumor protein p53 (p53) mRNA levels (P < 0.05). Taken together, dietary supplementation with Pro improved fetal pig growth and intestinal epithelial cell proliferation via enhancing polyamine synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China.,Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Bi'e Tan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.,Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Xiangfeng Kong
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Minjie Tan
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Immediate and Late Effects of Early Weaning on Rat Gastric Cell Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010196. [PMID: 31892140 PMCID: PMC6981852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Gastric glands grow and cells reach differentiation at weaning in rats. By considering that early weaning (EW) can affect the timing of development, we aimed to compare molecular and cellular markers of differentiation in pups and adults. Methods: Wistar rats were separated into suckling-control (S) and EW groups at 15 days. Stomachs were collected at 15, 18, and 60 days for RNA and protein extraction, and morphology. Results: After EW, the expression of genes involved in differentiation (Atp4b, Bhlha15 and Pgc) augmented (18 days), and Atp4b and Gif were high at 60 days. EW increased the number of zymogenic cells (ZC) in pups and adults and augmented mucous neck cells only at 18 days, whereas parietal and transition cells (TC) were unchanged. Conclusions: EW affected the gastric mucosa mostly in a transient manner as the changes in gene expression and distribution of differentiated cells that were detected in pups were not fully maintained in adults, except for the size of ZC population. We concluded that though most of EW effects were immediate, such nutritional change in the infancy might affect part of gastric digestive functions in a permanent manner, as some markers were kept unbalanced in the adulthood.
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Zulian JG, Hosoya LYM, Figueiredo PM, Ogias D, Osaki LH, Gama P. Corticosterone activity during early weaning reprograms molecular markers in rat gastric secretory cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45867. [PMID: 28361902 PMCID: PMC5374460 DOI: 10.1038/srep45867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric epithelial cells differentiate throughout the third postnatal week in rats, and become completely functional by weaning time. When suckling is interrupted by early weaning (EW), cell proliferation and differentiation change in the gastric mucosa, and regulatory mechanisms might involve corticosterone activity. Here we used EW and RU486 (glucocorticoid receptor antagonist) to investigate the roles of corticosterone on differentiation of mucous neck (MNC) and zymogenic cells (ZC) in rats, and to evaluate whether effects persisted in young adults. MNC give rise to ZC, and mucin 6, Mist1, pepsinogen a5 and pepsinogen C are produced to characterize these cells. We found that in pups, EW augmented the expression of mucins, Mist1 and pepsinogen C at mRNA and protein levels, and it changed the number of MNC and ZC. Corticosterone regulated pepsinogen C expression, and MNC and ZC distributions. Further, the changes on MNC population and pepsinogen C were maintained until early- adult life. Therefore, by using EW as a model for altered corticosterone activity in rats, we demonstrated that the differentiation of secretory epithelial cells is sensitive to the type of nutrient in the lumen. Moreover, this environmental perception activates corticosterone to change maturation and reprogram cellular functions in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Guimarães Zulian
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Priscila Moreira Figueiredo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela Ogias
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Harumi Osaki
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia Gama
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Wang J, Tan BE, Li GR, Xiao H, Huang B, Zhang MH, Yin YL. Polyamine metabolism in the intestine of piglets is altered by weaning and proline supplementation1. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. Wang
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10008, China
| | - B. E. Tan
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, Hunan 410000, China
| | - G. R. Li
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10008, China
| | - H. Xiao
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10008, China
| | - B. Huang
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10008, China
| | - M. H. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Y. L. Yin
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
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7
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Regulation of corticosterone function during early weaning and effects on gastric cell proliferation. Nutrition 2014; 30:343-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Tran CD, Cool J, Xian CJ. Dietary zinc and metallothionein on small intestinal disaccharidases activity in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:354-60. [PMID: 21253395 PMCID: PMC3022296 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i3.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To examine the effect of increasing dietary zinc (Zn) intake and the lack of metallothionein (MT) expression on activity of small intestinal disaccharidases.
METHODS: MT-I and II knockout (MT-/-) and wild-type (MT+/+) female mice at 3.5 wk of age were randomly fed with a diet containing 2 (2 Zn), 15 (15 Zn) or 50 (50 Zn) mg Zn/kg (n = 8/group/genotype) for 5 wk. Small intestinal segments (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) were collected and either fixed in 10% formalin for histological analysis or snap frozen in liquid nitrogen for sucrase, lactase and maltase activity analyses.
RESULTS: Plasma Zn was significantly (P < 0.05) lower (33%) in MT-/- compared with MT+/+ mice fed the 2 Zn diet. Villus height and crypt depth were increased by approximately 15% in MT+/+ mice compared with MT-/- mice. Duodenal disaccharidase activities were significantly higher in MT+/+ compared with MT-/- mice particularly in those fed the 2 Zn diet. For the 50 Zn diet, jejunal sucrase and lactase activities were significantly higher in MT-/- (13 313 ± 2314; 4107 ± 364 μmol glucose/well/min/g tissue, respectively) compared with MT+/+ mice (7054 ± 608; 1818 ± 174). Similarly, ileal lactase activities were higher in MT-/- (1480 ± 192) compared with MT+/+ (629 ± 353) mice particularly those fed the 2 Zn diet.
CONCLUSION: Increasing dietary Zn has little effect on disaccharidases activity in MT wild-type mice. The presence of MT may enhance morphological and functional development of the gut.
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Ogias D, de Andrade Sá ER, Alvares EP, Gama P. Opposite effects of fasting on TGF-beta3 and TbetaRI distribution in the gastric mucosa of suckling and early weanling rats. Nutrition 2009; 26:224-9. [PMID: 19524404 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2009.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Revised: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to evaluate the effects of a dietary regimen (suckling or early weaning) and feeding status (fed or fasted) on the distribution of transforming growth factor-beta3 (TGF-beta3) and TGF receptor-I (TbetaRI) in the gastric epithelium of pups. METHODS Wistar rats were used. At 15 d, half of the pups were separated from dams and fed with hydrated powered chow. On day 17, suckling and early weanling rats were subjected to fasting (17h). Four different conditions were established: suckling fed and fasted and early weanling fed and fasted. At 18 d stomachs were collected under anesthesia and were fixed in 4% formaldehyde for immunohistochemistry. The number of immunostained epithelial cells per microscopic field was determined for TGF-beta3 and TbetaRI in longitudinal sections from the gastric mucosa. RESULTS We found that during suckling, fasting reduced the number of immunolabeled cells per field of both molecules when compared with the fed group (P<0.05), whereas in early weaning, food restriction increased TGF-beta3 and TbetaRI distributions (P<0.05). We also observed that TGF-beta3 and TbetaRI were more concentrated in parietal cells in the upper gland in suckling pups, whereas after early weaning these were displaced to parietal and chief cells at the bottom of the gland. CONCLUSION Suckling and early weaning directly influence TGF-beta3 and TbetaRI distributions in the gastric epithelium in response to fasting, such that early weaning anticipates the effects observed in adult rats. Furthermore, the differential concentrations of TGF-beta3 and TbetaRI indicate that they might be important for cell proliferation events in growth control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ogias
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Flynn NE, Bird JG, Guthrie AS. Glucocorticoid regulation of amino acid and polyamine metabolism in the small intestine. Amino Acids 2008; 37:123-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-008-0206-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ning Q, Li C, Wei K, He J, Xu C, Shao Q. Regulatory effects of corticosterone on ornithine decarboxylase activity during liver regeneration in rats. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 22:1978-82. [PMID: 17914980 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04795.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The regulation of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) gene expression and enzyme activity by corticosterone during rat liver regeneration induced by partial hepatectomy (PH) was evaluated. METHODS Bilateral adrenalectomies were performed on ether-anesthetized rats 3 days before PH. Corticosterone in sesame oil was injected subcutaneously to adrenalectomized rats. ODC mRNA, ODC protein and enzyme activity were detected by in situ hybridization, Western blot and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. RESULTS The ODC mRNA levels, protein accumulation and enzyme activity were lower in the intact liver compared to the regenerating liver. After PH, mRNA levels were remarkably enhanced in all groups and peaked at 5 h post-PH, and presented a persistent increase only in adrenalectomy rats during the regeneration process. Corticosterone treatment resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in ODC mRNA content after 5 h post-PH. ODC protein accumulation in adrenalectomy rats was higher than that in sham-adrenalectomy rats, but it decreased in corticosterone-treated (10 mg/kg) rats until 24 h post-PH, with a strong decline seen in 40 mg/kg corticosterone-treated rats. ODC activity was rapidly promoted, and the highest levels were observed at 6 h after PH in all groups. After corticosterone treatment, the activities declined significantly at 6 h post-PH, with the lowest value found in the 40 mg/kg group. CONCLUSIONS Corticosterone treatment results in dose-dependent decreases in ODC mRNA and enzyme protein both in the intact liver and the regenerating liver. The change in ODC activity is partially related to alterations of ODC mRNA and protein accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianji Ning
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China.
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12
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Abstract
To better understand the role of nutrition in regulating mammary gland development and lactation, we designed a novel stair-step compensatory nutrition regimen that is a unique combination of dietary energy restriction and realimentation (refeeding) phases; the basic concept of this regimen is to exploit the biological nature of the compensatory growth phenomenon in concert with one or more hormone-sensitive allometric phases of mammary development (i.e., peripuberty through gestation). Nutritionally induced compensatory growth during different developmental stages before first parturition positively affects mammary development and life-long lactation performance. This permanent enhancement of mammary gland growth and lactation potential strongly suggests a possible mechanistic link between nutritionally induced compensatory growth, epigenetic control of mammary gene expression, and metabolic imprinting. We hypothesize that compensatory-directed metabolic imprinting once set during late pregnancy prior to the first parturition persistently maintains and exerts its adaptive response on mammogenesis and galactopoiesis (i.e., maintenance and/or enhancement of milk secretion). The ability to influence heritable genes regulating milk synthesis may be used to improve the quality and quantity of milk (e.g., infant health, the secretion of certain immunoglobulins or growth factors) as well as the longevity of lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung S Park
- Animal and Range Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, USA.
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13
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Hwang ST, Henning SJ. Ontogenic regulation of components of ileal bile acid absorption. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2001; 226:674-80. [PMID: 11444103 DOI: 10.1177/153537020222600713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The apical sodium-dependent bile acid cotransporter (ASBT) and the ileal bile acid binding protein (IBABP) are two components of ileal bile acid absorption. During the third postnatal week of the rat, there is a dramatic increase in ASBT and IBABP expression. The goals of this study were to examine the role of hormones on the ontogenic expression of ASBT mRNA and the role of weaning for both ASBT and IBABP mRNA. Administration of various doses of dexamethasone during the second postnatal week induced ASBT mRNA levels, and this effect was significantly increased with concomitant thyroxine treatment. Early weaning and weaning prevention were utilized to investigate the influence of dietary factors. ASBT and IBABP mRNA levels were significantly elevated by early weaning and were decreased by weaning prevention compared with littermate controls. Thus, glucocorticoids and thyroxine appear to play a role in the ontogenic expression of ASBT mRNA and weaning appears to participate in both ASBT and IBABP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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14
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Gama P, Alvares EP. Early Weaning and Prolonged Nursing Induce Changes in Cell Proliferation in the Gastric Epithelium of Developing Rats. J Nutr 2000. [DOI: 10.1093/jn/130.10.2594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Gama
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil 05508–900
| | - Eliana P. Alvares
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil 05508–900
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15
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Wu G, Flynn NE, Knabe DA, Jaeger LA. A cortisol surge mediates the enhanced polyamine synthesis in porcine enterocytes during weaning. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2000; 279:R554-9. [PMID: 10938245 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.2000.279.2.r554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine whether a cortisol surge mediates the enhanced expression of intestinal ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in weanling pigs. Piglets were nursed by sows until 21 days of age, when 40 pigs were randomly assigned into one of four groups (10 animals/group). Group 1 continued to be fed by sows, whereas groups 2-4 were weaned to a corn and soybean meal-based diet. Weanling pigs received intramuscular injections of vehicle solvent (sesame oil), RU-486 (a potent blocker of glucocorticoid receptors; 10 mg/kg body wt), and metyrapone (an inhibitor of adrenal cortisol synthesis; 5 mg/kg body wt), respectively, 5 min before weaning and 24 and 72 h later. At 29 days of age, pigs were used to prepare jejunal enterocytes for ODC assay and metabolic studies. To determine polyamine (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) synthesis, enterocytes were incubated for 45 min at 37 degrees C in 2 ml Krebs-bicarbonate buffer containing 1 mM [U-(14)C]arginine, 1 mM [U-(14)C]ornithine, 1 mM [U-(14)C]glutamine, or 1 mM [U-(14)C]proline plus 1 mM glutamine. Weaning increased intestinal ODC activity by 230% and polyamine synthesis from ornithine, arginine, and proline by 72-157%. Arginine was a quantitatively more important substrate than proline for intestinal polyamine synthesis in weaned pigs. Administration of RU-486 or metyrapone to weanling pigs prevented the increases in intestinal ODC activity and polyamine synthesis, reduced intracellular polyamine concentrations, and decreased villus heights and intestinal growth. Our results demonstrate an essential role for a cortisol surge in enhancing intestinal polyamine synthesis during weaning, which may be of physiological importance for intestinal adaptation and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wu
- Faculty of Nutrition and Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, USA.
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Wu G, Flynn NE, Knabe DA. Enhanced intestinal synthesis of polyamines from proline in cortisol-treated piglets. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000; 279:E395-402. [PMID: 10913040 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.2000.279.2.e395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine a role for cortisol in regulating intestinal ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and to identify the metabolic sources of ornithine for intestinal polyamine synthesis in suckling pigs. Thirty-two 21-day-old suckling pigs were randomly assigned to one of four groups with eight animals each and received daily intramuscular injections of vehicle solution (sesame oil; control), hydrocortisone 21-acetate (HYD; 25 mg/kg body wt), RU-486 (10 mg/kg body wt, a potent blocker of glucocorticoid receptors), or HYD plus RU-486 for two consecutive days. At 29 days of age, pigs were killed for preparation of jejunal enterocytes. The cytosolic fraction was prepared for determining ODC activity. For metabolic studies, enterocytes were incubated for 45 min at 37 degrees C in 2 ml of Krebs-bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.4) containing 1 mM [U-(14)C]arginine, 1 mM [U-(14)C]ornithine, 1 mM [U-(14)C]glutamine, or 1 mM [U-(14)C]proline plus 1 mM glutamine. Cortisol administration increased intestinal ODC activity by 230%, polyamine (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) synthesis from ornithine and proline by 75-180%, and intracellular polyamine concentrations by 45-83%. Polyamine synthesis from arginine was not detected in enterocytes of control pigs but was induced in cells of cortisol-treated pigs. There was no detectable synthesis of polyamines from glutamine in enterocytes of all groups of pigs. The stimulating effects of cortisol on intestinal ODC activity and polyamine synthesis were abolished by coadministration of RU-486. Our data indicate that an increase in plasma cortisol concentrations stimulates intestinal polyamine synthesis via a glucocorticoid receptor-mediated mechanism and that proline (an abundant amino acid in milk) is a major source of ornithine for intestinal polyamine synthesis in suckling neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wu
- Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
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